South Khorasan province (Persian: استان خراسان جنوبی)[a] is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, located in the eastern part of the country. Its capital is the city of Birjand.[4] In 2014, the province was placed in Region 5.[5]
South Khorasan Province
Persian: استان خراسان جنوبی | |
|---|---|
 | |
 Location of South Khorasan Province within Iran | |
| Coordinates: 32°48′N 58°11′E / 32.800°N 58.183°E[1] | |
| Country |  Iran |
| Region | Region 5 |
| Capital | Birjand |
| Counties | 12 |
| Government | |
| • Governor-general | Mohammad-Reza Hashemi |
| Area | |
• Total | 151,913 km2 (58,654 sq mi) |
| Population (2016)[2] | |
• Total | 768,898 |
| • Density | 5.1/km2 (13/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+03:30 (IRST) |
| ISO 3166 code | IR-29 |
| Main language(s) | Persian |
| HDI (2017) | 0.757[3] high · 27th |
| Website | sko.ir |
History
edit
Greater Khorasan has witnessed the rise and fall of many dynasties and governments in its territory throughout history. Various tribes of the Arabs, Turks, Kurds and Turkemen brought changes to the region time and time again. ,[6] Mongols Ancient geographers of Iran divided Iran ("Iran-Shahr") into eight segments of which the most flourishing and largest was the territory of Greater Khorasan. Esfarayen, among other cities of the province, was one of the focal points for the residence of the Aryan tribes after entering Iran.
The Parthian empire was based near Merv in Khorasan for many years. At Parthians times, Esfarayen was one of the important villages of Nishapur.
During the Sassanid dynasty the province was governed by a Spahbod (Lieutenant General) called "Padgoosban" and four margraves, each commander of one of the four parts of the province.
Khorasan was divided into four parts during the Muslim conquest of Persia, each section being named after the four largest cities, Nishapur, Merv, Herat, and Balkh.
In the year 651, the army of Islamic Arabs invaded Khorasan. The territory remained in the hands of the Abbasid clan until 820, followed by the rule of the Iranian Taherid clan in the year 896 and the Samanid dynasty in 900.
Mahmud of Ghazni conquered Khorasan in 994 and in the year 1037 Toghrül, the first of the Seljuq empire rulers conquered Nishapur.
Mahmud of Ghazni retaliated against the invaders several times, and finally the Ghaznavids defeated Sultan Sanjar. But there was more to come, as in 1157 Khorasan was conquered by the Khwarazmids and because of simultaneous attacks by the Mongols, Khorasan was annexed to the territories of the Mongol Ilkhanate.
In the 14th century, a flag of independence was hoisted by the Sarbedaran movement in Sabzevar, and in 1468, Khorasan came into the hands of Tamerlane and the city of Herat was declared as the capital.
In 1507, Khorasan was occupied by Uzbek tribes. After the death of Nader Shah in 1747, parts of it were occupied by the Afghans for a short period.
In these periods, Birjand was a small part of Quhistan which almost encompasses the borders of today South Khorasan. The main cities of Quhistan were Toon (now Ferdows) and Qaen. Birjand grew in recent centuries, especially during the Qajar dynasty and found its important role in this region.
This region was a place of refuge for some movements like the Ismaili, and was the target of Arab refugees who escaped from the tyranny of the Abbasid caliphate. Zoroastrian vestiges also exist in the area.
In 1824, Herat became independent for several years when the Afghan Empire was split between the Durranis and Barakzais. The Persians sieged the city in 1837, but the British assisted the Afghans in repelling them. In 1856, the Persians launched another invasion, and briefly managed to recapture the city; it led directly to the Anglo-Persian War. In 1857 hostilities between the Persians and the British ended after the Treaty of Paris was signed, and the Persian troops withdrew from Herat.[7] Afghanistan reconquered Herat in 1863 under Dost Muhammad Khan, two weeks before his death.[8]
This new province is but the old Quhistan which was included into greater Khorasan in the Iranian administrative planning. However, historically Qohistan forms a separate entity, with a distinct culture, history, environment and ecology.
