The Turin King List, also known as the Turin Royal Canon, is an ancient Egyptian hieratic papyrus thought to date from the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses II, now in the Museo Egizio (Egyptian Museum)[1] in Turin. The papyrus is the most extensive list available of kings compiled by the ancient Egyptians, and is the basis for most chronology before the reign of Ramesses II.
| Turin King List | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Created | c. 1245 BCE |
| Discovered | 1820 Luxor, Luxor Governorate, Egypt |
| Discovered by | Bernardino Drovetti |
| Present location | Turin, Piedmont, Italy |
Creation and use
editThe papyrus is believed to date from the reign of Ramesses II, during the middle of the New Kingdom, or the 19th Dynasty. The beginning and ending of the list are now lost; there is no introduction, and the list does not continue after the 19th Dynasty. The composition may thus have occurred at any subsequent time, from the reign of Ramesses II to as late as the 20th Dynasty.
The papyrus lists the names of rulers, the lengths of reigns in years, with months and days for some kings. In some cases they are grouped together by family, which corresponds approximately to the dynasties of Manetho's book. The list includes the names of ephemeral rulers or those ruling small territories that may be unmentioned in other sources.
The list also is believed to contain kings from the 15th Dynasty, the Hyksos who ruled Lower Egypt and the River Nile delta. The Hyksos rulers do not have cartouches (enclosing borders which indicate the name of a king), and a hieroglyphic sign is added to indicate that they were foreigners, although typically on King Lists foreign rulers are not listed.
The papyrus was originally a tax roll, but on its back is written a list of rulers of Egypt – including mythical kings such as gods, demi-gods, and spirits, as well as human kings. That the back of an older papyrus was used may indicate that the list was not of great formal importance to the writer, although the primary function of the list is thought to have been as an administrative aid. As such, the papyrus is less likely to be biased against certain rulers and is believed to include all the kings of Egypt known to its writers up to the 19th or 20th Dynasty.
Discovery and reconstruction
editThe papyrus was found by the Italian traveler Bernardino Drovetti in 1820 in Luxor (Thebes), Egypt and was acquired in 1824 by the Egyptian Museum in Turin, Italy and was designated Papyrus Number 1874. When the box in which it had been transported to Italy was unpacked, the list had disintegrated into small fragments. Jean-Francois Champollion, examining it, could recognize only some of the larger fragments containing royal names, and produced a drawing of what he could decipher. A reconstruction of the list was created to better understand it and to aid in research.
The Saxon researcher Gustav Seyffarth re-examined the fragments, some only one square centimeter in size, and made a more complete reconstruction of the papyrus based only on the papyrus fibers, as he could not yet determine the meaning of the hieratic characters. Subsequent work on the fragments was done by the Munich Egyptologist Jens Peter Lauth, which largely confirmed the Seyffarth reconstruction.
In 1997, prominent Egyptologist Kim Ryholt published a new and better interpretation of the list in his book, "The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1800–1550 B.C." After another study of the papyrus, an updated version from Ryholt is expected.[when?] Egyptologist Donald Redford has also studied the papyrus and has noted that although many of the list's names correspond to monuments and other documents, there are some discrepancies and not all of the names correspond, questioning the absolute reliability of the document for pre-Ramesses II chronology.
Despite attempts at reconstruction, approximately 50% of the papyrus remains missing. This papyrus as presently constituted is 1.7 m long and 0.41 m wide, broken into over 160 fragments. In 2009, previously unpublished fragments were discovered in the storage room of the Egyptian Museum of Turin, in good condition.[2] A new edition of the papyrus is expected.[when?]
The name Hudjefa, found twice in the papyrus, is now known to have been used by the royal scribes of the Ramesside era during the 19th Dynasty, when the scribes compiled king lists such as the Saqqara King List and the royal canon of Turin and the name of a deceased pharaoh was unreadable, damaged, or completely erased.
Contents of the papyrus
editThe papyrus is divided into eleven columns, distributed as follows. The names and positions of several kings are still being disputed, since the list is so badly damaged.
