Wikipedia

ZANU–PF

(Redirected from ZANU-PF)

The Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front (ZANU–PF) is a political organisation which has been the ruling party of Zimbabwe since independence in 1980. The party was led for many years by Robert Mugabe, first as prime minister with the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) and then as president from 1987 after the merger with the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) and retaining the name ZANU–PF, until 2017, when he was removed as leader.

Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front
AbbreviationZANU–PF
First SecretaryEmmerson Mnangagwa
Second SecretariesConstantino Chiwenga
Kembo Mohadi
National ChairpersonOppah Muchinguri
FounderEnos Nkala, Herbert Chitepo, Ndabaningi Sithole, Robert Mugabe, Edgar Tekere
Founded8 August 1963; 61 years ago (1963-08-08)
HeadquartersZANU–PF Building
Harare, Zimbabwe
Youth wingZANU–PF Youth League
Women's wingZANU–PF Women's League
Membership (2022 est.)3,900,000[1]
IdeologyPopulism[2][3]
Anti-imperialism[4]
Pan-Africanism[4]
African nationalism[5]
Political positionBig tent[6][7]
Regional affiliationFormer Liberation Movements of Southern Africa
International affiliationNone (prev. Socialist International)
Colours       
Green, yellow, red, black
National Assembly
192 / 280
Senate
33 / 80
Party flag
Website
www.zanupf.org.zw

At the 2008 parliamentary election, the ZANU–PF lost sole control of parliament for the first time in party history and brokered a difficult power-sharing deal with the Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai (MDC). ZANU-PF then won the 2013 election, gaining a two-thirds majority. The party narrowly held their super-majority in the 2018 election.

On 19 November 2017, following a coup d'état, ZANU–PF sacked Robert Mugabe as party leader, who resigned two days later, and appointed former Vice President Emmerson Mnangagwa in his place.[8]

History

edit

Predecessors (1955–1963)

edit

The first militant African nationalist organisation in Southern Rhodesia was the City Youth League (CYL), formed in the colony's capital, Salisbury, in August 1955 by James Chikerema, Dunduzu Chisiza, George Nyandoro, and Edson Sithole.[9][10][11][12] On 12 September 1957, the CYL merged with the long-established but largely dormant Southern Rhodesia chapter of the African National Congress to form the Southern Rhodesia African National Congress (SRANC).[11][12][13][14] The new organisation adopted the CYL's principle of "one man, one vote" and elected Joshua Nkomo as its president.[12][13] The SRANC, which demanded African majority rule, gained substantial support across the country, but was banned by the Southern Rhodesian government in February 1959.[11][12][13] In turn, on 1 January 1960, the National Democratic Party (NDP) was formed.[11][12][13][15] The NDP advocated a similarly militant platform, and was similarly banned in December 1961.[11][12][13][15] In the same month, Nkomo formed the Zimbabwe African People's Union, which shared the same aims and tactics of its predecessor organisations.[11][12] In September 1962, amid growing unrest in Southern Rhodesia's major towns, ZAPU was banned and many of its leaders detained.[11][12][16] The colony's Unlawful Organisations Act was also amended in an attempt to prevent ZAPU from being reconstituted with a different name.[11]

Formation (1963)

edit

African nationalist politics in Rhodesia in the 1960s were characterised by internal rivalries and disputes over strategy.[16][17] Divisions within ZAPU came to a head in April 1963 when Nkomo called a meeting of the party's executive in Dar es Salaam, where he had gone after ZAPU was banned in late 1962.[12][16][18] The main criticisms of Nkomo were directed against his initial support of Southern Rhodesia's 1961 constitution (a position he later reversed), his extensive foreign travel in pursuit of international support for the movement, and his handling of the formation of a government in exile in Tanganyika.[12][19] According to Nkomo, he had received permission to form a government in exile, but by the time the rest of ZAPU's leadership arrived in Dar es Salaam, he had changed his mind and was opposed the idea.[19] Other accounts describe a split between Nkomo, who preferred an externally-based movement, and others—including Enoch Dumbutshena and Ndabaningi Sithole—who favoured an internal struggle and pressured Nkomo to return to Rhodesia.[12][16] President Julius Nyerere told the assembled ZAPU leaders that neither he nor other African heads of state supported the idea of a government in exile and that "victory" could only be achieved within Rhodesia.[12]

 
Ndabaningi Sithole, ZANU's founding president, in 1955.

