Vascular endothelial growth inhibitor

Vascular endothelial growth inhibitor (VEGI), also known as TNF-like ligand 1A (TL1A) and TNF superfamily member 15 (TNFSF15), is protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFSF15 gene. VEGI is an anti-angiogenic protein. It belongs to tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, where it is member 15. It is the sole known ligand for death receptor 3, and it can also be recognized by decoy receptor 3.

TNFSF15
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 2O0O, 2QE3, 2RE9, 2RJK, 2RJL, 3K51, 3MI8
Identifiers
Aliases	TNFSF15, TL1, TL1A, VEGI, VEGI192A, Vascular endothelial growth inhibitor, TNLG1B, tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 15, TNF superfamily member 15
External IDs	OMIM: 604052; MGI: 2180140; HomoloGene: 3755; GeneCards: TNFSF15; OMA:TNFSF15 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 9 (human) Band 9q32 Start 114,784,652 bp End 114,806,039 bp
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 4 (mouse) Band 4|4 C1 Start 63,642,840 bp End 63,663,350 bp
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in cartilage tissue jejunal mucosa duodenum germinal epithelium visceral pleura palpebral conjunctiva pancreatic ductal cell parotid gland urethra mucosa of ileum Top expressed in embryo right kidney lung human kidney duodenum ileum renal cortex jejunum colon zone of skin More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function tumor necrosis factor receptor binding cytokine activity signaling receptor binding protein binding Cellular component integral component of membrane extracellular region plasma membrane integral component of plasma membrane membrane intracellular anatomical structure extracellular space Biological process tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process activation of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase activity immune response apoptotic process signal transduction regulation of signaling receptor activity Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 9966 326623 Ensembl ENSG00000181634 ENSMUSG00000050395 UniProt O95150 Q5UBV8 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_005118 NM_001204344 NM_177371 RefSeq (protein) NP_001191273 NP_005109 NP_796345 Location (UCSC) Chr 9: 114.78 – 114.81 Mb Chr 4: 63.64 – 63.66 Mb PubMed search
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Function

The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. This protein is abundantly expressed in endothelial cells, but is not expressed in either B or T cells. The expression of this protein is inducible by TNF-alpha and IL-1 alpha. This cytokine is a ligand for receptor TNFRSF25 (death receptor 3) and TNFRSF6B (decoy receptor 3). It can activate both the NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways, and acts as an autocrine factor to induce apoptosis in endothelial cells. This cytokine is also found to inhibit endothelial cell proliferation, and thus may function as an angiogenesis inhibitor. An additional isoform encoded by an alternatively spliced transcript variant has been reported but the sequence of this transcript has not been determined.

Clinical relevance

Several TNFSF15 SNPs have been found to be strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease.