- Column 1 – Gods of Ancient Egypt
- Column 2 – Gods of Ancient Egypt, spirits and mythical kings
- Column 3 – Rows 11–25 (Dynasties 1–2)
- Column 4 – Rows 1–25 (Dynasties 2–5)
- Column 5 – Rows 1–26 (Dynasties 6–8/9/10)
- Column 6 – Rows 12–25 (Dynasties 11–12)
- Column 7 – Rows 1–2 (Dynasties 12–13)
- Column 8 – Rows 1–23 (Dynasty 13)
- Column 9 – Rows 1–27 (Dynasty 13–14)
- Column 10 – Rows 1–30 (Dynasty 14)
- Column 11 – Rows 1–30 (Dynasties 14–17)
It's possible that a twelfth column once existed that contained Dynasties 18–19/20, but that section has since been lost.
These are the actual names written on the papyrus, omitting the years, summations and headings:
| First Column | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Row | Name | Notes | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | Unicode Representation |
| 12 | Ra | - | - | - | |
| 13 | .. | probably Shu[3] | - | - | - |
| 14 | Geb | gb | |||
| 15 | Osiris | wsir | |||
| 16 | Set | stH | |||
| 17 | Horus | Hr | |||
| 18 | Thoth | DHwti | |||
| 19 | Maat | mAat | |||
| 20 | Hor.. | possibly Haroeris | Hr.. | ||
| Second Column | |||||
| Row | Name | Notes | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | Unicode Representation |
| 1 | Hab | "Ibis" | hAb | ||
| 2 | Aped | "Bird" | Apd | ||
| 3 | Hepu | "Apis bull" | Hpw | ||
| 4 | Shemsu | "Follower" | Smsw | ||
| 5 | Meni.. | mni.. | |||
| 6 | Werqa.. | "Great of height" | wr-qA.. | ||
| 8 | Af.. | i[f].. | |||
| 9 | Set.. | cf. 1.16 | stH.. | ||
| 10 | Sunu.. | "Doctor" | swnw.. | ||
| 11 | Horus.. | cf. 1.17 | Hrw.. | ||
| 14 | Ni-ib.. | "Does not thirst" | n ib.. | ||
| 15 | Nesensebk..sew.. | very uncertain | |||
| 16 | Pensetensepet.. | "Clods of the shore" | pns.t n spt | ||
| 17 | Her-hemut-shepsesut.. | "Possessor of noble women" | Xr-Hm.wt-Sps.w[t].. | ||
| 18 | Khu-hemut-shepsesut.. | "Protector of noble women" | xw-Hm.wt[-Sps.wt?].. | ||
| 22 | Sokar.. | cf. Seker | skr.. | ||
| 23 | Iaret.. | cf. Uraeus | ar[t].. | ||
| Second Column | |||||
| Row | Name | Notes | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | Unicode Representation |
| 2 | Spirits | group of kings | Axw | ||
| 3 | Spirits | group of kings | Axw | ||
| 6 | Followers of Horus | group of kings | Smsw Hr | ||
| Second(?) Column | |||||
| Row | Name in list | Common name | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | Unicode Representation |
| 11 | Meni | Menes | mni | <-Y5:N35-M17-> | 𓏠𓈖𓇋 |
