Raoiella indica, commonly known as the red palm mite, is a species of mite belonging to the family Tenuipalpidae. A pest of several species of palm in the Middle East and South East Asia, it is now becoming established throughout the Caribbean. The invasion of this species is the biggest mite explosion ever observed in the Americas.[1]
| Raoiella indica | |
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| Adult Raoiella indica, an SEM image with false-color added | |
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| Species: | R. indica
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| Binomial name | |
| Raoiella indica Hirst, 1924
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Distribution
editThis species is indigenous to Egypt, India, Iran, Israel, Mauritius, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Réunion, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Thailand and the United Arab Emirates.
It is considered an invasive species in Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Puerto Rico, Saint Martin, Trinidad and Tobago, the US Virgin Islands, Grenada,[a] Haiti and Jamaica.[2]
In 2007, the red palm mite was discovered in Florida. As of April, 2009, this pest has been found at almost 400 sites in five counties there.
Description
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This species can be distinguished from most other mites by its colour, flat body, long spatulate setae, and droplets on the dorsal body setae. There is also a noticeable absence of the webbing associated with numerous other spider mites.[3]
The red palm mite has a long, bright red, spatulate body. During all stages of life, this species is red, with adult females often showing black patches on their backs after feeding.
Red palm mite eggs are 0.12 mm long and 0.09 wide. The eggs are smooth and can be found in groups attached to the underside of leaves.[2]
Larvae are 0.18–.020 mm in length and only have three pairs of legs. Nymphs are 0.18–0.25 mm long.
Adults are approximately 0.32 mm long. Females are larger than males and have a triangular body.
Life cycle
editThe egg stage ranges from 6 to 9 days. Development from egg to adult ranges from 23 to 28 days for females, and 20 to 22 days for males. The red palm mite lives for about 26 days.
Hosts
editThis mite has been found on 32 different palm species. In the Caribbean, this species also infests banana plants, heliconias and gingers.
| Family | Location | Species | Common name |
|---|---|---|---|
| Palmae | Caribbean | Acoelorraphe wrightii , (Griseb.& H.A. Wendl.) | Everglades palm, paurotis palm |
| Palmae | Florida | Adonidia merrilli, (Becc.) Becc. Veitchia H.A. Wendl.) | Manila palm, Christmas palm |
| Palmae | Caribbean | Areca catechu | betel nut palm |
| Palmae | Caribbean | Areca, spp. | |
| Palmae | Florida | Aiphanes caryotifolia, (H.B.K.) H.A. Wendl. | Coyure palm, ruffle palm, spine palm |
| Palmae | Caribbean | Aiphanes, spp. Willd. | Multiple crown palm, ruffle palm |
| Palmae | Florida | Archontophoenix alexandrae, (F. Muell.) | Alexander palm, king palm |
| Palmae | Caribbean | Bactris plumeriana, Mart. | coco macaco, prickly pole |
| Palmae | Florida | Beccariophoenix madagascariensis, Jum. & H. Perrier | giant windowpane palm |
| Palmae | Caribbean | Bismarckia nobilis, Hildebr. & H.A. Wendl. | Bismarck palm |
| Palmae | Florida | Butia capitata, (Mart) Becc. | pindo palm, jelly palm |
| Palmae | Caribbean | Caryota mitis, Lour. | fishtail palm |
| Palmae | Caribbean | Chamaedorea, spp. Willd. | chamaedorea palm |
| Palmae | Florida | Coccothrinax miraguama, (H.B.K.) Becc. | Miraguama palm |
| Palmae | Florida | Cocos nucifera, L. | coconut palm |
| Palmae | Florida | Corypha umbraculifera, L. | Talipot palm |
