Prune dwarf virus (PDV) is an economically important plant pathogenic virus affecting Prunus species globally. PDV is found worldwide due to easy transmission through seed, pollen, and vegetative propagation.[1] The virus is in the family Bromoviridae an important family of plant RNA viruses containing six genera, including Alfamovirus, Ilarvirus, Bromovirus, Amularvirus, Oleavirus, and Cucumovirus.[2] PDV belongs to the genera Ilarvirus. It can cause dwarfism of leaves on certain prune and plum plants. It will also cause yellows in sour cherry, especially when present with Prunus necrotic ringspot virus.[3] There are no known transmission vectors, though the pollen of infected cherry trees has been found to infect other cherry trees a small percent of the time.[4]
| Prune dwarf virus | |
|---|---|
Virus classification 
| |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| Realm: | Riboviria |
| Kingdom: | Orthornavirae |
| Phylum: | Kitrinoviricota |
| Class: | Alsuviricetes |
| Order: | Martellivirales |
| Family: | Bromoviridae |
| Genus: | Ilarvirus |
| Species: | Prune dwarf virus
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| Synonyms | |
|
cherry chlorotic ringspot virus | |
Hosts and symptoms
editAll cultivated species of the genus Prunus including plums, cherries (sour and sweet), almonds, peaches, and apricots, are susceptible to PDV. PDV causes more damage to Prunus than PNRSV. Symptoms are variable and depend on climate, virus isolate, host species, and cultivar.[5] Common symptoms of PDV are stunting of the tree, necrosis, and chlorosis. Symptoms of PDV in peach include darker green foliage, rosette formation in developing shoots, shortened internodes, and reduction in both plant and fruit growth.[6][7] Frequently, PDV occurs in mix infections with other ilarviruses, like PNRSV.[8] Mixed infection of PDV and PNRSV reduce yield by up to 60% in peach, along with bark splitting and increased sucker production.[8]
Peach stunt disease
editPDV and PNRSV are the most common viruses affecting peach in the southeastern US. PDV and PNRSV can cause disease independently of each other or can co-infect, resulting in a synergistic interaction causing a distinct dwarfing disease called peach stunt.[9] Peach stunt disease symptoms include stunting, defoliation, reduced fruit yield, reduction in trunk circumference, and doubled production of water sprouts.[7]
Transmission
editTransmission of PDV mainly occurs through pollen, seed, and vegetative propagation (grafting and budding). PDV infected pollen can be transmitted from tree to tree (horizontal transmission) and from parent to progeny (vertical transmission).[10][1] Seed transmission for PDV has been confirmed in various Prunus species.[11] In P. mahaleb, a cherry rootstock, the major method of PDV dispersal is through seed and can result in 40% to 50% seed transmission efficiency.[12] PDV is regularly inspected in inmported seeds from P. cerasifera, P. Persia, P. armeniaca, P. avian, P. mandshurica, P. serotina, and P. cerasus.[13]
Although there are no known transmission vectors for PDV, there are virus facilitators. Bees have been found to facilitate the transmission of PDV through infected PDV-infected pollen from infected trees to healthy trees,[14] Additionally, thrips have also been shown to help facilitate the transmission of PDV and PNRSV by the creation of mechanical wounds allowing for virus transmission.[15]
Properties, structure, and genome
editPDV is a multicomponent virus. Virions of PDV are unenveloped and have varying symmetries from quasi-isometric to bacilliform.[16]
The PDV genome is divided into three segmented positive sense single-stranded (SS) RNA. RNA1 and RNA2 each has only a single ORF, encodes P1 protein and P2 protein, respectively. RNA3 possesses two ORFs which encodes movement protein (MP) and the viral coat protein (CP), respectively.[9][17] Each of these RNA segments is individually packaged into viral capsids.[13] The P1 protein encoded by ORF1 is an enzymatic protein with two domains, a methyltransferase domain and C-proximal domain, and is involved in the viral RNA replication process[17] The P2 protein encoded by ORF2 is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) part of the replicase enzyme.[18] Most likely, the P1 and P2 proteins together form the RNA replication complex.[18]
Phylogeny
editA phylogenetic study based on recombinant-free MP and CP sequences clustered global PDV isolates into three main groups. However, the phylogenetic trees based on P1 and P2 regions did not share the similar topology of MP and CP. Additional P1 and P2 sequences are still in need to fully understand PDV evolution.[19]
Management and control
editInspection of PDV and other quarantine viruses was done using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).[20] Yet, due to low sensitivity and false positive reactions, other methods liked RT-PCR and PCR have been explored due to their higher detection sensitivity.[21][22] Additionally, early detection of PDV in propagative material is important for control and sustainable agriculture.
Phytosanitary certification schemes are applied to fruit trees this allows for the production of planting material with known variety and health status and allows for controlling the propagation of virus-tested mother plants.[8]
References
edit- ^ a b Mink GI (September 1993). "Pollen and seed-transmitted viruses and viroids". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 31 (1): 375–402. doi:10.1146/annurev.py.31.090193.002111. PMID 18643763.
- ^ Bujarski JJ (2021). "Bromoviruses (Bromoviridae)". Encyclopedia of Virology. Elsevier. pp. 260–267. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.21563-x. ISBN 978-0-12-814516-6. PMC 7307136.
- ^ Cropley R, Gilmer RM, Posnette AF (April 1964). "Necrotic ring spot and prune dwarf viruses in Prunus and in herbaceous indicators". Annals of Applied Biology. 53 (2): 325–332. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1964.tb03806.x. ISSN 0003-4746.