| 12 | Teti | Hor-Aha | ttij | <-X1:X1-M17-Z4-> | 𓏏𓏏𓇋𓏭 |
| 13 | Iti, Ita | Djer | iti | <-M17-X1-//-G7-> | 𓇋𓏏…𓅆 |
| 15 | Itui | Djet | itjwi | <-//-G4#12-M17-> | …𓅂𓇋 |
| 16 | Qenti | Den | qntj | <-Aa8:X1*Z4-> | 𓐖𓏏𓏭 |
| 17 | Merbiapen | Anedjib | mr-biA-pn | <-U7:D21-U17-Q3:N35-//-> | 𓌻𓂋𓍅𓊪𓈖… |
| 18 | Semsem | Semerkhet | smsm | <-S29-G17-S29-G17-> | 𓋴𓅓𓋴𓅓 |
| 19 | (Qe)beh | Qa'a | qbH | <-//-D58-V28-G7-> | …𓃀𓎛𓅆 |
| 20 | Baunetjer | Hotepsekhemwy | bAw-nTr | <-//-G30-R4:Q3-G7-> | …𓅢𓊵𓊪𓅆 |
| 21 | Kakau | Nebre | kA-kAw | <-//-E2-D52:Z1*Z1*Z1-G7-> | …𓃓𓂸𓏤𓏤𓏤𓅆 |
| 22 | Banetjer | Nynetjer | bA-nTr | <-//-R8-D21:N35-G7-> | …𓊹𓂋𓈖𓅆 |
| 23 | ..s | Wadjnes | ..s | <-//-//-S29-G7-> | … …𓋴𓅆 |
| 24 | Sened.. | Senedj | snDi | <-G54-//-> | 𓅾… |
| 25 | Neferka | Neferkara I | nfr-kA | <-O29-D28-Z1-> | 𓉼𓂓𓏤 |
| Third(?) Column | |||||
| Row | Name in list | Common name | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | Unicode Representation |
| 2 | Neferkasokar | Neferkasokar | nfr-kA-skr | <-F35-D28-Z1-O34:V31:D21-Z5-G7-> | 𓄤𓂓𓏤𓊃𓎡𓂋𓏯𓅆 |
| 3 | Bebti | Khasekhemwy | bbtj | <-D58-D58-N21-G7-> | 𓃀𓃀𓈅𓅆 |
| 4 | Nebka | Nebka | nbkA | <-V30-D28-Z1-> | 𓎟𓂓𓏤 |
| 5 | Djoser..it | Djoser | Dsr..it | <-D45:D21-M17-.:X1#12-G7-> | 𓂦𓂋𓇋𓏏𓅆 |
| 6 | Djoser..ti | Sekhemkhet | Dsrti | <-D45:D21-X1:Z4-G7-> | 𓂦𓂋𓏏𓏭𓅆 |
| 7 | Hudjefa | "missing" | HwDfA | <-O34-I10-S29-> | 𓊃𓆓𓋴 |
| 8 | Huni | Huni | Hwni | <-V28-Z5-A25-//-G7-> | 𓎛𓏯𓀝…𓅆 |
| 9 | Senefer | Sneferu | snfr | <-S29-F35-I9:D21-G7-> | 𓋴𓄤𓆑𓂋𓅆 |
| 10 | [lost] | Khufu[4] | - | - | |
| 12 | ..kha.. | Khafre | ..xa.. | <-//-N28-D36-//-G7-> | …𓈍𓂝…𓅆 |
| 14 | [lost] | Menkaure[5] | - | - | |
| 17 | ..kaf | Userkaf | ..kAf | <-//-//-D28:I9-G7-> | … …𓂓𓆑𓅆 |
| 23 | Menkahor | Menkauhor | mn-kA-Hr | G5-<-G7-Y5:N35-D28-Z1-G7-> | 𓅃𓅆𓏠𓈖𓂓𓏤𓅆 |
| 24 | Djed | Djedkare | Dd | <-R11-R11-> | 𓊽𓊽 |
| 25 | Unis | Unas | wnis | <-E34:N35-M17-S29-> | 𓃹𓈖𓇋𓋴 |
| Fourth(?) Column | |||||
| Row | Name in list | Common name | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | Unicode Representation |
| 1 | [lost] | Teti[6] | - | - | |
| 7 | Neitiqerty | Neitiqerty Siptah | ntiqrti | <-N35:X1*Z5-M17-N29-D21:X1*Z4-G7-> | 𓈖𓏏𓏯𓇋𓈎𓂋𓏏𓏭𓅆 |
| 9 | Neferka | Menkare | nfr-kA | <-F35-D28-Z1-G7-> | 𓄤𓂓𓏤𓅆 |
| 10 | Nefer | Neferkare II | nfr | <-F35-I9:D21-G7-> | 𓄤𓆑𓂋𓅆 |
| 11 | Ibi | Qakare Ibi | ibi | <-M17-D58-E8-> | 𓇋𓃀𓃙 |
| 20 | Neferkare | Neferkare VII | nfr-kA-ra | <-N5-F35-D28-Z1-G7#12-> | 𓇳𓄤𓂓𓏤𓅆 |
| 21 | Khety | Nebkaure Khety | Xti | <-F32:X1-A50-M17-M17-G7-> | 𓄡𓏏𓀻𓇌𓅆 |
