Wikipedia

Tina Knowles

Celestine Ann "Tina" Beyoncé Knowles (née Beyoncé; born January 4, 1954)[1][2] is an American businesswoman, fashion designer, and philanthropist known for establishing the brands House of Deréon and Miss Tina by Tina Knowles. She is the mother of singers Beyoncé and Solange Knowles and was married until 2011 to their father Mathew Knowles, the manager of Destiny's Child. For her contribution to the fashion business, Knowles was honored at the Accessories Council Excellence Awards in 2001.[3]

Tina Knowles
Knowles in 2010
Born
Celestine Ann Beyonce[a]

(1954-01-04) January 4, 1954 (age 70)
Galveston, Texas, U.S.
Other namesTina Knowles-Lawson
LabelHouse of Deréon
Spouses
  • ​
    ​
    (m. 1980; div. 2011)​
  • ​
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    (m. 2015; div. 2024)​
Children
Relatives

Personal life and family

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Celestine Ann Beyonce[a][1][4] was born in Galveston, Texas, the last of seven siblings. Her mother, Agnéz Beyincé (née Deréon), was a seamstress. Her father, Lumis Albert Beyincé, was a longshoreman.[5][4][6] Due to a clerical error on her birth certificate, she spells her surname (Beyonce) "one letter different" than other members of her family.[7][8] She is of Louisiana Creole heritage. Knowles was raised Catholic and attended Catholic school.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Her family's roots are from Boutte, Louisiana.[16][17] She is a descendant of Acadian leader Joseph Broussard and French military officer Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin.[18] While in high school, Knowles was a part of a singing group called the Veltones, inspired by The Supremes.[5]

On January 5, 1980, she married Mathew Knowles, a Xerox salesman who would later quit his job to manage Destiny's Child.[19][20] The pair share two children: Beyoncé (born 1981) and Solange (born 1986). She filed for divorce from Mathew in November 2009, dropped the matter in 2010, then refiled in August 2011. She stated "discord or conflict of personalities" that prevented them from "reasonable expectation of reconciliation" as the reason for the divorce. The divorce was finalized in November 2011.[21]

In the summer of 2013, she started dating actor Richard Lawson.[22] Prior to dating, Knowles had been friends with Lawson for more than 30 years. They initially met through her friendship with his late sister.[23][24] In a 2018 interview, Lawson stated that he had "always admired her from afar and up close too."[25] The couple were married in Newport Beach, California on April 12, 2015.[26] Knowles filed for divorce from Lawson in July 2023, citing irreconcilable differences.[27]

Through her marriage with Lawson, Knowles became a stepmother to his daughter Bianca Lawson and his son Ricky.[28] She also often refers to Destiny's Child member Kelly Rowland as her daughter, whom she helped raise from the age of 11 when Rowland began living with the Knowles family.[29][30] In an open letter published by Time magazine in 2015, Knowles stated "I gave birth to two of you, but I have four incredible daughters" referring to Beyoncé, Solange, Kelly, and her niece Angie Beyincé.[29]

Knowles has four grandchildren, including Blue Ivy Carter.[18][31][32] In addition to her grandchildren through daughters Beyoncé and Solange, she also considers herself a grandmother to Kelly's two children.[33]

Career

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As a fashion designer, Knowles has been featured in publications such as Vogue, Cosmopolitan, Harper’s Bazaar, L'Officiel, InStyle, and Sports Illustrated. She has also designed costumes for a number of films including Dreamgirls, Pink Panther, Austin Powers in Goldmember, Obsessed, and Cadillac Records.[34]

She began her career at the age of 19 when she moved to California to work as a makeup artist for Shiseido Cosmetics. However, she returned home when her parents fell ill.[4] Knowles then worked as a dance choreographer for University of Alabama at Birmingham and later a beautician in Birmingham, Alabama. In 1990, she opened Headliners, a 12-seat hair salon located in Houston, Texas.[5] The salon went on to become one of the most famous hair businesses in Houston.[35] Knowles's rise to prominence came as costume designer for Destiny's Child. In the early days of the group's career, she created outfits that the members wore on-stage and to events "out of necessity" because money was limited.[35][36] She also styled the girls' hair, and they practiced their routines at her shop.[37][38][39]

