Modern warfare

Modern warfare is warfare that diverges notably from previous military concepts, methods, and technology, emphasizing how combatants must modernize to preserve their battle worthiness.^[1] As such, it is an evolving subject, seen differently in different times and places. In its narrowest sense, it is merely a synonym for contemporary warfare.

US Army soldiers with M1128 MGS variant Stryker AFVs in a combined arms operation during the War in Afghanistan, May 2013

In its widest sense, it includes all warfare since the "gunpowder revolution" that marks the start of early modern warfare, but other landmark military developments have been used instead, including the emphasis of artillery marked by the Crimean War, the military reliance on railways beginning with the American Civil War, the launch of the first dreadnought in 1905, or the use of the machine gun, aircraft, tank, or radio in World War I.^[2] In other senses, it is tied to the introduction of total war, industrial warfare, mechanized warfare, nuclear warfare,^[3] counter-insurgency,^[4] or (more recently) the rise of asymmetric warfare also known as fourth-generation warfare.^[5]

History

Modern warfare has its beginnings to the early modern period and multiple conflicts have been fought from the 1500s with modernized military techniques and designs. Major wars in the specific era were the Thirty Years' War, Seven Years' War, the Napoleonic Wars, World War I, World War II, Cold War and the War on Terror.

Types

Some argue that the changing forms of third generation warfare represents nothing more than an evolution of earlier technology.^[6]

Aerial

A Grumman F-14 Tomcat fighter aircraft firing an AIM-54 Phoenix air-to-air missile, 1982

Aerial warfare is the use of military aircraft and other flying machines in warfare. Aerial warfare includes bombers attacking enemy concentrations or strategic targets; fighter aircraft battling for control of airspace; attack aircraft engaging in close air support against ground targets; naval aviation flying against sea and nearby land targets; gliders, helicopters and other aircraft to carry airborne forces such as paratroopers; aerial refueling tankers to extend operation time or range; and military transport aircraft to move cargo and personnel.

Asymmetric

A military situation in which two belligerents of unequal strength interact and take advantage of their respective strengths and weaknesses. This interaction often involves strategies and tactics outside conventional warfare.

Biological

Biological warfare, also known as germ warfare, is the use of any organism (bacteria, virus or other disease-causing organism) or toxin found in nature, as a weapon of war. It is meant to incapacitate or kill enemy combatants. It may also be defined as the employment of biological agents to produce casualties in man or animals and damage to plants or material; or defense against such employment. Biological warfare involves the intentional release of living pathogens either in their naturally occurring form, for example the diseased corpses of animals, or in the form of specific human-modified organisms.

Chemical

Canadian Army soldiers in CBRN hazmat suits with a Blowpipe man-portable air-defense system, 1987

Chemical warfare is warfare (associated military operations) using the toxic properties of chemical substances to incapacitate or kill enemy combatants. Chemical warfare nerve agents are potent anticholinesterase compounds deliberately formulated to induce debilitating effects or death during wartime hostilities. A key need for both community emergency preparedness, and restoration of military installations where agents have been processed and/or stored, is access to concise and timely information on agent characteristics and treatment, as well as health-based exposure guidelines derived in a clear manner by contemporary methods of data analysis.

Electronic

Electronic warfare refers to mainly non-violent practices used chiefly to support other areas of warfare. The term was originally coined to encompass the interception and decoding of enemy radio communications, and the communications technologies and cryptography methods used to counter such interception, as well as jamming, radio stealth, and other related areas. Over the later years of the 20th century and early years of the 21st century, this has expanded to cover a wide range of areas: the use of, detection of and avoidance of detection by radar and sonar systems, computer hacking, etc.

Decentralized (fourth generation)

Captured Islamic State fighters in front of their surrendered weaponry, 2018

Fourth generation warfare (4GW) is a concept defined by William S. Lind and expanded by Thomas X. Hammes, used to describe the decentralized nature of modern warfare. The simplest definition includes any war in which one of the major participants is not a state but rather a violent ideological network. Fourth Generation wars are characterized by a blurring of the lines between war and politics, combatants and civilians, conflicts and peace, battlefields and safety.

While this term is similar to terrorism and asymmetric warfare, it is much narrower. Classical insurgencies and the Indian Wars are examples of pre-modern wars, not 4GW. Fourth generation warfare usually has the insurgency group or non-state side trying to implement their own government or reestablish an old government over the one currently running the territory. The blurring of lines between state and non-state is further complicated in a democracy by the power of the media.

Ground

Republic of Korea Army mechanized infantry supported by K21 infantry fighting vehicles, 2014

Ground warfare involves three types of combat units: infantry, armor, and artillery.

Infantry in modern times would consist of mechanized infantry and airborne forces. Usually having a type of rifle or sub-machine gun, an infantryman is the basic unit of an army.

