Wikipedia

Sign-on and sign-off

(Redirected from Signed on)
"Sign-off" redirects here. For the term as used in letterwriting, see Valediction.
Not to be confused with Login.

A sign-on (or start-up in Commonwealth countries except Canada) is the beginning of operations for a radio or television station, generally at the start of each day. It is the opposite of a sign-off (or closedown in Commonwealth countries except Canada), which is the sequence of operations involved when a radio or television station shuts down its transmitters and goes off the air for a predetermined period; generally, this occurs during the overnight hours although a broadcaster's digital specialty or sub-channels may sign-on and sign-off at significantly different times than its main channels.

The closing announcement of ARD as heard in 1993 (in German).

Like other television programming, sign-on and sign-off sequences can be initiated by a broadcast automation system, and automatic transmission systems can turn the carrier signal and transmitter on/off by remote control.[a]

Sign-on and sign-off sequences have become less common due to the increasing prevalence of 24/7 broadcasting. However, some national broadcasters continue the practice; particularly those in countries with limited broadcast coverage. Stations may also sometimes close for transmitter maintenance, or to allow another station to broadcast on the same channel space.[b]

Sign-on/start-up

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Sign-ons, like sign-offs, vary from country to country, from station to station, and from time to time; however, most follow a similar general pattern. It is common for sign-ons to be followed by a network's early morning newscast, or their morning or breakfast show.

Some broadcasters that have ceased signing on and signing off in favour of 24-hour broadcasting may perform a sign-on sequence at a certain time in the morning (usually between 4:00 and 7:00 a.m.) as a formality to signify the start of its operating day (in the United States, the broadcast logging day begins at 6:00 a.m. local time).[citation needed]

Sign-on/start-up sequence

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The sign-on sequence may include some or all of the following stages, but not necessarily in this order:

  • For television or radio stations that cut off their signal during off-broadcast hours, a test pattern or a static image accompanied by a 400 Hz tone, a 1 kHz tone (or other single-sine-wave tones) or music may be broadcast fifteen to twenty minutes before the actual sign-on. Digital channels may still run overnight programs or interstitials at this time (ITV Nightscreen in the United Kingdom being an example), which conclude when the station's main programming schedule begins.
  • A signal to turn on remote transmitters may be played—this is usually a series of touch tones.
  • On radio stations, especially international stations on shortwave, an interval signal may be played in a loop, usually for 3 to 5 minutes before the actual broadcast starts.
  • Technical information is provided. This can include station identification (call sign and city of license), transmitter power, frequency or channel number, translators used, transmitter locations, list of broadcast engineers, and/or studio/transmitter links (STL).
  • A television station may show a video and photo montage set to the national anthem or other patriotic piece of music. The accompanying television video may include images of the national flag, the head of state, national heroes, national military soldiers, national symbols, and other nationalistic imagery (especially on state-owned broadcasters), or simply the station ident. In the case of television stations broadcasting to audiences in more than one country, the flags and national symbols of each country in turn may be shown, with its respective national anthem being played.
  • Ownership information about the station, and a list of related organizations.
  • A video of people singing an opening song, or opening dance performance to start the day.
  • A greeting to viewers or listeners.
  • Contact information, such as street and mailing addresses, telephone number, email, and website details.
  • A prayer or other religious acknowledgement, particularly in countries with a state religion, in theocracies, and on religious broadcasters.
  • A schedule for the upcoming programs, or the day's programs.
  • A disclaimer that station programming is taped, aired live, or originates from a television or radio network.
  • Another disclaimer that programs are for personal use only (sometimes with information on copyright restrictions), and a statement that businesses cannot profit from showing them by applying a cover charge for viewing.
  • A statement of commitment to quality; this may be in the form of a recognized standard, such as the Philippines' Broadcast Code of the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas (Association of Broadcasters of the Philippines).
  • A station identification, including some or all of the television channel, AM or FM frequency, call sign, branding, and a clock ident.
  • Generally a station jingle or slogan will be played, accompanied on television with video clips featuring station programming or personalities. The Start-Up/Sign-On Notice is announced after the national anthem.

