Nicholas Nolan, secretary at the Department of the Taoiseach 1961–72, "according to one story, allegedly counted the number of strings on the Irish state symbol, the harp, on an official letterhead and returned the batch of paper as the incorrect number of strings had been printed for the harp in question".[2]
Billy McGuire of Askeaton, a sovereign citizen advocate and self-styled head since 1967 of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, claims that his family began an annual tradition in 1919 of turning a silver harp representing Ireland's sovereignty "from the rising sun to the setting sun, from north to south and from east to west, and from Pagan to Christian to Sovereign"; initially in Vaughan's Hotel, latterly in the Mansion House, Dublin.[4][5][6] Councillors and historians regard as eccentric ritual with no historical basis.[4][7] McGuire says his harp has 12 strings, compared to "eight strings on the harp symbol of the Army, 9 strings on the passport's harp, 13 on official documents of Dail Eireann and 14 on coins".[6]Dublin City Council report says McGuire's harp was one of 32 county court seals of the Dáil courts.[4] Only a few people attended private ceremony until 2002; then public order and policing issues became relevant, and some mayors banned.[8][4]
1776 seal proposal with Ireland on left of middle row of escutcheon 20 August 1776 report of a committee of the Second Continental Congress to design the Great Seal of the United States proposed "six quarters" representing England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Germany, and "Holland"; the Irish quarter being "verd, a harp or" ("vert" in Pierre Eugene du Simitiere's original text).[9]
Royal Cork Yacht Club (1720 Cork Water Club) original flag was union flag with escutcheon of gold harp and crown on green field:[10]
Maid of Erin: "In general, the Maid of Erin is associated with symbols of Ireland such as the round tower (historical monuments), harp (musical instrument) and hound (associated with the mythical hero, Cúchulainn)."[16]
Soundboard on RHS on state arms, on LHS on Guinness logo.[14]King's Inns badge has LHS and RHS symmetric. Fuss in 1940s over whether strings should be vertical or at mirror angle of soundboard.
Was on LHS on Henry VIII coins but switched to RHS when added to royal arms.[17] In 1981 state declined to register RHS variants of logo for fear of Guinness objections.[14] "As I recall it being told to me. The Provisional Government in Ireland wanted the harp to face to the right(as with Guinness) to show a break with royal arms(where faced to left). Guinness family objected in 1921/22 as would mean Govt harp same as their trademark."[18]
Argent within a wreath of three laurel branches slipped proper, on an escutcheon of pretence azure the ancient Harp of Ireland or.
Crest — The Georgian Sidus argent charged with a cross gules issuing from an Ancient Crown or.
Supporters and motto as next grant.
1756-1840
[Cancelled, and a new coat with same crest differently described and same supporters and motto regranted as under.]
Argent, a saltire gules, charged with the imperial crown of England proper.
Crest — Out of a pointed or Irish crown or, an etoile of eight points argent, charged with a cross gules.
Supporters
On the dexter a female figure representing Liberty, holding in her right hand a wand, thereon a cap gules,
on the sinister a figure of Minerva, holding in her right a lance, and in the left a scroll.
Motto — " We will endeavour."
City of ARMAGH
Has no arms.
Debrett's " House of Commons" gives an illustration of a seal showing a harp or on a field azure, with the legend, "The Seal of the bvrgh of Armagh." On a sheet of Irish armorial bearings published by Marcus Ward & Co., arms are given, namely, "Azure, a harp or."
Company of BARBER-SURGEONS, Dublin
Parted by a cross of England charged with a lion passant guardant crowned or, these two coats-armour quartered, the first argent, a chevron gules betwixt 3 cinquefoils azure, the second azure a harp crowned or, the third as the second, the fourth as the first.
Crest on a wreath argent and gules, St Mary Magdalene. Mantling, gules and argent.
Supported by a Leopard proper and an Irish Greyhound argent, each gorged with a ducal coronet and standing on a Scroll with their motto,
viz., " Christi salus nostra."
c.1645
The grant recites that these arms may be used at the funerals of the members of the Company.
BELTURBET (Co. Cavan).
Or, a tower with dome and pennon gules, in base waves of the sea proper ; on a chief azure, a harp of the field, between on the dexter side a rose argent, and on the sinister a thistle, also proper.
[Granted by Molyneux, Ulster King of Arms.]