Armored warfare in modern times involves a variety of armored fighting vehicles for the purpose of battle and support. Tanks or other armored vehicles (such as armored personnel carriers or tank destroyers) are slower, yet stronger hunks of metal. They are invulnerable to enemy machine gun fire but prone to rocket infantry, mines, and aircraft so are usually accompanied by infantry. In urban areas, because of smaller space, an armored vehicle is exposed to hidden enemy infantry but as the so-called "Thunder Run"^{[clarification needed]} at Baghdad in 2003 showed, armored vehicles can play a critical role in urban combat. In rural areas, an armored vehicle does not have to worry about hidden units though muddy and damp terrain that have always been a factor of weakness for tanks and vehicles.

Artillery in contemporary times is distinguished by its large caliber, firing an explosive shell or rocket, and being of such a size and weight as to require a specialized mount for firing and transport. Weapons covered by this term include the howitzer, cannon, mortar, and field gun (collectively called cannon artillery, gun artillery or tube artillery) and rocket artillery. The term "artillery" has traditionally not been used for projectiles with internal guidance systems, even though some artillery units employ surface-to-surface missiles. Recent advances in terminal guidance systems for small munitions has allowed large caliber shells to be fitted with precision guidance fuses, blurring this distinction.

Guerrilla

Guerrilla warfare is defined as fighting by groups of irregular troops (guerrillas) within areas occupied by the enemy. When guerrillas obey the laws and customs of war, they are entitled, if captured, to be treated as ordinary prisoners of war; however, they are often treated by their captors as unlawful combatants and executed. The tactics of guerrilla warfare stress deception and ambush, as opposed to mass confrontation, and succeed best in an irregular, rugged terrain, and with a sympathetic populace, whom guerrillas often seek to win over or dominate by propaganda and reform. Guerrilla warfare has played a significant role in modern history, especially when waged by Communist liberation movements in Southeast Asia (most notably in the Vietnam War) and elsewhere.

Guerrilla fighters gravitate toward weapons which are easily accessible, low in technology, and low in cost. A typical arsenal of the modern guerrilla would include the AK-47, RPGs, and Improvised explosive devices. The guerrilla doctrines' main disadvantage is the inability to access more advanced equipment due to economic, influence, and accessibility issues. They must rely on small unit tactics involving hit and run. This situation leads to low intensity warfare, asymmetrical warfare, and war amongst the people. The rules of Guerrilla warfare are to fight a little and then to retreat.

Informationised

Intelligence

Propaganda

Propaganda is an ancient form of disinformation concerted with sending a set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behavior of large numbers of people. Instead of impartially providing information, propaganda in its most basic sense presents information in order to influence its audience. The most effective propaganda is often completely truthful, but some propaganda presents facts selectively to encourage a particular synthesis, or gives loaded messages in order to produce an emotional rather than rational response to the information presented. The desired result is a change of the cognitive narrative of the subject in the target audience.

Psychological

Psychological warfare had its beginnings during the campaigns of Genghis Khan through the allowance of certain civilians of the nations, cities, and villages to flee said place, spreading terror and fear to neighboring principalities. Psychological actions have the primary purpose of influencing the opinions, emotions, attitudes, and behavior of hostile foreign groups in such a way as to support the achievement of national objectives.

Information

Made possible by the widespread use of the electronic media during World War II, Information warfare is a kind of warfare where information and attacks on information and its system are used as a tool of warfare. Some examples of this type of warfare are electronic "sniffers" which disrupt international fund-transfer networks as well as the signals of television and radio stations. Jamming such signals can allow participants in the war to use the stations for a misinformation campaign.

Naval

The USS Gettysburg (CG-64) cruiser and USS Enterprise (CVN-65) aircraft carrier of the United States Navy, 2003

Naval warfare takes place on the high seas (blue water navy). Usually, only large, powerful nations have competent blue water or deep water navies. Modern navies primarily use aircraft carriers, submarines, frigates, cruisers, and destroyers for combat. This provides a versatile array of attacks, capable of hitting ground targets, air targets, or other seafaring vessels. Most modern navies also have a large naval aviation contingent, deployed from aircraft carriers.^{[dubious – discuss]} In World War II, small craft (motor torpedo boats variously called PT boats, MTBs, MGBs, Schnellboote, or MAS-boats) fought near shore. This developed in the Vietnam War into riverine warfare (brown water navy), in intertidal and river areas. Irregular warfare makes this sort of combat more likely in the future.

Network-centric

Network-centric warfare is essentially a new military doctrine made possible by the Information Age. Weapons platforms, sensors, and command and control centers are being connected through high-speed communication networks. The doctrine is related to the Revolution in Military Affairs debate.

The overall network which enables this strategy in the United States military is called the Global Information Grid.

New generation

New generation warfare is a Russian military theory of unconventional warfare based on the Gerasimov doctrine which prioritizes the psychological and people-centered aspects over traditional military concerns, and emphasizes a phased approach of non-military influence such that armed conflict, if it arises, is much less costly in human or economic terms.