While most of these sign-on steps are done as a service to the public, or for advertising reasons, some of them may be required by the government of the country.[citation needed]

Sign-off/closedown

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Sign-offs, like sign-ons, vary from country to country, from station to station, and from time to time; however, most follow a similar general pattern. Many stations follow the reverse process to their sign-on sequence at the start of the day.

Many stations, while no longer conducting a sign-off and being off air for a period of time each day, instead run low-cost programming during those times of low viewer numbers. This may include infomercials, movies, television show reruns, simple weather forecasts, low cost news or infotainment programming from other suppliers, simulcasts of sister services, or feeds of local cable TV companies' programming via a fiber optic line to the cable headend. Other broadcasters that are part of a radio or television network may run an unedited feed of the network's overnight programming from a central location, without local advertising. During what are otherwise closedown hours, some channels may also simulcast their teletext pages or full page headlines with music or feeds from sister radio stations playing in the background. Some stations, after doing a sign-off, nonetheless continue to transmit throughout the off-air period on cable/satellite; this transmission may involve a test pattern, static image, local weather radar display, teletext pages or full-page headlines which was accompanied by music or a local weather radio service.

Some broadcasters that have ceased signing on and signing off in favour of 24-hour broadcasting may perform a sign-off sequence at a certain time in the night (usually between 10:00 p.m. and 1:00 a.m.) as a formality to signify the end of its operating day (in the United States, the broadcast logging day ends at 12:00 midnight local time).

Sign-off/closedown sequence

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Indian-head test pattern used in North America

The sign-off sequence may include some or all of the following stages, but not necessarily in this order:

  • An announcement informing viewers that the station is about to go off-air: it may also include a message of thanks for the viewer's patronage, along with an announcement of the time when the station is scheduled to sign on again.
  • A station jingle or slogan may be played, accompanied on television with video clips featuring station programming or personalities,[1] or perhaps stock scenes from the station's main city/cities. A series of program trailers may also be played.
  • A prayer, hymn, or other religious acknowledgement, particularly in countries with a state religion or theocracies, and on religious broadcasters. Other channels may opt for a pre-taped sermonette or something similar. See section below.
  • A short weather forecast and newscast:[2]. Stations also show PSAs through Ad Council or any organizations, for instance; some channels in the United Kingdom also used to include a public information film. Meanwhile, in the United States, it is common for a brief news reel to be broadcast over the station's logo, often accompanied by public service and missing and most wanted persons announcements.
  • A clock ident, which can be silent, play music or feature an announcer.
  • A program guide for the following day's programs.[3]
  • Closing credits acknowledging announcers, technicians and other crew who operated the day's broadcast.[4]
  • Ownership information about the station and their parent company, as well as their contact information, such as street and mailing addresses, telephone or fax number, zip code, e-mail, and website details.[2]
  • A video of people singing a closing song, or closing dance performance to end the day's broadcast.
  • A disclaimer that programs are for personal use only (sometimes with information on copyright restrictions), and a statement that businesses cannot profit from showing them by applying a cover charge for viewing.
  • A disclaimer that station programming may be taped, aired live, or originates from another television or radio network.
  • Technical information provided, such as the call sign, transmitter power, translators used, transmitter locations, a list of broadcast engineers (in the Philippines only), and studio/transmitter links (STL).
  • The viewer may be encouraged to view or listen to alternative services during the station's downtime; these are usually sister or affiliate stations.
  • A statement of commitment to quality, usually in the form of a recognized standard: in the Philippines, it is usually the Broadcast Code of the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas (Association of Broadcasters of the Philippines), while in the United States, it was (until 1983) the Television Code of the National Association of Broadcasters. Same as the start-up, the closedown/sign-off notice is shown before the National Anthem.
  • A television station may show a video and photo montage set to the national anthem or other patriotic piece of music. The accompanying television video may include images of the national flag, the head of state, national heroes, national military soldiers, national symbols, and other nationalistic imagery (especially on state-owned broadcasters,[5] but sometimes on privately-owned ones too), or simply the station ident.[2] In the case of television stations broadcasting to audiences in more than one country, the flags and national symbols of each country in turn may be shown, with its respective national anthem being played.
  • The station may display some type of novelty item, such as an animated character, particular to that station or its locale.
  • Stations in the German-speaking parts of Europe (DACH) would use a slide with the station logo and the word Sendeschluss (in Germany and Austria also alternatively spelt Sendeschluß with an eszett, meaning "shutdown"), shown prior to the test card (as opposed to before the signal being cut) to tell the viewer to switch off their sets. This practice ceased around 1994–96.[6]
  • Viewers may be reminded to turn off their television sets just prior to the transmitter being switched off. This was historically practised in the United Kingdom and in many parts of the Eastern Bloc, and is still in regular practice in some places like Russia and some areas of Japan[citation needed]. Sometimes, a loud tone may be played on the audio to encourage sleeping viewers to turn their television sets off, in order to prevent electricity wastage and to mitigate the risk of fire and/or explosions occurring in older TV sets.
  • On channels intended for young children, a short video may be shown of the channel's characters or hosts going to bed, before showing a loop of them sleeping throughout the night until programming resumes the following morning.[7][8]
  • Finally, stations may show a test card,[2] station logo, a loop of the station ident, a black screen, or a static schedule (telling viewers of the programming line-up once broadcasting resumes), usually with a monotone sound or a relay of a radio station: some stations may show a sequence of teletext pages, while others may use a promotional video or a series of infomercials. Other stations may simply cut off the signal, usually by sending a series of touch tones to turn off remote transmitters, which resulted in static on an analog television signal. Others may switch into a 24-hour channel or show archived programming.[c]