Nkomo returned to Salisbury on 2 July 1963, after which a majority of the party executive that had remained in Dar es Salaam voted to remove him as president of ZAPU.[12][16] In response, Nkomo suspended the various "rebels", including Sithole and Robert Mugabe, from the party.[12] Unable to outmaneuver Nkomo within ZAPU, his opponents decided to create their own organisation.[11] On 8 August 1963, Sithole, Herbert Chitepo, Leopold Takawira, Edgar Tekere, Henry Hamadziripi, and Mukudzei Midzi gathered at the Highfield home of Enos Nkala to form the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU).[16][19][20][21]

In response to ZANU's formation, Nkomo called a mass meeting on 10 August 1963 at Cold Comfort Farm, a multiracial cooperative outside Salisbury, where he formed a new organisation, the People's Caretaker Council (PCP), to replace ZAPU, which was still banned.[12][16][22] To preempt ZANU's growth, Nkomo took steps to solidify his hold on the masses, replacing ZAPU's existing centralised structure with a larger number of new, smaller branches.[12] In the ZAPU–ZANU split, most of Nkomo's longtime allies who had been with him since the SRANC's formation in 1957—including Jason Moyo and George Nyandoro—stayed with ZAPU, while many nationalist leaders who had come to prominence in 1960 or later—like Sithole and Mugabe—joined the new party.[18][23]

On 22 August 1963, Sithole held ZANU's first press conference, telling reporters, "When the party came to power it would repeal the Land Apportionment Act. It would also repeal the Land Husbandry Act and replace both by a new land redistribution law."[23] In addition to land reform, Sithole pledged that "A bill of rights would be entrenched in the constitution guaranteeing the rights and freedom of every citizen."[23] Sithole told the reporters that ZANU was "nonracial" and would accommodate "people who share a common destiny and democratic rule by the majority, regardless of race, colour, creed, or tribe."[23] ZANU's platform was quickly taken up by the press, and stood in contrast to ZAPU, which had not made public a comprehensive platform.[23] ZAPU responded by attacking ZANU leaders' character and ideological bona fides.[23]

Almost immediately following the split, violent clashes broke out between supporters of the rival parties in urban areas across the country.[12][16][23] At one ZANU meeting in August 1963 in Highfield, 200 supporters required the protection of Rhodesian police to hold their event, while a "milling pro-Nkomo mob of [a] thousand threatening death to the 'sellouts'" waited outside and stoned the cars of ZANU leaders Sithole and Nathan Shamuyarira as they left.[23] Nkomo's support was even stronger in the African townships of Harare and Mufakose.[23] The day after the meeting, Sithole "acknowledged [a] miscalculation of Nkomo's mass strength."[23] In Bulawayo, two houses were bombed with Molotov cocktails, and on 17 August, three policemen were injured by a stone-throwing mob of Nkomo supporters.[24] By 14 August, both Sithole and Nkomo were calling for an end the violence in the African press, to little effect.[23] Nkomo blamed the violence on ZANU supporters, arguing that his followers were using "self-defence against a group of power-hungry people who have failed to gain public support."[23] Sithole likewise claimed that his supporters were not the instigators, stating that he had "a group of well-disciplined officials who can control the youngsters."[23]

Despite facing initial backlash, ZANU did gain a following, and found particularly strong support in the eastern districts around Fort Victoria and Umtali.[18] Meanwhile, ZAPU maintained an advantage in Bulawayo and Matabeleland, and in and around the capital, Salisbury.[11][18] Though neither party's leaders belonged exclusively to one ethnic group, the division arguably had an ethnic component, with ZAPU finding disproportionate support among the Ndebele people and ZANU drawing its base largely from the Shona people.[11][18][25] Compared to ZAPU, ZANU branded itself as taking a more confrontational approach to white-minority rule, while portraying Nkomo as weak, indecisive, and insufficiently revolutionary.[25][26] ZANU messaging downplayed ethnicity as a factor in the divisions within the nationalist movement, instead highlighting strategic and ideological differences.[26] By contrast, Nkomo pointed to tribalism as the main cause of the ZAPU–ZANU split in his autobiography.[26]

