Shrike

Shrikes
	Red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Superfamily:	Corvoidea
Family:	Laniidae; Rafinesque, 1815
Genera
	Lanius; Eurocephalus;

Shrikes (/ʃraɪk/) are passerine birds of the family Laniidae. The family is composed of 34 species in two genera.

The family name, and that of the larger genus, Lanius, is derived from the Latin word for "butcher", and some shrikes are also known as butcherbirds because of the habit, particularly of males, of impaling prey onto plant spines within their territories. These larders have multiple functions, attracting females and serving as food stores.^[1]

The common English name shrike is from Old English scrīc, alluding to the shrike's shriek-like call.^[2]

Taxonomy

The family Laniidae was introduced (as the subfamily Lanidia) in 1815 by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque. The type genus Lanius had been introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.^[3]^[4] As currently constituted, the family contains 34 species in four genera. It includes the genus Eurocephalus with the two white-crowned shrikes.^[5] A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2023 found that the white-crowned shrikes were more closely related to the crows in the family Corvidae than they are to the Laniidae and authors proposed that the genus Eurocephalus should be moved to its own family Eurocephalidae. The cladogram below is based on these results:^[6]

Platylophidae	Platylophus – crested jayshrike

Laniidae	Lanius – shrikes and fiscals (32 species)

(Eurocephalidae)	Eurocephalus – white-crowned shrikes (2 species)

Corvidae	24 genera (135 species)

Distribution, migration, and habitat

Most shrike species have a Eurasian and African distribution, with just two breeding in North America (the loggerhead and northern shrikes). No members of this family occur in South America or Australia, although one species reaches New Guinea. The shrikes vary in the extent of their ranges: some species, such as the great grey shrike, ranging across the Northern Hemisphere, while the São Tomé fiscal (or Newton's fiscal) is restricted to the island of São Tomé.^[7]

They inhabit open habitats, especially steppe and savannah. A few species of shrikes are forest dwellers, seldom occurring in open habitats. Some species breed in northern latitudes during the summer, then migrate to warmer climes for the winter.

Description

Shrikes are medium-sized birds with grey, brown, or black-and-white plumage. Most species are between 16 cm (6.3 in) and 25 cm (9.8 in) in size; however, the genus Corvinella, with its extremely elongated tail-feathers, may reach up to 50 cm (20 in) in length. Their beaks are hooked, like those of a bird of prey, reflecting their carnivorous nature; their calls are strident.

Behaviour

A lizard impaled on a thorn by a shrike for later consumption.

Male shrikes are known for their habit of catching insects and small vertebrates and impaling them on thorns, branches, the spikes on barbed-wire fences, or any available sharp point. These stores serve as a cache so that the shrike can return to the uneaten portions at a later time.^[8] The primary function of conspicuously impaling prey on thorny vegetation is however thought to be for males to display their fitness and the quality of the territory held to prospective mates.^[9] The impaling behaviour increases during the onset of the breeding season.^[10] Female shrikes have been known to impale prey, but primarily to assist in dismembering prey.^[11] This behaviour may also serve secondarily as an adaptation to eating the toxic lubber grasshopper, Romalea microptera. The bird waits 1–2 days for the toxins within the grasshopper to degrade before eating it.^[12]

A Sardinian warbler impaled by a shrike in Italy; shrikes sometimes use man-made spikes, such as barbed wire, in place of thorns.

Loggerhead shrikes kill vertebrates by using their beaks to grab or pierce the neck and violently shake their prey.^[13]

Shrikes are territorial, and these territories are defended from other pairs. In migratory species, a breeding territory is defended in the breeding grounds and a smaller feeding territory is established during migration and in the wintering grounds.^[7] Where several species of shrikes exist together, competition for territories can be intense.

Shrikes make regular use of exposed perch sites, where they adopt a conspicuous upright stance. These sites are used to watch for prey and to advertise their presence to rivals.

Shrikes vocally imitate their prey to lure them for capture.^[14] In 1575, this was noted by the English poet George Turberville.