In 2002, she published a book titled Destiny's Style: Bootylicious Fashion, Beauty and Lifestyle Secrets From Destiny's Child in which she discussed how fashion affected Destiny's Child's success. The book was published by HarperCollins.[40][41] In 2004, Knowles launched the clothing line House of Deréon alongside Beyoncé, naming it after her mother Agnes Deréon.[31] On November 22, 2010, Knowles appeared with Beyoncé on The View to promote her clothing line called "Miss Tina by Tina Knowles".[42] In 2010, she expanded the line to Walmart after it was previously being sold on the Home Shopping Network.[31] Discussing her style of designing for the line, Knowles revealed she aimed to "hide flaws and create a slimming silhouette", adding, "Everything is created like a foundation garment, even the dresses. The pieces are designed to make the woman look leaner and taller."[31]

In 2013, Knowles appeared in Beyoncé's Life Is But a Dream, and was credited as director of wardrobe.[43][44] In 2016, she made a cameo in Beyoncé: Lemonade, appearing in the visual for the song "All Night", which includes shots of her with then-husband Richard Lawson on their wedding day.[45][46][47] In 2019, she appeared briefly in the background of a few shots in Beyoncé's Homecoming, a concert film about the singer's 2018 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival performances.[48]

 
Tina Knowles-Lawson at the premiere of Shaft in 2019

In July 2020, Knowles made a cameo in Beyoncé's Disney+ film Black Is King, which incorporates music from soundtrack album The Lion King: The Gift. Knowles makes appearances in the visuals for the songs "Mood 4 Eva" and "Brown Skin Girl."[49] Before the film's release, she revealed she had let her daughter borrow art pieces for the project.[50] Thus, she is credited as an art curator on the film.[51] That same month, Knowles appeared on The TODAY Show to promote her Instagram show "Talks with Mama Tina", which addresses voter suppression, race relations and other social issues.[52]

On May 23, 2021, Knowles presented rapper Trae tha Truth with the Change Maker Award and introduced Padma Lakshmi at the Billboard Music Awards.[53] On June 16, 2021, Knowles appeared in Facebook's Lift Black Voices Hub, in which she revealed what Juneteenth means to her family.[54] In August 2021, it was announced that Knowles would be producing an upcoming program for Discovery, Inc. and the Oprah Winfrey Network, which aims to show the difficulties Black men face today, while highlighting and celebrating the triumphs and successes of everyday living.[55] The docuseries titled Profiled: The Black Man aired in early 2022.[56]

In December 2021, Knowles announced her show "Talks with Mama Tina" would begin airing on Facebook and include interviews with celebrities, such as Ciara and Zendaya.[57] The first episode premiered on December 22, with Beyoncé and her children performing the show's theme song.[58] The song was nominated for Outstanding Original Song at the 49th Daytime Emmy Awards.[59]

In April 2022, Knowles made her acting debut on The Proud Family: Louder and Prouder.[60] That same month, she had a role in the Lifetime thriller movie Wrath: A Seven Deadly Sins Story, starring Michelle Williams, Antonio Cupo and Romeo Miller.[61]

In October 2024, Knowles announced her upcoming memoir, Matriarch, due to be published in April 2025.[62]

Philanthropy

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Knowles and Beyoncé Knowles-Carter pictured during the opening of the Beyoncé Cosmetology Center in March 2010

Humanitarian aid

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In 2002, Tina Knowles, Beyoncé, and Kelly Rowland opened the Knowles-Rowland Center for Youth, a community center in Downtown Houston.[63]