Bush War/Second Chimurenga (1964–1980)

edit
Main article: Rhodesian Bush War

ZANU held its inaugural party congress in the Mkoba suburb of Gwelo from 21–23 May 1964.[25][27][28][29] There, Ndabaningi Sithole was elected as the party's first president, Leopold Takawira as vice-president, Robert Mugabe as secretary-general, Herbert Chitepo as national chairman, and Enos Nkala as treasurer.[21][27][28] In his presidential address, Sithole told the congress that ZANU "stands for democracy, socialism, nationalism, one man/one vote, freedom, pan-Africanism, non-racism, and republicanism.[25]

The Patriotic Front (PF) was formed as a political and military alliance between ZAPU and ZANU during the war against white minority rule in Rhodesia (now called Zimbabwe). The PF included the Soviet Union-backed ZAPU, which was led by Joshua Nkomo and operated mainly from Zambia, and the Chinese-backed ZANU led by Robert Mugabe, which operated mainly from neighboring Mozambique. Both movements contributed to their respective military forces. ZAPU's military wing was known as the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) and ZANU's guerrillas were known as the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army. The objective of the PF was to overthrow the predominantly white minority government, headed by the Prime Minister Ian Smith, through political pressure and military force.[30]

Post-independence

edit

Their common goal was achieved in 1980, following the Lancaster House Agreement of December 1979, when the United Kingdom granted independence to Zimbabwe following a brief period of direct British control. During the 1980 general election campaign, the PF parties competed separately as ZANU–Patriotic Front (ZANU–PF) and Patriotic Front–ZAPU (PF–ZAPU). The election was won by Mugabe and ZANU–PF, with Nkomo and his PF–ZAPU retaining a stronghold in the provinces of Matabeleland.[30]

In December 1981, agents of South Africa's apartheid government bombed party headquarters, nearly killing many senior ZANU–PF leaders, including Robert Mugabe.[31]

In December 1987, after five years of the low-level civil war known as Gukurahundi, the opposition ZAPU, led by Nkomo, was absorbed through the Unity Accord with ZANU to form an official ZANU–PF.[32]

From 1999 to 2017, Mugabe faced a major political challenge from the opposition Movement for Democratic Change. Mugabe won 56% at the presidential elections of 9–11 March 2002.

At the December 2004 five-year conference, Joice Mujuru, a Zezuru Shona like Mugabe, and whose late-husband Solomon Mujuru was the retired head of the armed forces, was elevated to the post of vice president of the party (the first woman to hold that office) at the expense of contender Emmerson Mnangagwa and his supporters; Justice Minister Patrick Chinamasa and Information Minister Jonathan Moyo.[33]

The 2005 Zimbabwe parliamentary elections were held on 31 March 2005. The party won 59.6% of the popular vote and 78 out of 120 elected seats. Later that year, 26 November, it won 43 of 50 elected senators. The parliamentary election was disputed as being unfair. The leader of the opposition MDC party said, "We are deeply disturbed by the fraudulent activities we have unearthed", and various human rights groups reported that hundreds of thousands of "ghost voters" had appeared on the electoral roll of 5.8 million people.[34]

At the 2008 parliamentary election, the ZANU–PF lost its majority in parliament for the first time since independence, and held 94 seats out of the expanded 210 seats, with Sokwanele stating that this figure would have been lower had it not been for gerrymandering, electoral fraud, and widespread intimidation.[35]

 
ZANU–PF party regalia bearing the image of President Robert Mugabe in the 2008 general election.

At the 2008 presidential election, Morgan Tsvangirai, the MDC candidate, received the most votes, but did not gain an absolute majority; thus a runoff was necessary. Initial results led to MDC-T claiming the required majority. However, ballots were recounted at a National Command Centre over a period of over a month without the presence of independent observers. The election process that followed was marred by more violence against and intimidation of voters and party workers. Morgan Tsvangirai initially stated he intended to contest the second round but pulled out of the runoff saying a free and fair election was impossible in the current climate. The elections were held on 27 June with a single candidate, Robert Mugabe, who was re-elected.