- ^ Davidson TR, George JA (November 1965). "Effects of Necrotic Ring Spot and Sour Cherry Yellows on the Growth and Yield of Young Sour Cherry Trees". Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 45 (6): 525–535. doi:10.4141/cjps65-103. ISSN 0008-4220.
- ^ Vašková D, Petrzik K, Špak J (2000). "Molecular variability of the capsid protein of the prune dwarf virus". European Journal of Plant Pathology. 106 (6): 573–580. Bibcode:2000EJPP..106..573V. doi:10.1023/A:1008742513754. S2CID 22996367.
- ^ Hadidi A, Barba M, Candresse T, Jelkmann W, eds. (January 2011). Virus and Virus-Like Diseases of Pome and Stone Fruits. The American Phytopathological Society. doi:10.1094/9780890545010. ISBN 978-0-89054-501-0.
- ^ a b Scott SW, Zimmerman MT, Yilmaz S, Zehr EI, Bachman E (May 2001). "The Interaction Between Prunus Necrotic Ringspot Virus and Prune Dwarf Virus in Peach Stunt Disease". Acta Horticulturae (550): 229–236. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2001.550.32. ISSN 0567-7572.
- ^ a b c Barba M, Ilardi V, Pasquini G (January 2015). Loebenstein G, Katis NI (eds.). "Chapter Three - Control of pome and stone fruit virus diseases". Advances in Virus Research. Control of Plant Virus Diseases. 91. Academic Press: 47–83. doi:10.1016/bs.aivir.2014.11.001. PMID 25591877.
- ^ a b Pallas V, Aparicio F, Herranz MC, Sanchez-Navarro JA, Scott SW (January 2013). Maramorosch K, Murphy FA (eds.). "The molecular biology of ilarviruses". Advances in Virus Research. 87. Academic Press: 139–181. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-407698-3.00005-3. ISBN 9780124076983. PMID 23809923.
- ^ Card SD, Pearson MN, Clover GR (September 2007). "Plant pathogens transmitted by pollen \". Australasian Plant Pathology. 36 (5): 455–461. Bibcode:2007AuPP...36..455C. doi:10.1071/AP07050. ISSN 1448-6032. S2CID 22474705.
- ^ Amari K, Burgos L, Pallás V, Sánchez-Pina MA (July 2009). "Vertical transmission of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus: hitch-hiking from gametes to seedling". The Journal of General Virology. 90 (Pt 7): 1767–1774. doi:10.1099/vir.0.009647-0. PMID 19282434.
- ^ Boari A, Boscia D, Di Terlizzi B, Savino V (January 1998). "Study on seed transmission of prune dwarf virus (PDV) in Prunus mahaleb L." Advances in Horticultural Science. 12 (2): 89–92. ISSN 0394-6169. JSTOR 42881927.
- ^ a b Lee S, Shin YG (June 2014). "Development and Practical Use of RT-PCR for Seed-transmitted Prune dwarf virus in Quarantine". The Plant Pathology Journal. 30 (2): 178–182. doi:10.5423/PPJ.NT.10.2013.0099. PMC 4174841. PMID 25289000.
- ^ Davidson TR, George JA (September 1964). "Spread of Necrotic Ring Spot and Sour Cherry Yellows Viruses in Niagara Peninsula Orchards". Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 44 (5): 471–484. doi:10.4141/cjps64-090. ISSN 0008-4220.
- ^ Greber RS, Klose MJ, Milne JR, Teakle DS (June 1991). "Transmission of prunus necrotic ringspot virus using plum pollen and thrips". Annals of Applied Biology. 118 (3): 589–593. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1991.tb05348.x. ISSN 0003-4746.
- ^ Umer M, Liu J, You H, Xu C, Dong K, Luo N, et al. (June 2019). "Genomic, Morphological and Biological Traits of the Viruses Infecting Major Fruit Trees". Viruses. 11 (6): 515. doi:10.3390/v11060515. PMC 6631394. PMID 31167478.
- ^ a b Kozieł E, Bujarski JJ, Otulak K (December 2017). "Molecular Biology of Prune Dwarf Virus-A Lesser Known Member of the Bromoviridae but a Vital Component in the Dynamic Virus-Host Cell Interaction Network". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 18 (12): 2733. doi:10.3390/ijms18122733. PMC 5751334. PMID 29258199.
- ^ a b Dinant S, Janda M, Kroner PA, Ahlquist P (December 1993). "Bromovirus RNA replication and transcription require compatibility between the polymerase- and helicase-like viral RNA synthesis proteins". Journal of Virology. 67 (12): 7181–7189. doi:10.1128/JVI.67.12.7181-7189.1993. PMC 238180. PMID 8230440.
- ^ Santosa AI, Çelik A, Glasa M, Ulubaş Serçe Ç, Ertunç F (2023-08-01). "Molecular analysis of prune dwarf virus reveals divergence within non-Turkish and Turkish viral populations". Journal of Plant Pathology. 105 (3): 943–954. doi:10.1007/s42161-023-01412-2. ISSN 2239-7264. S2CID 261700020.
- ^ Stein A, Loebenstein G, Koenig R (1979). Detection of Cucumber Mosaic Virus and Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus in Glodiolus by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) (Report).
- ^ Caruso P, Bertolini E, Cambra M, López MM (October 2003). "A new and sensitive Co-operational polymerase chain reaction for rapid detection of Ralstonia solanacearum in water". Journal of Microbiological Methods. 55 (1): 257–272. doi:10.1016/s0167-7012(03)00161-1. PMID 14500017.
- ^ Stein A, Loebenstein G, Koenig R (1979). "Detection of cucumber mosaic virus and bean yellow mosaic virus in gladiolus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)". Plant Disease Reporter. S2CID 87948974.