Some countries have a legal protocol for signing-off: in the United States, the minimum requirement is the station's call sign, followed by its designated city of license.[9] Many stations do include other protocols, such as the national anthem or transmitter information, as a custom, or as a service to the public.

In the United Kingdom, before the introduction of 24-hour television, there was no known legal protocol for a sign-off: BBC One and many ITV regions customarily included a continuity announcement, clock and the country's national anthem (for BBC One Wales and HTV Wales, Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau was also played beforehand), while Granada and Channel 4 signed-off with just an announcement, clock and ident, and BBC Two, Yorkshire and Border closed down with an announcement over their station clock.

In Germany, it is a custom to play the national anthem (for Bayerischer Rundfunk and stations owned by ProSiebenSat.1 Media, the Bayernhymne was also played beforehand) and the European Union anthem.

In Spain, it is a custom to play the national anthem (for RTVA, EITB and Televisión de Galicia, La bandera blanca y verde, Eusko Abendaren Ereserkia and Os Pinos was also played beforehand respectively).

Religious acknowledgements during sign-on and sign-off

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Country Religious acknowledgement
  Algeria Quran reading[10]
  Armenia Christian blessing[11]
  Antigua and Barbuda Christian hymn
  Australia Christian hymn
  Austria Bible reading, responsorial psalm or Christian prayer
  Bangladesh Quran, Bhagvad Gita, Tripitaka or Bible reading
  Barbados Christian hymn
  Bhutan Buddhist hymn[12]
  Bolivia Christian sermonette or prayer[13]
  Brazil Christian programme
  Brunei Quran reading[14]
  Cambodia Buddhist quote or inspirational message
  Canada Christian sermonette[15] (English-language channels) or responsorial psalm (French-language channels)
  Egypt Quran reading[16]
  Ethiopia Bible reading or Christian prayer
  France Responsorial psalm
  Germany Bible reading, responsorial psalm or Christian prayer
  Greece Christian prayer[17]
  Grenada Christian hymn
  Indonesia Quran reading[18]
  Iran Quran reading[19]
  Ireland Christian prayer[20]
  Israel Psuko Shel Yom[21]
  Jordan Quran reading[22]
  Kenya Bible reading
  Kuwait Quran reading[23]
  Libya Quran reading[24]
  Malaysia Quran reading[25]
  Maldives Quran reading
  Morocco Quran reading[26]
  Myanmar Buddhist quote[27]
  Nepal Hindu song or inspirational message[28]
  Niger Quran reading[29]
  Pakistan Quran reading[30]
  Peru Christian prayer[31]
  Philippines Catholic prayer[32][33]
  Poland Responsorial psalm and Alleluia
  Portugal Bible reading
  Saint Lucia Christian hymn
  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Christian prayer
  Saudi Arabia Quran reading[34]
  South Africa Christian prayer and/or sermonette
  Spain Bible reading
  Sri Lanka Buddhist prayer[35] or Hindu prayer
  Sudan Quran reading
  Syria Quran reading[36]
  Thailand Buddhist quote or inspirational message[37]
  Trinidad and Tobago Christian prayer[38]
  United Kingdom Christian sermonette
  United States Christian prayer, sermonette or inspirational message[39][40][41]
  Western Sahara Quran reading[42]
  Yemen Quran reading[43]