She will stand at perch upon some tree or poste, and there make an exceedingly lamentable crye. . . . All to make other fowles to thinke that she is very much distressed. . . whereupon the credulous sellie birds do flocke together at her call. If any happen to approach near her, she. . . ceazeth on them, and devoureth them (ungrateful subtill fowle).^[15]

Breeding

Shrikes are generally monogamous breeders, although polygyny has been recorded in some species.^[7] Co-operative breeding, where younger birds help their parents raise the next generation of young, has been recorded in both species in the genera Eurocephalus and Corvinella, as well as one species of Lanius. Males attract females to their territory with well-stocked caches, which may include inedible but brightly coloured items. During courtship, the male performs a ritualised dance which includes actions that mimic the skewering of prey on thorns, and feeds the female. Shrikes make simple, cup-shaped nests from twigs and grasses, in bushes and the lower branches of trees.^[8]

Species in taxonomic order

FAMILY: LANIIDAE^[5]

Image	Genus	Living Species
	Eurocephalus A. Smith, 1836	Northern white-crowned shrike, Eurocephalus ruppelli Bonaparte, 1853 Southern white-crowned shrike, Eurocephalus anguitimens Smith, A, 1836
	Lanius Linnaeus, 1758	Yellow-billed shrike, Lanius corvinus Shaw, 1809 Magpie shrike, Lanius melanoleucus Jardine, 1831 Long-tailed fiscal, Lanius cabanisi Hartert, EJO, 1906 Grey-backed fiscal, Lanius excubitoroides Prévost & des Murs, 1847 Taita fiscal, Lanius dorsalis Cabanis, 1878 Great grey shrike or northern shrike, Lanius excubitor Linnaeus, 1758 Steppe grey shrike, Lanius excubitor pallidirostris Cassin, 1851 Somali fiscal, Lanius somalicus Hartlaub & Heuglin, 1859 Loggerhead shrike, Lanius ludovicianus Linnaeus, 1766 Giant grey shrike, Lanius giganteus Przevalski, 1887 Chinese grey shrike, Lanius sphenocercus Cabanis, 1873 Iberian grey shrike, Lanius meridionalis Temminck, 1820 Northern shrike, Lanius borealis Vieillot, 1808 Masked shrike, Lanius nubicus Lichtenstein, MHC, 1823 São Tomé fiscal, Lanius newtoni Barboza du Bocage, 1891 Northern fiscal, Lanius humeralis Stanley, 1814 Emin's shrike, Lanius gubernator Hartlaub, 1882 Mackinnon's shrike, Lanius mackinnoni Sharpe, 1891 Souza's shrike, Lanius souzae Barboza du Bocage, 1878 Southern fiscal, Lanius collaris Linnaeus, 1766 Uhehe fiscal, Lanius collaris marwitzi Lesser grey shrike, Lanius minor Gmelin, JF, 1788 Woodchat shrike, Lanius senator Linnaeus, 1758 Burmese shrike, Lanius collurioides Lesson, RP, 1831 Tiger shrike, Lanius tigrinus Drapiez, 1828 Bay-backed shrike, Lanius vittatus Valenciennes, 1826 Isabelline shrike, Lanius isabellinus Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833 Red-backed shrike, Lanius collurio Linnaeus, 1758 Red-tailed shrike, Lanius phoenicuroides (Schalow, 1875) Mountain shrike or grey-capped shrike, Lanius validirostris Ogilvie-Grant, 1894 Brown shrike, Lanius cristatus Linnaeus, 1758 Bull-headed shrike, Lanius bucephalus Temminck & Schlegel, 1845 Long-tailed shrike, Lanius schach Linnaeus, 1758 Grey-backed shrike, Lanius tephronotus (Vigors, 1831)