There is no official record of the grant, but a very rough pen-and-ink sketch with the following note is amongst other papers [bound up in Ulster's Office and labelled " Draft Grants "]. The " waves of the sea " in the sketch are represented in the old heraldic way as barry wavy azure and argent:
"The Armes of the Toune or Borogh of Beoltirbert in the County of Cavan, set forth at the request of Stephen Butler als Botterler Eqr. first Provost of that Borogh and at the request of the free burgesses of the same for Confirmation whereof I have heere onto set my hand and Seale this 2ith of June, Ano. Dni. 1613, the eleventh yeere of the raigne of the most high and mightie Prince James by the grace of God King of greate Britaine France & Ireland, defender of the fayth &c."
CARRICKFERGUS (Co. Antrim).
Has no armorial bearings.
The seal of the Port and Customs of Carrickfergus shows an escutcheon charged with three harps, two and one. But the seal of the town represents upon water a castle triple-towered, the port open, in chief two birds, and on either side of the castle foliage. The legend is " Sigillum comunede Cragferg." The editor is indebted to a pamphlet published by Mr John Vinycomb for the foregoing information.
COLERAINE (Co. Antrim).
Has no armorial bearings registered in Ulster's Office.
Those represented upon the seal which appear to be in general use are " Argent a cross gules, in the first quarter a sword erect of the last, in the second quarter a fish naiant proper." (Probably founded upon the arms of the City of London.) An earlier seal presented by Sir Tristram Beresford, Bart, (so created 1665, died 1673) shows different arms, viz. argent, a chevron azure, between two garbs in chief and a salmon in base proper, a chief of the arms of the City of London, the cross thereof charged in the centre with a harp.
COMMISSIONERS OF REVENUE (Ireland),
(Grant of a seal.) In a scutcheon a ship proper, in a chief a harp between two anchors with this circumscription — "The Seale of the Commissioners of the Revenue of Ireland."
1670.
Granted by St George, Ulster
CUTLERS, PAYNTER-STAYNERS, AND STATIONERS, Guild of (Dublin).
Quarterly three coats : i, gules, two swords in saltire prope.p between four cross crosslets fitchee or , 2, party per chevron or and azure, three eagles' heads erased counter-changed ; 3, party per chevron azure and argent between three Bibles proper, in chief a dove with wings expanded argent ; fourth as first ; over all an inescutcheon party per pale azure and gules a harp or. Crest — On a helm and wreath of their " cullers " a phcenix in flames proper. Supported on each side with St Luke and St Peter with this Motto— W\s unita valet."
[Gtd. by Richard St George, Ulster, April 13, 167 1.]
DERRY, See of.
Argent, a church proper
Gules, three mitres or, the labels argent.
Gules, two swords in saltire proper pommelled and hilted gold, on a chief azure an Irish harp gold stringed argent.
Ancient
Another confirmed by D. Mulleneux, Ulster, 24th May 1613
Modern Confirmed by Carney, Ulster, c. 1690.
[The modern coat remains in use, but through the disestablishment of the Irish Church it is really extinct and its present use is illegal.]
FARMERS OF EXCISE OF IRELAND.
(Grant of a seal.) " In an escocheon an anchor and harp." " The Seale of the Farmers of the Excise and Customs of Ireland."
[Granted by St George, Ulster, February 17, 1663.]
GOLDSMITHS OF DUBLIN, Company of
Quarterly : i and 4, gules, a harp or ; 2 and 3, azure, a covered cup between two buckles in base or. Crest — A demi-lady, her arms extended, issuing from clouds, habited per fesse gules and azure and charged on the breast with a harp argent, in her dexter hand a pair of scales or, and in her sinister a touchstone sable, her head irradiated. Supporters — Two unicorns argent, armed, crined, and unguled or, each charged on the shoulder with a harp gules. Motto— "Tg radiante virebimus."
[Granted by Thomas Preston, Ulster King of Arms, July 24, 1638.]
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, The United Kingdom of.