Special sign-on/off cases

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Historical

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In a number of countries closedowns formerly took place during the daytime as well as overnight. In the United Kingdom, this was initially due to government-imposed restrictions on daytime broadcasting hours, and later, due to budgetary constraints. The eventual relaxation of these rules meant that afternoon closedowns ceased permanently on the ITV network in October 1972, but the BBC maintained the practice until Friday 24 October 1986, before commencing a full daytime service on the following Monday. Afternoon closedowns continued in South Korea until December 2005. Hong Kong's broadcasting networks (particularly the English-speaking channels) also practiced this until mid-2008. In these cases, the station's transmitters later did not actually shut-down for the afternoon break; either a test-card was played or a static schedule was posted telling viewers of the programming line-up once broadcasting resumes.

In Indonesia, restrictions on broadcast hours were also implemented in July 2005 as part of an energy saving campaign.[44] Three years later, they were implemented again due to the electricity crisis.[45]

Medium-wave AM

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Main article: Clear-channel station

Medium wave radio is a special case due to its unusual propagation characteristics; it can bounce hundreds of miles by reflecting from the upper atmosphere at night, but during the day these same layers absorb signal instead of reflecting. A few powerful regional clear-channel stations have an extensive secondary coverage area which is protected by having smaller local co-channel stations in distant communities sign off shortly before sunset. A frequency on which a broadcaster has to drastically reduce power or sign off entirely at sunset was traditionally the least desirable assignment, which would usually go to small or new-entrant stations when all of the more favourable slots were already allocated.

These AM daytimers are becoming less common as stations (and audiences) migrate to FM or to frequencies vacated by the closure of other stations, but a handful still exist in the US and México.

Religious

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India

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During religious holidays or occasions, Doordarshan and Akashvani will broadcast a prayer of any religion through the day, a week or a month (e.g. During Ramadan, a reading from the Quran, a Muslim quote, or a call for Azan and Fajr prayer will be broadcast. During Lent, a Christian prayer, a hymn or a psalm will be broadcast).

Indonesia

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In Bali during Nyepi, all terrestrial television and radio stations go off-the-air.

Israel

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During Yom Kippur, virtually all radio and television stations based in Israel go silent for 24 hours, as required by law. However, most international networks broadcast in Israel (e.g. CNN) continue to broadcast as usual.[46]

Malaysia

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During Ramadan, Malaysian public broadcaster RTM operated TV1 24 hours a day instead of signing off. In 2012, TV1 broadcast 24 hours a day during the London Olympics in 2012, due to the time difference.[47] This would become permanent in August 2012, to coincide with their sister channel TV2 by showing reruns from the broadcaster's archive library and movies on early mornings before start-up.

