Smokey Mountain was a large landfill once located in Tondo, Manila.[1]
History
editSmokey Mountain operated for at least 50 years,[2] consisting of over two million metric tons of waste. The flammable substances in decomposing waste led to fires that resulted in many deaths.[3]
On March 19, 1993, a joint venture agreement was made between the National Housing Authority (NHA) and R-II Builders Inc. (RBI) to build a low-cost housing project at Smokey Mountain. On August 15, 2007, this agreement was declared valid by the Philippine Supreme Court.[4] The area was officially closed in 1995.[3] The site was turned into public housing for the impoverished people living in the slums surrounding the landfill. The slums were also cleared, which was the home of 30,000 people who made their living from picking through the landfill's rubbish.[2]
In the 1990s, Jane Walker arrived in the Philippines on holiday, and her taxi took her by Smokey Mountain. She was intrigued by the Tondo slums, and she returned back to Southampton, where her plan to do something took place. In time, Walker would raise money and funds and build businesses that transformed rubbish into products like handbags. She was awarded an MBE in 2006, and in 2012, she lived in the Philippines.[5]
Projects have been enforced by the government and non-government organizations to allow urban resettlement sites for slum dwellers.[6] According to a UN-Habitat report, over 20 million people in the Philippines live in slums.[7] In Manila alone, 50% of the over 11 million inhabitants live in slum areas.[8][9]
Migration to the Payatas Dump
editWhen Smokey Mountain closed in 1995, many scavengers migrated to the Payatas dumpsite, where another scavenging community arose.[3] A landslide at the Payatas dump in 2000 killed over two hundred scavengers.[3] As of 2007, approximately 80,000 people lived at the Payatas dump.[3] The Payatas dumpsite itself closed in 2017.[10][11]
In culture
editNational Artist for Music Ryan Cayabyab formed the singing group Smokey Mountain in 1989, named after the garbage dump. The band performed songs that tackled socially relevant themes such as poverty, children's rights, environmentalism, and overseas Filipino workers.[12]
National Artist for Film Lino Brocka set some of his films in the slums of Tondo. Smokey Mountain features prominently as the setting for the 1987 film Pasan Ko ang Daigdig starring Sharon Cuneta.[13]
Smokey Mountain was part of a walking tour organized by Smokey Tours, a private organization that donated its profits to impoverished communities through livelihood and environmental projects. Tours at Smokey Mountain ended in 2014 and new tours were held at the Happyland slum area in Tondo and Baseco Compound.[14]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Bank, Asian Development (2016-06-15). "Life after Smokey Mountain: Recycling Provides Livelihood Opportunities in Manila's Dump Site". www.adb.org. Retrieved 2024-11-23.
- ^ a b "Smokey Mountain Remediation and Development Project: Philippines". Poverty Environment Partnership. 25 October 2012. Archived from the original on 18 July 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
- ^ a b c d e Medina, Martin (2007). The world's scavengers : salvaging for sustainable consumption and production. Lanham, MD [u.a.]: AltaMira Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0759109414.
- ^ Torres, Tetch (15 August 2007). "SC upholds Smokey Mountain contract between NHA, R-II". Inquirer.net. Archived from the original on 25 July 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
- ^ "'Angel of the dump' Jane Walker transforming lives in Philippines". gulfnews.com. 17 June 2012. Retrieved 2021-10-23.
- ^ "It breaks your heart". Archived from the original on June 15, 2007. Retrieved May 26, 2007.
- ^ Salazar, Teresa (30 June 2007). "High transaction costs, rent control linked to RP slums". Inquirer.net. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
- ^ "Philippine Urban Forum | State of the Philippine Urban System". home.earthlink.net. Archived from the original on July 26, 2009.
- ^ Cruz, Prince Christian (10 July 2008). "Housing Sales and Rental Markets in Asia". Global Property Guide. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
- ^ Alimondo, Jonathan Llanes, Lauren (2017-08-24). "Peña: Payatas landfill is permanently closed". SunStar Publishing Inc. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Roxas, Pathricia Ann V. (2017-08-06). "Environmentalists hail closure of Payatas dumpsite". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
- ^ Grana, Rhia (October 30, 2020). "The Smokey Mountain—thirty years after". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
- ^ "What Lino Brocka would have done to the Marcoses". ABS-CBN News. April 3, 2019. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
- ^ Cepeda, Cody (2020-03-02). "Baseco and the 'kick' from slum tourism". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2023-03-07.