| Palmae | Caribbean | Dictyosperma album, (Bory) H.A. Wendl. & Drude ex Scheff. | princess palm, hurricane palm |
| Palmae | Caribbean | Dypsis decaryi, (Jum.) Beentje & J. Dransf. | triangle palm |
| Palmae | Caribbean | Dypsis lutescens, (H.A. Wendl.) Beentje & J.Dransf. | areca palm, golden cane palm, butterfly palm |
| Palmae | Caribbean | Elaeis guineensis, Jacq. | African oil palm |
| Palmae | Caribbean | Licuala grandis, H.A. Wendl. | licuala palm, ruffled fan palm |
| Palmae | Florida | Livistona, chinensis (Jacq.) R. Br. ex Mart. | Chinese fan palm |
| Palmae | Florida | Phoenix canariensis, Hort. ex Chabaud | Canary Islands date palm |
| Palmae | Florida | Phoenix dactylifera, L. | date palm |
| Palmae | Florida | Phoenix reclinata, Jacq. | Senegal date palm |
| Palmae | Florida | Phoenix roebelenii, O’Brien | pygmy date palm, roebelenii palm |
| Palmae | Florida | Pritchardia pacifica, B.C. Seem. & H.A. Wendl. | Fiji fan palm |
| Palmae | Florida | Pseudophoenix sargentii, H.A. Wendl. ex Sarg. | buccaneer palm, Sargent's cherry palm |
| Palmae | Caribbean | Pseudophoenix vinifera, (Mart.) Becc. | cacheo, katié, wine palm |
| Palmae | Florida | Ptychosperma elegans, (R. Br.) Blume | solitaire palm, Alexander palm |
| Palmae | Florida | Ptychosperma macarthurii, (H.A. Wendl.) Nichols | Macarthur palm |
| Palmae | Caribbean | Rhapis excelsa, (Thunb.) A. Henry | lady palm, bamboo palm |
| Palmae | Caribbean | Roystonea borinquena, O.F. Cook | Puerto Rico royal palm |
| Palmae | Caribbean | Roystonea regia, (HBK) O.F. Cook | Florida royal palm |
| Palmae | Florida | Schippia concolor, Burret | silver pimento palm |
| Palmae | Florida | Syagrus romanzoffiana, (Cham.) Glassman | queen palm |
| Palmae | Caribbean | Syagrus schizophylla, (Mart.) Glassman | arikury palm |
| Palmae | Florida | Thrinax radiata, Lodd. ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes | Florida thatch palm |
| Palmae | Florida | Veitchia, spp. H.A. Wendl. | Manila palm |
| Palmae | Caribbean | Washingtonia filifera, (Lind. ex André) H.A. Wendl. | fan palm |
| Palmae | Florida | Washingtonia robusta, H.A. Wendl. | Mexican fan palm |
| Palmae | Florida | Wodyetia bifurcata, A.K. Irvine | foxtail palm |
| Musaceae | Caribbean | Heliconia bihai, (L.) L. | Macaw flower |
| Musaceae | Caribbean | Heliconia caribaea, Lam. | wild plantain, Balisier |
| Musaceae | Caribbean | Heliconia psittacorum, L. f. | parrot flower |
| Musaceae | Caribbean | Heliconia rostrata, Ruiz & Pavon | lobster claw heliconia |
| Musaceae | Florida | Heliconia, spp. | |
| Musaceae | Caribbean | Musa acuminata, Colla | edible banana, plantain |
| Musaceae | Caribbean | Musa balbisiana, Colla | wild banana |
| Musaceae | Caribbean | Musa coccinea Andrews | red-flowering banana |
| Musaceae | Caribbean | Musa corniculata, Rumph. | red banana |
| Musaceae | Florida | Musa, spp. | banana, plantain |
| Musaceae | Caribbean | Musa acuminata × balbisiana, L. | edible banana, plantain |
| Musaceae | Caribbean | Ravenala madagascariensis, Sonn. | traveler's tree |
| Musaceae | Caribbean | Strelitzia reginae, Aiton | bird of paradise, crane flower |
| Pandanaceae | Caribbean | Pandanus utilis, Bory | screw pine |
| Zingiberaceae | Caribbean | Alpinia purpurata, (Vieill.) K. Schum. | red ginger, jungle king/queen |
| Zingiberaceae | Florida | Alpinia zerumbet, (Pers.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. | shell ginger, pink porcelain lily |
| Zingiberaceae | Caribbean | Etlingera elatior, (Jack.) R.M. Sm. | red torch ginger |
Survey, detection and damage
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The red palm mite forms colonies on the undersides of leaves. There, they feed on the contents of the cells of the leaves. This feeding can cause localized yellowing of the leaves.