South Khorasan is one of the three provinces that were created after the division of Khorasan in 2004. While at the beginning, the newly created "South Khorasan" included only Birjand County and some new counties detached from that county (i.e. Nehbandan, Darmian and Sarbisheh), in subsequent years, all northern and western cities and territories of the old Quhistan (such as Qaen, Ferdows and Tabas) have been annexed into South Khorasan, which as of 2016 consists of 11 counties.
Khorasan was the largest province of Iran until it was divided into three provinces on September 29, 2004. The provinces approved by the parliament of Iran (on May 18, 2004) and the Council of Guardians (on May 29, 2004) were Razavi Khorasan, North Khorasan, and South Khorasan.
Demographics
editPopulation
editAt the time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 600,568 in 159,255 households.[9] The following census in 2011 counted 662,534 people in 183,114 households.[10] The 2016 census measured the population of the province as 768,898 in 223,984 households.[2]
Administrative divisions
edit
The population history and structural changes of South Khorasan province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table.
| Counties | 2006[9] | 2011[10] | 2016[2] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Birjand | 221,756 | 259,506 | 261,324 |
| Boshruyeh[b] | — | 24,683 | 26,064 |
| Darmian | 51,793 | 55,080 | 53,714 |
| Eshqabad[c] | — | — | — |
| Ferdows | 61,346 | 41,626 | 45,523 |
| Khusf[d] | — | — | 27,600 |
| Nehbandan | 56,089 | 57,258 | 51,449 |
| Qaen | 137,357 | 152,401 | 116,181 |
| Saravan | 34,636 | 32,493 | 33,312 |
| Sarbisheh | 37,591 | 39,487 | 40,959 |
| Tabas[e] | — | — | 72,617 |
| Zirkuh[f] | — | — | 40,155 |
| Total | 600,568 | 662,534 | 768,898 |
Cities
editAccording to the 2016 census, 448,147 people (over 58% of the population of South Khorasan province) live in the following cities:[2]
| City | Population |
|---|---|
| Arianshahr | 3,729 |
| Asadiyeh | 5,460 |
| Ayask | 5,143, |
| Birjand | 203,636 |
| Boshruyeh | 16,426 |
| Deyhuk | 2,959 |
| Eresk | 2,955 |
| Esfeden | 3,598 |
| Eshqabad | 3,965 |
| Eslamiyeh | 7,108 |
| Ferdows | 28,695 |
| Gazik | 2,294 |
| Hajjiabad | 6,168 |
| Khusf | 5,716 |
| Mohammadshahr | 3,590 |
| Mud | 3,477 |
| Nehbandan | 18,304 |
| Nimbeluk | 4,762 |
| Qaen | 42,323 |
| Qohestan | 2,322 |
| Sarayan | 13,795 |
| Sarbisheh | 8,715 |
| Seh Qaleh | 4,436 |
| Shusef | 3,181 |
| Tabas | 39,676 |
| Tabas-e Masina | 4,596 |
| Zohan | 1,118 |
Most populous cities
editThe following sorted table lists the most populous cities in South Khorasan Province.[2]
| Rank | City | County | Population |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Birjand | Birjand | 203,636 |
| 2 | Qaen | Qaen | 42,323 |
| 3 | Tabas | Tabas | 39,676 |
| 4 | Ferdows | Ferdows | 28,695 |
| 5 | Nehbandan | Nehbandan | 18,304 |
| 6 | Boshruyeh | Boshruyeh | 16,426 |
| 7 | Sarayan | Sarayan | 13,795 |
| 8 | Sarbisheh | Sarbisheh | 8,715 |
| 9 | Eslamiyeh | Ferdows | 7,108 |
| 10 | Hajjiabad | Zirkuh | 6,168 |
South Khorasan today
editThe major ethnic group in this region are the Persians.[16] South Khorasan is known for its famous rugs as well as its saffron, barberry which is produced in almost all parts of the province.
Historic and natural attractions
editSouth Khorasan has many historic and natural attractions, but besides these, South Khorasan encompasses various religious buildings and places of pilgrimage as well.
