The Symphony No. 1 in B♭ minor is one of two symphonies by the English composer William Walton. The composer had difficulty in completing the work, and its first public performance was given without the finale, in 1934. The complete four-movement work was premiered the following year.
The work shows the influence of Sibelius, particularly in its musical structure. It is among the best-known symphonies by British composers, and has received numerous recordings from within a month of the 1935 premiere to the 21st century.
Background
editIn 1923 Walton had established a reputation as an avant garde composer with his "Entertainment", Façade (to verses by Edith Sitwell). His other major works of the 1920s and early 1930s, including the overture Portsmouth Point (1926), the Viola Concerto and the cantata, Belshazzar's Feast had established him as a prominent figure in British music.[1]
In 1932 Walton began work on a symphony. Always a slow and painstaking composer, he made gradual progress. The first two movements were finished by early 1933, and he composed the slow movement in the middle of that year.[2] After that, he suffered a persistent writer's block and could not complete the finale. Critics including Edward Greenfield have suggested that the problem was a reaction to the break-up of Walton's six-year love affair with a young German widow, the Baroness Imma von Doernberg, to whom the symphony is dedicated.[3] Walton was not writing to commission, and there was no contractual deadline for the completion of the symphony, but he had promised the premiere to the conductor Sir Hamilton Harty and the London Symphony Orchestra (LSO). The composer had allowed the work to be announced for two consecutive years in the orchestra's seasonal prospectus, and the expectation thus aroused put pressure on him. In 1934 he was persuaded by Harty and others to allow a performance of the three completed movements.[4] This took place at the Queen's Hall on 3 December 1934.[5] Two more performances of the incomplete work were given the following April by the London Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Malcolm Sargent.[6]
Walton took a break from work on the symphony during 1934 to compose his first film music (for Paul Czinner's Escape Me Never).[7] After a gap of eight months he resumed work on the symphony and completed it in August 1935.[8] Harty and the BBC Symphony Orchestra gave the premiere of the completed piece on 6 November of that year.[1][9] The performance roused great enthusiasm. The News Chronicle reported, "The applause at the close was overwhelming, and when Mr Walton, a slim, shy, young man, came on to the platform he was cheered continuously for five minutes".[10]
The symphony aroused international interest. The leading continental conductors Wilhelm Furtwängler and Willem Mengelberg sent for copies of the score; the Chicago Symphony Orchestra premiered the work in the US under Harty; Eugene Ormandy and the Philadelphia Orchestra gave the New York premiere; and the young George Szell conducted the symphony in Australia.[11][n 1]
Structure
editThe work is in four movements. It is scored for a symphony orchestra comprising two flutes (one doubling piccolo), two oboes, two clarinets in B♭ (doubling clarinets in A), two bassoons, four horns in F, three trumpets in C, three trombones, tuba, timpani (two players), snare drum, cymbals, tam-tam and strings.[13] The percussion section (other than timpani) is brought into use only towards the end of the last movement.
- I: Allegro assai – Poco meno mosso – A tempo, agitato – Poco meno mosso – Agitato poco a poco – Animato
The first movement opens with a pianissimo timpani roll on B♭; the horns enter, also extremely quietly, one at a time, on B♭, F and G. A quiet oboe theme begins in D♭; a five-note cello motif recurs throughout the movement. According to the critic Anthony Burton, the effect of the movement is broad and powerful: the breadth coming from "slow-moving harmonies over Sibelius-like long-held bass notes and timpani rolls" and the power from "urgently repeated ostinato figures, blazing dissonances, and sonorous scoring".[14] The tension of the first section of the movement relaxes slightly for the second subject, which is a little slower, building to a climax of fiercely repeated notes. The central development section reprises the opening idea very quietly, slowly increasing the intensity. The movement ends with the return of the first theme, this time with more orthodox harmonisation.[14] At one stage during the composition of the work Walton had thought of leaving the Allegro assai as a single-movement symphony. The commentator Keith Anderson observes that the movement has "a compelling unity" that has prompted comparisons with Sibelius, although Walton disagreed with such a view.[15]