Many blame ZANU–PF for neglecting to deal with Zimbabwe's problem with the mounting 2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak, which by the start of December 2008 had already killed between 500 and 3,000 people.[36]

Former President of South Africa Thabo Mbeki facilitated, under the auspices of Southern African Development Community (SADC), a Zimbabwean Government of National Unity between ZANU–PF, the Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai and the Movement for Democratic Change – Mutambara.

Post-Mugabe transition

edit
 
Robert and Grace Mugabe at a ZANU–PF rally in 2013.

In 2014, a battle between Vice President Joice Mujuru and Justice Minister Emmerson Mnangagwa, and possibly First Lady Grace Mugabe, began over the succession to President Robert Mugabe. An elective congress was scheduled for December 2014, in which ZANU–PF would elect members to fill vacancies in the central committee, politburo, and presidium, and most likely endorse the party's next candidate for president. This congress, which takes place every five years, is the most important elective organ for the party.

Although President Mugabe had not named a successor, Joice Mujuru was seen by many as the most likely candidate. She had support from both the politburo and the population at large (demonstrated by the election of her loyalists to the youth league).[37] Minister Emmerson Mnangagwa was supported by a smaller group composed mainly of senior members of the security establishment, part of ZANU–PF's parliamentary caucus, younger party members, and a few influential parts of the Zimbabwean business community. He had been with Mugabe since Zimbabwe gained independence and was regarded by many as a successor who could maintain stability after Mugabe eventually left office.[38]

Mujuru lost the succession battle with Mnangagwa after being expelled from the party in 2015[39] a new power struggle began between Mnangagwa's faction (known as Team Lacoste) and Grace Mugabe's faction (known as Generation 40 or G40) which had become violent by 2017.[40] Emmerson Mnangagwa was demoted from Minister of Justice following a cabinet reshuffle, soon after he publicly claimed that he was poisoned, in early-October 2017. On 15 November 2017, a military coup in Zimbabwe resulted in President Robert Mugabe being placed under house arrest and led to speculation over whether Grace Mugabe or Emmerson Mnangagwa would succeed him as leader of the party. Following the 2017 Zimbabwe coup, ZANU–PF voted to depose Robert Mugabe as party leader and install the banished Emmerson Mnangagwa as leader instead. Before the Zimbabwean parliament could vote to impeach Mugabe, he resigned from the presidency on 21 November 2017.[41] Mnangagwa was sworn in as the new President of the Republic of Zimbabwe on 24 November 2017.[42]

On 6 September 2019, Robert Mugabe died of cancer (according to Mnangagwa) at the age of 95.[43] He was succeeded as President by Emmerson Mnangagwa.[44]

In the March 2022 by-elections, ZANU–PF had a poor performance compared to the Citizens Coalition for Change.[45] ZANU–PF won the 2023 Zimbabwean general election.[46]

Ideology

edit

Officially, ZANU–PF has a leftist ideology. The party maintains a Politburo and a Central Committee.[47]

Land redistribution

edit
Main article: Land reform in Zimbabwe

Mugabe pursued a more left-wing populist policy on the issue of land redistribution in 2000s, encouraging seizure of commercial farms—usually owned by Zimbabwe's white minority—"for the benefit of landless black majority".[48] The inauguration speech of President Mnangagwa threw this program's support into question since he said that the "government is committed to work on a compensation plan for former land owners."[49] The compulsory acquisition of commercial farmland without compensation was discontinued in early 2018.[50] In 2018, Mnangagwa stated that "all foreign investments will be safe in Zimbabwe" and called for "increased production and capacity and new investment in the country."[49][51]

Organisation and structure

edit

The ZANU–PF constitution establishes a hierarchical party structure consisting of: (1) the National People's Congress, (2) the National People's Conference, (3) the Central Committee, (4) the National Consultative Assembly, (5) the National Assembly of the Women's League, (6) the National Assembly of the Youth League, (7) the provincial coordinating committees, (8) the provincial executive councils, (9) the district committees, (10) the branch committees, and (11) the cell/village committees.[52]

The current first secretary of ZANU–PF, reelected at the party's elective congress on 28 October 2022, is President Emmerson Mnangagwa.[53] The other three members of the party's presidium, appointed by Mnangagwa on 29 October 2022, are Second Secretaries Constantino Chiwenga and Kembo Mohadi, and National Chairperson Oppah Muchinguri.[53]