| 22 | Senenh.. | Senenh.. | snnh.. | <-S29-M22-M22-N35:N35-A53-.:O4-//> | 𓋴𓇒𓈖𓈖𓀾𓉔 … |
| 24 | Mer.. | Mer.. | mrr.. | <-U7:D21-//-> | 𓌻𓂋 … |
| 25 | Shed.. | Shed.. | Sd.. | <-F30:D46#24-//-> | 𓄞𓂧 … |
| 26 | H.. | H.. | H.. | <-V28-//-> | 𓎛 … |
| Fifth(?) Column | |||||
| Row | Name in list | Common name | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | Unicode Representation |
| 12 | [lost] | Mentuhotep I[7] | - | - | |
| 14 | ..n.. | Intef II | ..n.. | <-//-N35-//-> | …𓈖… |
| 16 | Nebhepetre | Mentuhotep II | nb-hpt-ra | <-N5:V30-P8-> | 𓇳𓎟𓊤 |
| 17 | Seankhkare | Mentuhotep III | s-anx-kA-ra | <-S29#34-S34#34-N35:Aa1-D28#34-> | 𓋴𓋹𓈖𓐍𓂓 |
| 20 | ..pib.. | Amenemhat I | ..p-ib.. | <-//-.:Q3-.:F34-.:Z1-G7-> | …𓊪𓄣𓏤𓅆 |
| 21 | ..ka.. | Senusret I | ..kA.. | <-//-D28-Z1-> | …𓂓𓏤 |
| 24 | [lost] | Senusret III[8] | - | - | |
| 25 | [lost] | Amenemhat III[9] | - | - | |
| Sixth(?) Column | |||||
| Row | Name in list | Common name | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | Unicode Representation |
| 1 | Maakherure | Amenemhat IV | mAa-xrw-ra | <-N5-U5:D36-P8-V1-A2-> | 𓇳𓌷𓂝𓊤𓍢𓀁 |
| 2 | Sobeknefrure | Sobekneferu | ..nfrw-ra | 𓇳𓄤𓄤𓄤𓆊𓅆 | |
| 5 | Khutawire | Wegaf or Sobekhotep I | xwt-Awi-ra | <-N5-D43:N17:N17#1234-> | 𓇳𓂤𓇿𓇿 |
| 6 | Sekhemkare | Sekhemkare Sonbef | sxm-kA-ra | <-N5#123-Y8#1234-D28#1234-Z1-> | 𓇳𓏣𓂓𓏤 |
| 7 | Amenemhat..re | Sekhemkare Amenemhat V | imn-m-HAt | N5-Y5:.#34-G17-F4:X1*Z1-G7 | 𓇳𓏠𓅓𓄂𓏏𓏤𓅆 |
| 8 | Sehetepibre | Hotepibre | sHtp-ib-ra | N5-S29-R4:X1*Q3-F34 | 𓇳𓋴𓊵𓏏𓊪𓄣𓏤 |
| 9 | Iufeni | Iufni | iwfni | i-Z7-f-n:A1 | 𓇋𓏲𓆑𓈖𓀀 |
| 10 | Seankhibre | Amenemhet VI | s-anx-ib-ra | ra-s-anx-ib | 𓇳𓋴𓋹𓈖𓐍𓄣𓏤 |
| 11 | Semenkare | Semenkare Nebnuni | smn-kA-ra | ra-s-mn:n-kA | 𓇳𓋴𓏠𓈖𓂓 |
| 12 | Sehetepibre | Sehetepibre | sHtp-ib-ra | N5-s-R4:t*p-ib-Z1 | 𓇳𓋴𓊵𓏏𓊪𓄣𓏤 |
| 13 | Sewadjkare | Sewadjkare | swAD-kA-ra | ra-s-wAD-kA | 𓇳𓋴𓇅𓂓 |
| 14 | Nedjemibre | Nedjemibre | nDm-ib-ra | ra-nDm-m-mDAt-ib | 𓇳𓇛𓅓𓏛𓄣 |
| 15 | Sebek..p..re | Khaankhre Sobekhotep | sbk-(Htp)-ra | //-N5-I4-// | …𓇳𓆋… |
| 16 | Renseneb | Renseneb | rn..nbw | r:n-A2-//-n:b-Y1 | 𓂋𓈖𓀁…𓈖𓃀𓏛 |
| 17 | Autibre | Awybre Hor I | Awt-ib-ra | ra-Aw-Z7:t-Y1:Z2-ib-Z1 | 𓇳𓄫𓏲𓏏𓏛𓏥𓄣𓏤 |
| 18 | Sedjefakare | Amenemhat VII | sDfa-kA-ra | ra-s-D:f-A-//-kA | 𓇳𓋴𓆓𓆑…𓂓𓏤 |
| 19 | Amenemhatsebekhotep | Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep | imn-m-hAt-sbk-Htp | M17-Y5:N35-G17-F4:X1-I4-R4:X1-Q3 | 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓅓𓄂𓏏𓆋𓊵𓏏𓊪 |
