Wikipedia

User:Jason Rees/Naming Overview

< User:Jason Rees

Before the official naming of tropical cyclones began in each basin, significant tropical cyclones were named after annoying politicians, mythological creatures, saints and place names, or were just simply numbered with a set of code letters before it.[1][2]

EUMETNET

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FU Berlin

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Atlantic tropical cyclone

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From 1950 the United States Weather Bureau (USWB), began to assign names to tropical cyclones that were judged to have intensified into tropical storms.[3][4] Storms were originally named in alphabetical order using the World War II version of the Phonetic Alphabet.[3] In 1953 a new set of 23 women's names were developed, to avoid any confusion as a secondary phonetic alphabet had been developed.[3][4] After the active but mild 1953 Atlantic hurricane season, public reception to the idea seemed favorable, so the same list was adopted for the next year with only one change; Gilda for Gail.[3] After storms like Carol and Hazel got a lot of publicity during the 1954 season, forecasters developed a new set of names in time for the 1955 season.[3] However before this could happen, a tropical storm developed on January 2 1955 and was named as Alice.[3] The new set of names was developed and were used during 1955 beginning with Brenda and continued through the alphabet to Zelda.[3] For each season before 1960, a new set of names was developed before in 1960 forecasters decided to begin rotating names in a regular sequence and thus four alphabetical lists were established to be repeated every four years.[3][5] The sets followed the example of the western Pacific typhoon naming lists and excluded names beginning with the letters Q, U, X, Y and Z.[5] These four lists were used until 1972 when National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), replaced them with nine lists designed to be used annually from 1972.[6] In 1977, NOAA decided to relinquish control over the name selection and allow a regional committee of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to select the names. The WMO decided that the names would be used from 1979, with six new lists which contained male names and some Spanish and French names to reflect all the cultures and languages used within the Atlantic Ocean.[5][4] Since 1979 the same six lists have been used, with names of significant tropical cyclones removed from the lists and replaced with new names.[4] In 2002, subtropical cyclones started to be assigned names from the main list of names set up for that year.

During the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season the seasonal list of names was exhausted, which prompted the NHC to use its contingency plan and name tropical cyclones after letters of the Greek Alphabet.[7] At the following session of the Hurricane Committee in March and April 2006, there was considerable discussion over the usage of the Greek Alphabet as a supplemental list names, with several views expressed about if a letter of the Greek Alphabet could be retired.[8] Members of the committee noted that the usage of the Greek Alphabet had been responsible for a major political, economic and social impact, which it speculated would not have happened if a supplemental list of regular names had been used.[8] As a result, it was unanimously decided that the Greek Alphabet would continue to be used if the seasonal list of names was used up.[8] At the 2010 Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference, NOAA noted that various negative feedback had been received from the general public, media and emergency manager community, about the usage of the Greek Alphabet for naming tropical cyclones in 2005.[9] As a result, it was recommended that the usage of the Greek alphabet when the seasonal naming list was exhausted, should be discontinued and replaced with a secondary naming list that used all of the conventions of the primary list.[9] The conference accepted the recommendation and passed it on to the WMO's Hurricane Committee which rejected the proposal, as it felt that the usage of the Greek Alphabet was not expected to be frequent enough to warrant changing the existing naming procedures.[9][10] In September 2020, after the seasonal list of names was exhausted, the NHC had to use its contingency plan for the second time and name tropical cyclones after letters of the Greek Alphabet.[11][12] As the Greek letters were used, it was noted that there were issues with how some of the names were being translated into other languages and how they were pronounced as several of the names were very similar.[11] It was also feared that there could be too much focus on the usage of the alphabet and not the impacts of a system, which it felt could distract from impact and safety messaging.[11] As a result, a proposal was made at the following session of the Hurricane Committee to stop using the Greek Alphabet when the seasonal list of names for either the Eastern Pacific or the Atlantic Ocean was exhausted in a given season.[11] The committee overwhelmingly voted in favour of the proposal, before it devised and approved a supplemental list of names for both basins, that would be used when the primary list of names for a season was exhausted.[11]