The party maintains a Women's League and Youth League.[52] A third wing, the War Veterans' League, was established in 2022 and held its inaugural conference on 9 September of that year.[53][54]

Congresses

edit
  • 1st National People's Congress (December 1989)
  • 2nd National People's Congress (December 1994)
  • 3rd National People's Congress (December 1999)
  • 4th National People's Congress (December 2004)
  • Extraordinary Congress (December 2007)
  • 5th National People's Congress (December 2009)
  • 6th National People's Congress (December 2014)
  • Extraordinary Congress (12–17 December 2017)[55]
  • 7th National People's Congress (December 2022)[56]

International relations

edit
 
Delegates from Zimbabwe and the ZANU–PF Youth League dance at the closing of the World Festival of Youth and Students in Johannesburg, 2010.

ZANU–PF is a member of the Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa, an association of six socialist political parties that were involved in the nationalist and anti-colonialist movements of Southern Africa.[57][58] ZANU–PF was previously affiliated with the Socialist International (SI), having sent representatives with guest status to the SI congresses in 1980,[59] 1992,[60] and 1996,[61] and was present at the Socialist International Africa Committee meeting in Maputo, Mozambique, as recently as 1999.[62] ZANU–PF has not attended any SI congresses or meetings since, and Zimbabwe's then-leading opposition party, the Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai, joined the SI in 2008. The Socialist International has condemned the actions of Zimbabwe's ZANU–PF-dominated government and military.[63]

Electoral history

edit

Presidential elections

edit
Election Party candidate Votes % Votes % Result
First Round Second Round
1990 Robert Mugabe 2,026,976 83.05% — — Elected  Y
1996 1,404,501 92.76% — — Elected  Y
2002 1,685,212 56.20% — — Elected  Y
2008 1,079,730 43.24% 2,150,269 90.22% Elected  Y
2013 2,110,434 61.88% — — Elected  Y
2018 Emmerson Mnangagwa 2,460,463 51.44% — — Elected  Y
2023 2,350,711 52.60% — — Elected  Y

National Assembly elections

edit
Election Party leader Votes % Seats +/– Position Result
1980 Robert Mugabe 1,668,992 62.99%[n 1]
57 / 100
   57   1st Majority government
1985 2,233,320 77.19%
64 / 100
   7   1st Majority government
1990 1,690,071 80.55%
117 / 120
   53   1st Supermajority government
1995 1,143,349 81.38%
118 / 120
   1   1st Supermajority government
2000 1,211,284 48.47%
62 / 120
   56   1st Majority government
2005 1,569,867 59.59%
78 / 120
   16   1st Majority government
2008 1,110,649 45.84%
99 / 210
   19   2nd ZANU PF–MDC coalition government
2013 2,116,116 63.16%
196 / 270
   97   1st Supermajority government
2018 Emmerson Mnangagwa 2,477,708 52.35%
179 / 270
   17   1st Majority government
2023 2,515,607 56.18%
177 / 280
   2   1st Majority government

Senate elections

edit
Election Party leader Votes % Seats +/– Position Result
2005 Robert Mugabe 449,860 73.71%
43 / 66
   43   1st Governing majority
2008 1,101,931 45.79%
57 / 93
   2   1st ZANU PF–MDC governing coalition
2013 2,120,634 64.27%
37 / 80
   20   1st Governing minority
2018 Emmerson Mnangagwa — —
34 / 80
   3   1st Governing minority
2023 — —
33 / 80
   1   1st Governing minority

See also

edit

Footnotes

edit
  1. ^ 63% of Common Roll votes. In the 1980 elections, two rolls of voters existed: the Common Role, which contained nonwhites and formed the vast majority of voters, and the White Roll, which contained white voters and formed a small minority of voters.