The scherzo – "with malice" – in E minor, is in a fast 3
4 time, with occasional bars of rhythmically disruptive 5
4; over insistent rhythms, with percussive outbursts, angular off-beat fragmentary themes continue throughout, with no relaxed trio section to break the tension.[14]
- III: Andante con malinconia
Walton originally marked the slow movement "Adagio con melancolia", now amended in printed editions of the score to "Andante con malinconia" ("at a moderate pace, with melancholy").[16] The movement, in C ♯ minor, opens with a melancholy flute melody and later employs a second slow theme; both themes are, in Burton's phrase, "characteristically bitter-sweet lyricism". Walton develops them contrapuntally to a passionate climactic outburst, after which the music subsides and moves to a hushed conclusion.[14] In Walton's earlier drafts the theme of the andante was intended for the opening movement, but he found "it didn't work out, then it became the slow movement".[17] His original plan for the movement included a central scherzando episode, but he removed it from the short score, and nothing of it survives.[16]
The finale brings the work back to the key of B♭ but now in the major. For this movement Walton specifies a second timpanist and two other percussionists. The opening is a flourish in a grand manner that the composer later adopted in his coronation marches and film music.[15] This is followed by two discrete sections directed to be played "quickly, with animation and ardour"; the first is sharply energetic, and the second a lively fugue, with a more relaxed central section. The themes of the two sections are developed in a brisk passage in triple time. The tempo slows down for the return of the opening theme of the movement, forming what Burton describes as "a grandiloquent coda"[14]
Critical reception
editFrom the outset, critics remarked on Walton's debt to Sibelius in the symphony. Neville Cardus was among them, but he added that nobody except Sibelius had written a greater orchestral work than Walton's symphony since the heyday of Elgar.[18] Byron Adams says of the work that its "orgiastic power, coruscating malice, sensuous desolation and extroverted swagger" make the symphony a tribute to Walton's tenacity and inventive facility.[1] The critic Edwin Evans wrote of the Andante con malinconia:
The slow movement is in my opinion the nodal section of the work. Its structure is melodic, its character idyllic and contemplative, but in an intimately personal way, with a feeling of melancholy and of craving expectancy which is wholly removed from the "yearning" of the Romantics. It is in some ways the most significant piece of music Walton has written.[19]
Critics have always differed on whether the grandly optimistic finale matches the rest of the work.[19][20] As to the work as a whole, in a 1998 study of the international symphonic repertoire, Michael Steinberg acknowledged the Sibelian influence, but added:
For all that, Walton's Symphony No 1 is a free, strong, individual utterance, as far beyond mere imitation as, say, the Brahms First is in its relationship to Beethoven. Not many would wish to call Walton one of the great twentieth-century composers, but the claim that his First Symphony is one of the great twentieth-century symphonies is not excessive.[21]
Recordings
editWalton's First Symphony has been well represented on record. The first recording was made by the fledgling Decca company at its Thames Street recording studio in London, with Harty and the LSO supervised by the composer on 9–10 December 1935, a month after the premiere of the complete work.[22] Later recordings include:
| Orchestra | Conductor | Label | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Philharmonia | Sir William Walton | EMI | 1951 |
| Orchestra Sinfonica di Roma della RAI | Herbert von Karajan | EMI | 1953 |
| London Philharmonic | Sir Adrian Boult | Pye | 1956 |
| New Zealand Symphony | Sir William Walton | Bridge | 1964 |
| Royal Philharmonic | Sir William Walton | BBC | 1965 |