After witnessing the effects of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Knowles co-founded the Survivor Foundation along with Mathew Knowles, Beyoncé, Solange, and Rowland, in order to provide transitional housing for hurricane victims and storm evacuees.[64]

In 2010, Knowles and Beyoncé established the Beyoncé Cosmetology Center, which offers a seven-month cosmetology training course at the Phoenix House, a non-profit drug and alcohol rehabilitation organization in Brooklyn.[65][31]

In 2020, following the COVID-19 pandemic, Knowles took action with Beyoncé's charity foundation BeyGood through the #IDidMyPart campaign.[66] Knowles proposed the initiative, following the high number of deaths as a result of contracting the virus in the African-American community in Houston.[67] Knowles has also spoken to raise awareness on a number of US television and news programs, including CBS News and ABC News.[68][69]

Politics and civil rights

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Throughout the years, Knowles has supported movements promoting civil rights and opposing gender inequality in the United States, especially with regard to African Americans and the LGBT community.[70][71][72] Knowles is a philanthropic supporter of political and cultural movements, such as Black Lives Matter, African Pride, Still I Vote, and Mothers of the Movement.[73][74] Knowles has also spoken out against police brutality and violence against women in the United States.[75]

In 2020, Knowles was a part of the Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights movement, which advocates for the passage of the Health and Economic Recovery Omnibus Emergency Solutions Act to ensure health care, economic security, justice system reform, housing and voting access in the U.S., in the wake of the economic crisis following the COVID-19 pandemic.[74] Knowles wrote an open letter to United States Senate leaders Mitch McConnell and Chuck Schumer, urging passage of the bill, with support from her daughters, Viola Davis, Whoopi Goldberg, Octavia Spencer and Jada Pinkett Smith.[73]

Where Art Can Occur (WACO) Theater Center

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In 2017, Knowles and her then-husband Richard founded the Where Art Can Occur (WACO) Theater Center, a non-profit "dedicated to the empowerment of artists, and people in general" in Los Angeles.[76][77] Beyoncé, Kelly Rowland, and Solange make up the WACO Theater Center's Advisory Board.[78]

Honors

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In 2001, Knowles was a recipient at the ACE Awards, which honors individuals who "help raise awareness of the accessories industry with a positive impact".[3]

In 2020, she was honored with the Inspiring Leadership Award at Essence Festival's Empowerment Experience.[79]

Filmography

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Film

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Year Title Role Notes
2020 Black Is King Herself Visual album, released on Disney+
2022 Wrath: A Seven Deadly Sins Story Sarah Television film
Black Terror Herself Post-production, co-producer

Television

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Year Title Role Notes
2020 I Got the Mic! Herself
2021 RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 6) Guest judge, Episode: "Snatch Game of Love"
Friday Night Vibes 1 episode
2021–2022 Talks with Mama Tina Facebook Talk-Show, co-producer
2022 The Proud Family: Louder and Prouder Ms. Gina (voice) Episode: "Raging Bully"
Profiled: The Black Man Television docuseries, co-producer

Music videos

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Year Title Artist Role
2013 Grown Woman Beyoncé Herself
2016 All Night
2020 Love One Another Tay Da Prince, John Legend
Brown Skin Girl Beyoncé, Blue Ivy, SAINt JHN, WizKid
2021 Have Mercy Chlöe

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tina Knowles.