| 20 | User..re ..djer | Khendjer | wsr..ra..nDr | N5-F12-//-Z1-N5:N35-M36:D21 | 𓇳𓄊…𓏤𓇳𓈖𓇥𓂋 |
| 21 | ..kare | Imyremeshaw | ..kA-ra | <-N5-//-D28-G7-> | 𓇳…𓂓𓅆 |
| 22 | ..re | Intef IV | ..ra | //-D28-Z1-G7-W25:N35-X1:I9-G7 | …𓂓𓏤𓅆𓏎𓈖𓏏𓆑𓅆 |
| 23 | ..ibre..seth | Seth Meribre | ..ib-ra..stX | N5-Y8-//-I5-Htp:t-p | 𓇳𓏣…𓆌𓊵𓏏𓊪 |
| 24 | [lost] | Sobekhotep III[10] | - | - | |
| 25 | Khamaatreneferhotep | Neferhotep I | xa..ra..nfr-Htp | N5-N28:D36:Y1-//-F35-R4:X1-Q3 | 𓇳𓈍𓂝𓏛…𓄤𓊵𓏏𓊪 |
| 26 | (Re)Sahathor | Sihathor | sA-Hwt-Hr | <-N5-O6-X1:O1-G5-G7-G38-Z1-G7-> | 𓇳𓉗𓏏𓉐𓅃𓅆𓅬𓏤𓅆 |
| 27 | Khaneferre-Sobekhotep | Sobekhotep IV | xa-nfr-ra-sbk-Htp | <-N5-N28:D36-Y1-F35-I3-R4:X1-Q3-> | 𓇳𓈍𓂝𓏛𓄤𓆊𓊵𓏏𓊪 |
| Seventh(?) Column | |||||
| Row | Name in list | Common name | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | Unicode Representation |
| 1 | Khaheteprehotep | Sobekhotep VI | xa-Htp-ra-Htp | N5-N28:D36*Y1-R4:X1-Q3-G7 | |
| 2 | Wahibreibiau | Wahibre Ibiau | wAH-ib-ra-ibiaw | ra-wAH-H-Y1-ib-Z1-i-a:mw-A24-ib-Z1 | |
| 3 | Merneferre | Merneferre Ay | mr-nfr-ra | N5-U7:D21-F35 | |
| 4 | Merhetepre | Merhotepre Ini | mr-Htp-ra | N5-U6-R4:X1*Q3 | |
| 5 | Seankhenresewadjtu | Sankhenre Sewadjtu | s-anx-n-ra-swDtwi | ra-s-anx-n:x-n-s-wAD-t-Z7 | |
| 6 | Mersekhemre Ined | Mersekhemre Ined | mr-sxm-ra-ind | ra-U7:r-sxm-Z1-i-in:n-d:wr | |
| 7 | Sewadjkare Hori | Hori | swAD-kA-ra-Hri | N5-S29-M13-S28-Z1-G7-G5-M17 | |
| 8 | Merkawre Sobek.. | Merkawre Sobekhotep | mr-kAw-ra-sbk.. | N5-U7:D21-Z1-D28-Z1-//-I3-// | |
| 13 | ..mose | Djedneferre Dedumose | i-m-s-s | //-F31-S29-Z5 | |
| 14 | ..maat..re Ibi | Ibi | ..mAat-ra-ibi | <-N5-//-X1-H6->-G7-M17-E8-M17-A1 | |
| 15 | Webenre Hor | Webenre Hor | ..wbn-Hr | <-N5-//-G43-D58-N35:N5->-G7-G5 | |
| 16 | Se..kare | Se..kare | s..kA-ra | N5-S29-//-D28-Z1-G7 | |
| 17 | ..enre | Seheqenre Sankhptahi | ..enra | N5-//-Y1:N35 | |
| 22 | Merkheperre | Merkheperre | mr-xpr-ra | N5-U7:D21-L1 | |
| 23 | Merka.. | Merkare | mr..kA.. | //-U7:.#234-D28-Z1 | |
| Eighth(?) Column | |||||
| Row | Name in list | Common name | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | Unicode Representation |
| 1 | Nehesy | Nehesy | nḥsi | G21-V28-S29-Z4-T14 | |
| 2 | Khatyre | Khatyre | xa.ti-ra | N5-N28:D36*Y1-U33-Z4 | |
| 3 | Nebfaure | Nebfautre | nb-fAw-t-ra | N5-V30:I9-F40-Z7:X1-Y1:Z2 | |
| 4 | Sehabre | Sehebre | sHb-ra | N5-S29-V28-b-W3:N5 | |
| 5 | Merdjefare | Merdjefare | mr-DfA-ra | N5-U7:D21-G42-G41:G37 | |