Eastern Pacific tropical cyclone

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Beginning in 1960, tropical cyclones that were judged by the USWB to have intensified into a tropical storm, with winds of more than 65 km/h (40 mph), started to be assigned female names.[13] The original naming lists were designed to be used year after year in sequence, before early in the 1965 season it was decided to rotate the same lists every four years.[14] In 1977, after protests by various women's rights groups, NOAA made the decision to relinquish control over the name selection by allowing a regional committee of the WMO to select new sets of names.[5] The WMO selected six lists of names which contained male names and rotated every six years.[5] They also decided that the new lists of hurricane name would start to be used in 1978 which was a year earlier than the Atlantic.[15] Since 1978 the same lists of names have been used, with names of significant tropical cyclones removed from the lists and replaced with new names.[13] As in the Atlantic basin should the names preselected for the season be exhausted, the contingency plan of using the Greek alphabet for names would be used.[13][16] However unlike in the Atlantic basin the contingency plan has never had to be used, although in 1985 to avoid using the contingency plan, the letters X, Y, and Z were added to the lists.[16] Since the contingency plan was used during the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, there have been a few attempts to get rid of the Greek names as they are seen to be inconsistent with the standard naming convention used for tropical cyclones and are generally unknown and confusing to the public.[9][17] However none of the attempts have succeeded and thus the Greek letters will still be used should the lists ever be used up.[9][17]

Central Pacific tropical cyclone

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Beginning in 1950 tropical cyclones that were judged by the Joint Hurricane Warning Center to have intensified into a tropical storm, with winds of more than 65 km/h (40 mph), started to be assigned names.[14] Between 1950 and 1957, tropical storms were given names from the Hawaiian language before in 1957, the decision was made to take names from the Western Pacific list of names.[14] In 1979, Hawaiian names were reinstated for tropical depressions intensifying in tropical storms within the Central Pacific.[14] Five sets of Hawaiian names, using only the 12 letters of the Hawaiian alphabet, were drafted with the intent being to use the sets of names on an annual rotation basis.[14] However as no tropical cyclones had formed in this region between 1979 and 1981, the original lists were scrapped and replaced with four sets of names.[14] Also, the plan of how to allocate the names was changed to allow all the names to be used consecutively.[14] The naming lists were used until 2007 the lists were revised in conjunction with the University of Hawaii with one-third of the names being retired or replaced.[14]

Western Pacific tropical cyclone

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In 1945, the United States armed services, publicly adopted a list of names that they would name tropical depressions that intensified into tropical storms within the western Pacific.[1] During the 1959 season the US armed services combined to form the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) who took on responsibility for naming all tropical storms between the 100°E and 180.[18] Initially the lists of names only consisted of female names before in April 1979, the naming lists were revised to include male names.[1] In 1998 the WMO's/ESCAP typhoon committee, decided that the current naming lists were too English and decided that they would control the list of names with the names assigned to tropical storms by the Japan Meteorological Agency instead of the JTWC.[18][19][20]

PAGASA tropical cyclone

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In 1963 the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration decided to start naming tropical depressions with the names of Filipino women which ended in "ng," when they formed or moved into their area of responsibility.[1] They continued the practice of naming tropical depressions, until the 2001 season when they started to name tropical cyclones with male names and scrapped the requirement for them to end in "ng".[21]

North Indian Ocean (Tropical Cyclone)

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At its 26th annual session in March 1999, the WMO/ESCAP Panel on North Indian Tropical Cyclones noted with interest, that the WMO/ESCAP Typhoon Committee had agreed to start naming tropical cyclones in the Western Pacific on January 1, 2000.[22] As a result, the panel decided to appoint a rapporteur to investigate the naming of tropical cyclones over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea with the assistance of the WMO and its own technical support unit before reporting back at its next session.[22] The panel subsequently discussed the contents of this report and agreed in principle with the report's recommendation that there was a need for tropical cyclones to be named in its region.[23] The representatives of India expressed concern at naming tropical cyclones, because of the regional, cultural and linguistic diversity of the panel's member countries.[23][24][25] As a result, the panel agreed that the subject would be considered further at the next session and asked its eight members to provide its rapporteur with at least 10 names as well as their meanings, in accordance with the various criteria that the rapporteur had proposed before the end of the year.[23] At the following session, the rapporteur reported to the panel that seven of the eight members had submitted a list of names to him and presented these to the panel, which reviewed them and felt that they would not be appealing to either the media or the public.[24][26] As a result, the panel requested that the members should provide the rapporteur with a fresh set of names by June 2001, which should be appealing to both the public and the media.[24][26] Over the next few months, there was a poor response to this request from members of the panel and at the 29th session of the panel, the rapporteur noted that it wasn't possible to complete the project, without the full cooperation of members.[24][27] In response to the rapporteur's comments, the panel decided to urge all of its members to submit their proposed names to the rapporteur and ask for a named person who could be contacted to talk about the proposed naming scheme.[24][27] Over the next year, seven of the eight members submitted their proposed names to the rapporteur, however, at its 30th session, the panel decided that the naming list could not be implemented during the 2003 Season, as India hadn't submitted its names.[28] As a result, the panel urged India to cooperate and submit a list of names for the panel's consideration, while other members were asked to submit the pronunciation of the names that they had suggested.[28]