Quarterly i and 4 gules, three lions passant guardant in pale or (for England) ; 2 or, a lion rampant within a double tressure flory and counterflory gules (for Scotland) ; 3 azure, a harp or stringed argent (for Ireland), the whole encircled by the Garter. Crest — Upon the royal helmet, the lambrequin being of cloth of gold lined with ermine, the imperial crown proper, thereon a lion statant guardant or, imperially crowned, also proper. Supporters — Upon the dexter side, a lion guardant or, crowned as in the crest, and upon the sinister side, a unicorn argent, armed, crined, and unguled or, gorged with a coronet composed of crosses pattee and fleurs-de-lis, a chain affixed thereto passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the back of the last. Motto — " Dieu et mon Droit," in the compartment below the shield, and thereon the Union Badge of the Rose, Thistle, and Shamrock engrafted on the same stem.
1837
Ireland
A harp or, stringed argent, ensigned with the imperial crown
A trefoil slipped vert, ensigned with the imperial crown
badges
INCORPORATED LAW SOCIETY OF IRELAND.
Azure, a harp or, stringed argent, on a chief ermine, a pale gules, charged with an Imperial crown proper. Mantling — Gules, doubled argent. Crest — On a wreath of the colours, a Figure of Justice proper. Supporters — Two Irish wolf-hounds or. Motto—" Veritas vincet."
[Granted by Ulster King of Arms, 7th June 1912.]
Ireland
Azure, a harp or, stringed argent. Crest — On a wreath of the colours (or and azure) a tower triple-towered or, from the portal a hart springing argent, attired and unguled, also or.
At the present time the crest is universally quoted with the hart "springing," and it was so blazoned in the Royal Warrant of King George III. The earliest record in the College of Arms, however, distinctly shows the hart " lodged," and it is interesting to trace through the different drawings how, through " indifferent drawing," the position of the animal has been altered.
The following is taken intact from Burke's " General Armory " : —
Ireland, Kingdom of — Az. a harp or, stringed ar. The ancient arms of the kingdom after the invasion of 1 172 were, ' Az. three crowns or.' [These are now the arms of the Province of Munster. — Ed.] This was the coat of St Edmund, and it is possible the Anglo-Norman invaders, who were arrayed under the banners of St George and St Edmund, introduced the bearings of the latter saint as the ensigns of their new conquest. When Richard II. created Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford, Duke of Ireland, he gave him as a coat of augmentation the arms of Ireland, viz., ' Az. three crowns or.' Henry VIII. relinquished the old arms for the ' harp ' when he declared himself King 01 Ireland, from an apprehension, it is said, that the three crowns might be taken for the triple tiara of the Pope. Since James I. introduced the arms of Ireland among the quarterings of the Royal achievement, the bearing has been ' Az. a harp or, stringed an' From a MS. in the handwriting of Sir William Le Neve, Clarenceux, it appears, on the authority of Sir William Segar, Garter, that 'Ye three crowns are ye antientarms of Ireland, the harp but an ancient badge,' and 'In ye tyme of Edward ye IVth a commission being to enquire the arms of Ireland, it was returned yt ye 3 crownes were the armes.' The same bearing appears on the reverse of ancient Irish coins. Another ancient coat, as recorded in Ulster's Office, is, Sa. a king sitting on his throne cross-legged, holding in his right hand a lily or. Crest — A tower triple-towered or, from the portal a hart springing ar. attired and hoofed gold. The badge, as settled at the Union with Great Britain, is the harp ensigned with the Imperial crown. A MS. in the British Museum, Add. MSS. 4814, f. 8, exhibits a banner on either side of the shield, viz., dexter, sa. a king enthroned in his chair of state with a sceptre in his right hand and his left leaning on a cushion all ar. ; sinister, gu. a house triple-chimneyed, smoke issuant or, a stag in the port of the first, and a tree on the dexter side of the second."
For the following two paragraphs I am indebted to a small pamphlet published by Mr John Vinycomb: —
At the accession of King James I. to the English throne, when the change in the Royal Arms was made, Sir William Segar relates that the Earl of Northampton, then Deputy Earl Marshal, observed that ' he had no affection for the change ; that for the adoption of the harp the best reason he could assign was that it resembled Ireland in being such an instrument that it required more cost to keep it in tune than it was worth.'
Sir Arthur Chichester was re-appointed to the government of Ireland as Lord Deputy, July 1613 ; it is stated that it was at his instigation the Harp of Ireland was first marshalled with the arms of the sister kingdoms upon the Irish currency, and in one form or another it has ever since continued to be impressed upon the coin of the realm. Some of the copper coins of Henry VIII. and Queen Elizabeth have, it is said, the three harps for Ireland upon the shield, as if undetermined whether to follow the triple or single representation of the device. A curious old seal of the port of Carrickfergus, dated 1605, has upon the shield three harps of the Brian Boru type."
