Captain William Francis Lynch (1 April 1801 – 17 October 1865) was a naval officer who served first in the United States Navy and later in the Confederate States Navy.
William Francis Lynch | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 1 April 1801 Norfolk, Virginia |
| Died | 17 October 1865 (aged 64) Baltimore, Maryland |
| Allegiance |  United States of America Virginia Confederate States of America |
| Service |  United States Navy Virginia State Navy Confederate States Navy |
| Years of service | 1819-1861 (USN) 1861 (Virginia Navy) 1861-1865 (CSN) |
| Rank |  Captain (USN) Captain (CSN) |
| Battles / wars | American Civil War Battle of Aquia Creek Battle of Roanoke Island Battle of Fort Fisher |
Personal life
editWilliam F. Lynch was born in Virginia.[1] On 2 June 1828, one month after his promotion to lieutenant, Lynch was married in New Haven, Connecticut, to Virginia Shaw, the youngest daughter of a senior navy officer and sister-in-law of another. They had two children, but separated in the 1840s and divorced in 1850s.[2]
Early Navy service
editHe was appointed a midshipman 26 January 1819, and first saw service with the USS Congress and next with the schooner USS Shark under Lieutenant Matthew C. Perry. Subsequent service included duty with Commodore David Porter's "Mosquito Squadron" in the West Indies and in the Mediterranean.
Middle East operations
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Lynch had his first command, the Poinsett, from 3 March to 30 December 1839. The ship sailed on behalf of the United States Naval Hydrographic Office.[1] In 1847, he proceeded to the Jordan River, transporting overland, by camels, a copper and a galvanized iron boat.[3] A total of 16 men were a part of the trip, including John Y. Mason.[1] Each boat was "assembled" and then placed on a carriage. His expedition ended with the exploration of the River Jordan and the Dead Sea.[1]
Using the triangulation method, Lynch's expedition was the first to determine that the Dead Sea was below sea level, something that the scientific community had inferred but not previously determined conclusively, though several other expeditions by Europeans had attempted to do so. The American expedition's measurement showed the Dead Sea to be 1312.7 ft. (400 metres) below sea level.[3]
He published his travels in 1849, Narrative of the United States' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea.
In 1849 he was commissioned commander and in 1850 was promoted to captain. In 1852, he requested permission to explore the interior of Africa for purposes of possible colonization. In his exploration in west central Africa, he caught a fever, and was forced to return to the United States. Lynch believed that explorers who "remove the obstruction to Commerce, Civilization and Christianity will become the benefactors of mankind."[1]
American Civil War
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After Virginia seceded from the United States on 17 April 17, 1861, he resigned from the United States Navy on 21 April. Lynch was initially appointed captain in the Virginia Navy and when Virginia joined the Confederate States of America and merged its military, he became a captain in the Confederate States Navy on 10 June 1861. He commanded naval batteries at Aquia Creek, Virginia, during their shelling by Union gunboats in May 1861; was in charge of gunboats and the defense of Roanoke Island, North Carolina in February 1862; and led Confederate naval forces at Vicksburg, Mississippi from March to October 1862. He was also assigned to the Department of the Navy offices as the Chief of the Bureau of Orders and Details during 1862.[4]
Later in command of ships in North Carolina waters, he commanded southern naval forces during the Union attack on Fort Fisher, in December 1864 and January 1865.
Post-war retirement
editAfter the defeat of the Confederacy, he was paroled 3 May 1865 in Richmond, Virginia. He died in Baltimore, Maryland, on 17 October of the same year.[3]
Namesake
editThe USNS Lynch (T-AGOR-7) was named after Lynch.
See also
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- Christopher Costigan – explored the River Jordan and the Dead Sea in 1835
- John MacGregor – explored the River Jordan and the Dead Sea in 1869
Footnotes
edit- ^ a b c d e "Map of the River Jordan and Dead Sea: And the Route of the Party Under the Command of Lieutenant W.F. Lynch, United States Navy". World Digital Library. 1849–1852. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
- ^ Jampoler, Andrew (2005). Sailors in the Holy Land: The 1848 American expedition to the Dead Sea and the Search for Sodom and Gomorrah. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. pp. xiv–xvi. ISBN 9781591144137.
- ^ a b c Clark, Carol Lea. Clash of Eagles: America's Forgotten Mission to Ottoman Palestine. Lyon's Press, 2012. Page 228. ISBN 978-0762778423
- ^ Office of Naval War Records, Navy Department (1898). "Officers in the Confederate States Navy, 1861-1865" (PDF). ibiblio.org. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
References
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This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.
- Bain, David Haward (2011). Bitter Waters. New York, NY: The Overlook Press. p. 384. ISBN 978-1-59020-352-1. An account of Lynch's expedition to the Jordan River and the Dead Sea.