| 6 | Sewadjkare | Sewadjkare III | swAD-kA-ra | N5-S29-M13-D28-Z1 | |
| 7 | Neb("erased")re | Nebdjefare | nb-DfA-ra | N5-N5:V30-I10:I9-G42-Z7-G41:G37 | |
| 8 | Webenre | Webenre | wbn-ra | N5-Z7-D58-N35:N5-G7 | |
| 10 | ("erased")re | ..re | ..ra..dfA | N5-//-G41:G37 | |
| 11 | ("erased")webenre | ..webenre | ..wbn..ra | //-D58#3-N35:N5-G7 | |
| 12 | Autibre | Autibre | Aw-t-ib-ra | N5-F40-Z7:X1-Y1:Z2-F34-Z1 | |
| 13 | Heribre | Heribre | hr-ib-ra | N5-O4-D21:Y1-F34-Z1 | |
| 14 | Nebsenra | Nebsenre | nb-sn-ra | N5-V30-S29-N35:Z2 | |
| 16 | Sekheperenre | Sekheperenre | s-xpr-n-ra | N5-S29-L1-D21:N35 | |
| 17 | Djedkherure | Djedkherure | Dd-xrw-ra | N5-R11-G7-P8-Z7 | |
| 18 | Seankhibre | Seankhibre | s-anx-ib-ra | N5-S29-S34-N35:Aa1-F34-Z1 | |
| 19 | (Ka)nefertemre | Kanefertemre | kA-nfr-tm-ra | N5-F35-X1:U15-//-G7 | |
| 20 | Sekhem..re | Sekhem..re | sxm..ra | N5-S42-G17-// | |
| 21 | Ka..kemure | Kakemure | kA..kmw-ra | N5-D28-D52:E1-//-I6-Z7:X1-E1 | |
| 22 | Neferib..re | Neferibre | nfr-ib-ra | N5-F35-F34-// | |
| 23 | Dj..re | Sewadjare Mentuhotep | i..ra | N5-M17-A2-// | |
| 24 | Kha..re | Kha..re | xa..ra | N5-N28:D36*Y1-// | |
| 25 | Aakare | Aakare | aA-kA-ra | N5-O29v-D28-// | |
| 26 | Semen..re | Semen..re | smn..ra | N5-S29-Y5:N35-// | |
| 27 | Djed..re | Djed..re | Dd..ra | <-N5-R11-R11-// | |
| Ninth(?) Column | |||||
| Row | Name in list | Common name | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | Unicode Representation |
| 7 | Senefer..re | Senefer..re | s-nfr..ra | N5-S29-F35-// | |
| 8 | Men(ib)..re | Men..re | mn-ib..ra | N5-Y5:N35-ib*Z1#1234 | |
| 9 | Djed.. | Djed.. | Dd.. | R11*R11#34-// | |
| 14 | Inenek | Inenek | in-n-k | M17-K1:N35:V31A-// | |
| 15 | Ineb | Ineb | inbi | M17-A1-V30-// | |
| 16 | Ip.. | 'Apepi | ip.. | M17-A1-Q3-// | |
| 17 | Hab | Hab | hbi | M17-O4-G1-D58 | |
| 18 | Sa | Sa | sA | G39-Z1 | |
| 19 | Hepu | Hepu | Hpw | Aa5:Q3-Z7-E1 | |
| 20 | Shemsu | Shemsu | Smsw | T18-S29-Z7-D54 | |
| 21 | Meni | Meni | mni | Y5:N35-M17-// | |
| 22 | werqa.. | Werqa.. | wr-qAi | G36:D21-N29-A28 | |
| 25 | ..ka | ..ka | ..kA.. | <-//-A2-D28-Z1-> | |
| 26 | ..ka | ..ka | ..kA.. | <-//-D28-Z1-> | |
| 28 | ..ren..hepu.. | ..ren..hepu | ..rn-Hpw.. | <-//-D21:N35->-G7-Aa5:Q3-Z7-Y1 | |
| 29 | Anati | Anati | in-nti | <-//-D28-Z1-G7->-G7-V30:N35-N35:G1-U33-M17-D54 | |
| 30 | ..ka.. Bebnem | Bebnum | ..kA..bbnm | <-//-D28-Z1-G7->-G7-D58-D58-N35:Z2-G17-D54 | |
| Tenth(?) Column | |||||
