Tropical Storm Grace holds the record for being the farthest northeast forming tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin.[1] The seventh named storm of the slightly below average 2009 Atlantic hurricane season, Grace formed from an extratropical cyclone over the Azores on 4 October. It strengthened to attain peak sustained winds of 65 mph (100 km/h) and developed an eye-like feature, although cold sea surface temperatures inhibited the development of thunderstorm activity near the center. The storm lost its tropical characteristics on 6 October, and the storm's remnants merged with a separate system near the British Isles on 7 October.
 Tropical Storm Grace at peak intensity on 5 October | |
| Meteorological history | |
|---|---|
| Formed | 4 October 2009 |
| Extratropical | 6 October |
| Dissipated | 7 October 2009 |
| Tropical storm | |
| 1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS) | |
| Highest winds | 65 mph (100 km/h) |
| Lowest pressure | 986 mbar (hPa); 29.12 inHg |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | None reported |
| Damage | Minimal |
| Areas affected | Azores, Portugal, Ireland, United Kingdom |
| IBTrACS | |
Part of the 2009 Atlantic hurricane season | |
Grace had only minor effects on land, although while it was passing through the Azores, islands close to the storm's center recorded winds of up to 44 mph (71 km/h) and moderate rainfall. Although not solely related to the cyclone, heavy rainfall in Portugal led to some street flooding. The remnants also impacted parts of Ireland and the United Kingdom, where rainfall approaching 2 in (51 mm) and tropical storm-force winds were recorded. However, no damage occurred.
Meteorological history
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Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
Unknown
Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depressionTropical Storm Grace originated from a large extratropical cyclone that formed along a cold front on 27 September, roughly 470 mi (755 km) east of Cape Race, Newfoundland.[1] Initially attached to an occluded front, the low detached from the system and gradually acquired tropical characteristics.[2][3] By 1 October, shower and thunderstorm activity began to develop near the center of the system as it tracked through the central Azores.[4] However, the following day, convection began to decrease over the system,[5] and the National Hurricane Center (NHC) ceased monitoring it.[6] Over the following two days, the system executed a counter-clockwise loop near the Azores. During the afternoon of 4 October, convection redeveloped around the center of the low[7] and was classified as a tropical storm near São Miguel Island.[1] Although the storm was tropical at this time, the NHC did not issue advisories for several hours.[2]
The first advisory from the NHC was issued at 11:00 AST on 4 October; at this time, the system was officially named Grace, the seventh named storm of the 2009 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm featured relatively deep convection around an eye-like feature. Although Grace was over waters normally not warm enough for tropical cyclogenesis, low wind shear allowed the convection to persist. A steady northeastward track was taken by the storm in response to a southerly flow over the northwestern Atlantic.[2] The storm intensified slightly as it moved over decreasing sea surface temperatures,[8] with winds estimated at 65 mph (100 km/h) early on 5 October; operationally it was held at 70 mph (110 km/h), but was downgraded due to uncertainties in the storm's intensity as it was progressing over cold waters.[1]
A large extratropical cyclone near Grace caused the storm to deteriorate in organization, with convection weakening and becoming asymmetric. By this time, the storm was over 18 °C (64 °F) waters, likely inhibiting convective development.[9] Shower and thunderstorm activity continued to diminish throughout the day on 5 October; however, Grace maintained tropical characteristics, namely a deep, warm core.[10] Early on 6 October, the NHC issued their final advisory on Grace as it merged with a frontal system over the northeastern Atlantic. Just prior to merging, the lowest pressure in relation to the storm was recorded at 986 mbar (hPa; 29.12 inHg).[11] The extratropical remnants of Grace persisted for roughly 18 hours before dissipating over the Celtic Sea early on 7 October.[1] However, the United States Naval Research Laboratory continued to monitor the system for several more hours until it moved over the North Sea.[12]
