Oualata or Walata (Arabic: ولاتة) (also Biru in 17th century chronicles)[2] is a small oasis town in southeast Mauritania, located at the eastern end of the Aoukar basin. Oualata was important as a caravan city in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries as the southern terminus of a trans-Saharan trade route and now it is a World Heritage Site.
Oualata
Arabic: ولاتة | |
|---|---|
Commune and town | |
 View of the town looking in a southeasterly direction | |
  Oualata Location in Mauritania | |
| Coordinates: 17°18′00″N 7°01′30″W / 17.3°N 7.025°W | |
| Country | Mauritania |
| Region | Hodh Ech Chargui |
| Area | |
| • Total | 93,092 km2 (35,943 sq mi) |
| Population (2023 census)[1] | |
| • Total | 4,782 |
| • Density | 0.051/km2 (0.13/sq mi) |
| Official name | Ancient Ksour of Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt and Oualata |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | iii, iv, v |
| Designated | 1996 (20th session) |
| Reference no. | 750 |
| Region | Arab States |
The whole Oualata commune has a total size of 93,092 km², mostly consisting of desert. The main town is located in the south of the commune.[3]
History
editThe Oualata area is believed to have been first settled by an agro-pastoral people akin to the Mandé Soninke people who lived along the rocky promontories of the Tichitt-Oualata and Tagant cliffs of Mauritania facing the Aoukar basin. There, they built what are among the oldest stone settlements on the African continent.[4]
The town formed part of the Ghana Empire and grew wealthy through trade. At the beginning of the thirteenth century Oualata replaced Aoudaghost as the principal southern terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and developed into an important commercial and religious centre.[5] By the fourteenth century the city had become part of the Mali Empire.
An important trans-Saharan route began at Sijilmasa and passed through Taghaza with its salt mines and ended at Oualata. The French historian Raymond Mauny estimated that in the Middle Ages the town would have accommodated between 2000 and 3000 inhabitants.[6]
Moroccan explorer Ibn Battuta found the inhabitants of Oualata were Muslim and mainly Massufa, a section of the Sanhaja. He was surprised by the great respect and independence that women enjoyed. He only gives a brief description of the town itself: "My stay at Iwalatan (Oualata) lasted about fifty days; and I was shown honour and entertained by its inhabitants. It is an excessively hot place, and boasts a few small date-palms, in the shade of which they sow watermelons. Its water comes from underground waterbeds at that point, and there is plenty of mutton to be had."[7] The town's original Mande name Biru had already shifted to the Berber Iwalatan, a reflection of the changing identity of the residents. This would change again with the town's Arabization, and the development of the current name, Walata.[8]
From the second half of the fourteenth century Timbuktu gradually replaced Oualata as the southern terminus of the trans-Sahara route and it declined in importance, becoming an increasingly poor backwater in comparison to the previous wealth of the town.[9][10] The Berber diplomat, traveller and author Leo Africanus visited the region in 1509–1510, and gives a description in his book Descrittione dell’Africa: "Walata Kingdom: This is a small kingdom, and of mediocre condition compared to the other kingdoms of the blacks. In fact, the only inhabited places are three large villages and some huts spread about among the palm groves."[11] By that time, the composition of the kingdom seems to have changed to reflect a large Songhai-speaking population residing within the town. "The language of this region is called Songhai, and the inhabitants are black people, and the most friendly unto strangers." Oualata was a tributary of the Songhai Empire; also reflected within Africanus' book Descrittione dell’Africa explaining "In my time this region was conquered by the king of Timbuktu and the prince of Oualata fled into the deserts, whereof the king granted him peace conditionally that he pay great yearly tribute and so the prince has remained tributary to the king of Timbuktu until this present."[12][13]
Description
editThe old town covers an area of about 600 m by 300 m, some of it now in ruins.[6] The sandstone buildings are coated with banco and some are decorated with geometric designs. The mosque now lies on the eastern edge of the town but in earlier times may have been surrounded by other buildings. Oualata is home to a manuscript museum, and is known for its highly decorative vernacular architecture. It was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996 together with Ouadane, Chinguetti and Tichitt.[14]
Gallery
edit-
Oualata Decorative Entrance -
Oualata Mosque -
Oualata Decorative Window -
Oualata Decorative Secondary Entrance -
Oualata Decorative Secondary Entrance -
Oualata Decorative Main Entrance -
View of Oualata 1 -
View of Oualata 2 -
View of Oualata 3 -
View of Oualata 4
See also
edit- Twelve Doors of the Mali Empire
- En attendant les hommes, 2007 documentary film about women muralists in Oualata.
- Mauritania: Oualata, “the big sister of Timbuktu” documentary film on TV5MONDE Info, 2023
References
edit- ^ "Oualata (Agricultural Urban Commune, Mauritania) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
- ^ Hunwick 1999, p. 9 n4. Walata is the arabized form of the Manding wala meaning a "shady place" while Biru is the Soninke word and has a similar meaning.
- ^ "Oualata (Agricultural Urban Commune, Mauritania) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2024-10-25.
- ^ Holl 2009.
- ^ Levtzion 1973, p. 147.
- ^ a b Mauny 1961, p. 485.
- ^ Gibb 1929, p. 320.
- ^ Cleaveland 2002, p. 37.
- ^ Levtzion 1973, p. 80, 158.
- ^ Mauny 1961, p. 432.
- ^ Hunwick 1999, p. 275.
- ^ Leo, Africanus (15 May 2017). The history and description of Africa and of the notable things therein contained. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-02892-5. OCLC 999621723.
- ^ Today there is a deserted settlement called Tizert at a distance of 5 km from the town.
- ^ "Ancient Ksour of Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt and Oualata". UNESCO: World Heritage Convention. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
Sources
edit- Cleaveland, Timothy (2002). Becoming Walata: A History of Saharan Social Formation and Transformation. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-325-07027-8.
- Gibb, H.A.R., ed. (1929). Ibn Battuta, Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-1354. London: Routledge. ISBN 9788120608092. Extracts are available here.
- Holl, Augustin F.C. (2009). "Coping with uncertainty: Neolithic life in the Dhar Tichitt-Walata, Mauritania, (ca. 4000–2300 BP)". Comptes Rendus Geoscience. 341 (8–9): 703–712. Bibcode:2009CRGeo.341..703H. doi:10.1016/j.crte.2009.04.005.
- Hunwick, John O. (1999). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-11207-3.
- Levtzion, Nehemia (1973). Ancient Ghana and Mali. London: Methuen. ISBN 0-8419-0431-6.
- Mauny, Raymond (1961). Tableau géographique de l'ouest africain au moyen age, d'après les sources écrites, la tradition et l'archéologie (in French). Dakar: Institut français d'Afrique Noire.
Further reading
edit- Levtzion, Nehemia; Hopkins, John F.P., eds. (2000) [1981]. Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa. New York, NY: Marcus Weiner Press. ISBN 1-55876-241-8.
- Norris, H.T. (1993). "Mūrītāniyā". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume VII (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. p. 625. ISBN 90-04-09419-9.
External links
edit
- Map showing Oualata: Fond Typographique 1:200,000, République Islamique de Mauritanie Sheet NE-29-XI.
