The Viceroy of Liangjiang, fully named in Chinese as the Governor-General of the Two River Provinces and Other Local Admirals, in Charge of Military Affairs, Food and Wages, Management of Rivers, and Administration on Nanhe Affairs, was one of eight regional Viceroys during the Qing dynasty. The Viceroy of Liangjiang had jurisdiction of military, civil, and political affairs over then Jiangnan Province (approx. nowadays Jiangsu, Anhui and Shanghai) and then Jiangxi Province (approx. nowadays Jiangxi). The position was set up in 1647 and abolished in 1912.
| Viceroy of Liangjiang | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 兩江總督 | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 两江总督 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Governor-General of the Two River Provinces and Other Local Admirals, in Charge of Military Affairs, Food and Wages, Management of Rivers, and Administration on Nanhe Affairs (full title) | |||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 總督兩江等處地方提督軍務、糧饟、操江、統轄南河事務 | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 总督两江等处地方提督军务、粮饷、操江、统辖南河事务 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Manchu name | |||||||
| Manchu script | ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠩᠨᠠᠨ ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠩᠰᡳ ᡠᡥᡝᡵᡳ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ | ||||||
| Romanization | giyangnan giyangsi uheri kadalara amban | ||||||
History
edit
The office of Viceroy of Liangjiang originated in 1647 during the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor. It was called "Viceroy of the Three Provinces of Jiangdong, Jiangxi and Henan" (江東江西河南三省總督) and headquartered in Jiangning (江寧; present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu). In 1652, the office was renamed "Viceroy of Jiangxi" (江西總督) and its headquarters shifted to Nanchang for a short while before the old system was restored.
During the reign of the Kangxi Emperor, in 1661 and 1674, two separate Viceroy offices were created for Jiangdong and Jiangxi, but they were merged under the Viceroy of Liangjiang later in 1665 and 1682 respectively. The office's name had remained as "Viceroy of Liangjiang" since then.
In 1723, the Yongzheng Emperor ordered that the Viceroy of Liangjiang would concurrently hold the appointments of Secretary of War (兵部尚書) and Right Censor-in-Chief (右都御史) of the Detection Branch (都察院) in the Censorate.
In 1831, the Daoguang Emperor put the Viceroy of Liangjiang in charge of the salt trade in the Huai River area.
During the reign of the Xianfeng Emperor, the Taiping rebels captured Jiangning (江寧; present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu) and designated it as their capital. The headquarters of the Viceroy of Liangjiang constantly shifted across different locations, including Yangzhou, Changzhou, Shanghai, Suzhou and Anqing.
In 1866, during the reign of the Tongzhi Emperor, the Viceroy of Liangjiang was also put in charge of trade and commerce in the five treaty ports. He also concurrently held the appointment of "Southern Ocean Trade Minister" (南洋通商大臣); while "Northern Ocean Trade Minister" (北洋通商大臣) was held by the Viceroy of Zhili.
After the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912, the former headquarters of the Viceroy of Liangjiang in Nanjing was converted into a Presidential Palace for the President of the Republic of China until 1949.