| Row | Name in list | Common name | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | Unicode Representation |
| 1 | I.. | I.. | iwf.. | M17-// | |
| 2 | Seth | Seth II | stH.. | <-C7-G7-//-> | |
| 3 | Sunu.. | Sunu.. | swnw | <-T11-W24-Z7-//-> | |
| 4 | Hor.. | Hor.. | ḥr.. | <-G5-G7://-//-> | |
| 7 | Nib.. | Nib.. | nib.. | <-D35-M17-D58-E8-N35A#24-/-> | |
| 8 | Mer..en.. | Mer..en.. | mr..n.. | <-U6://-N35://-G7-> | |
| 9 | Penensetensepet | Penensetensepet | pnnstt-n-spt | Q3:N35:N35-S29-K3:X1*X1-N35-S29-Q3:X1 | |
| 10 | Kherethebshepesu | Kherethebshepesu | xrt-Hb-Spsw | <-T28:D21-W3:X1*B1-Z3A-A50-Z3A-//-> | |
| 11 | Khut..hemet | Khut..hemet | xw..Hmt.. | <-Aa1:D43-Z7-//-N42:X1-B1-//-> | |
| 19 | [lost] | Apepi[11] | - | - | |
| 20 | Khamudi | Khamudi | xA-mdw-i | xA-A-m-Z7-d:y-T14 | |
| 25 | Zeket.. | Zeket.. | skt.. | <-O34:V31:X1*Z5-//-Z1-G7-//-> | |
| 26 | Ar.. | Ar.. | Ar.. | <-D36:D21-//-> | |
| 29 | ..nia.. | ..nia.. | ..niA.. | //-G7-N35-M17-G1-// | |
| Eleventh(?) Column | |||||
| Row | Name in list | Common name | Transliteration | Manuel de Codage | Unicode Representation |
| 1 | Sekhem..re | Sekhemre Sementawy Djehuti | sxm..ra | <-N5-S42-Z1-//-> | |
| 2 | Sekhem..re | Sekhemre Susertawi Sobekhotep VIII | sxm..ra | <-N5-S42-Z1-G7-//-> | |
| 3 | Sekhemre S.. | Sekhemre Sankhtawy Neferhotep III | sxm-ra-s.. | <-N5-S42-Z1-G7-S29-//-> | |
| 4 | Sewadjenre.. | Sewadjenre Nebiryraw I | swAD-n-ra.. | <-N5-S29-M13-N35:.#234-//-> | |
| 5 | Nebiriaure | Nebiriaure | nb-iri-Aw-ra | #b-<-N5-V30-M17-D21:Z4-F40-Z7-Y1:Z2->#e | |
| 6 | Nebiretaure | Nebiretaure | nb-iri-Awt-ra | #b-<-N5-V30-M17-D21:Z4-X1:.-F40-Z7-Y1:Z2->#e | |
| 7 | Semenre | Semenre | smn-ra | #b-<-N5-S29-Y5:N35-U32-Y1:.*Z1->#e | |
| 8 | Seuserre.. | Seuserenre Bebiankh | s-wsr-ra.. | #b-<-N5-S29-F12-S29-D21:D36->#e | |
| 9 | Sekhemre Shedwaset | Sekhemre Shedwaset | sxm-ra-Sd-wAst | <-N5-S42-F30:D46-A24-R19-X1:O49-G7-> | |
| 16 | Woser..re | Woseribre Senebkay | wsr..ra | <-N5-F12-D21:.#1234-//-> | |
| 17 | Woser.. | Woser.. | wsr.. | <-F12#3-//-> | |
| 26 | [...]hebre | [...]hebre | ...-hb-ra | ||
| 30 | [...]hebre | [...]hebre | ...-hb-ra | ||
| 31 | [...]webenre | [...]webenre | ...-wbn-ra | ||
- The Manuel de Codage text was written using the Open Source hieroglyphic editor JSesh.
See also
edit- List of ancient Egyptian papyri
- Lists of ancient kings
- List of pharaohs
- Palermo Stone (An older fragmented king list)
References