References

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  1. ^ a b Knowles, Tina (April 25, 2020). "Tina Knowles on Instagram". Instagram. Archived from the original on December 23, 2021. It is five Beyoncé children that my daddy had. Only the first three had the same spelling Beyince' me and my youngest brother had Beyonce' on our birth certificates . So however they spelled it on our birth certificate is how we spelled it also.
  2. ^ "UPI Almanac for Friday, Jan. 4, 2019". United Press International. January 4, 2019. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2019. fashion designer Tina Knowles (mother of singer Beyonce Knowles) in 1954 (age 65)
  3. ^ a b "Designer Tina Knowles is joined by Michelle Williams, Kelly Rowland..." (in Italian). Getty Images. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
  4. ^ a b c Hawgood, Alex (January 21, 2017). "Catching Up With the Matriarch Behind Beyoncé and Solange". The New York Times. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
  5. ^ a b c Hall, Michael (April 2004). "It's a Family Affair". Texas Monthly. ISSN 0148-7736. Archived from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2014. She was born Celestine Beyoncé in Galveston in 1954.
  6. ^ Nicolaou, Elena (September 16, 2020). "Tina Knowles-Lawson Reveals the Origins of Beyoncé's Name". O, The Oprah Magazine. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  7. ^ "Tina Knowles on Instagram:"Happy birthday to my beautiful niece Angie Beyince'"". Instagram.
  8. ^ "Um, How Did We Not Know Where Beyoncé's Name Came From". HelloGiggles. September 16, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
  9. ^ Laird, Cheryl (November 11, 1990). "A Knowles family Christmas". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
  10. ^ L, Paige (January 17, 2017). "Tina Knowles Talks Failed Marriage, Self-Esteem Issues, And Finding Love At Age 59". xoNecole. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
  11. ^ "The Matriarch Behind Beyoncé and Solange". The New York Times. January 21, 2017.
  12. ^ "Beyoncé Knowles: A Creole Queen". kreol. October 3, 2012.
  13. ^ Daryl Easlea (2011). Crazy in Love: The Beyoncé Knowles Biography. p. 4.
  14. ^ Cherese Cartlidge (May 17, 2012). Beyoncé. Greenhaven Publishing LLC. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4205-0966-3.
  15. ^ Janice Arenofsky (2009). Beyoncé Knowles: A Biography. ABC-CLIO. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-313-35914-9.
  16. ^ "Beyoncé Knowles' Biography". Fox News Channel. April 15, 2008. Archived from the original on December 25, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2019. Beyoncé Giselle Knowles was born ...to parents Mathew Knowles and Tina Beyince.
  17. ^ Daniels, Cora; Jackson, John L. (2014). Impolite Conversations: On Race, Politics, Sex, Money, and Religion. Simon and Schuster. p. 198. ISBN 9781476739113. Retrieved June 10, 2015. beyonce native american african french l'oreal.
  18. ^ a b Smolenyak, Megan (January 12, 2012). "A Peek into Blue Ivy Carter's Past". The Huffington Post (AOL). Retrieved January 14, 2012.
  19. ^ "Tina Knowles on Instagram:"I turned 26 years old the day before"". Instagram.
  20. ^ "Beyonce's dad Mathew Knowles dishes on Beyonce's early career and "fake" social media". Grit Daily. June 13, 2019. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  21. ^ "Beyonce's Mom & Dad -- Finally Divorced ... for Real This Time". TMZ.com. December 19, 2011. Retrieved October 2, 2019. The final decree of divorce was issued last month in a Texas court, and according to documents — obtained by TMZ — Beyonce's mom refiled on August 30. Tina's first swing at the divorce was in November 2009 ... but the matter was dropped in 2010 when they were both no-shows for court.
  22. ^ "Tina Knowles Opens Up About Dating And Life After Mathew Knowles (VIDEO)". The Huffington Post. October 7, 2014. Retrieved November 1, 2014.
  23. ^ ""I'm The Happiest I've Been In A Long Time": Tina Knowles Talks Divorcing Mathew Knowles And Finding Love Again At 60". MadameNoire. October 6, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  24. ^ "Richard Lawson Says Love Story With Tina Knowles-Lawson Actually Began 39 Years Ago". Essence.com. April 14, 2021. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