List of Viceroys of Liangjiang
edit| # | Name | Portrait | Start of term | End of term | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Viceroy of Jiangnan, Jiangxi and Henan (1647–1649) | ||||||
| 1 | Ma Guozhu 馬國柱 |
19 August 1647 | 30 September 1649 | |||
| Viceroy of Liangjiang (1649–1661) | ||||||
| 2 | Ma Guozhu 馬國柱 |
30 September 1649 | 30 October 1654 | Left office due to illness | ||
| 3 | Ma Mingpei 馬鳴佩 |
November 1654 | 23 June 1656 | Left office due to illness | ||
| 4 | Lang Tingzuo 郎廷佐 |
3 July 1656 | 2 November 1661 | |||
| Viceroy of Jiangnan (1661–1665) | ||||||
| 5 | Lang Tingzuo 郎廷佐 |
2 November 1661 | 4 July 1665 | |||
| Viceroy of Jiangxi (1661–1665) | ||||||
| 5 | Zhang Chaolin 張朝璘 |
2 November 1661 | 4 July 1665 | |||
| Viceroy of Liangjiang (1665–1911) | ||||||
| 6 | Lang Tingzuo 郎廷佐 |
4 July 1665 | 17 December 1668 | Left office due to illness | ||
| 7 | Maleji 麻勒吉 |
10 January 1669 | 5 July 1673 | Demoted by two grades and reassigned elsewhere | ||
| 8 | Asihi 阿席熙 |
29 July 1673 | January 1682 | Demoted | ||
| 9 | Yu Chenglong 于成龍 |
 |
1 February 1682 | 24 June 1684 | Died in office | |
| 10 | Wang Xinming 王新命 |
1 July 1684 | 18 April 1687 | Reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Min-Zhe | ||
| 11 | Dong Ne 董訥 |
22 April 1687 | 24 April 1688 | Demoted by five grades and reassigned elsewhere | ||
| 12 | Fulata 傅拉塔 |
5 May 1688 | 22 July 1694 | Died in office | ||
| 13 | Fan Chengxun 范承勳 |
10 August 1694 | 15 November 1698 | Left office for filial mourning | ||
| 14 | Zhang Penghe 張鵬翮 |
23 December 1698 | 28 April 1700 | Reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Caoyun | ||
| Taodai 陶岱 |
30 May 1699 | Stand-in as the Right Vice Secretary of Personnel | ||||
| Taodai 陶岱 |
28 April 1700 | 27 June 1700 | Stand-in as the Secretary of Justice | |||
| 15 | Ašan 阿山 |
1 July 1700 | 24 December 1706 | |||
| 16 | Shaomubu 邵穆布 |
31 December 1706 | August 1709 | |||
| 17 | Gali 噶禮 |
27 August 1709 | 10 March 1712 | Relieved of his appointment | ||
| Lang Tingji 郎廷極 |
10 March 1712 | 14 November 1712 | Stand-in as the Provincial Governor of Jiangxi | |||
| 18 | Heshou 赫壽 |
14 November 1712 | 22 May 1717 | Promoted to Secretary of the Board for the Administration of Outlying Regions | ||
| 19 | Changnai 長鼐 |
30 May 1717 | November 1722 | Died in office | ||
| 20 | Cabina 查弼納 |
27 November 1722 | 18 May 1726 | Recalled to the imperial capital | ||
| Fan Shiyi 范時繹 |
18 May 1726 | 12 May 1730 | Stand-in as the zongbing of Malan Town | |||
| Shi Yizhi 史貽直 |
12 May 1730 | Stand-in as the Left Vice Secretary of Personnel | ||||
| 21 | Gao Qizhuo 高其倬 |
 |
20 June 1730 | 8 August 1731 | Stand-in as the Viceroy of Yun-Guang | |
| Yengišan |
 |
8 August 1731 | 24 October 1732 | Stand-in as the Provincial Governor of Jiangsu | ||
| Wei Tingzhen 魏廷珍 |
24 October 1732 | 23 February 1733 | Stand-in as the Viceroy of Caoyun | |||
| 22 | Gao Qizhuo 高其倬 |
|
23 February 1733 | 8 October 1733 | Recalled back to the imperial capital | |
| Zhao Hong'en 趙宏恩 |
8 October 1733 | 18 June 1734 | Stand-in as the Provincial Governor of Hunan | |||
| 23 | Zhao Hong'en 趙宏恩 |
18 June 1734 | 10 February 1737 | Recalled to the imperial capital | ||
| 24 | Qingfu 慶復 |
10 February 1737 | 4 November 1737 | Reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Yun-Gui | ||
| 25 | Nasutu 那蘇圖 |