At the 31st session of the panel in March 2004, the rapporteur revealed that the proposed list of names was ready for use by panel members, however, India had still not submitted its list of names despite a promise to cooperate from the Director General of the India Meteorological Department (IMD).[24] As a result, the rapporteur recommended that the panel endorsed the proposed list of names and started to use it on an experimental basis, during the 2004 season after India had submitted its names.[24] The rapporteur also recommended that the IMD's Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in New Delhi, would be responsible for naming the tropical cyclones, once the system had become a cyclonic storm with 3-minute sustained winds of at least 34 knots (63 km/h; 39 mph).[24] It was also suggested that each name should only be used once and that the list of names should be replaced for the 2010 season and every 10 years afterwards.[24] In response the Indian representatives decided to seek approval from the WMO's permanent representative of India for Indian names to be included in the naming scheme and for it to be implemented during the season on an experimental basis.[24] The work on the proposed naming list was completed in May 2004, after India submitted its names and was available to be used by the IMD from September 2004, before the first system was named Onil on October 1, 2004.[29] At its 33rd session, the panel noted that there had been keen media interest in the naming scheme and decided to ask the IMD to continue naming tropical cyclones, before it reviewed it at its following session.[29] Over the next few years, the IMD continued to name tropical cyclones when they had become a cyclonic storm with 3-minute sustained winds of at least 34 knots (63 km/h; 39 mph), before the panel noted at their 45th session in 2018 that the majority of names had been used and that only 6 remained.[25][30] As a result of five countries joining the panel since the original list of names was created, the panel decided that a new list of names would be prepared and presented to the panel.[25][30] Over the next 18 months, each of the member countries submitted a list of names before the final list of names was approved and publically released by the Panel on April 28, 2020.[25][31] The first name to be assigned from this fresh list of names was Nisarga, which was named by the IMD when it became a cyclonic storm on June 2, 2020.[32]

South-West Indian ocean tropical cyclone

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Formal naming of tropical cyclones, in the South-West Indian Ocean began during the 1960-61 season, with the first name (Anna) assigned to a zone of disturbed weather during November 1960.[33][34] Over the years, there have been various selection processes for selecting the names, that will be assigned to tropical/subtropical storms during the season.[35] During the 1980's and 1990's, names were chosen by the national Meteorological Services of the region, in turn for several seasons, with Madagascar's Direction de la Météorologie et de l'Hydrologie, choosing the names at the end of the 1980 and early 1990's while the Seychelles national meteorological service selected the names at the end of the 1990s.[35] Since the start of the 2000-01 season, the names have been selected by the WMO's South West Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Committee for a couple of seasons in advance.[35] Until the WMO took over the naming, all off the names selected were female; since then, both men and women names have been used.[35] Unlike other basins; RSMC La Reunion does not name tropical cyclones as they intensify into tropical or subtropical storms.[36] For historic reasons they instead delegate this responsibility to the Mauritius Meteorological Service (MMS) and the Direction de la Météorologie et de l'Hydrologie.[36]

Australian region tropical cyclone

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Tropical lows or tropical depressions that intensify into tropical cyclones within the Australian region have been named since the 1963-64 tropical cyclone season.[33] Between 1963-64 and 1974-75, female names were used exclusively by the warning centers, before the current convention of alternating male and female names began at the start of the 1975-76 cyclone season.[33][37]

