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Ryutaro Hashimoto (橋本 龍太郎, Hashimoto Ryūtarō, 29 July 1937 – 1 July 2006) was a Japanese politician who served as the Prime Minister of Japan from 1996 to 1998. He was the leader of one of the largest factions within the ruling LDP through most of the 1990s and remained an influential player in Japanese politics until a controversy centered around undisclosed campaign contributions forced him to resign his leadership position in 2004. As a result of falling out of public favor, he chose not to stand in the general election of 2005, and effectively retired from politics.
Ryūtarō Hashimoto | |
|---|---|
橋本 龍太郎 | |
 Official portrait, 1996 | |
| Prime Minister of Japan | |
| In office 11 January 1996 – 30 July 1998 | |
| Monarch | Akihito |
| Deputy | Wataru Kubo (1996) |
| Preceded by | Tomiichi Murayama |
| Succeeded by | Keizō Obuchi |
| President of the Liberal Democratic Party | |
| In office 1 October 1995 – 24 July 1998 | |
| Secretary-General | Koichi Kato |
| Preceded by | Yōhei Kōno |
| Succeeded by | Keizō Obuchi |
| Deputy Prime Minister of Japan | |
| In office 2 October 1995 – 11 January 1996 | |
| Prime Minister | Tomiichi Murayama |
| Preceded by | Yōhei Kōno |
| Succeeded by | Wataru Kubo |
| Minister of Finance | |
| In office 28 January 1998 – 30 January 1998 | |
| Prime Minister | Himself |
| Preceded by | Hiroshi Mitsuzuka |
| Succeeded by | Hikaru Matsunaga |
| In office 10 August 1989 – 14 October 1991 | |
| Prime Minister | Toshiki Kaifu |
| Preceded by | Tatsuo Murayama |
| Succeeded by | Toshiki Kaifu |
| Minister of International Trade and Industry | |
| In office 30 June 1994 – 11 January 1996 | |
| Prime Minister | Tomiichi Murayama |
| Preceded by | Eijiro Hata |
| Succeeded by | Shunpei Tsukahara |
| Minister of Transport | |
| In office 22 July 1986 – 6 November 1987 | |
| Prime Minister | Yasuhiro Nakasone |
| Preceded by | Hiroshi Mitsuzuka |
| Succeeded by | Shintaro Ishihara |
| Minister of Health | |
| In office 7 December 1978 – 9 November 1979 | |
| Prime Minister | Masayoshi Ōhira |
| Preceded by | Tatsuo Ozawa |
| Succeeded by | Kyoichi Noro |
| Member of the House of Representatives for Okayama 4th District Okayama 2nd District (1963-1996) | |
| In office 21 November 1963 – 11 September 2005 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 29 July 1937 Sōja, Okayama, Japan |
| Died | 1 July 2006 (aged 68) Tokyo, Japan |
| Political party | Liberal Democratic Party |
| Children | Gaku Hashimoto |
| Relatives | Daijiro Hashimoto (brother) |
| Alma mater | Keio University |
| Signature |  |
Early political life
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Hashimoto was born on 29 July 1937,[1] in Sōja in Okayama Prefecture. His father, Ryōgo Hashimoto, was a cabinet minister under Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi. Following his father's lead, Ryutaro received his degree in political science from Keio University in 1960, and was elected to the House of Representatives of Japan in 1963.[2]
He moved through the ranks of the Liberal Democratic Party over the next twenty years, landing a spot as Minister of Health and Welfare under premier Masayoshi Ōhira in 1978, and in 1980 became the LDP's director of finance and public administration. He again became a cabinet minister in 1986 under Yasuhiro Nakasone, and in 1989 became secretary general of the LDP, the highest rank short of party president (if the LDP is in government, usually also the prime minister.)
Hashimoto became a key figure in the strong LDP faction founded by Kakuei Tanaka in the 1970s, which later fell into the hands of Noboru Takeshita, who then was tainted by the Recruit scandal of 1988. In 1991, the press had discovered that one of Hashimoto's secretaries had been involved in an illegal financial dealing. Hashimoto retired as Minister of Finance from the Second Kaifu Cabinet. Following the collapse of the bubble economy, the LDP momentarily lost power in 1993/94 during the Hosokawa and Hata anti-LDP coalition cabinets negotiated by LDP defector Ichirō Ozawa. Hashimoto was brought back to the cabinet when the LDP under Yōhei Kōno returned to power in 1994 by entering a ruling coalition with traditional archrival Japanese Socialist Party (JSP), giving the prime ministership to the junior partner, and the minor New Party Harbinger (NPH). Hashimoto became Minister of International Trade and Industry in the Murayama Cabinet of Tomiichi Murayama.[3] As the chief of MITI, Hashimoto made himself known at meetings of APEC and at summit conferences.