4 November 1737 | 5 December 1739 | Left office for filial mourning | ||
| 26 | Hao Yulin 郝玉麟 |
5 December 1739 | 18 June 1740 | Relieved of his appointment | ||
| Yang Chaozeng 楊超曾 |
18 June 1740 | 26 September 1741 | Stand-in as Secretary of War | |||
| 27 | Nasutu 那蘇圖 |
26 September 1741 | 9 May 1742 | Reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Min-Zhe | ||
| 28 | Depei 德沛 |
9 May 1742 | 11 March 1743 | Recalled to the imperial capital | ||
| 29 | Yengišan 尹繼善 |
|
11 March 1743 | 28 October 1748 | ||
| 30 | Ts'ereng 策楞 |
28 October 1748 | 11 January 1749 | Reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Chuan-Shaan | ||
| Yarhašan 雅爾哈善 |
11 January 1749 | 25 January 1749 | Stand-in | |||
| 31 | Huang Tinggui 黃廷桂 |
25 January 1749 | 25 July 1751 | Reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Shaan-Gan | ||
| 32 | Yengišan 尹繼善 |
|
25 July 1751 | 16 October 1753 | ||
| Zhuang Yougong 莊有恭 |
 |
11 November 1752 | Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu | |||
| Erong'an 鄂容安 |
24 February 1753 | 16 October 1753 | Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangxi | |||
| 33 | Erong'an 鄂容安 |
16 October 1753 | 1755 | Killed in battle | ||
| Yengišan 尹繼善 |
|
26 September 1754 | 29 November 1756 | Stand-in as Viceroy of Southern Rivers | ||
| 34 | Yengišan 尹繼善 |
|
29 November 1756 | 9 May 1765 | Reassigned to the Imperial Cabinet | |
| 35 | Gao Jin 高晉 |
9 May 1765 | 25 February 1779 | Died in office | ||
| 36 | Sazai 薩載 |
25 February 1779 | 21 September 1780 | Left office for filial mourning | ||
| 37 | Chen Huizu 陳輝祖 |
21 September 1780 | January 1781 | |||
| Sazai 薩載 |
January 1781 | 17 February 1783 | Acting Viceroy of Liangjiang | |||
| 38 | Sazai 薩載 |
17 February 1783 | 10 April 1786 | Died in office | ||
| 39 | Li Shijie 李世傑 |
10 April 1786 | 30 December 1787 | Reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Sichuan | ||
| Min Eyuan 閔鶚元 |
11 April 1786 | Stand-in as the Provincial Governor of Jiangsu | ||||
| 40 | Shulin 書麟 |
11 April 1786 | 11 July 1790 | Dismissed from office | ||
| Fusong 福崧 |
11 July 1790 | Stand-in as the Provincial Governor of Jiangsu | ||||
| 41 | Sun Shiyi 孫士毅 |
 |
14 July 1790 | 25 May 1791 | Promoted to Secretary of Personnel | |
| Changlin 長麟 |
25 May 1791 | Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu | ||||
| 42 | Shulin 書麟 |
25 May 1791 | 14 August 1794 | Dismissed from office | ||
| 43 | Fugang 富綱 |
14 August 1794 | 23 January 1795 | Demoted | ||
| Suringga 蘇凌阿 |
14 August 1794 | Stand-in as Secretary of Justice | ||||
| 44 | Funing 福寧 |
23 January 1795 | 2 August 1796 | Reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Sichuan | ||
| Suringga 蘇凌阿 |
2 August 1796 | 6 November 1797 | Stand-in as Secretary of Justice | |||
| 45 | Li Fenghan 李奉翰 |
6 November 1797 | 18 March 1799 | Died in office | ||
| 46 | Fei Chun 費淳 |
18 March 1799 | 12 August 1803 | Reassigned to serve as Secretary of War | ||
| 47 | Chen Dawen 陳大文 |
12 August 1803 | 25 February 1805 | Reassigned to serve as Left Censor-in-Chief | ||
| 48 | Tiebao 鐵保 |
 |
25 February 1805 | 24 August 1809 | Dismissed from office | |
| 49 | Alinbao 阿林保 |
24 August 1809 | 11 January 1810 | Died in office | ||
| 50 | Songyun 松筠 |
11 January 1810 | 26 February 1811 | Reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Liangguang | ||
| 51 | Lebao 勒保 |