Southern Pacific tropical cyclone

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Tropical depressions developing into tropical cyclones have only been officially named since 1964, however historic records show that names have been assigned to developing tropical cyclones since the start of the 1955-56 season.[1][38] Female names were used exclusively until the start of 1974-75, when the current convention of alternating male and female names began.[1] Names are developed by a regional committee of the WMO and are assigned, by the Fiji Meteorological Service and the Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited.[39]

South Atlantic tropical cyclone

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The Weather Channel

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During Halloween 2011, a nor'easter impacted the northeastern United States and was nicknamed "Snowtober" by various media outlets and on social media, which prompted The Weather Channel (TWC) to put the nickname on air where it took off.[40][41] As a result, the commercial weather service started to informally investigate naming winter storms and realised that Twitter needed a hashtag for every system so that information could be filtered.[40][42] During October 2012, TWC announced that 3 of their senior meteorologists would start proactively naming noteworthy winter storms, using names from a predetermined list of 26 Roman and Greek names.[43][42] TWC argued that the naming scheme would raise awareness, make communications and information sharing easier, which in turn would make it easier for people to understand forecasts, lead to better planning, preparedness and result in less impact overall.[43] The initial reaction to TWC's naming scheme was mixed as most people did not have a problem with it, while others were not happy that TWC had not consulted the rest of the meteorological community on the initiative and called it self-serving and not in the interest of effective weather communication.[44] After considering TWC's press release and various other factors, the founder and president of the commercial weather service Accuweather, Dr. Joel N. Myers, suggested that TWC had "confused media spin with science and public safety."[45] He also stated that Accuweather had explored the issue for 20 years and had concluded that it "was not good science" and would "mislead the public" and noted that "winter storms were very different from hurricanes".[45] At the time the NWS made no comment about the naming system but noted that they did not name winter storms.[45]

After TWC named its first system in November 2012, the NWS Eastern Region headquarters reminded its forecast offices that it didn't name Winter Storms, however, the NWS Weather Forecast Office in Buffalo, New York unofficially named six systems after the fact during the winter of 2012-13.[46][47] After reading a headline entitled "Brutus expected to bury Bozeman" students at the Bozeman High School in Montana reached out to TWC and provided them with four years worth of classical Latin and Greek names as they wanted to raise awareness of the language.[48][49] During the season, TWC did not use any quantitative method to name the systems and started to use the names provided by the Bozeman high school after it had exhausted the list of names that it had preselected.[50][51] After the season had ended, TWC reviewed the systems it had assigned a name to and felt that 90% of the systems deserved to be named, based on the impacts they had on a regional/national basis.[51] They also determined that the project had been a success after over a billion impressions were recorded on Twitter and numerous schools, agencies and media outlets had started to use it.[52] As a result, they decided to use the named storms of 2012-13 as a benchmark and developed a quantitative method for deciding when to name future storms, which they entitled the Integrated Meteorological Population and Area Calculation Tool (IMPACT).[53] This tool allowed TWC to calculate the population and area that is forecast to be impacted by a winter storm, based on thresholds set by the NWS for winter weather warnings and advisories.[51][53]