Although officially designated a tropical cyclone by the NHC, Météo-France, the French meteorological service, stated in their annual report to the World Meteorological Organization that Grace should not have been classified a tropical system. In their report, they argued that although the storm presented deep convection, an eye-like feature, and winds above 60 mph (95 km/h), the overall development of Grace was more similar to that of a mid-latitude non-tropical cyclone.[13] However, operationally, Météo-France considered Grace to be a subtropical cyclone.[14] They also criticized the NHC for warning on this system based on recent trends of the link between global warming and increased hurricane activity.[13]
Impact and records
edit| Precipitation | Storm | Location | Ref. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | mm | in | |||
| 1 | 150.0 | 5.91 | Bertha 2014 | Inverness, Highland | [15] |
| 2 | 135.0 | 5.31 | Charley 1986 | Abergwyngregyn, Gwynedd | [16] |
| 3 | 130.0 | 5.12 | Nadine 2012 | Ravensworth, North Yorkshire | [17] |
| 4 | 76.0 | 2.99 | Lili 1996 | Chale Bay, Isle of Wight | [18] |
| 5 | 61.7 | 2.43 | Zeta 2020 | Chipping, Lancashire | [19] |
| 6 | 48.8 | 1.92 | Grace 2009 | Capel Curig, Conwy | [20] |
| 7 | 42.2 | 1.66 | Gordon 2006 | Wainfleet All Saints, Lincolnshire | [21] |
| 8 | 38.0 | 1.50 | Gonzalo 2014 | Glenmoriston, Highland | [22] |
| 9 | 31.0 | 1.22 | Bill 2009 | Shap, Cumbria | [23] |
| 10 | 30.0 | 1.18 | Laura 2008 | Windermere, Cumbria | [24] |
Upon being classified a tropical cyclone within the Azores, a few islands received minor rainfall and high winds. Gusts up to 44 mph (71 km/h) were recorded on Ponta Delgada.[25] While merging with the frontal system on 6 October, the storm's outer bands produced heavy rains and strong winds over parts of Portugal, resulting in some street flooding. In higher elevations, wind gusts were estimated to have exceeded 80 km/h (50 mph).[26]
Due to the storm's relatively rapid forward movement by the time it reached the United Kingdom, rainfall was limited. In Ireland, 1.18 in (30 mm) of precipitation fell in the city of Cork. Sustained winds in the city were recorded up to 23 mph (37 km/h).[27] Rainfall in the country peaked at 48 mm (1.9 in) in Wexford.[28] Near the coastline of Wales, a buoy recorded sustained winds up to 41 mph (66 km/h), equivalent to a minimal tropical storm.[29] Late on 6 October, the remnants of Grace moved inland over Wales, bringing heavy rains and high winds to the region.[30] Maximum rainfall in the United Kingdom reached 1.92 in (49 mm) in Capel Curig.[31] One ship, the Cap Castillo (call sign A8PI5), recorded sustained winds of 45 mph (72 km/h) on 5 October, while located about 110 mi (180 km) south of the storm's center.[1] Moisture from the storm's remnants fueled another, more powerful cyclone that caused flooding in parts of Belgium after producing upwards of 2.4 in (61 mm) of rain.[32]
Operationally, Grace was not classified as a tropical storm until it reached latitude 41.2°N.[3][33] However, a post-storm analysis concluded that Grace had actually become a tropical storm 12 hours earlier than initially estimated, placing its location of development further south, at 38.5°N.[1] This marked the farthest northeast a tropical cyclone formed in the Atlantic basin, breaking the record set by Hurricane Vince in 2005.[3][33]
In its Tropical Cyclone Report on Grace, the National Hurricane Center reported that the formation of Grace was poorly forecast. The first mention of the precursor low on 1 October predicted that it would not develop into a tropical or subtropical cyclone. Over the following three days, the system was not mentioned in the NHC's tropical weather outlooks until just prior to Grace's classification. The lack of preceding outlooks was attributed to the storm's unusual location and the sparsity of data for storms in the region.[1]
See also
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- Tropical cyclones named Grace
- List of Azores hurricanes
- Tropical cyclone effects in Europe
- Hurricane Carrie – Another storm that affected the British Isles as an extratropical storm, in 1957
- Hurricane Vince
- Hurricane Ophelia (2017) – Easternmost storm to attain Major hurricane status in the North Atlantic basin
- Hurricane Pablo – Another system that underwent tropical transition at a high latitude, close to Europe.