References

edit
  1. ^ "The Herald - Breaking news".
  2. ^ Drinkwater, Michael (1991). The State and Agrarian Change in Zimbabwe's Communal Areas. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. pp. 93–96. ISBN 978-0312053505.
  3. ^ Nyambi, Oliver (2021). Cultures of Change in Contemporary Zimbabwe: Socio-Political Transition from Mugabe to Mnangagwa. Routledge.
  4. ^ a b "What is ZANU-PF". ZANU-PF. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  5. ^ "ROBERT GABRIEL MUGABE | African Nationalist Leaders – Rhodesia to Zimbabwe".
  6. ^ Mungwari, Teddy (November 2017). "Representation of Political Conflict in the Zimbabwean Press: The Case of The Herald, The Sunday Mail, Daily News and The Standard, 1999-2016" (PDF). University of South Africa.
  7. ^ Chan, Stephen; Primorac, Ranka (2013). Zimbabwe since the Unity Government. Routledge. p. 17. ISBN 9781135742683.
  8. ^ Breaking News -President Mugabe resigns!, accessed Jan 14, 2018.
  9. ^ Raftopoulos, Brian (March 1995). "Nationalism and Labour in Salisbury 1953–1965". Journal of Southern African Studies. 21 (1): 79–93. doi:10.1080/03057079508708434. JSTOR 2637332.
  10. ^ Mlambo, Alois S. (2014). A History of Zimbabwe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-107-02170-9.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Goldstone, Jack A.; Gurr, Ted Robert; Moshiri, Farrokh, eds. (1991). Revolutions of the Late Twentieth Century. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 9781000310078.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Cary, Robert; Mitchell, Diana, eds. (1977). "Joshua Nkomo". African Nationalist Leaders in Rhodesia: Who's Who. Bulawayo: Books of Rhodesia.
  13. ^ a b c d e Musarurwa, W. D. (1977). "African Nationalism in Rhodesia". In Cary, Robert; Mitchell, Diana (eds.). African Nationalist Leaders in Rhodesia: Who's Who. Bulawayo: Books of Rhodesia.
  14. ^ Kornegay Jr., Francis A. (1969). "Zimbabwe Nationalism in Southern Rhodesia". A Current Bibliography on African Affairs. 2 (2): 5–11. doi:10.1177/001132556900200202. S2CID 155605343 – via SAGE.
  15. ^ a b "Rhodesia Enjoins Africans' Party; National Democratic Heads Arrested—Violence Flares". The New York Times. 10 December 1961. p. 2. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h Cary, Robert; Mitchell, Diana, eds. (1977). "The Rev. Ndabaningi Sithole". African Nationalist Leaders in Rhodesia: Who's Who. Bulawayo: Books of Rhodesia.
  17. ^ Uys, Stanley (14 December 2000). "The Rev Ndabaningi Sithole". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  18. ^ a b c d e Morris-Jones, W. H., ed. (1980). From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe: Behind and Beyond Lancaster House. London: Frank Cass & Co. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-317-76100-6.
  19. ^ a b c Scarnecchia, Timothy Lewis (2021). Race and Diplomacy in Zimbabwe: The Cold War and Decolonization, 1960–1984. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–28. ISBN 978-1-316-51179-4.
  20. ^ Msipa, Cephas G. (2015). In Pursuit of Freedom and Justice: A Memoir. Harare: Weaver Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-77922-381-4.
  21. ^ a b Cary, Robert; Mitchell, Diana, eds. (1977). "Enos Mzombi Nkala". African Nationalist Leaders in Rhodesia: Who's Who. Bulawayo: Books of Rhodesia.
  22. ^ Sithole, Masipula (1999). Zimbabwe: Struggles Within the Struggle, 1957–1980. Harare: Rujeko Publishers. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7974-1935-3.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Scarnecchia, Timothy (2008). The Urban Roots of Democracy and Political Violence in Zimbabwe: Harare and Highfield, 1940–1964. Rochester, New York: University of Rochester Press. pp. 134–137. ISBN 978-1-58046-281-5.
  24. ^ "Political Violence Breaks Calm in Southern Rhodesia". The New York Times. 19 August 1963. p. 2. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  25. ^ a b c d Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. (2013). Coloniality of Power in Postcolonial Africa: Myths of Decolonization. Dakar: CODESRIA. p. 207. ISBN 978-2-86978-578-6.
  26. ^ a b c Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J., ed. (2017). Joshua Mqabuko Nkomo of Zimbabwe: Politics, Power, and Memory. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 18. ISBN 978-3-319-60555-5.
  27. ^ a b "Rhodesia ZANU Congress". AP Television. 21 May 1964. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  28. ^ a b "President Mnangangwa's early days, political career". The Sunday News. 26 November 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  29. ^ Ranger, Terence (1997). "Violence Variously Remembered: The Killing of Pieter Oberholzer in July 1964". History in Africa. 24: 273–286. doi:10.2307/3172030. JSTOR 3172030. S2CID 159673826.