References

^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 219. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ "Shrike". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
^ Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1815). Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés (in French). Palermo: Self-published. p. 67.
^ Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 150, 252. hdl:2246/830.
^ ^a ^b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "Shrikes, vireos, shrike-babblers". IOC World Bird List Version 13.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
^ McCullough, J.M.; Hruska, J.P.; Oliveros, C.H.; Moyle, R.G.; Andersen, M.J. (2023). "Ultraconserved elements support the elevation of a new avian family, Eurocephalidae, the white-crowned shrikes". Ornithology. 140 (3): ukad025. doi:10.1093/ornithology/ukad025.
^ ^a ^b ^c Yosef, Reuven (2008). "Family Laniidae (Shrikes)". In Josep, del Hoyo; Andrew, Elliott; David, Christie (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 13, Penduline-tits to Shrikes. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 732–773. ISBN 978-84-96553-45-3.
^ ^a ^b Clancey, P.A. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. p. 180. ISBN 1-85391-186-0.
^ Golawski, A.; Mroz, E.; Golawska, S. (2020). "The function of food storing in shrikes: the importance of larders for the condition of females and during inclement weather". The European Zoological Journal. 87 (1): 282–293. doi:10.1080/24750263.2020.1769208. ISSN 2475-0263.
^ Yosef, Reuven; Pinshow, Berry (1989). "Cache Size in Shrikes Influences Female Mate Choice and Reproductive Success". The Auk. 106 (3): 418–421. ISSN 0004-8038. JSTOR 4087861.
^ Ash, J.S. (1970). "Observations on a decreasing population of Red-backed Shrikes" (PDF). British Birds. 63 (5): 185=2–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2023-06-10.
^ Yosef, Reuven; Whitman, Douglas W. (1992). "Predator exaptations and defensive adaptations in evolutionary balance: No defence is perfect". Evolutionary Ecology. 6 (6): 527–536. doi:10.1007/BF02270696. S2CID 23312866.
^ Sustaita, Diego; Rubega, Margaret A.; Farabaugh, Susan M. (2018). "Come on baby, let's do the twist: the kinematics of killing in loggerhead shrikes". Biology Letters. 14 (9). doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0321. PMC 6170751. PMID 30185607.
^ Atkinson, Eric C. (1997). "Singing for Your Supper: Acoustical Luring of Avian Prey by Northern Shrikes". The Condor. 99 (1). Oxford University Press (OUP): 203–206. doi:10.2307/1370239. ISSN 0010-5422. JSTOR 1370239.
^ "The booke of falconrie or hawking : for the onely delight and pleasure of all noblemen and gentlemen : collected out of the best authors, aswell Italians as Frenchmen, and some English practises withall concerning falconrie : Turberville, George, 1540?-1610?". Internet Archive. 2023-03-25. p. 73.

External links

"Shrike" . The New Student's Reference Work . 1914.

[job-1] Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 219. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[OED-2] "Shrike". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)

[3] Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1815). Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés (in French). Palermo: Self-published. p. 67.

[4] Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 150, 252. hdl:2246/830.

[ioc-5] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "Shrikes, vireos, shrike-babblers". IOC World Bird List Version 13.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 23 July 2023.

[6] McCullough, J.M.; Hruska, J.P.; Oliveros, C.H.; Moyle, R.G.; Andersen, M.J. (2023). "Ultraconserved elements support the elevation of a new avian family, Eurocephalidae, the white-crowned shrikes". Ornithology. 140 (3): ukad025. doi:10.1093/ornithology/ukad025.

[HBW-7] Yosef, Reuven (2008). "Family Laniidae (Shrikes)". In Josep, del Hoyo; Andrew, Elliott; David, Christie (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 13, Penduline-tits to Shrikes. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 732–773. ISBN 978-84-96553-45-3.

[EoB-8] Clancey, P.A. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. p. 180. ISBN 1-85391-186-0.

[9] Golawski, A.; Mroz, E.; Golawska, S. (2020). "The function of food storing in shrikes: the importance of larders for the condition of females and during inclement weather". The European Zoological Journal. 87 (1): 282–293. doi:10.1080/24750263.2020.1769208. ISSN 2475-0263.

[10] Yosef, Reuven; Pinshow, Berry (1989). "Cache Size in Shrikes Influences Female Mate Choice and Reproductive Success". The Auk. 106 (3): 418–421. ISSN 0004-8038. JSTOR 4087861.

[11] Ash, J.S. (1970). "Observations on a decreasing population of Red-backed Shrikes" (PDF). British Birds. 63 (5): 185=2–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2023-06-10.

[12] Yosef, Reuven; Whitman, Douglas W. (1992). "Predator exaptations and defensive adaptations in evolutionary balance: No defence is perfect". Evolutionary Ecology. 6 (6): 527–536. doi:10.1007/BF02270696. S2CID 23312866.

[13] Sustaita, Diego; Rubega, Margaret A.; Farabaugh, Susan M. (2018). "Come on baby, let's do the twist: the kinematics of killing in loggerhead shrikes". Biology Letters. 14 (9). doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0321. PMC 6170751. PMID 30185607.

[Atkinson_1997_pp._203–2062-14] Atkinson, Eric C. (1997). "Singing for Your Supper: Acoustical Luring of Avian Prey by Northern Shrikes". The Condor. 99 (1). Oxford University Press (OUP): 203–206. doi:10.2307/1370239. ISSN 0010-5422. JSTOR 1370239.

[Internet_Archive_2023_c139-15] "The booke of falconrie or hawking : for the onely delight and pleasure of all noblemen and gentlemen : collected out of the best authors, aswell Italians as Frenchmen, and some English practises withall concerning falconrie : Turberville, George, 1540?-1610?". Internet Archive. 2023-03-25. p. 73.

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