A great deal of fuss has been made lately about " the uncrowned harp " of Irish notoriety, which is credited with some subtle connection with the " uncrowned king," or at any rate with that suppositious and clamoured-for state ol things in Ireland which is the "odds" of His Majesty and his executive. The ordinary harp of Ireland, as a moment's glance at a florin or half-crown will show, is not crowned ; the crown being simply added when the harp does duty off the shield as a "badge," as is or should be the case with all the national badges, save in the case of the dragon of Wales — Wales being only a Principality. The mistake probably occurs because the harp does duty both as a charge upon the escutcheon and as a badge. The " uncrowned harp upon a green flag " (which seems to have been made the subject of diplomatic (.■') inquiries in the House of Commons, in other words, " Vert, an Irish harp or, stringed argent," is simply the perfectly legitimate, authentic, and well-known coat-of-arms of the Province of Leinster. So that the so-called Irish Republican party must invent a design very original and different if they want anything distinctive from the authorised emblems. Even the shamrock (under the name of the trefoil) is ranked among the " legitimist" and legitimate signs. Might I suggest as something widely distinct from the Irish regulation symbols, and yet appropriate, the following : Sable, two bones in saltire, surmounted by a morthead argent .■"
LEINSTER, Province of (Ireland).
Vert, an Irish harp or, stringed argent.
Recorded in Ulster's Office.
LONDONDERRY (Co. Londonderry).
Sable, on a stone vert, a skeleton of human bones sitting, leaning the dexter elbow upon the knee, and resting the head on the hand, the sinister hand resting on the hip all or, in the dexter chief a castle argent, a chief of the arms of the City of London. Motto — " Vita Veritas victoria."
"The Arms of ye Cittie of Derrie where at first when the Ho S' Henry Docwra fought, made the plantation thereof against the arch traytowre Hugh sometime Earle of Tyrone. The picture of death (or a skeleton) sitting on a mossie ston and in the dexter point a Castle, And forasmuch as that Cittie was since most trayterouslie sacked and destroyed by S' Cahire (or S' Charles) ODogharty, and hath since bene (as it were) raysed from the dead by the worthy undertakinge of the Ho*"'" Cittie of London, in memorie where of it is from hence- forth called and known by the name of London Derrie. I have at the request of John Rowley now first Mayor of that Cittie and Commaltie of the same set forth the same Armes w"' an addition of a Chief the Armes of London as heere appeareth and for confirmation thereof have heereunto set my hand and seale the first of June 1623. (Signed in pencil) DAN MOLYNEUX."
The only authority remaining in Ulster's Office is a very rough sketch "in trick " with the note as set forth here above, bound up with other papers in a book of " Draft Grants," and for want of any other I take this as my authority, though I am aware that it differs considerably from the arms as quoted by Burke in his " General Armory " and from the form in use. Why an Irish harp is almost invariably charged upon the cross in the chief, I am at a loss to understand. — Ed.
The arms as they appear upon the Town Clerk's note-paper are in form very similar to the illustration herein, but are surrounded by a trophy of military flags and weapons, and are surmounted by a crest, namely, "an Irish harp surmounted by a royal crown," and further the field is shown to be azure. The whole design, so the Town-Clerk writes, is "exactly the same as worked by the French prisoners on the tapestry in the Bank of Ireland, the Old House of Lords, about the year 17 10," though he further adds that "the upper part is argent and gules, and the lower half proper." Debrett's " House of Commons " makes the arms " per fess," the field " azure," charges the cross with an " Irish harp," and puts the sword in the arms of the City of London in the " second " quarter.
LORD-LIEUTENANT OF IRELAND.
The flag of the Viceroy of Ireland is the Union flag charged on the centre with a harp or upon a blue inescutcheon.
MERCHANTS' GUILD, Dublin (sometimes called the Trinity Guild).
Azure, two bars wavy or, in chief a lion passant guardant between a harp or and a castle argent. Crest— On a wreath of the colours, a ship under sail proper. Motto — " Deo aspirante." Supported on cither side with a flying horse or, morally gorged azure.
