Israel: Difference between revisions

'''Israel''',{{efn|group=fn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|z|r|i|.|ə|l|,_|-|r|eɪ|-}}; {{lang-he|יִשְׂרָאֵל}} {{Transliteration|he|Yīsrāʾēl}} {{IPA|-he|jisʁaˈʔel|}}; {{lang-ar|إِسْرَائِيل}} {{Transliteration|ar|ʾIsrāʾīl}}}} officially the '''State of Israel''',{{efn|group=fn|{{lang-he|מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל}} {{transliteration|he|Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl}} {{IPA|-he|mediˈnat jisʁaˈʔel|}}; {{lang-ar|دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل}} {{transliteration|ar|Dawlat Isrāʾīl}}}} is a country in the [[Southern Levant]] of, [[West Asia]]. It is [[Borders of Israel|bordered]] by [[Lebanon]] and [[Syria]] to the north, the [[West Bank]] and [[Jordan]] to the east, [[Egypt]], the [[Gaza Strip]] and the [[Red Sea]] to the south, and the [[Gaza Strip]] and [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the west.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 June 2022 |title=When will be the right time for Israel to define its borders? – analysis |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-709240 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |date=12 June 2022 |accessurl-datestatus=25 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125202149/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-709240 |urlarchive-statusdate=live25 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com}}</ref> Israel's[[Tel capitalAviv]] is inthe country's [[StatusFinancial center|financial]], [[Economy of JerusalemIsrael|Jerusalemeconomic]], butand [[Science and technology in Israel|technological]] center. Israel's governmental seat is in its [[Israeli annexationStatus of East Jerusalem|annexationproclaimed capital]] of [[East Jerusalem]], isthough internationallyIsraeli consideredsovereignty to be anover [[LegalityEast ofJerusalem]] theis Israelinot occupationrecognised ofunder Palestine|illegalinternational occupation]]law ofand only has [[PalestinianStatus territoriesof Jerusalem|Palestinianlimited territoryrecognition internationally]].{{POV statement|date=July 2024}}{{efn|group=fn|The [[Jerusalem Law]] states that "Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel" and the city serves as the seat of the government, home to the President's residence, government offices, supreme court, and [[Knesset|parliament]]. [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 478]] (20 August 1980; 14–0, U.S. abstaining) declared the Jerusalem Law "null and void" and called on member states to withdraw their diplomatic missions from Jerusalem.{{sfn|Kellerman|1993|p=140}} See [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}<ref>Akram, Susan M., Michael Dumper, Michael Lynk, and Iain Scobbie, eds. 2010. ''International Law and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A Rights-Based Approach to Middle East Peace''. Routledge. p. 119: "UN General Assembly Resolution 181 recommended the creation of an international zone, or corpus separatum, in Jerusalem to be administered by the UN for a 10-year period, after which there would be a referendum to determine its future. This approach applies equally to West and East Jerusalem and is not affected by the occupation of East Jerusalem in 1967. To a large extent it is this approach that still guides the diplomatic behaviour of states and thus has greater force in international law."</ref> [[Tel Aviv]] is the country's [[Economy of Israel|economic center]] and core of its [[Gush Dan|largest metropolitan area]].

The State of Israel [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|declared its establishment]] on 14 May 1948. On 15 May 1948, the armies of neighboring Arab states invaded the area of the former Mandatory Palestine, internationalizing the civil war and beginning the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War|First Arab–Israeli War]]. The [[majority of Palestinians]] were [[1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight|expelled or made to flee]], bydue paramilitaries and theto [[IsraelCauses Defenseof Forces|IDF]],the an1948 Palestinian expulsion knownand asflight|various the [[Nakbacauses]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ghanim |first1=Honaida |date=March 2009 |title=Poetics of Disaster: Nationalism, Gender, and Social Change Among Palestinian Poets in Israel After Nakba |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40608203 |journal=[[International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society]] |volume=22 |pages=23–39 [25–26] |doi=10.1007/s10767-009-9049-9 |jstor=40608203 |s2cid=144148068 |number=1 |issn=0891-4486 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106040944/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40608203 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |url-status=live |quote=Around 750,000–900,000 Palestinians were systematically expelled from their homes and lands and about 531 villages were deliberately destroyed.}}</ref><ref>Stern, Yoav (13 May 2008). [https://www.haaretz.com/1.4979391 "Palestinian refugees, Israeli left-wingers mark Nakba"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517035746/https://www.haaretz.com/1.4979391|date=17 May 2021}}. ''[[Haaretz]]''.</ref><ref> [http://www.badil.org/Publications/badil-nakba-60-info-packet/index.html Nakba 60] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612162136/http://www.badil.org/Publications/badil-nakba-60-info-packet/index.html|date=12 June 2008}}, BADIL Resource Center for Palestinian Residency and Refugee Rights</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cleveland |first=William L. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Modern_Middle_East/CUhaDwAAQBAJ?gbpv=1&pg=PT290 |title=A History of the Modern Middle East |last2=Bunton |first2=Martin |date=2016 |publisher=[[Westview Press]] |isbn=978-0-429-97513-4 |language=en |page=270 |quote=Not only was there no Palestinian Arab state, but the vast majority of the Arab population in the territory that became Israel-over 700,000 people-had become refugees. The Arab flight from Palestine began during he intercommunal war and was at first the normal reaction of a civilian population to nearby fighting-a temporary evacuation from the zone of combat with plans to return once hostilities ceased. However, during spring and early summer 1948, the flight of the Palestinian Arabs was transformed itno a permanent mass exodus ... Once the Arab flight had started, it was encouraged by the [[Haganah]] ... Haganah field officers interpreted [[Plan Dalet|Plan D]] as giving them authority to undertake the systematic expulsion of the Palestinian Arabs living within the area allocated to the Jewish state as well as those whose villages were situated just inside the territory awarded to the Arab state ... Throughout the remainder of 1948 and into 1949, there were incidents of forced expulsion of Arabs. As a result, by the time the last armistice agreement was concluded in 1949, there remained only 160,000 Arabs within the borders of Israel.}}</ref> Over the following decades, Israel received an influx of [[Jewish exodus from the Muslim world#1948 Arab–Israeli War|Jews who emigrated, fled, or were expelled from the Muslim world]].<ref name=":05">{{Cite journal |last=Beker |first=Avi |date=2005 |title=The Forgotten Narrative: Jewish Refugees from Arab Countries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25834637 |journal=Jewish Political Studies Review |volume=17 |issue=3/4 |pages=3–19 |jstor=25834637 |issn=0792-335X |access-date=23 May 2024 |archive-date=9 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109013108/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25834637 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Dinstein |first=Yoram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cpKEAAAQBAJ&dq=650000+%2872%25%29+of+these+Jews+resettled+in+Israel.&pg=PA282 |title=Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Volume 6 (1976) |date=2021-10-11 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-42287-2 |pages=282 |language=en |access-date=23 May 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521171644/https://books.google.com/books?id=-cpKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA282&lpg=PA282&dq=650000+(72%25)+of+these+Jews+resettled+in+Israel.&source=bl&ots=F8PgTaUhaN&sig=ACfU3U0WsiDOJxluxSyPsNK60ypjp28O-A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjnzt69mZ-GAxUiweYEHeYlBh04ChDoAXoECAMQAw#v=onepage&q=650000%20(72%25)%20of%20these%20Jews%20resettled%20in%20Israel.&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[1949 Armistice Agreements]] established Israel's borders over most of the former Mandate territory.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-19 |title=Zionism {{!}} Definition, History, Examples, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Zionism |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225204632/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Zionism |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meir-Glitzenstein |first1=Esther |title=Turning Points in the Historiography of Jewish Immigration from Arab Countries to Israel |journal=Israel Studies |volume=23 |issue=3 |date=Fall 2018 |pages=114–122 |publisher=Indiana University Press |doi=10.2979/israelstudies.23.3.15 |jstor=10.2979/israelstudies.23.3.15 |s2cid=150208821 |quote=The mass immigration from Arab countries began in mid-1949 and included three communities that relocated to Israel almost in their entirety: 31,000 Jews from Libya, 50,000 from Yemen, and 125,000 from Iraq. Additional immigrants arrived from Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Turkey, Iran, India, and elsewhere. Within three years, the Jewish population of Israel doubled. The ethnic composition of the population shifted as well, as immigrants from Muslim counties and their offspring now comprised one third of the Jewish population—an unprecedented phenomenon in global immigration history. From 1952–60, Israel regulated and restricted immigration from Muslim countries with a selective immigration policy based on economic criteria, and sent these immigrants, most of whom were North African, to peripheral Israeli settlements. The selective immigration policy ended in 1961 when, following an agreement between Israel and Morocco, about 100,000 Jews immigrated to the State. From 1952–68 about 600,000 Jews arrived in Israel, three quarters of whom were from Arab countries and the remaining immigrants were largely from Eastern Europe. Today fewer than 30,000 remain in Muslim countries, mostly concentrated in Iran and Turkey.}}</ref>{{sfn|Fischbach|2008|p=26–27}} The 1967 [[Six-Day War]] saw Israel occupy the [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank|West Bank]], Gaza Strip, Egyptian [[Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula|Sinai Peninsula]] and Syrian [[Israeli occupation of the Golan Heights|Golan Heights]]. Israel has established and continues to expand [[Israeli settlements|settlements]] across the [[Israeli-occupied territories|occupied territories]], which is widely considered illegal [[International law and Israeli settlements|under international law]], and has effectively annexed [[Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem|East Jerusalem]] and the [[Golan Heights Law|Golan Heights]], which is largely unrecognized internationally. Since the 1973 [[Yom Kippur War]], Israel has signed peace treaties [[Camp David Accords|with Egypt]], returning the Sinai Peninsula, and [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty|Jordan]], and into the 2020s has [[Arab–Israeli normalization|normalized relations with several Arab countries]]. However, [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process|efforts to resolve]] the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] have not succeeded. Israel's practices in its occupation of the Palestinian territories have drawn sustained international criticism along with accusations that [[Israeli war crimes|it has committed war crimes]] and crimes against humanity against the Palestinian people from human rights organizations and United Nations officials.