edit- ^ "Museo Egizio homepage" (in Italian). Retrieved 20 December 2010. (in English)
- ^ Vittorio Sabadin (19 Feb 2009). "I faraoni scomparsi nel buco" [The Pharaohs disappeared into the hole] (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2012-02-23.
- ^ Eduard Meyer (1904). "Egyptian chronology". Retrieved 16 December 2020.
- ^ "Turin King List: Column 4".
- ^ "Turin King List: Column 4".
- ^ "Turin King List: Column 5".
- ^ "Turin King List: Column 6".
- ^ "Turin King List: Column 6".
- ^ "Turin King List: Column 6".
- ^ "Turin King List: Column 7".
- ^ "Turin King List: Column 10".
Bibliography
edit- Alan Gardiner, editor. Royal Canon of Turin. Griffith Institute, 1959. (Reprint 1988. ISBN 0-900416-48-3)
- von Beckerath, J. (1995). "Some Remarks on Helck's 'Anmerkungen zum Turiner Königspapyrus'". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 81: 225–227. doi:10.2307/3821822. JSTOR 3821822.
- Beckerath, J. V. (1962). "The Date of the End of the Old Kingdom of Egypt". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 21 (2): 140–147. doi:10.1086/371680. S2CID 161488411.
- Bennett, Chris (2002). "A Genealogical Chronology of the Seventeenth Dynasty". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 39: 123–155. doi:10.2307/40001152. JSTOR 40001152.
- George Adam Smith, "Chaldean Account of Genesis" (Whittingham & Wilkins, London, 1872) (Reprint 2005. Adamant Media Corporation, ISBN 1-4021-8590-1) p290 Contains a different translation of the Turin Papyrus in a chart about "dynasty of gods".
- Kenneth A. Kitchen "King Lists" The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Ed. Donald B. Redford. Oxford University Press, 2001.
- K. Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period. Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997. ISBN 87-7289-421-0.
- K. Ryholt, "The Turin King-List", Ägypten und Levante 14, 2004, pp. 135–155. This is a detailed description of the king-list, the information it provides, and its sources.
- Málek, Jaromír. "The Original Version of the Royal Canon of Turin." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 68, (1982): 93-106.
- Spalinger, Anthony. "Review of: 'The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800-1550 B. C.' by K.S.B. Ryholt." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 60, no. 4 (October 2001): 296-300.
External links
edit- Description and Translation of the king list.
- Hieroglyphs with translation including Ryholt's new placement of fragments.