In September 1995, Yōhei Kōno did not stand for another term. Hashimoto won the election to LDP president against Jun'ichirō Koizumi 304 votes to 87,[4] and succeeded Kōno as leader of the party and as deputy prime minister in the Murayama cabinet.[5]
Prime minister
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When Murayama stepped down in 1996, the 135th National Diet elected Hashimoto to become Japan's 82nd prime minister – he was elected against NFP leader Ichirō Ozawa with 288 votes to 167 in the lower house and 158 to 69 in the upper house –[6] and lead the continued LDP-JSP-NPH coalition government (First Hashimoto Cabinet).[7]
Hashimoto reached an agreement with the United States for the repatriation of MCAS Futenma, a controversial U.S. military base in an urban area of Okinawa, in April 1996. The deal was opposed by Japan's foreign ministry and defense agency but was backed by Hashimoto's American counterpart, President Bill Clinton. The repatriation of the base has yet to be completed as of 2015, as Okinawans have opposed efforts to relocate the base to a new site.[8] Hashimoto's domestic popularity increased during the Japanese-US trade dispute when he publicly confronted Mickey Kantor, US Trade Representative for the Clinton administration.[9]
Hashimoto's popularity was largely based on his attitude.[citation needed] When asked about why Japanese car dealerships did not sell American cars, he answered, "Why doesn't IBM sell Fujitsu computers?"[citation needed] When Japan's economy did not seem to be recovering from its 1991 collapse, Hashimoto ordered a commission of experts from the private sector to look into improving the Japanese market for foreign competition, and eventually opening it completely.
On 27 September 1996, the Hashimoto cabinet dissolved the lower house of the National Diet. In the ensuing general lower house election in October, the LDP made gains while its coalition partners SDP – the JSP had been renamed briefly after the formation of the Hashimoto cabinet – and NPH lost seats. Both parties ended the coalition with the LDP, but they remained Diet allies in a cooperation outside the cabinet (kakugai kyōryoku) until 1998.[9] Thus, the LDP and the Second Hashimoto Cabinet[10] safely controlled both houses of the Diet, although it was initially technically in the minority by a few seats in the lower house, and well short of a majority in the upper house. It was the first single-party LDP government since 1993. Having achieved this, Hashimoto was confirmed without challenger as party president in September 1997.[4]
Hashimoto's government raised the Japanese consumption tax in 1997. Although the government implemented a reduction in the personal income tax prior to raising the consumption tax, the hike still had a negative effect on consumer demand in Japan.[11]
During the Upper House regular election 1998, the LDP failed to restore its majority (lost in 1989 and not to be regained until 2016) and instead lost more seats. Hashimoto resigned to take responsibility for this failure, and was succeeded as LDP president and Prime Minister by Foreign Minister Keizō Obuchi.
Later political life
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Hashimoto stayed in a LDP adviser party, and in the 2nd Mori Cabinet the Minister of Okinawa Development Agency and Minister in charge of administrative reform were appointed. He led the faction for several years. In 2001 he was one of the leading candidates to take office as prime minister but lost in the election of the more popular Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi.
Hashimoto's faction began to collapse late in 2003 while debating over whether to re-elect Koizumi. In December 2004, Hashimoto stepped down as faction leader when he was found to have accepted a ¥100 million cheque from the Japan Dental Association, and announced that he would not run for re-election in his lower house district.
On World Water Day (22 March) in 2004, United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan established a global advisory board on Water and Sanitation, and appointed Ryutaro Hashimoto as its chairman. Just prior to his death, Hashimoto submitted a letter addressed to "The People of the World" for publication in the book Water Voices from Around The World (October 2007), which is a book affiliated with the United Nations' decade of water (2005–15).[citation needed] In his letter, he addressed water-related disasters around the world, with an urgent appeal to the United Nations to halve the number of deaths caused by water disasters by 2015. Hashimoto closes this letter by writing: "An old proverb says 'Dripping water wears away the stone.' I humbly suggest, that through steadfast efforts, we can overcome any obstacle our civilization may encounter in the coming decade."[citation needed]
Personal life
editHe was married to Kumiko Hashimoto (born 1941) (橋本 久美子 Hashimoto Kumiko),[12] and the couple had two sons and three daughters: Ryu, Gaku, Hiroko, Atsuko, and Danko.