[Granted by Richard Carney, Ulster, April 7, 1684.]
Charter 30 June, 29 Henry VI. Incorporated by the name of Master and Wardens, Brethren and Sisters of the fraternity or Guild of the Arts and Mystery of Merchants of the City of Dublin.]
NAVAN (Co. Meath).
Azure, out of clouds in base a naked arm couped at the elbow erect in pale, holding in the hand a human heart all proper ; between on the dexter an Irish harp or, and on the sinister a rose argent slipped and leaved vert, both in fesse, in chief the royal crown gold.
[Registered in Ulster's Office.]
OFFICE OF JESTS, REVELS, AND MASQUES, of our Lord the King in Ireland.
Azure, a harp or, stringed argent, on a chief of the last three garlands of leaves vert, tied gules.
[Granted by Thomas Preston, Ulster King of Arms, July 2, 1638.]
PHYSICIANS, College of / King and Queen's College of / now The Royal College of Physicians in Ireland
Per fesse argent and azure in the middle of the chief a celestial hand issuing out of a cloud feeling the pulse of a terrestrial hand all proper, and in base the royal harp of Ireland, as a distinction from the arms of the like College in England. Motto — " Ratione et experientia."
Per fesse ermine and azure, a dexter celestial hand issuing out of clouds in chief proper, and in base the harp of Ireland ensigned with the royal crown, all also proper. Motto — " Ratione et experientia."
arms granted by St George, Ulster, 25th August 1667
arms regranted by Burke, Ulster, 1863
College constituted by Charles II.
College reconstituted 29th September 1692
PHYSICIANS, (Ireland). (, and . By a new Charter this is .)
QUEENSTOWN, Town Commissioners of (Co. Cork).
Argent, a ship of war in full sail, from the masthead the royal standard of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, all proper ; in the centre chief point a harp ensigned with the imperial crown also proper, between in fesse two trefoils slipped vert. Motto — "Nomine reginJE statio fidissima classi."
Granted 1870 by Sir J. Bernard Burke, Ulster King of Arms.
The foregoing is his blazon, but the editor suggests as a better (for the latter part), " In chief a harp ensigned with the imperial crown also proper, between two trefoils slipped vert."
TRINITY COLLEGE (Dublin).
Azure, a Bible closed, clasps to the dexter or, bcUvecn in chief on the dexter a lion passant guardant, on the sinister a harp both of the last, and in base a castle with two towers domed, each surmounted by a flag flotant to the sides of the shield argent.
[Recorded in Ulster's Office, Dublin.] (Founded by Queen Elizabeth.)
ULSTER KING OF ARMS (Principal Herald of all Ireland).
Or, a cross gules, on a chief of the last a lion passant guardant between on the dexter a harp and on the sinister a portcullis, all of the first. [These arms are borne alone, or impaled on the dexter side of the personal arms of Ulster. The escutcheon is surmounted by his official crown and placed upon two representations of his official staff in saltire.]
UNIVERSITY OF BELFAST, THE QUEEN'S.
Per saltire azure and argent, on a saltire gules, between in chief an open book, and in base a harp both proper, in dexter a hand couped of the third, and in the sinister, a seahorse gorged with a mural crown of the fourth, an Imperial crown of the last.
[Granted by Capt. N. R. Wilkinson, Ulster King of Arms, March 24, 1910.]
UNIVERSITY OF DUBLIN.
Quarterly azure and ermine, in the first quarter a book open proper clasped or, and in the fourth quarter a castle of two towers flammant proper; over all in the centre point the harp of Ireland ensigned with the royal crown.
[Granted by Sir John Bernard Burke, Ulster King of Arms, 28th March 1862.]
UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND, ROYAL.
Per saltire ermine and ermines an open book proper, clasped and surmounted by the royal crown or, between four escutcheons, two in pale and two in fesse, the escutcheons in pale representing respectively the arms of the Provinces of Leinster and Munster, viz., Leinster vert an Irish harp or, stringed argent ; and Munster azure three antique crowns or, the escutcheons in fesse representing respectively the arms of the Provinces of Ulster and Connaught, viz., Ulster or, a cross gules, on an escutcheon argent, a dexter hand couped also gules, and Connaught per pale argent and azure on the dexter a dimidiated eagle displayed sable, and on the sinister conjoined therewith at the shoulder a sinister arm embowed proper, sleeved of the first, holding a sword erect also proper.
