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Pharmacological torture is the use of psychotropic or other drugs to punish or extract information from a person.[1] The aim is to force compliance by causing distress, which could be in the form of pain, anxiety, psychological disturbance, immobilization, or disorientation.[1][2]
One form of this torture involves forcibly injecting a person with addictive drugs in order to induce physical dependence. The drug is then withdrawn, and, once the person is in withdrawal, the interrogation is started. If the person complies with the torturer's demands, the drug is reintroduced, relieving the person's withdrawal symptoms.[3]
Alleged use
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Brazil
editIn Brazil, pharmacological torture involved the injection of alcohol into the tongue in the 1940s, the injection of ether into the scrotum in the 1960s, and drugs were used to cause strong contractions in the 1970s. Also, muscle relaxants were used to minimize muscular rigidity and bone fractures caused by electric shock in the 1970s.[4][2]
Iran
editAmir Mirza Hekmati accused Iran of torturing him with forced drug withdrawal sometime during his captivity between 2011 and 2016 for being an alleged CIA agent,[5] by making him take Lithium (medication).[6] Furthermore, Kianush Sanjari indicated he was injected with haloperidol at Aminabad Psychiatric Hospital without diagnosis in 2019. Author Hengameh Shahidi also reports similar stories at Aminabad Psychiatric Hospital where she was forcibly injected with haloperidol while resisting.[7]
Romania
editIn the 1960s, prisoners were reportedly given drugs to make them talk in their sleep.[8]
South Africa
editNeuropharmacological torture has been reported in South Africa.[9] In 2013, leaked video footage shot inside South Africa's Mangaung Prison showed a prisoner with no record of mental illness being forcibly injected, apparently with anti-psychotic drugs.[10] The Legal Resources Centre, a non-governmental organization, is representing 13 clients who allege they were forcibly injected with the drugs.[11]
Soviet Union
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2024) |
Neuropharmacological torture was reported in the USSR.[9] In the former Soviet Union, drugs were advised to be used as a form of punishment under the guise of "helping" in psychiatric institutions and most likely whenever it fit. Haloperidol, an antipsychotic medication, was a preferred agent. Furthermore, patients were illuded to believe that their torturous state was of their own making. It was used to induce intense restlessness, Parkinson's-type symptoms and overwhelming apathy which rendered the subjects unfit for public presentation in the process. Another antipsychotic medication, chlorpromazine (trade name Thorazine), was also used to induce grogginess, sedation, and (in high doses) vegetative states. Other alleged uses of pharmacological torture included:
- Use of insulin shock therapy to render people comatose.
- Administering Sulfazin to induce severe fevers.
- Use of sodium amobarbital with LSD to cause loss of inhibition.[citation needed]
United States
editIn the United States, in a series of hearings in the fall and winter of 1977, Congressional committees drew forth disclosure of project MKULTRA, which was most active between 1953 and 1966 and conducted experiments that included the CIA agents administering LSD and "Truth Serum" (most commonly sodium thiopental) to soldiers, citizens, and foreign nationals without their knowledge or consent. Activities of MKULTRA resulted in at least one death, that of Frank Olson, an army scientist who was given LSD without his knowledge, and committed suicide as a result of his experience.[12][13][14][2]
In 1953 Harold Blauer died in a New York State psychiatric institute after doctors there administered 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine derivatives to him without his consent, as part of a 1950s secret program run by the US army that tested chemical warfare agents on US citizens.[15]
In 2018, it was reported that the CIA had again considered using a "Truth Serum" on suspected terrorists after the September 11 attacks.[16]
UK
edit
A few cases of unjustified lobotomy were reported in the UK at the hand of abusive surgeons in the 1970s [17] and its virtual banning in the 1980s.[18] Furthermore, there is evidence that the British, MI5, has experimented using Truth Drugs.[19]
Uruguay
editNeuropharmacological torture has been reported in Uruguay.[9] In Uruguay, people have allegedly been paralyzed using curare derivatives.[20][page needed]
Chile
editNeuropharmacological torture has been reported in Chile.[9]
El Salvador
editNeuropharmacological torture has been reported in El Salvador.[9]
Colombia
editNeuropharmacological torture has been reported in Colombia.[9]
Iraq
editNeuropharmacological torture has been reported in Iraq.[9]
Israel
editNeuropharmacological torture has been reported in Israel.[9]
Democratic Republic of the Congo
editNeuropharmacological torture has been reported in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, formerly known as Zaire.[9]
See also
editBibliography
edit- Darius Rejali (8 June 2009). Torture and Democracy. Princeton University Press. pp. 390–. ISBN 978-1-4008-3087-9.
References
edit- ^ a b "Pharmacological Torture" World Problems Online. Union of International Associations
- ^ a b c Kirschner, R. H. (1984). "The use of drugs in torture and human rights abuses". The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 5 (4): 313–315. doi:10.1097/00000433-198412000-00006. PMID 6524594. S2CID 10053579.
- ^ Rejali 2009, p. 73.
- ^ Rejali 2009, p. 309.
- ^ Former Marine Amir Hekmati sues Iran for alleged torture CNN, May 11, 2016
- ^ Warikoo, Niraj. "Flint's Amir Hekmati files lawsuit detailing torture in Iran". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2022-12-08.
- ^ "Haloperidol: Antipsychotic Medication Used Frequently in Iranian Prisons". iranwire.com. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
- ^ Rejali 2009, p. 396.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Pharmacological torture | The Encyclopedia of World Problems".
- ^ "'Shocking' abuse claims at South Africa's Mangaung prison". BBC. 2013-10-28. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
- ^ "Tortured Mangaung prisoners seek justice". Legal Resources Centre. 2015-11-27. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
- ^ John M. Crewdson and Jo Thomas for the New York Times. September 20, 1977. Abuses in Testing Of Drugs by C.I.A. To Be Panel Focus; Senate Panel to Focus on C.I.A. Actions
- ^ "CIA torture is only part of medical science's dark modern history". the Guardian. June 22, 2015.
- ^ Joint Hearing Before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources. United States Senate, Ninety-Fifth Congress, First Session August 3, 1977 Project MKULTRA, The CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification.
- ^ Associated Press in the Los Angeles Times. May 6, 1987 $700,000 Awarded to Estate of Army Drug Test Victim
- ^ Rosenberg, Eli (13 November 2018). "CIA Explored Using "Truth-Serum" on Terror Detainees After Newly Released Report Shows". Washington Post. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
- ^ Hutchinson, Derek (November 27, 2020). "Experience: I had a lobotomy". the Guardian.
- ^ "Lobotomy: The brain op described as 'easier than curing a toothache'". BBC News. January 30, 2021.
- ^ Lomas, Dan (2018-05-30). "The drugs don't work: intelligence, torture and the London Cage, 1940–8". Intelligence and National Security. 33 (6): 918–929. doi:10.1080/02684527.2018.1478629. ISSN 0268-4527. S2CID 158324252.
- ^ Rejali 2009.