-l
Afar
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-l
- Marks the adessive case: at
- Marks the inessive case: in
- Marks the temporal case: for
- Marks the instrumental case: using; by means of
- Marks the testimonial case: by; ... is my witness
References
edit- Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis), page 363
Hungarian
editEtymology 1
editFrom a Proto-Uralic *-l suffix.[1]
Suffix
edit-l
- (verb-forming suffix) Added to a noun, an adjective, a verb or less frequently to an adverb to form a verb.
- csoda (“miracle”) + -l → csodál (“to admire”)
- hátra (“backwards”) + -l → hátrál (“to step backward”)
- csere (“an exchange”) + -l → cserél (“to change”)
- fésű (“comb”) + -l → fésül (“to comb”)
- hat (“to progress, enter, get (in) somewhere, affect, take effect”) + -l → hatol (“to penetrate, make one’s way into”)
Usage notes
edit- (verb-forming suffix) Variants:
- -l is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-. Final long vowels may shorten, e.g. ű → ü.
- -ol is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -al is added to other back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -el is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -öl is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -ál is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
Note: Certain words take another, synonymous suffix, -z/-oz/-az/-ez/-öz/-áz or -zik/-ozik/-azik/-ezik/-özik.
Derived terms
edit- babrál
- barangol
- bomlik
- bonyolít
- botlik
- cáfol
- csápol
- cserfel
- csigolya
- csihol
- csilingel
- csiripel
- csivitel
- csókol
- csörömpöl
- dacol
- dörömböl
- durmol
- emlékezik
- engesztel
- eszkábál
- eszmél
- fanyalodik
- ficánkol
- foszlik
- fúl
- fütyül
- gányol
- göngyölít
- guggol
- hajol
- hajszol
- hall
- harákol
- hatol
- hergel
- ihlet
- illan
- ingerel
- irdal
- kallódik
- karmol
- kárál
- kefél
- kelepel
- kéklik
- kísérel
- kortyol
- kotlik
- követel
- kukorékol
- kunyerál
- kuruttyol
- -lak/-lek
- -lal/-lel
- lehel
- locsol
- lohol
- magasztal
- majszol
- marasztal
- marcangol
- markol
- miákol
- mormol
- morzsol
- motoszkál
- nyargal
- nyiszál
- nyivákol
- nyúl
- omlik
- oszlik
- ötlik
- ötöl-hatol
- őröl
- parázslik
- paskol
- patyolat
- pepecsel
- pisil
- pittypalattyol
- pletykál
- pocsékol
- pocsolya
- pörköl
- püföl
- regöl (one option)
- reszel
- reteszel
- riszál
- robotol
- rombol (one option)
- romlik
- rostál
- sajnál
- sajtol
- sínylik
- sípol
- tapasztal
- tékozol
- tépelődik
- térdepel
- tombol
- torlódik
- tökél → eltökél
- töröl
- trécsel
- ürül
- vizsla
- zilál
Etymology 2
editFrom Proto-Finno-Ugric *-lᴕ/*-lᴕ̈ place name suffix. Cognate with Northern Mansi -л (-l, ablative marker).
Suffix
edit-l
- (ablative suffix, obsolete) It is of ancient origin answering the question from where? It is no longer productive and is no longer an independent suffix in modern Hungarian. However, it can still be found in suffixes such as -ból/-ből, -nál/-nél, -ról/-ről, -tól/-től, -ul/-ül, in postpositions such as alól, mellől and in several adverbs, e.g. kívül, belül, hátul. In the Old Hungarian era it could express not only direction but also more abstract adverbs.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ -l in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)
Ingrian
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Finnic *-lla. Cognates include Finnish -lla and Estonian -l.
Pronunciation
edit- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /-lːɑ/, [-ɫːɑ], /-lːæ/, [-lʲːæ]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /-l/, [-l]
- (Hevaha) IPA(key): /-l/, [-l]
Suffix
edit-l
- Used to form the adessive case; on
Usage notes
edit- May trigger vowel elongation of the preceding vowel.
Inflection
editPossessive forms of -l | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | singular | plural |
1st person | -llaan | -llamme |
2nd person | -llaas | -llanne |
3rd person | -llaa | -llasse |
References
edit- V. I. Junus (1936) Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka[2], Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 44
Old Irish
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Celtic *-lom, from the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *leh₁- (“to let, leave”).
Suffix
edit-l n
- Forms verbal nouns for verbs ending in ·lá
Inflection
editNeuter o-stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | -lN | -lN | -lL, -la |
Vocative | -lN | -lN | -lL, -la |
Accusative | -lN | -lN | -lL, -la |
Genitive | -ilL | -l | -lN |
Dative | -lL | -laib | -laib |
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
|
Derived terms
editPipil
editEtymology
editCompare Classical Nahuatl -lli.
Noun
edit-l
- Forms a nominalized passive participle (noun) from any verb.
Further reading
edit- Campbell, L. (1985). The Pipil Language of El Salvador. Mouton De Gruyter. p. 50
Romani
editSuffix
edit-l
- Forms the third-person singular present indicative of vocalic oikoclitic verbs
Romanian
editAlternative forms
edit- -ul — for masculine and neuter nouns that do not end in a vowel other than -i
- -le — for masculine and neuter nouns that end in -e
Etymology
editSuffixed form of ăl (inherited from Latin illum) which originally followed the noun and became attached to it as an inflection, unlike the definite articles in the other major Romance languages, which go before the noun.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-l m/n
- (definite article) the (masculine/neuter singular, nominative and accusative)
Usage notes
editThis form of the definite article is used for both masculine and neuter nouns in the nominative and accusative cases which end in a vowel other than -e or -i:
- tatăl (the father), from tată, masc.
- fiul (the son), from fiu, masc.
- agrul (the field), from agru, neut.
- leul (the lion), from leu, masc.
The suffix is also used with masculine and neuter singular adjectives in the nominative and accusative cases to make the articulated definite form, often for emphasis, and it is used before the noun it modifies.
Related terms
editSee also
edit- Afar terms with IPA pronunciation
- Afar lemmas
- Afar suffixes
- Hungarian terms inherited from Proto-Uralic
- Hungarian terms derived from Proto-Uralic
- Hungarian lemmas
- Hungarian suffixes
- Hungarian verb-forming suffixes
- Hungarian terms with obsolete senses
- Hungarian terms inherited from Proto-Finno-Ugric
- Hungarian terms derived from Proto-Finno-Ugric
- Ingrian terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Ingrian terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Ingrian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ingrian lemmas
- Ingrian suffixes
- Old Irish terms inherited from Proto-Celtic
- Old Irish terms derived from Proto-Celtic
- Old Irish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Irish lemmas
- Old Irish suffixes
- Old Irish neuter suffixes
- Old Irish neuter o-stem nouns
- Pipil lemmas
- Pipil suffixes
- Romani lemmas
- Romani suffixes
- Romani inflectional suffixes
- Romanian terms inherited from Latin
- Romanian terms derived from Latin
- Romanian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Romanian lemmas
- Romanian suffixes