As a result, they decided that they would name a storm during the 2013-14 season if it was forecast to impact over 10 million people or 1,000,000 km2 (390,000 sq mi), however, it was noted that the storm naming committee could override the guidance in certain circumstances.[53] Over the next few years, TWC continued to develop the science behind their naming scheme and collaborated with the Latin class at Bozeman High School to release a new set of 26 names each year.[52][54][55] Ahead of the winter of 2015-16, the United Kingdom's Met Office and the Irish Met Éireann announced that they would start naming winter storms, in order to take control and inject authority into a messy situation where the media was using a variety of names for weather events.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Chris Landsea (2010-06-01). "How are Tropical Cyclones Named?". Hurricane Research Division. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  2. ^ Charles J. Neumann (1992). "Chapter 1: Global Overview 1.2.2 Naming of Tropical Cyclones". Global guide to tropical cyclone forecasting. World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 2010-10-07. Retrieved 2010-09-28.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Gary Padgett (1999). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary July 2007". Australian Severe Weather. Archived from the original on 2010-10-07. Retrieved 2010-10-07.
  4. ^ a b c d Colin J. McAdie, Christopher W. Landsea, Charles J. Neumann, Joan E. David, Eric S. Blake, Gregory R. Hammer (2009-08-20). Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1851 – 2006 (PDF) (Sixth ed.). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. 18. Retrieved 2010-07-07.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b c d e Gary Padgett (2008-01-01). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone summary: August 2007". Australian Severe Weather. Archived from the original on 2010-10-07. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
  6. ^ Gary Padgett (2008-07-11). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary: November 2007 First Installment". Australian Severe Weather. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
  7. ^ Beven, John L; Avila, Lixion A; Blake, Eric S; Brown, Daniel P; Franklin, James L; Knabb, Richard D; Pasch, Richard J; Rhome, Jamie R; Stewart, Stacy R (March 1, 2008). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2005". Monthly Weather Review. 136 (3): 1109–1173. Bibcode:2008MWRv..136.1109B. doi:10.1175/2007MWR2074.1.
  8. ^ a b c RA IV Hurricane Committee Twenty-Eighth Session San Juan, Puerto Rico (30 March to 4 April 2006) (PDF) (Report). June 30, 2006. pp. 11–12. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved August 16, 2023.
  9. ^ a b c d e Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology (March 10, 2010). New action items: 64th IHC action items: Replace Backup Tropical Cyclone "Greek Alphabet" Name List with Secondary Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Name List (PDF) (Report). pp. 10–11. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 18, 2011. Retrieved August 16, 2023.
  10. ^ RA IV Hurricane Committee: Thirty-Second Session Hamilton, Bermuda (8 to 12 March 2010) (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. April 21, 2021. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 6, 2012.
  11. ^ a b c d e RA IV Hurricane Committee: Forty-third Session Virtual session (Part I) 15 to 17 March 2021 (Report). World Meteorological Organization. April 21, 2021. pp. 30–31.
  12. ^ "With #Alpha, 2020 Atlantic tropical storm names go Greek" (Press release). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. September 18, 2020. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved August 16, 2023.
  13. ^ a b c Eric S. Blake, Ethan J. Gibney, Daniel P. Brown, Michelle Mainelli, James L. Franklin, Todd B. Kimberlain, Gregory R. Hammer (2009-07-05). Tropical Cyclone of the Eastern North Pacific Basin 1949–2006 (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2009-12-23. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h Gary Padgett (2007). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone summary: November 2007". Australian Severe Weather. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
  15. ^ Staff Writer (1978-05-12). "Big Blows to get his and her names". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. Google News Archiv. Archived from the original on 2010-07-08. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
  16. ^ a b Gary Padgett (2002). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary". Retrieved 2007-10-14.
  17. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference WMO 05 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ a b Gary Padgett (1999). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary January 1999". Australian Severe Weather. Archived from the original on 2010-09-29. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  19. ^ Staff Writer (2000-02-11). "Chinese Dragon replaces Typhoon Ted". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-10-07.
  20. ^ Padgett, Gary (2000). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary December 1999". Australian Severe Weather.
  21. ^ Staff Writer (2001). "Alphabetical list of names for tropical cyclones occurring within the Philippine Area of Responsibility". Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Retrieved 2010-02-24.
  22. ^ a b WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones Twenty-Sixth Session Final Report (Report). World Meteorological Organization. 1999. p. 5.
  23. ^ a b c WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones Twenty-Seventh Session Final Report (Report). World Meteorological Organization. May 17, 2000. pp. 9–11. Archived from the original on October 2, 2003. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones Thirty-First Session Final Report (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. April 15, 2004. pp. 8, 54–56. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 22, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
  25. ^ a b c d Naming of Tropical Cyclones over the North Indian Ocean (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. April 28, 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 12, 2021.