Adults are usually visible to the naked eye.
Dispersal
editLike most other plant feeding mites, this species disperses on the wind. Tropical storms and hurricanes can distribute this mite over wide areas.
Management
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Chemical control is considered impractical due to the large size of most palms. Some biological control agents have proven useful in the Eastern Hemisphere, including predatory mites, beetles, lacewings and other mite predators.
See also
editNotes
editReferences
edit- ^ "A Tiny Menace Island-Hops the Caribbean". Ars.usda.gov. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
- ^ a b c "Pest Alerts - Red palm mite, DPI - FDACS". Doacs.state.fl.us. Archived from the original on 2010-12-02. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
- ^ Hoy MA, Peña J, Nguyen R. April 2010. http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/palms/red_palm_mite.htm
Further reading
edit- CariPestNet. 2006. Raoiella indica Hirst (Red Palm Mite)
- Etienne, J. and C.H.W. Flechtmann. 2006. First record of Raoiella indica (Hirst, 1924) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) in Guadeloupe and Saint Martin, West Indies. International Journal of Acarology, 32(3): 331–332.
- Flechtmann, C.H.W. and J. Etienne. 2004. The red palm mite, Raoiella indica Hirst, a threat to palms in the Americas (Acari: Prostigmata: Tenuipalpidae). Systematic & Applied Acarology, 9: 109–110.
- Flechtmann, C.H.W. and J. Etienne. 2005. Un nouvel acarien ravageur des palmiers. Phytoma 584: 10–11.
- Gerson, U., A. Venezian & D. Blumberg. 1983. Phytophagous mites on date palms in Israel. Fruits, 38(2),133–135.
- Gutiérrez, B., N. Nohelia & A. Garcia. 2007. Situación actual del cocotero in al municipio Valdez del estado Sucre.
- Hirst, S. 1924. On some new species of red spider. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Set. 9, vol. 14: 522–527.
- Hoy, M.A., J. Peña and R. Nguyen. 2006. Red palm mite, Raoiella indica Hirst (Arácnida: Acari: Tenuipalpidae). University of Florida IFAS Extension.
- Kane, E.C., R. Ochoa, G. Mathurin, and E.F. Erbe. 2005. indica-Kane_et_al.pdf Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae): An island-hopping mite pest in the Caribbean. Entomological Society of America, Annual Meeting, Florida poster.
- Kane, E., and R. Ochoa. 2006. Detection and identification of the red palm mite Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae). USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD, 6 pp.
- Mendonga, R.S., D. Navia, and C.H.W. Flechtmann. 2006. Raoiella indica Hirst (Prostigmata: Tenuipalpidae), o ácaro vermelho das palmeiras - uma ameaça para as Américas. Brasilia: Embrapa Recursos Geneticos e Biotecnologia (Portuguese).
- Nageshachandra, B.K. and G.P. Channabasavanna. 1984. Development and ecology of Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) on coconut. Griffiths, D. A. & Bowman, C.E. (eds.), Acarology VI. 2: 785–790.
- Pena, J.E., C.M. Mannion, F.W. Howard and M.A. Hoy. 2006. Raoiella indica (Prostigmata: Tenuipalpidae): The red palm mite: A potential invasive pest of palms and Bananas and other tropical crops in Florida. University of Florida IFAS Extension, ENY-837.
- Rodrigues, J. C.V., R. Ochoa and E. Kane. 2007. First report of Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) and its damage to coconut palms in Puerto Rico and Culebra Islands. International Journal of Acarology, 33(1): 3–5.
- Florida Department of Agriculture red palm mite updates
External links
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