26 February 1811 | 27 July 1811 | Recalled back to the imperial capital | ||
| 52 | Bailing 百齡 |
27 July 1811 | 25 December 1816 | |||
| Songyun 松筠 |
1 December 1816 | Stand-in as Grand Secretary | ||||
| 53 | Sun Yuting 孫玉庭 |
 |
25 December 1816 | 9 September 1824 | Promoted to Grand Secretary of Tiren Cabinet (體仁閣大學士) | |
| 54 | Wei Yuanyu 魏元煜 |
28 January 1825 | 7 July 1825 | Reassigned to serve as Viceroy of Caoyun | ||
| 55 | Qishan 琦善 |
7 July 1825 | 5 June 1827 | Dismissed from office | ||
| Jiang Youxian 蔣攸銛 |
19 April 1827 | 5 June 1827 | Stand-in as Grand Secretary of Tiren Cabinet (體仁閣大學士) | |||
| 56 | Jiang Youxian 蔣攸銛 |
5 June 1827 | 11 October 1830 | Recalled to the imperial capital | ||
| Tao Zhu 陶澍 |
 |
24 July 1830 | 11 October 1830 | Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu | ||
| 57 | Tao Zhu 陶澍 |
|
11 October 1830 | 22 April 1839 | Left office due to illness | |
| 58 | Lin Zexu 林則徐 |
 |
22 April 1839 | Reassigned to serve as Viceroy of Liangguang before he assumed office | ||
| Chen Luan 陳鑾 |
22 April 1839 | 5 January 1840 | Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu | |||
| 59 | Deng Tingzhen 鄧廷楨 |
 |
5 January 1840 | Reassigned to serve as Viceroy of Yun-Gui before he assumed office | ||
| 60 | Ilibu 伊里布 |
21 January 1840 | 3 May 1841 | Recalled to the imperial capital | ||
| Linqing 麟慶 |
21 January 1840 | Stand-in as Viceroy of Caoyun | ||||
| Yuqian 裕謙 |
6 August 1840 | 10 February 1841 | Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu | |||
| 61 | Yuqian 裕謙 |
3 May 1841 | 22 October 1841 | Died in office | ||
| Niu Jian 牛鑑 |
19 October 1841 | 17 October 1842 | Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Henan | |||
| 62 | Qiying 耆英 |
 |
17 October 1842 | 19 March 1844 | ||
| Bichang 璧昌 |
6 April 1843 | 1 December 1843 | Stand-in as General of Fuzhou | |||
| Sun Shanbao 孫善寶 |
6 April 1843 | 1 December 1843 | Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu | |||
| Bichang 璧昌 |
19 March 1844 | 21 January 1845 | Stand-in as General of Fuzhou | |||
| Sun Shanbao 孫善寶 |
19 March 1844 | 21 January 1845 | Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu | |||
| 63 | Bichang 璧昌 |
21 January 1845 | 30 April 1847 | Promoted to Interior Minister | ||
| Lu Jianying 陸建瀛 |
8 March 1847 | 30 April 1847 | Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu | |||
| 64 | Li Xingyuan 李星沅 |
 |
30 April 1847 | 26 April 1849 | Left office due to illness | |
| 65 | Lu Jianying 陸建瀛 |
26 April 1849 | 6 March 1853 | Dismissed from office | ||
| Xianghou 祥厚 |
6 March 1853 | 31 March 1853 | Stand-in as General of Jiangning | |||
| Yang Wending 楊文定 |
31 March 1853 | 27 May 1853 | Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu | |||
| 66 | Yiliang 怡良 |
27 March 1853 | 5 May 1857 | |||
| Zhao Dezhe 趙德轍 |
5 May 1857 | Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu | ||||
| He Guiqing 何桂清 |
5 May 1857 | 26 July 1857 | Stand-in as former Provincial Governor of Zhejiang | |||
| 67 | He Guiqing 何桂清 |
26 July 1857 | 8 June 1860 | Dismissed from office | ||
| Zeng Guofan 曾國藩 |
 |
8 June 1860 | 10 August 1860 | Stand-in as former Vice Secretary of War | ||
| Xu Youren 徐有壬 |
 |
8 June 1860 | 18 June 1860 | Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu; killed in battle | ||
| Xue Huan 薛煥 |
18 June 1860 | Stand-in as Lieutenant-Governor of Jiangsu | ||||