  25. ^ "Richard Lawson Shares A Bit On Marriage To Tina Lawson". Black America Web. April 23, 2018. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  26. ^ "Beyoncé's Mom Tina Knowles Marries in Elegant Yacht Wedding: Photo". Us Weekly. April 13, 2015.
  27. ^ "Tina Knowles Files for Divorce From Richard Lawson". Vulture. July 26, 2023.
  28. ^ "Beyoncé and Jay-Z Are 'The Most Incredible Parents' Says Her Stepfather Richard Lawson". Showbiz Cheatsheet. July 2, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  29. ^ a b "Read Tina Knowles Lawson's Touching Mother's Day Letter to Her Kids". Time. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  30. ^ "Kelly Rowland". Biography. July 16, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  31. ^ a b c d e Sewing, Joy (October 17, 2010). "Tina Knowles offers high fashion at low cost". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
  32. ^ "Tina Knowles-Lawson Talks Leaving a Lasting Legacy for Daughters Beyonce, Solange and Grandchildren: 'Nothing Else Matters More Than That'". Us Weekly. February 29, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
  33. ^ "Beyoncé's mum excited about sixth grandchild following Kelly Rowland's surprise pregnancy announcement". HELLO!. October 7, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  34. ^ "Founders". wacotheatercenter.com. Archived from the original on April 27, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  35. ^ a b "Mother Power! - Beyoncé and Tina Knowles". Ebony. Vol. 58, no. 7. Johnson Publishing Company. May 2003. p. 166. ISSN 0012-9011. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
  36. ^ "Date with destiny". TheGuardian.com. June 10, 2001.
  37. ^ "It's a Family Affair". Texas Monthly. January 20, 2013. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  38. ^ Ebony. Johnson Publishing Company. May 2003.
  39. ^ "Knowles, Tina | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved May 14, 2021.
  40. ^ Knowles, Tina; Alexander, Zoe (2002). Destiny's Style: Bootylicious Fashion, Beauty and Lifestyle Secrets From Destiny's Child. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0756793517.
  41. ^ "Book Excerpt: Destiny's Style". ABC News. American Broadcasting Company. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
  42. ^ "Tina Knowles Shows Off Her Clothing Line on 'The View'". OK!. November 22, 2010. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
  43. ^ "Beyoncé: LIFE IS BUT A DREAM: Credits". Beyoncé. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  44. ^ "Beyonce's 'Life Is But a Dream' Documentary Debuts in New York: Review". Billboard. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  45. ^ "A guide to every cameo in Beyoncé's Lemonade". The Independent. April 25, 2016. Archived from the original on April 26, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  46. ^ Hill, India (April 24, 2016). "12 Notable Faces in Beyoncé's "Lemonade" Video". Teen Vogue. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  47. ^ Desta, Yohana (April 24, 2016). "Beyoncé's 'Lemonade' featured a slew of amazing cameos -- here's a guide". Mashable. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  48. ^ "Beyonce Is Working on New Music and a Netflix Special: Details!". Us Weekly. April 3, 2019. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  49. ^ Kickham, Dylan (July 31, 2020). "Beyoncé's Fans Are Shook Over Every Celeb Cameo In 'Black Is King'". Elite Daily. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  50. ^ Shaffer, Claire (February 11, 2020). "Beyoncé Is Borrowing Some of Her Mother's Art Pieces for a Mysterious New Project". Rolling Stone.
  51. ^ Ahlgrim, Callie. "Beyoncé's 'Black Is King' is packed with gorgeous visuals, cameos, and pan-African details. Here's everything you may have missed". Insider. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  52. ^ "Tina Knowles-Lawson discusses Instagram show 'Talks With Mama Tina'". today.com. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
  53. ^ "Exclusive: Tina Knowles-Lawson To Present Trae Tha Truth With 2021 Billboard 'Change Maker Award'". BET.com. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
  54. ^ "Tina Knowles-Lawson Says Beyoncé and Solange 'Always' Celebrate Juneteenth: An 'Honor to Be Black'". PEOPLE.com. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
