Wikipedia

Virtual influencer

A virtual influencer, at times described as a virtual persona or virtual model, is a computer-generated fictional character that can be used for a variety of marketing-related purposes, but most frequently for social media marketing, in lieu of human "influencers". Most virtual influencers are designed using computer graphics and motion capture technology to resemble real people in realistic situations.[1][2][3][4][5][6] Common derivatives of virtual influencers include VTubers, which broadly refer to online entertainers and YouTubers who represent themselves using virtual avatars instead of their physical selves. A study by Gerlich (2023)[7] showed that the acceptance of virtual influencers is steadily increasing.

Kizuna AI
A representation of Kizuna AI, a Japanese virtual YouTube host, or VTuber for short

History

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Virtual influencers are fundamentally synonymous with virtual idols, which originate from Japan's anime and Japanese idol culture that dates back to the 1980s.[8] The first virtual idol created was Lynn Minmay, a fictional singer and main character of the anime television series Super Dimension Fortress Macross (1982) and the animated film adaptation Macross: Do You Remember Love? (1984). Minmay's success led to the production of more Japanese virtual idols, such as EVE from the Japanese cyberpunk anime Megazone 23 (1985), and Sharon Apple in Macross Plus (1994).[9][10] Virtual idols were not always well received – in 1995, Japanese talent agency Horipro created Kyoko Date, which was inspired by the Macross franchise and dating sim games such as Tokimeki Memorial (1994). Date failed to gain commercial success despite drawing headlines for her debut as a CGI idol, largely due to technical limitations leading to issues such as unnatural movements, an issue also known as the uncanny valley.[11][12]

Since their inception, many virtual idols created have achieved continual success, with notable names including the Vocaloid singer Hatsune Miku, and the virtual YouTuber Kizuna AI. Technological advancements have also enabled production teams to use artificial intelligence and advanced techniques to customize the personalities and behavior of virtual idols.[13]

Benefits

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From a branding perspective, virtual influencers are much less likely to be mired in scandals. In China, celebrities caught in bad publicity such as singer Wang Leehom and entertainer Kris Wu have heightened the appeal of virtual influencers, since their existence relies entirely on computer-generated imagery, and hence are unlikely to cause any damage to a brand's image by association.[14] Some studies have also suggested that Generation Z consumers have a unique appetite for virtual idols and influencers, since they grew up in the age of the internet.[15] Studies also show that human-like appearance of virtual influencers show higher message credibility than anime-like virtual influencers.[16]

Notable examples

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Virtual bands

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  • Eternity - A South Korean virtual idol group formed by Pulse9.
  • Gorillaz - A virtual band formed in 1998.
  • K/DA - A virtual K-pop girl group created as part of the League of Legends video game franchise.[17]
  • MAVE: - A South Korean virtual girl group formed in 2023 by Metaverse Entertainment.
  • Pentakill - A virtual heavy metal band created as part of the League of Legends video game franchise.
  • Plave (band) - A South Korean virtual boy band formed by VLast.
  • Squid Sisters and Off the Hook - Two virtual pop idol duos as part of the Splatoon series.
  • Studio Killers - A Finnish-Danish-British virtual band formed in 2011.

Vocaloids

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VTubers

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Other examples

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Hsu, Tiffany (17 June 2019). "These Influencers Aren't Flesh and Blood, Yet Millions Follow Them". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  2. ^ Tayenaka, Torrey (31 July 2020). "CGI-Created Virtual Influencers Are the New Trend in Social Media Marketing". Entrepreneur. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  3. ^ "Inside the mind of virtual influencer Rae: "If I want, almost everything I imagine can become a reality"". sg.news.yahoo.com. 30 December 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  4. ^ "The Rise of the Virtual Being". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  5. ^ "Fixing Social Media – MAS S.67 // Spring 2020". Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  6. ^ "I Am a Model and I Know That Artificial Intelligence Will Eventually Take My Job". Vogue. 21 July 2020.
  7. ^ Gerlich, Michael (2023). "The Power of Virtual Influencers: Impact on Consumer Behaviour and Attitudes in the Age of AI". Administrative Sciences. 13(8). doi:10.3390/admsci13080178.
  8. ^ "The Fictional (Yet Amazingly Popular) Singers of Japan". Kotaku. 7 September 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  9. ^ Clements, Jonathan; McCarthy, Helen (2015). The anime encyclopedia : a century of Japanese animation. Berkeley, California. ISBN 978-1-61172-909-2. OCLC 904144859.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ^ Rattray, Tim (June 25, 2018). "From Macross to Miku: A History of Virtual Idols". Crunchyroll.
  11. ^ St. Michel, Patrick (15 July 2016). "A Brief History of Virtual Pop Stars". Pitchfork. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  12. ^ "Japan's Newest Heartthrobs Are Sexy, Talented and Virtual". archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  13. ^ "Virtual influencers 101: A guide for small and medium business owners". NCR. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  14. ^ "China's virtual idols are reshaping the ways brands reach Gen Z consumers". KrASIA. 28 January 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  15. ^ "艾媒咨询|2021中国虚拟偶像行业发展及网民调查研究报告(附下载)-艾媒网". www.iimedia.cn. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  16. ^ Kim, Eunjin (Anna); Kim, Donggyu; E, Zihang; Shoenberger, Heather (2023). "The next hype in social media advertising: Examining virtual influencers' brand endorsement effectiveness". Frontiers in Psychology. 14. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1089051. PMC 10026852. PMID 36949930.
  17. ^ "Riot Games adds to its world of virtual influencers who promote 'League of Legends'". Engadget. 4 September 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
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