Nuclear

The interior of a LGM-25C Titan II intercontinental ballistic missile launch facility in Arizona, United States, 2012

Nuclear war is a type of warfare which relies on nuclear weapons. There are two types of warfare in this category. In a limited nuclear war, a small number of weapons are used in a tactical exchange aimed primarily at enemy combatants. In a full-scale nuclear war, large numbers of weapons are used in an attack aimed at entire countries. This type of warfare would target both combatants and non-combatants.

Space

Space warfare is the hypothetical warfare that occurs outside the Earth's atmosphere. As of 2023, no wars have been fought here yet. The weapons would include orbital weaponry and space weapons. High value outer space targets would include satellites, military satellites and weapon platforms. Notably no real weapons exist in space yet, though ground-to-space missiles have been successfully tested against target satellites. As of now, this is purely science fiction.

Modern wars

Lists

Major modern wars

1803 – Napoleonic Wars
1839 – Opium Wars
1846 – Mexican–American War
1853 – Crimean War
1861 – American Civil War^[7]
1864 – Paraguayan War
1870 – Franco-Prussian War
1877 – Russo-Turkish War
1879 – Anglo-Zulu War
1879 – War of the Pacific
1881 – Mahdist War
1899 – Second Boer War
1904 – Russo-Japanese War
1911 - Italo-Turkish War
1912 – Balkan Wars
1914 – World War I
1917 – Russian Civil War
1918 – Interwar Period
1919 – Turkish War of Independence
1932 – Colombia–Peru War
1935 – Second Italo-Ethiopian War
1936 – Spanish Civil War
1937 – Second Sino-Japanese War
1939 – World War II
1945 - Chinese Civil War (second phase)
1946 – First Indochina War
1947 – Cold War
1950 – Korean War
1955 – Vietnam War
1961 – Bay of Pigs Invasion
1961 – Nicaraguan Revolution
1967 – Six-Day War
1968 – The Troubles
1971 – Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
1973 – Yom Kippur War
1975 – Angolan Civil War
1977 – Ogaden War
1979 – Sino-Vietnamese War
1979 – Soviet–Afghan War
1980 – Iran–Iraq War
1982 – Falklands War
1983 – Sri Lankan Civil War
1988 – First Nagorno-Karabakh War
1989 – United States invasion of Panama
1990 – Gulf War
1991 – Somali Civil War
1992 – Bosnian War
1998 – Second Congo War
2001 – War on Terror
2001 – War in Afghanistan
2003 – Invasion of Iraq leading to the Iraq War
2006 – Mexican Drug War
2011 – First Libyan Civil War
2011 – Syrian Civil War
2012 – Mali War
2014 – Iraqi Civil War
2014 – Russo-Ukrainian War
2014 – Yemeni Civil War
2020 – Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
2020 – Tigray War
2022 – 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
2023 – Israel-Hamas war

References

^ Creveld, Martin Van (2000). "Technology and War I:To 1945". In Charles Townshend (ed.). The Oxford History of Modern War. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 206. ISBN 978-0-19-285373-8.
^ English, Richard (2013). Modern war : a very short introduction (First ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 7–9. ISBN 978-0199607891.
^ Creveld, Martin Van. "Technology and War II:Postmodern War?". In Charles Townshend (ed.). The Oxford History of Modern War. p. 349.
^ Trinquier, Roger (1964). Modern warfare : a French view of counterinsurgency. France: Praeger Security International. pp. 6–9. ISBN 0275992683.
^ Hammes, Thomas X. (2006). The sling and the stone : on war in the 21st century. Zenith Press. pp. 1–4. ISBN 0760324077.
^ MacGregor, Knox; Williamson, Murray, eds. (2001). The Dynamics of Military Revolution, 1300-2050. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-521-80079-2.
^ Catton, Bruce (2011). America goes to war : the Civil War and its meaning in American culture. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 14–21. ISBN 978-0819571878.

[1] Creveld, Martin Van (2000). "Technology and War I:To 1945". In Charles Townshend (ed.). The Oxford History of Modern War. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 206. ISBN 978-0-19-285373-8.

[2] English, Richard (2013). Modern war : a very short introduction (First ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 7–9. ISBN 978-0199607891.

[3] Creveld, Martin Van. "Technology and War II:Postmodern War?". In Charles Townshend (ed.). The Oxford History of Modern War. p. 349.

[4] Trinquier, Roger (1964). Modern warfare : a French view of counterinsurgency. France: Praeger Security International. pp. 6–9. ISBN 0275992683.

[5] Hammes, Thomas X. (2006). The sling and the stone : on war in the 21st century. Zenith Press. pp. 1–4. ISBN 0760324077.

[6] MacGregor, Knox; Williamson, Murray, eds. (2001). The Dynamics of Military Revolution, 1300-2050. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-521-80079-2.

[7] Catton, Bruce (2011). America goes to war : the Civil War and its meaning in American culture. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 14–21. ISBN 978-0819571878.

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