The Cultural Heritage of Iran lists 1179 sites of historical and cultural significance in all three provinces of Khorasan.
Some of the popular attractions of South Khorasan are:
Higher Education
edit- University of Birjand
- Birjand University of Medical Sciences
- Islamic Azad University of Birjand
- Islamic Azad University of Ferdows
- Birjand University of Technology[17]
- Payame Noor University[18]
- University of Applied Science and Technology (south khorasan branch)
- Academy of Tarbiat-e Moalem
- Academy of Amuzesh-e Aly
- Academy of Amuzesh-e Modiriat Dolaty
Gallery
edit
See also
edit
Notes
edit- ^ Also romanized as Ostān-e Xorāsān-e Jonūbī
- ^ Separated from Ferdows County after the 2006 census[11]
- ^ Separated from Tabas County after the 2016 census[12]
- ^ Separated from Birjand County after the 2011 census[13]
- ^ Separated from Yazd province after the 2011 census[14]
- ^ Separated from Qaen County after the 2011 census[15]
References
edit- ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (7 November 2024). "South Khorasan Province" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 7 November 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): South Khorasan Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
- ^ Habibi, Hassan (c. 2015) [Approved 21 June 1369]. Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the divisions of Khorasan province, centered in Mashhad. rc.majlis.ir (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Council. Proposal 3223.1.5.53; Approval Letter 3808-907; Notification 84902/T125K. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2024 – via Islamic Parliament Research Center.
- ^ "همشهری آنلاین-استانهای کشور به ۵ منطقه تقسیم شدند (Provinces were divided into 5 regions)". Hamshahri Online (in Persian). 22 June 2014 [1 Tir 1393, Jalaali]. Archived from the original on 23 June 2014.
- ^ "Kurds in Khorasan". CSKK. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
- ^ Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles, eds. (1991). The Cambridge History of Iran (Vol. 7): From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge University Press. pp. 183, 394–395. ISBN 978-0521200950.
- ^ Ewans (2002). Afghanistan: A short History of its People and Politics. Perennial. pp. 77. ISBN 006-050508-7.
- ^ a b Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): South Khorasan Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ^ a b Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): South Khorasan Province. irandataportal.syr.edu (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022 – via Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University.
- ^ "Boshruyeh District was upgraded to a county". farsnews.ir (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Cabinet of Ministers. 12 November 2008 [Approved 13 March 1386]. Proposal 16340/42/4/1. Archived from the original on 10 November 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023 – via Fars Media Corporation.
- ^ Mokhbar, Mohammad (19 August 2024) [Approved 16 March 1403]. Approval letter regarding national divisions in Tabas, Boshruyeh, and Bardaskan Counties of South Khorasan province. sdil.ac.ir (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Council of Ministers. Proposal 171795; Notification 60314/T61987AH. Archived from the original on 29 August 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2024 – via Shahr Danesh Legal Research Institute.
- ^ Rahimi, Mohammad Reza (6 May 2012) [Approved 8 May 1390]. Approval letter regarding country divisions in South Khorasan province (Birjand County) (PDF). rrk.ir (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Council of Ministers. Proposal 1/4/42/81539; Notification 26948/T45233H. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
- ^ Rahimi, Mohammad Reza (19 December 2013) [Approved 24 October 2013]. Approval letter regarding the abstraction of Tabas County from Yazd province and its annexation to South Khorasan province. rc.majlis.ir (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Council of Ministers. Proposal 19089/42/1/19089; Notification 252554/T46736H. Archived from the original on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2023 – via Research Center of the System of Laws of the Islamic Council of the Farabi Library of Mobile Users.
- ^ Rahimi, Mohammad Reza (c. 2021) [Approved 5 August 2013]. Reforms and creation of national divisions in Qaen and Zirkuh Counties in South Khorasan province. qavanin.ir (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Board of Ministers. Proposal 96287/42/1/4/1. Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2023 – via Laws and Regulations Portal of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
- ^ "Ethnologue report for Southern Pashto: Iran (1993)". SIL International. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ "Home". birjandut.ac.ir.
- ^ "Home". skpnu.ac.ir.