Philippines

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During the Holy Week in the Philippines that occurs anywhere between the last week of March to the third week of April (depending on the Roman Catholic liturgical calendar), terrestrial television and radio stations continue their regular schedules from Palm Sunday until Holy Wednesday. From the midnight of Holy Thursday until the early hours of Easter Sunday (before 4 AM PHT), most commercial television and radio networks either remain off-the-air or reduce their broadcast hours. Stations that opt to remain on-air provide special programming such as Lenten drama specials, news coverage of various services and rites, Christian and mellow music content. Member stations of the Catholic Media Network prominently follow the latter pattern, broadcasting Paschal Triduum services and other similar programming.[48]

Campus radio stations' operations during this time are left to the discretion of their respective schools, colleges, or universities by either closing down on the afternoon and/or evening of Holy Wednesday or remaining off-air for the entire Holy Week.

On cable, satellite, and live TV streaming, with the exception of specialty channels that broadcast horse racing, cockfighting, and the like that remain dormant during this period, most international networks distributed in the Philippines or Philippine-exclusive cable channels either continue to broadcast their 24/7 regular programming service week-long or provide specially-arranged schedules from Holy Thursday to Black Saturday.

Notable historical exceptions
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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Conversely, broadcast automation has greatly reduced the number of sign-offs, as the local operator can hand off control to a commonly-owned regional station and leave their automated systems to run graveyard slot infomercials or pass unedited network feeds through with little more than a pause for automated station identification. A few may even use "we're always on" as a selling point, although it is becoming the rule rather than the exception.
  2. ^ An example of this is the United Kingdom's BBC Four/CBeebies and the Czech Republic's ČT art/ČT Déčko.
  3. ^ Standard practice tends to vary between countries. Canadian stations tend to leave a test card up after sign-off. US stations most often drop carrier signals entirely after sign-off to conserve energy. Finnish stations and some Japanese stations would leave a grey screen for approximately 1 minute after sign-off before cutting signal entirely.