  30. ^ a b Martin, D & Johnson, P. (1981). The Struggle for Zimbabwe. Faber & Faber. p. 400.
  31. ^ Karekwaivanane, George Hamandishe (30 November 2017). The Struggle over State Power in Zimbabwe: Law and Politics since 1950. Cambridge University Press. p. 192. ISBN 9781108117692.
  32. ^ "Zimbabwe - political party flags". www.fotw.info.
  33. ^ "Mutasa blasts Mnangagwa". The Standard (Zimbabwe). 5 May 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  34. ^ Mugabe's party sweeps to victory. BBC News.
  35. ^ "Mugabe's Zanu-PF loses majority". BBC News. 3 April 2008.
  36. ^ "Zimbabwe cholera death toll nears 500". CNN. 2 December 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2008.
  37. ^ "We must all resign in December, says Mugabe". NewsdzeZimbabwe. 18 August 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  38. ^ "Zimbabwe waiting for the future" (PDF). www.crisisgroup.org. 29 September 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  39. ^ "Zimbabwe ruling party expels Mugabe rival Joyce Mujuru". Bbc.com. 3 April 2015.
  40. ^ Jeffrey Muvundusi and Tendai Kamhungira (23 May 2017). "Mugabe's Zanu PF brawls: Wheels come off". Zimbabwe Situation. DailyNews Live. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  41. ^ "Ruling party sacks Mugabe as leader". BBC News. 19 November 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
  42. ^ Cde ED Mnangagwa Sworn in as the new President of the Republic of Zimbabwe, accessed Jan 14, 2018.
  43. ^ hermesauto (6 September 2019). "Ex-Zimbabwe leader Robert Mugabe dies at 95 in Singapore". The Straits Times. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  44. ^ "Zimbabwe uproar as roads named after Emmerson Mnangagwa". BBC News. 22 November 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  45. ^ Muronzi, Chris. "Zimbabwe: By-elections to provide 'hint of what is to come' in 2023". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  46. ^ Chingono, Nyasha; Banya, Nelson (27 August 2023). "Zimbabwe's president declared election winner, opposition rejects result". Reuters. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  47. ^ "Zanu-PF official site". Zanupf.org.zw. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  48. ^ Robinson, Simon (1 May 2000). "Power to the Mob". Time. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  49. ^ a b President E.D Mnangagwa Inauguration Speech, Accessed Jan 14, 2018.
  50. ^ "Mugabe's land reform costs Zimbabwe $17 billion: economists". News 24. Cape Town. 12 May 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  51. ^ "Politburo Meeting Held on the 10th of January 2018". ZANU–PF. 10 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 May 2018.
  52. ^ a b "Constitution of the Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front (ZANU PF)" (PDF). Veritas. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  53. ^ a b c Ruzvidzo, Wallace (30 October 2022). "President reappoints Cdes Chiwenga, Mohadi VPs". The Sunday Mail. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  54. ^ Machivenyika, Farai (10 September 2022). "War vets give Zanu PF renewed strength". The Herald. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  55. ^ Mhofu, Sebastian (15 December 2017). "Zimbabwe's President Appeals for Ruling Party Unity". VOA. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  56. ^ "Zanu PF Congress starts today". The Herald. 26 October 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  57. ^ "President in SA for former liberation movements meeting". The Herald. 7 March 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  58. ^ Matanda, Dennis (19 March 2021). "Decoding China's Africa Strategy beyond 2021: A Discussion with Paul Nantulya". The Habari Network. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
  59. ^ "Socialist International Congress, 1980" (PDF). Socialist Affairs: 27. 1981.
  60. ^ "XIX Congress of the Socialist International, Berlin" (PDF). Socialist Affairs: 49. 1992.
  61. ^ "The XX Congress" (PDF). Socialist Affairs: 64. 1996.
  62. ^ "Meeting of the Socialist International Africa Committee, Maputo, Mozambique". Socialist International. September 1999. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  63. ^ Tengely-Evans, Tomáš (15 November 2017). "Zimbabwean socialist responds to 'palace coup' facing Mugabe's regime". Socialist Worker. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ZANU–PF&oldid=1258387327"