[Granted by Sir John Bernard Burke, Ulster King of Arms, nth October 1881.]
UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND, THE NATIONAL.
Vert, a harp or, with seven strings argent, in chief a five-pointed star of the second, charged with a trefoil of the field. Mottoes— Veritati " and " Fir Fer."
[Granted by Capt. Wilkinson, Ulster King of Arms, 1912.]
UNIVERSITY, QUEEN'S (Ireland).
Argent, a saltire gules, charged with a royal crown of England, between an open ancient book in chief and the Irish harp in base, all proper.
[Granted by Sir W. Betham, Ulster King of Arms, 15th September 1851.]
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN.
Vert, a harp or, stringed argent, on a chief of the second on a pale azure between two trefoils slipped vert, three castles flammant proper. j1/cii'/(7c.f— "Comtrom Feinne" ; " Ad astra."
[Granted by Wilkinson, Ulster, September 14, 1911-]
WATERFORD, City of (Co. Waterford).
Has no armorial bearings recorded in Ulster's Office, but Burke gives in his " General Armory " : " Per fesse gu. and ar., in chief three lions pass, guard, in pale or, in base on the sea ppr. three barks of the third. Crest — A lion sejant supporting an Irish harp or. Supporters — (Dexter) a lion or ; (sinister) a dolphin ar. Motto — ' Urbs intacta manet.'"
These arms are on the charter (.^), and are noted by the Smith, Rouge Dragon, 1613.
In Debrett's " House of Commons " the illustration of the arms of Waterford differs slightly. The shield is shown party per fesse, but the tinctures of both chief and base are vert, which is obviously wrong, and only one ship is sliowrTm base, and that with two masts.
Donnelly, Sean (2004). "The Famousest Man in the World for the Irish Harp". Dublin Historical Record. 57 (1): 38–49. ISSN0012-6861. JSTOR30101445. (harpers in England and Ireland in 17th and 18th centuries)
O'Donnell, Mary Louise (2014). Ireland's Harp: The Shaping of Irish Identity, c.1770–1880. University College Dublin Press. ISBN9781906359867.
Cumberland, Barlow (1897). "XIII: The Irish Jack". The story of the Union Jack; how it grew and what it is, particularly in its connection with the history of Canada. Toronto: W. Briggs. pp. 143–155. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
Says harp was symbol of goddess Hibernia (perhaps Ériu?) adopted by Constantius Chlorus when he subdued Ireland in AD 301; and passed to Armagh as Christian seat of Saint Patrick. (Also suggests Andrew and Patrick saltires are Chi Rho of Constantius).
Boydell, Barra (1996). "The Irish Harp on Glass". Irish Arts Review Yearbook. 12: 110–114. ISSN0791-3540. JSTOR20492889.
Boydell, Barra (1996). "The Iconography of the Irish Harp as a National Symbol". In Devine, Patrick F.; White, Harry (eds.). The Maynooth International Musicological Conference, 1995: Selected Proceedings, Part 2. Irish Musical Studies. Vol. 5. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 131–145. ISBN9781851822614.
Boydell, Barra (1998). "The United Irishmen, Music, Harps, and National Identity". Eighteenth-Century Ireland / Iris an dá chultúr. 13: 44–51. ISSN0790-7915. JSTOR30064324.
Thuente, Mary Helen (1998). "Liberty, Hibernia and Mary Le More: United Irish Images of Women". In Keogh, Dáire; Furlong, Nicholas (eds.). The Women of 1798. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 9–25. ISBN9781851823598.
Thuente, Mary Helen (2006). "The Origin and Significance of the Angel Harp". In Lynch, Patricia A.; Fischer, Joachim; Coates, Brian (eds.). Back to the Present, Forward to the Past: Irish Writing and History Since 1798. Vol. I. Rodopi. pp. 181–208. ISBN9789042020375. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
^Sainthill, R. (April 1841). Yonge Akerman, John (ed.). "XXIII: The Irish Coins of Edward IV". The Numismatic Chronicle. IV. London: Taylor & Walton: 205–207: 207. JSTOR42686044. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
^Kennedy, Michael (December 2019). "Nicholas Nolan". Dictionary of Irish Biography. Cambridge University Press.