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h Robbie Berg (28 November 2009). "Tropical Storm Grace Tropical Cyclone Report" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
- ^ a b c Daniel Brown and James Franklin (5 October 2009). "Tropical Storm Grace Discussion One". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 7 October 2009.
- ^ a b c Jeff Masters (5 October 2009). "Surprise tropical storm forms near the Azores; Invest 91L has potential to develop". Weather Underground. Retrieved 7 October 2009.
- ^ Daniel Brown (1 October 2009). "Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 7 October 2009.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Jack Beven (2 October 2009). "Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 7 October 2009.[permanent dead link]
- ^ David Roberts and Michael Brennan (2 October 2009). "Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 7 October 2009.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Daniel Brown (4 October 2009). "Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 7 October 2009.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Todd Kimberlain (5 October 2009). "Tropical Storm Grace Discussion Two". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 7 October 2009.
- ^ Robbie Berg (5 October 2009). "Tropical Storm Grace Discussion Three". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 7 October 2009.
- ^ Michael Brennan (5 October 2009). "Tropical Storm Grace Discussion Four". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 7 October 2009.
- ^ Daniel Brown (6 October 2009). "Tropical Storm Grace Discussion Five (Final)". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 7 October 2009.
- ^ "Tropical Storm 09L (Grace) Infrared Image Archive". United States Naval Research Laboratory. 8 October 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
- ^ a b Météo-France (February 2010). "Summary of the 2009 Hurricane Season in the French West Indies". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
- ^ "La tempête subtropicale Grace, un phénomène rare à nos latitudes" (in French). Météo-France. 5 October 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ "Ex-hurricane Bertha" (PDF). Met Office. Met Office. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
- ^ "Hydrological Data UK 1986 Yearbook" (PDF). Natural Environment Research Council. British Geological Survey Institute of Hydrology. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
- ^ "Hydrological Summary for the United Kingdom - September 2012" (PDF). Natural Environment Research Council. British Geological Survey Institute of Hydrology. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
- ^ David Longshore (1998). Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones, New Edition. New York: Facts on File. p. 110. ISBN 9781438118796. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
- ^ Finch, Fiona. "Warning over cost of record rainfall in Lancashire". Lancashire Post. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
- ^ "Review of UK weather on 06/10/09". BBC Weather. 7 October 2009. Archived from the original on 11 October 2009. Retrieved 7 October 2009.
- ^ "September 2006 UK Review". United Kingdom Met Office. 2006. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
- ^ "Top UK wind speeds as Gonzalo's remnants felt". Met Office Blog. Met Office. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
- ^ Laura Harding (27 August 2009). "More rain expected in parts of UK". The Independent. Retrieved 19 November 2009.
- ^ "Tropical storm brings floods". Westmorland Gazette. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
- ^ Resident of Ponta Delgada, Azores (4 October 2009). "Weather History for Ponta Delgada, Azores: October 4". Weather Underground. Retrieved 7 October 2009.
- ^ André Ferreira (7 October 2009). "'Grace' traz vento e chuva até sexta" (in Portuguese). Cofina Media. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
- ^ Resident of Cork, Ireland (6 October 2009). "Weather History for Cork, Ireland: October 6, 2009". Weather Underground. Retrieved 7 October 2009.
- ^ Tiffany Curnick (8 October 2009). "Grace Not Typically Tropical, But Parma The Real Deal". Press Association Mediapoint.
- ^ Maritime (6 October 2009). "Weather History for M62023: October 6, 2009". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2009.
- ^ "Fine For Many But Rain In South". MetCheck. 7 October 2009. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2009.
- ^ "Review of UK weather on 06/10/09". BBC Weather. 7 October 2009. Archived from the original on 11 October 2009. Retrieved 7 October 2009.
- ^ "Flash du 8 octobre 2009 : Pluies orageuses" (in French). Météo Belgique. 8 October 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
- ^ a b Hurricane Specialists Unit (2009). "Easy to Read HURDAT 1851–2009". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
External links
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- The National Hurricane Center's Advisory Archive for Tropical Storm Grace
- The National Hurricane Center's Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Storm Grace