  26. ^ a b WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones Twenty-Eighth Session Final Report (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. July 24, 2002. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 22, 2006. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
  27. ^ a b WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones Twenty-Ninth Session Final Report (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. May 21, 2003. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 21, 2003. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
  28. ^ a b WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones Thirth Session Final Report (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. September 5, 2003. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 12, 2004. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
  29. ^ a b WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones Thirty-Second Session Final Report (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. July 5, 2005. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
  30. ^ a b WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones Forty-Fifth Session Final Report (Report). World Meteorological Organization. November 25, 2019. p. 16.
  31. ^ "New list of names of tropical cyclones over north Indian Ocean" (Press release). Ministry of Earth Sciences. April 28, 2020. Archived from the original on May 3, 2023.
  32. ^ Report on Cyclonic Disturbances over North Indian Ocean during 2020 (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. January 2021. pp. 2–3, 82. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
  33. ^ a b c Staff Writer (2010-07-01). "Frequently Asked Questions 14. When did the naming of tropical cyclones begin?". Bureau of Meteorology (Australia). Archived from the original on 2010-09-28. Retrieved 2010-09-28.
  34. ^ Staff Writer (1960). "Zone of Disturbed Weather Best Track Analysis: Anna 1960-61". Météo-France. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  35. ^ a b c d Staff Writer (2010-07-01). "How are the names chosen?". Météo-France. Archived from the original on 2010-10-07. Retrieved 2010-10-07.
  36. ^ a b Staff Writer (2008). "Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-West Indian Ocean 2008" (PDF). Regional Association I Tropical Cyclone Committee. World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
  37. ^ Staff Writer (1975-09-30). "Sex-Shift in Australia: A Cyclone Named 'Alan'". Reuters. New York Times. Retrieved 2010-09-28.
  38. ^ Jeff Callaghan (2004-08-12). "Tropical Cyclone Impacts along the Australian east coast from November to April 1858–2000" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology. Australian Severe Weather. Retrieved 2010-03-05.
  39. ^ RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (2024). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2024 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved October 14, 2024.
  40. ^ a b Rainear, Adam M; Lachlan, Kenneth A; Lin, Carolyn A (2017). "What's in a #Name? An Experimental Study Examining Perceived Credibility and Impact of Winter Storm Names". Weather, Climate, and Society. 9 (4): 815–822. Bibcode:2017WCS.....9..815R. doi:10.1175/WCAS-D-16-0037.1.
  41. ^ Palmer, Roxanne (February 8, 2013). "What's In A Storm Name? Weather Channel Policy Draws Critics, But Catches On". International Business Times. Archived from the original on November 22, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  42. ^ a b Norcross, Bryan (September 24, 2018). Winter Storm Naming by The Weather Channel FAQ (Report). American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  43. ^ a b "The Weather Channel to Name Winter Storms" (Press release). The Weather Channel. October 2, 2012. Archived from the original on October 6, 2012. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  44. ^ Samenow, Jason (October 3, 2012). "TV weathercasters criticize unilateral action by The Weather Channel on storm naming". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
  45. ^ a b c Macmath, Jillian (October 5, 2012). "TWC Winter Storm Naming "Will Mislead Public"". Accuweather. Archived from the original on October 6, 2012. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  46. ^ Samenow, Jason (November 7, 2013). "National Weather Service: Just say no to Athena". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  47. ^ "NWS Buffalo Lake Effect Page". United States National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office Buffalo, New York. April 4, 2013. Archived from the original on October 6, 2012. Retrieved December 26, 2022. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; June 28, 2013 suggested (help)
  48. ^ "Bozeman High students to be featured on Weather Channel". Bozeman Daily Chronicle. April 4, 2013. Archived from the original on December 29, 2022. Retrieved December 29, 2022.
  49. ^ "Montana High School Students Name Winter Storms". Newstalk KGVO. April 4, 2013. Archived from the original on November 27, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2022. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; November 27, 2014 suggested (help)
  50. ^ Wiltgen, Nick (May 7, 2013). "Winter 2012-13: Named Storms from 'A' to 'Z' (and 'A' Again)". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on November 22, 2014. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  51. ^ a b c Niziol, Thomas (July 3, 2017). Naming Winter Storms (Report). American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on December 27, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  52. ^ a b "Winter Storm Names 2013-14: What They Are and What They Mean". The Weather Channel. October 1, 2013. Archived from the original on October 1, 2013. Retrieved December 27, 2022.
  53. ^ a b c Nizol, Thomas (January 21, 2014). "The Science Behind Naming Winter Storms at The Weather Channel". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on November 22, 2014. Retrieved December 27, 2022.
  54. ^ "Winter Storm Names 2014-15: What They Are and What They Mean". The Weather Channel. October 2, 2014. Archived from the original on November 21, 2014. Retrieved December 27, 2022.
  55. ^ "Winter Storm Names 2015-16: What They Are and What They Mean". The Weather Channel. October 13, 2015. Archived from the original on October 15, 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2022.
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