  55. ^ Littleton, Cynthia (August 4, 2021). "Property Brothers, Tina Knowles-Lawson, Guy Fieri to Produce OWN-Branded Shows for Discovery Plus". Variety. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
  56. ^ Cordero, Rosy (January 20, 2022). "'Profiled: The Black Man' Trailer: Tina Knowles-Lawson Docuseries Aims To Debunk Stereotypes". Deadline. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
  57. ^ Grove, Rashad (December 21, 2021). "Tina Knowles-Lawson to premiere "Talks with Mama" on Facebook Watch". Ebony. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
  58. ^ "Beyoncé:TALKS WITH MAMA TINA". Beyoncé. Archived from the original on November 28, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  59. ^ Grein, Paul (May 5, 2022). "Beyonce Receives First Daytime Emmy Nod". Billboard. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
  60. ^ Gillam, Sharde (April 13, 2022). "Tina Knowles-Lawson Makes Acting Debut On 'The Proud Family: Louder And Prouder". hellobeautiful.com. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
  61. ^ Ng, Philiana (March 11, 2022). "Michelle Williams and Tina Knowles-Lawson Star in Lifetime Thriller: Watch the Chilling Promo | Entertainment Tonight". www.etonline.com. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
  62. ^ Bennett, Jessica (October 29, 2024). "Tina Knowles Announces Upcoming Memoir,'Matriarch'". vibe.com. Retrieved October 29, 2024.
  63. ^ Feldman, Claudia (July 9, 2014). "Beyoncé and family have been generous supporters, but want to set the record straight". Chron. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  64. ^ "WOMEN MAKING HISTORY: Tina Knowles-Lawson". Beyoncé. Archived from the original on June 28, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  65. ^ "Beyonce's New Cosmetology Center at Phoenix House". March 16, 2010.
  66. ^ Burke, Minyvonne (May 6, 2020). "White House to wind down task force". NBC News. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
  67. ^ Spanos, Brittany (May 4, 2020). "Beyoncé's BeyGood, Tina Knowles Team Up for COVID-19 Testing Initiative". Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
  68. ^ McDougle, Jonathan (May 7, 2020). "Beyoncé and Tina Knowles Lawson offering coronavirus relief in Houston". CBS News. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
  69. ^ Yang, Allie (May 7, 2020). "Beyonce's mom, Tina Knowles-Lawson, on encouraging COVID-19 testing in Houston and beyond". ABC News. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
  70. ^ Henderson, Cydney. "It's 'important': Tina Knowles-Lawson says Beyoncé, Solange 'always' celebrate Juneteenth". USA Today. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
  71. ^ Hornik, Susan (June 30, 2020). "9 ways fashion can dismantle its racism, elitism right now, according to the LGBTQ community". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
  72. ^ "Beyoncé and Jay-Z preach LGBTQ acceptance at GLAAD Awards". NBC News. March 29, 2019. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
  73. ^ a b Carras, Christi (June 26, 2020). "Tina Knowles-Lawson and Mothers of the Movement lead charge against voter suppression". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
  74. ^ a b Mizelle, Shawna (June 25, 2020). "Tina Knowles-Lawson urges Congress to protect Black and Brown voters during the coronavirus pandemic". CNN. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
  75. ^ Scharf, Lindzi (April 19, 2017). "Tina Knowles-Lawson Forges Strong Ties in Local Communities". Variety. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
  76. ^ "Tina Knowles-Lawson and Richard Lawson Open WACO Theater Center". PLAYBILL. November 6, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
  77. ^ "Mission". wacotheatercenter.com. Archived from the original on June 5, 2017. Retrieved October 22, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  78. ^ "Meet WACO's Team – WACO Theater Center". wacotheatercenter.com. Retrieved June 28, 2023.
  79. ^ Ivory, M. Jones (October 27, 2020). "Tina Knowles Lawson Honored with Inspiring Leadership Award At ESSENCE Festival". Essence. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
  1. ^ a b Naming laws in Texas do not allow accented characters (such as é)

Bibliography

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