| London Symphony | André Previn | RCA | 1967 |
| New Philharmonia | Sir Malcolm Sargent | EMI | 1967 |
| Royal Philharmonic | Jascha Horenstein | Suisa | 1971 |
| BBC Symphony | Sir Adrian Boult | BBC | 1975 |
| Royal Liverpool Philharmonic | Vernon Handley | WEA Enigma | 1978 |
| Philharmonia | Bernard Haitink | EMI | 1982 |
| Scottish National | Sir Alexander Gibson | Chandos | 1984 |
| Royal Philharmonic | André Previn | Telarc | 1987 |
| London Philharmonic | Leonard Slatkin | Virgin | 1988 |
| Bournemouth Symphony | Vernon Handley | EMI | 1989 |
| London Philharmonic | Sir Charles Mackerras | EMI | 1989 |
| Philharmonia | Louis Frémaux | Collins | 1989 |
| London Philharmonic | Bryden Thomson | Chandos | 1991 |
| City of Birmingham Symphony | Simon Rattle | EMI | 1992 |
| BBC National Orchestra of Wales | Tadaaki Otaka | BBC | 1993 |
| Royal Philharmonic | Vladimir Ashkenazy | Decca | 1993 |
| BBC Scottish Symphony | Martyn Brabbins | Hyperion | 1995 |
| Bournemouth Symphony | Andrew Litton | Decca | 1995 |
| Gran Canaria Philharmonic Orchestra | Adrian Leaper | Sony Classical | 1996 |
| English Northern Philharmonia | Paul Daniel | Naxos | 2004 |
| London Symphony | Sir Colin Davis | LSO Live | 2005 |
| New Haven Symphony Orchestra | William Boughton | Nimbus | 2010 |
| Lille National Orchestra | Owain Arwel Hughes | BIS | 2010 |
| BBC Symphony | Edward Gardner | Chandos | 2014 |
| Bournemouth Symphony | Kirill Karabits | Onyx | 2017 |
- Source: Walton Trust and WorldCat.[23]
Notes and references
editNotes
edit- ^ Furtwängler programmed the work but did not conduct it himself, assigning it to a guest conductor, Leo Borchard.[12]
References
edit- ^ a b c Adams, Byron. "Walton, William," Grove Music Online, Oxford Music Online, retrieved 27 September 2015 (subscription required)
- ^ Anderson, pp. 3–4
- ^ Greenfield, Edward. "Behind the Façade – Walton on Walton", Gramophone, February 2002, p. 93
- ^ Ottaway (1972), p. 254
- ^ "London Symphony Orchestra", The Times, 4 December 1934, p. 12
- ^ "Courtauld-Sargent Concert", The Times, 2 April 1935, p. 12
- ^ Kennedy, p. 76
- ^ Kennedy, p. 81
- ^ Cardus, Neville, "William Walton's First Symphony", The Manchester Guardian, 7 November 1935, p. 10; "William Walton's Symphony", The Times, 7 November 1935, p. 12; and Kennedy, p. 81
- ^ The News Chronicle, 7 November 1935, quoted in Ottaway (1972), p. 254
- ^ Kennedy, p. 86; Downes, Olin. "Ormandy Directs Walton Symphony", The New York Times, 17 October 1936, p. 20 (Chicago and New York premieres); "Georg Szell – New Work Presented", The Sydney Morning Herald, 11 July 1939, p. 13 (Sydney premiere)
- ^ "British Music in Berlin," The Times, 10 May 1936, p. 14
- ^ "William Walton", Symphony No 1", Oxford University Press, retrieved 28 September 2015
- ^ a b c d e Burton, Anthony (2014). Notes to Chandos CD CHSA 5135, OCLC 879652213
- ^ a b Anderson, Keith (2004). Notes to Naxos CD 8.553180, OCLC 232287275
- ^ a b Ottaway (1973), p. 998
- ^ Walton, quoted in Ottaway (1972), p. 255
- ^ Cardus, Neville. "William Walton's First Symphony". The Manchester Guardian, 7 November 1935, p. 10
- ^ a b Evans, p. 366
- ^ Cox, p. 193
- ^ Steinberg, p. 677
- ^ Stuart, Philip. Decca Classical, 1929–2009, AHRC Research Centre for the History and Analysis of Recorded Music, retrieved 28 September 2015
- ^ "Symphony No 1" William Walton Trust. Retrieved 9 July 2022; and "William Walton", WorldCat. Retrieved 9 July 2022
Sources
edit- Cox, David (1967). "William Walton". In Simpson, Robert (ed.). The Symphony: Elgar to the Present Day. London: Pelican. OCLC 221594461.
- Evans, Edwin (December 1944). "Modern British Composers (New Series): I. William Walton (Concluded)". The Musical Times. 85 (1222): 364–368 and 371. doi:10.2307/922336. JSTOR 922336. (subscription required)
- Kennedy, Michael (1989). Portrait of Walton. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-816705-1.
- Ottaway, Hugh (March 1972). "Walton's First Symphony: The Composition of the Finale". The Musical Times. 113 (1549): 254–257. doi:10.2307/957129. JSTOR 957129. (subscription required)
- Ottaway, Hugh (October 1973). "Walton's First and Its Composition". The Musical Times. 114 (1568): 998–999 and 1001. doi:10.2307/955367. JSTOR 955367. (subscription required)
- Steinberg, Michael (1998) [1995]. The Symphony: A Listener's Guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-506177-2.