Further reading

• Tan KB, Harrop J, Reddy M, Young P, Terrett J, Emery J, Moore G, Truneh A (Dec 1997). "Characterization of a novel TNF-like ligand and recently described TNF ligand and TNF receptor superfamily genes and their constitutive and inducible expression in hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells". Gene. 204 (1–2): 35–46. doi:10.1016/s0378-1119(97)00509-x. PMID 9434163.
• Zhai Y, Ni J, Jiang GW, Lu J, Xing L, Lincoln C, Carter KC, Janat F, Kozak D, Xu S, Rojas L, Aggarwal BB, Ruben S, Li LY, Gentz R, Yu GL (Jan 1999). "VEGI, a novel cytokine of the tumor necrosis factor family, is an angiogenesis inhibitor that suppresses the growth of colon carcinomas in vivo". FASEB Journal. 13 (1): 181–9. doi:10.1096/fasebj.13.1.181. PMID 9872942. S2CID 26066673.
• Yue TL, Ni J, Romanic AM, Gu JL, Keller P, Wang C, Kumar S, Yu GL, Hart TK, Wang X, Xia Z, DeWolf WE, Feuerstein GZ (Jan 1999). "TL1, a novel tumor necrosis factor-like cytokine, induces apoptosis in endothelial cells. Involvement of activation of stress protein kinases (stress-activated protein kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase) and caspase-3-like protease". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (3): 1479–86. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.3.1479. PMID 9880523.
• Haridas V, Shrivastava A, Su J, Yu GL, Ni J, Liu D, Chen SF, Ni Y, Ruben SM, Gentz R, Aggarwal BB (Nov 1999). "VEGI, a new member of the TNF family activates nuclear factor-kappa B and c-Jun N-terminal kinase and modulates cell growth". Oncogene. 18 (47): 6496–504. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203059. PMID 10597252. S2CID 7013492.
• Yu J, Tian S, Metheny-Barlow L, Chew LJ, Hayes AJ, Pan H, Yu GL, Li LY (Dec 2001). "Modulation of endothelial cell growth arrest and apoptosis by vascular endothelial growth inhibitor". Circulation Research. 89 (12): 1161–7. doi:10.1161/hh2401.101909. PMID 11739281.
• Migone TS, Zhang J, Luo X, Zhuang L, Chen C, Hu B, Hong JS, Perry JW, Chen SF, Zhou JX, Cho YH, Ullrich S, Kanakaraj P, Carrell J, Boyd E, Olsen HS, Hu G, Pukac L, Liu D, Ni J, Kim S, Gentz R, Feng P, Moore PA, Ruben SM, Wei P (Mar 2002). "TL1A is a TNF-like ligand for DR3 and TR6/DcR3 and functions as a T cell costimulator". Immunity. 16 (3): 479–92. doi:10.1016/S1074-7613(02)00283-2. PMID 11911831.
• Chew LJ, Pan H, Yu J, Tian S, Huang WQ, Zhang JY, Pang S, Li LY (May 2002). "A novel secreted splice variant of vascular endothelial cell growth inhibitor". FASEB Journal. 16 (7): 742–4. doi:10.1096/fj.01-0757fje. PMID 11923219. S2CID 34749634.
• Wen L, Zhuang L, Luo X, Wei P (Oct 2003). "TL1A-induced NF-kappaB activation and c-IAP2 production prevent DR3-mediated apoptosis in TF-1 cells". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (40): 39251–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M305833200. PMID 12882979.
• Bamias G, Martin C, Marini M, Hoang S, Mishina M, Ross WG, Sachedina MA, Friel CM, Mize J, Bickston SJ, Pizarro TT, Wei P, Cominelli F (Nov 2003). "Expression, localization, and functional activity of TL1A, a novel Th1-polarizing cytokine in inflammatory bowel disease". Journal of Immunology. 171 (9): 4868–74. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.171.9.4868. PMID 14568967.
• Prehn JL, Mehdizadeh S, Landers CJ, Luo X, Cha SC, Wei P, Targan SR (Jul 2004). "Potential role for TL1A, the new TNF-family member and potent costimulator of IFN-gamma, in mucosal inflammation". Clinical Immunology. 112 (1): 66–77. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2004.02.007. PMID 15207783.
• Kang YJ, Kim WJ, Bae HU, Kim DI, Park YB, Park JE, Kwon BS, Lee WH (Mar 2005). "Involvement of TL1A and DR3 in induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in atherogenesis". Cytokine. 29 (5): 229–35. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2004.12.001. PMID 15760679.
• Hou W, Medynski D, Wu S, Lin X, Li LY (Aug 2005). "VEGI-192, a new isoform of TNFSF15, specifically eliminates tumor vascular endothelial cells and suppresses tumor growth". Clinical Cancer Research. 11 (15): 5595–602. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-0384. PMID 16061878.
• Yamazaki K, McGovern D, Ragoussis J, Paolucci M, Butler H, Jewell D, Cardon L, Takazoe M, Tanaka T, Ichimori T, Saito S, Sekine A, Iida A, Takahashi A, Tsunoda T, Lathrop M, Nakamura Y (Nov 2005). "Single nucleotide polymorphisms in TNFSF15 confer susceptibility to Crohn's disease". Human Molecular Genetics. 14 (22): 3499–506. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddi379. PMID 16221758.
• Yao JJ, Zhang M, Miao XH, Zhao P, Zhu SY, Ding H, Qi ZT (Apr 2006). "Isoform of vascular endothelial cell growth inhibitor (VEGI72-251) increases interleukin-2 production by activation of T lymphocytes". Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica. 38 (4): 249–53. doi:10.1111/j.1745-7270.2006.00155.x. PMID 16604264.
• Prehn JL, Thomas LS, Landers CJ, Yu QT, Michelsen KS, Targan SR (Apr 2007). "The T cell costimulator TL1A is induced by FcgammaR signaling in human monocytes and dendritic cells". Journal of Immunology. 178 (7): 4033–8. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.178.7.4033. PMID 17371957.
• Cassatella MA, Pereira-da-Silva G, da Silva GP, Tinazzi I, Facchetti F, Scapini P, Calzetti F, Tamassia N, Wei P, Nardelli B, Roschke V, Vecchi A, Mantovani A, Bambara LM, Edwards SW, Carletto A (Jun 2007). "Soluble TNF-like cytokine (TL1A) production by immune complexes stimulated monocytes in rheumatoid arthritis". Journal of Immunology. 178 (11): 7325–33. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.178.11.7325. PMID 17513783.
• Jin T, Guo F, Kim S, Howard A, Zhang YZ (Dec 2007). "X-ray crystal structure of TNF ligand family member TL1A at 2.1A". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 364 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.09.097. PMID 17935696.