| 68 | Zeng Guofan 曾國藩 |
|
10 August 1860 | 6 September 1868 | Reassigned to serve as Viceroy of Zhili | |
| Li Hongzhang 李鴻章 |
 |
23 May 1865 | 7 December 1866 | Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu | ||
| 69 | Ma Xinyi 馬新貽 |
6 September 1868 | 29 August 1870 | Assassinated in office | ||
| Kuiyu 魁玉 |
29 August 1870 | Stand-in as General of Jiangning | ||||
| 70 | Zeng Guofan 曾國藩 |
|
29 August 1870 | 20 March 1872 | Died in office | |
| He Jing 何璟 |
20 March 1872 | 25 November 1872 | Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu | |||
| Zhang Shusheng 張樹聲 |
25 November 1872 | 3 February 1873 | Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu | |||
| 71 | Li Zongxi 李宗羲 |
3 February 1873 | 12 January 1875 | Left office due to illness | ||
| Liu Kunyi 劉坤一 |
 |
12 January 1875 | 1 September 1875 | Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangxi | ||
| 72 | Shen Baozhen 沈葆楨 |
 |
30 May 1875 | 26 December 1879 | Died in office | |
| Wu Yuanbing 吳元炳 |
28 March 1878 | Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu | ||||
| Wu Yuanbing 吳元炳 |
26 December 1879 | July 1880 | Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu | |||
| 73 | Liu Kunyi 劉坤一 |
|
27 December 1879 | 22 August 1881 | Recalled to the imperial capital | |
| 74 | Peng Yulin 彭玉麟 |
 |
22 August 1881 | 28 October 1881 | Dismissed from office | |
| 75 | Zuo Zongtang 左宗棠 |
 |
28 October 1881 | 8 February 1884 | Left office due to illness | |
| Yulu 裕祿 |
 |
8 February 1884 | Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Anhui; never assumed office | |||
| Zeng Guoquan 曾國荃 |
 |
16 February 1884 | 6 September 1887 | Stand-in as Secretary of Rites | ||
| Yulu 裕祿 |
|
6 September 1887 | October 1887 | Stand-in as Viceroy of Huguang | ||
| Zeng Guoquan 曾國荃 |
|
October 1887 | 22 November 1890 | Acting Viceroy of Liangjiang | ||
| Shen Bingcheng 沈秉成 |
 |
22 November 1890 | Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Anhui | |||
| 76 | Liu Kunyi 劉坤一 |
|
22 November 1890 | 7 October 1902 | Died in office | |
| Zhang Zhidong 張之洞 |
 |
2 November 1894 | 2 January 1896 | Stand-in as Viceroy of Huguang | ||
| Lu Chuanlin 鹿傳霖 |
 |
24 December 1899 | 3 May 1900 | Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu | ||
| Li Youfen 李有棻 |
7 October 1902 | Stand-in as Lieutenant-Governor of Jiangning | ||||
| Zhang Zhidong 張之洞 |
|
7 October 1902 | 20 March 1903 | Stand-in as Viceroy of Huguang | ||
| 77 | Wei Guangtao 魏光燾 |
 |
5 December 1902 | 1 September 1904 | Reassigned to serve as Viceroy of Min-Zhe | |
| 78 | Li Xingrui 李興銳 |
1 September 1904 | 31 October 1904 | Died in office | ||
| 79 | Zhou Fu 周馥 |
 |
31 October 1904 | 2 September 1906 | Reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Min-Zhe | |
| Duanfang 端方 |
 |
31 October 1904 | 2 September 1906 | Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu | ||
| 80 | Duanfang 端方 |
|
2 September 1906 | 28 June 1909 | Reassigned to serve as Viceroy of Zhili | |
| Fan Zengxiang 樊增祥 |
 |
28 June 1909 | Stand-in as Lieutenant-Governor of Jiangning | |||
| 81 | Zhang Renjun 張人駿 |
 |
28 June 1909 | 23 January 1912 | Dismissed from office | |
| Zhang Xun 張勳 |
 |
23 January 1912 | Stand-in as Provincial Military Commander of Jiangnan | |||
References
edit- Zhao, Erxun (1928). Draft History of Qing (Qing Shi Gao) (in Chinese). Vol. 197–199.