An exchange program between the Scout Association of Japan and the Boy Scouts of America was started in 1998, at the suggestion of then-Prime Minister Hashimoto in a 1996 meeting with U.S. President Bill Clinton.[13] In 1998, he was presented with the Silver World Award by Jere Ratcliffe, Chief Scout Executive of the Boy Scouts of America, "for outstanding contributions to young people on an international level".[13]
Death
editIn June 2006, Hashimoto was hospitalized in an ICU to undergo surgery to remove a large part of his colon. On 1 July 2006 at the age of 68, Hashimoto died from complications of multiple organ failure and septic shock at the National Center for Global Health and Medicine in Shinjuku, Tokyo, just 28 days before his 69th birthday.[14]
Honours
edit- Golden Pheasant Award of the Scout Association of Japan (1992)[15]
- Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (1 July 2006; posthumous)[16]
- Senior Second Rank (1 July 2006; posthumous)[16]
References
edit- ^ Reed, Christopher (2 July 2006). "Obituary: Ryutaro Hashimoto". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
- ^ John C Fredriksen, ed. Biographical Dictionary of Modern World Leaders (2003) pp 196-198.
- ^ Kantei/Cabinet of Japan: Historical cabinets, Murayama Cabinet (81st) (in Japanese)
- ^ a b LDP: 歴代総裁 (historical party presidents; includes election results)
- ^ Kantei/Cabinet of Japan: Historical cabinets, Reshuffled Murayama Cabinet (81st, reshuffled) (in Japanese)
- ^ National Diet Library, 135th National Diet minutes (links to pdfs of the printed central government's official gazette (kanpō); use the Diet minutes search system for other formats): House of Representatives full session January 11, 1996 and House of Councillors full session January 11, 1996 contain the full result and list all individual roll-call votes for designating a prime minister (including lower-ranking candidates and invalid votes omitted here).
- ^ Kantei/Cabinet of Japan: Historical cabinets, First Hashimoto Cabinet (82nd) (in Japanese)
- ^ "江田憲司氏「橋本首相は大田知事と17回会った」". Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 14 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ^ a b Gerald L. Curtis: The Logic of Japanese Politics. Leaders, Institutions and the Limits of Change. Columbia University Press 1999, p.172.
- ^ Kantei/Cabinet of Japan: Historical cabinets, Second Hashimoto Cabinet (83rd), later Reshuffled (in Japanese)
- ^ Ikegami, Akira (27 January 2014). "現代日本の足跡に学ぶ（14） 成長へ 好循環つかめるか". 日本経済新聞. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
橋本龍太郎首相は97年の消費税率引き上げ前、所得税減税を実施しました。そして「もう大丈夫だろう」と判断したのですが、消費が落ち込んでしまいました。駆け込み需要を景気回復と見誤っていたのです。
- ^ Watanabe, Satoru (October 1999). "JAPAN AND EUROPE: SELF-IMAGES AND MUTUAL PERCEPTIONS". Look Japan. Archived from the original on 4 May 2002. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
- ^ a b "Boy Scout leader urges knife safety". Japan Times. 9 March 1998. Retrieved 24 April 2010.
- ^ The Economist, 11 July 2006: Ryutaro Hashimoto, a reformer of Japan, died on July 1st, aged 68
- ^ 䝪䞊䜲䝇䜹䜴䝖日本連盟 きじ章受章者 [Recipient of the Golden Pheasant Award of the Scout Association of Japan] (PDF). Reinanzaka Scout Club (in Japanese). 23 May 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2020.
- ^ a b * From the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia
Further reading
edit- Mishima, Ko (October 1998). "The Changing Relationship between Japan's LDP and the Bureaucracy: Hashimoto's Administrative Reform Effort and Its Politics". Asian Survey. 38 (10): 968–989. doi:10.2307/2645646. JSTOR 2645646.
- Taichi, Sakaiya (February 2012). "Hashimoto Reform Has a Particular Ability to save Japan" (PDF). Japan Echo Web. 10. Retrieved 8 February 2024 – via Japanpolicyforum.jp.
- Weathers, Charles (2014). "Reformer or Destroyer? Hashimoto Tōru and Populist Neoliberal Politics in Japan" (PDF). Social Science Japan Journal. 17 (1): 77–96. doi:10.1093/ssjj/jyt029. Retrieved 8 February 2024 – via Academia.edu.
- Zagorsky, Alexei V. (2001). "Three years on a path to nowhere: The Hashimoto initiative in Russian-Japanese relations". Pacific Affairs. 74 (1): 75–93. doi:10.2307/2672488. JSTOR 2672488.
External links
edit- Ryutaro Hashimoto Dies at 68; a Tough Former Prime Minister of Japan; New York Times obituary.
- Major Speech and Articles Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto - Government of Japan
- Junichiro Koizumi. Memorial Address at the Joint Memorial Service by the Cabinet and Liberal Democratic Party for the Late Ryutaro Hashimoto (8 August 2006.) [1]; retrieved 9 February 2007.
- Appearances on C-SPAN