References

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  1. ^ institucional snt, 21 June 2014, archived from the original on 2022-09-13, retrieved 2022-09-13
  2. ^ a b c d James, Brandon (22 March 2019). "Watch These Old West Michigan Television Sign-offs Before You Go To Bed". WBCK. Battle Creek: Townsquare Media. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  3. ^ ITV Nightscreen - Friday 19th March 2021, 19 March 2021, archived from the original on 2022-06-26, retrieved 2022-06-26
  4. ^ Sign off WBIS NYC 1997, 19 February 2007, archived from the original on 2022-12-05, retrieved 2022-06-26
  5. ^ CCTV-7 (China) Sign-off (00:45 BST - 17/05/2020), 16 May 2020, archived from the original on 2022-06-26, retrieved 2022-06-26
  6. ^ "Chronik der ARD | Das Erste rund um die Uhr". web.ard.de. Archived from the original on 2020-07-05. Retrieved 2020-07-04.
  7. ^ Disney Junior Nordic Close Down and Sleeping Night Loop 2017. VGX / TVHolidays. 20 June 2017. Archived from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2021 – via YouTube.
  8. ^ DR Ramasjang godnat (2016). TelevisionIdents. 28 May 2016. Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021 – via YouTube.
  9. ^ "47 CFR 73.1201 (a)(2)" (PDF). Federal Communications Commission. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-06-29. Retrieved 2016-07-23.
  10. ^ Hymne national algérien (Archive Algerian TV 1996). Baboul. 8 February 2015. Archived from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021 – via YouTube.
  11. ^ http://www.intervalsignals.net/Files/arm-public_radio_domestic_290908.m3u Archived 2020-07-16 at the Wayback Machine [bare URL]
  12. ^ "Bhuthan Broadcasting Service (BBS) FULL BROADCAST". YouTube. 23 April 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-04-27. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
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  20. ^ RTÉ Closedown November 1995. myyoutubename. 18 July 2013. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2021 – via YouTube.
  21. ^ Psuko Shel Yom1.wmv. shirlytwo. 28 December 2009. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021 – via YouTube.
  22. ^ http://www.intervalsignals.net/Files/jor-rj_arabic_250207.m3u Archived 2020-07-16 at the Wayback Machine [bare URL]
  23. ^ Kuwait TV KTS E5 Startup 1985. Testcards & pres oddities. 5 July 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2024 – via YouTube.{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  24. ^ "Libya". Archived from the original on 2020-07-14. Retrieved 2020-07-16.
  25. ^ RTM TV1 Morning Startup (6:00am) 14.1.2017. Radziah Razuan. 13 January 2017. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2021 – via YouTube.
  26. ^ TV-DX 2M Morocco 01.12.1993. EifelDX. 17 March 2017. Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021 – via YouTube.
  27. ^ ภาพทดสอบ / ident / เพลงชาติเมียนมาร์ - กะบามะเจ (พ.ศ. 2563) | ช่อง MRTV HD. เพลงชาติผ่านดาวเทียมซับไทย AnthemOnTVSatelliteSubThai. 16 February 2020. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2021 – via YouTube.
  28. ^ Marschall, Sabine (3 February 2017). Tourism and Memories of Home: Migrants, Displaced People, Exiles and Diasporic Communities. Channel View Publications. ISBN 9781845416058. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
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  30. ^ TV-DX PTV Pakistan Testcard and opening, some news 08.09.1994. EifelDX. 10 June 2020. Archived from the original on 26 March 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021 – via YouTube.
  31. ^ Frecuencia Latina - Años 90: Himno Nacional y Padre Nuestro. Claudio Cordero. 6 May 2020. Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021 – via YouTube.
  32. ^ NBN-4 Overnite Prayer & Sign-Off 2009. deniel013. 21 May 2010. Archived from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2021 – via YouTube.
  33. ^ "DZRH Sign Off – Tony Boy Bautista (YouTube)". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2022-03-08. Retrieved 2022-03-08.
  34. ^ TV-DX ART-1, Saudi Arabia 06.01.1994. EifelDX. 20 June 2020. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2021 – via YouTube.
  35. ^ "Rupavahini Closedown (2020)". YouTube. 31 March 2020. Archived from the original on 2022-03-08. Retrieved 2022-03-08.
  36. ^ Syria TV morning Sign on with patriotic songs, national Anthem and prayer from today (1 Dec 2017). Defenders of the Syrian Arab Republic. 1 December 2017. Archived from the original on 31 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2021 – via YouTube.
  37. ^ ปิดสถานี ช่อง 9 (2531). Domodarken-M. 14 September 2020. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2021 – via YouTube.
  38. ^ CCN TV6 Trinidad & Tobago Sign On (1990s). mmm-Kyron-mmm. 19 July 2013. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2021 – via YouTube.
  39. ^ Meditation/Prayer & Station Sign Off - WJAR, Providence, RI - November, 1987 (VHS). The Basement Labs. 17 November 2019. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2021 – via YouTube.
  40. ^ WVTV TV 18 - News Final/Lord's Prayer/Signoff/Nat'l Anthem January 21, 1984 [27 min 42 sec]. The TV Madman. 7 January 2018. Archived from the original on 31 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2021 – via YouTube.
  41. ^ 1970s KTUL sign-off: Indian sign language. TulsaTV. 1 April 2008. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021 – via YouTube.
  42. ^ RASD TV - Closedown (5-7-2017). TanaponLive HD2. 4 July 2017. Archived from the original on 5 September 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2021 – via YouTube.
  43. ^ เพลงชาติเยเมน (วีดีโอเพลงชาติเก่าแก่ที่สุด). เพลงชาติผ่านดาวเทียมซับไทย AnthemOnTVSatelliteSubThai. 4 May 2019. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2021 – via YouTube.
  44. ^ "Pembatasan Siaran TV, antara Keberatan dan Komitmen". detiknews.
  45. ^ "Hemat Listrik, TV Diminta Batasi Jam Siaran".
  46. ^ "Which television services operate on Yom Kippur in Israel? - Israel Culture - The Jerusalem Post". thetorah.com. 4 October 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  47. ^ "Siaran Sukan Olimpik 2012 di London Dalam Bentuk 3D | Sensasi Selebriti". 23 July 2012. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  48. ^ "Is Philippine TV still Holy Week-friendly?". 17 November 2008. Archived from the original on 2020-07-16. Retrieved 2020-07-16.
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