Nafoxidine (INN; developmental code names U-11,000A) or nafoxidine hydrochloride (USAN) is a nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) or partial antiestrogen of the triphenylethylene group that was developed for the treatment of advanced breast cancer by Upjohn in the 1970s but was never marketed.[1][2][3] It was developed at around the same time as tamoxifen and clomifene, which are also triphenylethylene derivatives.[2] The drug was originally synthesized by the fertility control program at Upjohn as a postcoital contraceptive, but was subsequently repurposed for the treatment of breast cancer.[4] Nafoxidine was assessed in clinical trials in the treatment of breast cancer and was found to be effective.[5][6] However, it produced side effects including ichthyosis, partial hair loss, and phototoxicity of the skin in almost all patients,[5] and this resulted in the discontinuation of its development.[4][7]
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| Other names | U-11,000A; NSC-70735 |
| Routes of administration | By mouth |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.222.756 |
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| Formula | C29H31NO2 |
| Molar mass | 425.572 g·mol−1 |
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Nafoxidine is a long-acting estrogen receptor ligand, with a nuclear retention in the range of 24 to 48 hours or more.[8]
| Antiestrogen | Dosage | Year(s) | Response rate | Adverse effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethamoxytriphetol | 500–4,500 mg/day | 1960 | 25% | Acute psychotic episodes |
| Clomifene | 100–300 mg/day | 1964–1974 | 34% | Risks of cataracts |
| Nafoxidine | 180–240 mg/day | 1976 | 31% | Cataracts, ichthyosis, photophobia |
| Tamoxifen | 20–40 mg/day | 1971–1973 | 31% | Transient thrombocytopeniaa |
| Footnotes: a = "The particular advantage of this drug is the low incidence of troublesome side effects (25)." "Side effects were usually trivial (26)." Sources: [9][10] | ||||
References
edit- ^ Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 848–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.
- ^ a b Craig JV, Furr BJ (5 February 2010). Hormone Therapy in Breast and Prostate Cancer. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 95–96. ISBN 978-1-59259-152-7.
- ^ Weber GF (22 July 2015). Molecular Therapies of Cancer. Springer. pp. 361–. ISBN 978-3-319-13278-5.
- ^ a b McDaniel RE, Maximov PY, Jordan VC (2013). "Estrogen-mediated mechanisms to control the growth and apoptosis of breast cancer cells: a translational research success story". Vitamins and Hormones. 93: 1–49. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-416673-8.00007-1. PMID 23810002.
- ^ a b Coelingh Bennink HJ, Verhoeven C, Dutman AE, Thijssen J (January 2017). "The use of high-dose estrogens for the treatment of breast cancer". Maturitas. 95: 11–23. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.10.010. PMID 27889048.
- ^ Steinbaum FL, De Jager RL, Krakoff IH (1978). "Clinical trial of nafoxidine in advanced breast cancer". Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 4 (2): 123–126. doi:10.1002/mpo.2950040207. PMID 661750.
- ^ Lupulescu A (24 October 1990). Hormones and Vitamins in Cancer Treatment. CRC Press. pp. 95–. ISBN 978-0-8493-5973-6.
- ^ Hammond CB, Maxson WS (January 1982). "Current status of estrogen therapy for the menopause". Fertility and Sterility. 37 (1): 5–25. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)45970-4. PMID 6277697.
- ^ Jensen EV, Jordan VC (June 2003). "The estrogen receptor: a model for molecular medicine". Clin. Cancer Res. 9 (6): 1980–9. PMID 12796359.
- ^ Howell A, Jordan VC (2013). "Adjuvant Antihormone Therapy". In Craig JV (ed.). Estrogen Action, Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators And Women's Health: Progress And Promise. World Scientific. pp. 229–254. doi:10.1142/9781848169586_0010. ISBN 978-1-84816-959-3.