Appendix:Tajik Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Tajik, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
edit- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
edit| № | English | Tajik edit (207) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | ман (man) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | ту (tu) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | ӯ (ü), вай (vay) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | мо (mo) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | шумо (šumo) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | онҳо (onho) |
| 7 | this | ин (in) |
| 8 | that | он (on) |
| 9 | here | инҷо (injo) |
| 10 | there | онҷо (onjo) |
| 11 | who | кӣ (ki) |
| 12 | what | чӣ (či) |
| 13 | where | куҷо (kujo) |
| 14 | when | кай (kay) |
| 15 | how | чихел (čixel) |
| 16 | not | на (na) |
| 17 | all | ҳама (hama) |
| 18 | many | бисёр (bisyor) |
| 19 | some | ягон (yagon) |
| 20 | few | кам (kam) |
| 21 | other | дигар (digar) |
| 22 | one | як (yak) |
| 23 | two | ду (du) |
| 24 | three | се (se) |
| 25 | four | чор (čor) |
| 26 | five | панҷ (panj) |
| 27 | big | калон (kalon) |
| 28 | long | дароз (daroz) |
| 29 | wide | фарох (farox) |
| 30 | thick | ғафс (ġafs) |
| 31 | heavy | вазнин (vaznin), сангин (sangin) |
| 32 | small | хурд (xurd) |
| 33 | short | кӯтоҳ (kütoh), паст (past) |
| 34 | narrow | танг (tang) |
| 35 | thin | тунук (tunuk) |
| 36 | woman | зан (zan) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | мард (mard) |
| 38 | man (human being) | инсон (inson), одам (odam) |
| 39 | child | кӯдак (küdak) |
| 40 | wife | зан (zan) |
| 41 | husband | шавҳар (šavhar) |
| 42 | mother | модар (modar) |
| 43 | father | падар (padar) |
| 44 | animal | ҷонвар (jonvar) |
| 45 | fish | моҳӣ (mohi) |
| 46 | bird | парранда (parranda) |
| 47 | dog | саг (sag) |
| 48 | louse | шипиш (šipiš) |
| 49 | snake | мор (mor) |
| 50 | worm | кирм (kirm) |
| 51 | tree | дарахт (daraxt) |
| 52 | forest | беша (beša) |
| 53 | stick | чӯб (čüb) |
| 54 | fruit | мева (meva) |
| 55 | seed | тухм (tuxm) |
| 56 | leaf | барг (barg) |
| 57 | root | реша (reša) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | пӯсти дарахт (püst-i daraxt) |
| 59 | flower | гул (gul) |
| 60 | grass | сабза (sabza) |
| 61 | rope | арғамчин (arġamčin) |
| 62 | skin | пӯст (püst) |
| 63 | meat | гӯшт (güšt) |
| 64 | blood | хун (xun) |
| 65 | bone | устухон (ustuxon) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | чарб (čarb) |
| 67 | egg | тухм (tuxm) |
| 68 | horn | шох (šox) |
| 69 | tail | дум (dum) |
| 70 | feather | пар (par) |
| 71 | hair | мӯй (müy) |
| 72 | head | сар (sar) |
| 73 | ear | гӯш (güš) |
| 74 | eye | чашм (čašm) |
| 75 | nose | бинӣ (bini) |
| 76 | mouth | даҳон (dahon) |
| 77 | tooth | дандон (dandon) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | забон (zabon) |
| 79 | fingernail | нохун (noxun) |
| 80 | foot | пой (poy) |
| 81 | leg | линг (ling) |
| 82 | knee | зону (zonu) |
| 83 | hand | даст (dast) |
| 84 | wing | бол (bol) |
| 85 | belly | шикам (šikam) |
| 86 | guts | рӯда (rüda) |
| 87 | neck | гардан (gardan) |
| 88 | back | пушт (pušt) |
| 89 | breast | сина (sina) |
| 90 | heart | дил (dil) |
| 91 | liver | ҷигар (jigar) |
| 92 | to drink | нӯшидан (nüšidan) |
| 93 | to eat | хӯрдан (xürdan) |
| 94 | to bite | газидан (gazidan) |
| 95 | to suck | макидан (makidan) |
| 96 | to spit | туф кардан (tuf kardan) |
| 97 | to vomit | қай кардан (qay kardan) |
| 98 | to blow | пуф кардан (puf kardan) |
| 99 | to breathe | нафас кашидан (nafas kašidan) |
| 100 | to laugh | хандидан (xandidan) |
| 101 | to see | дидан (didan) |
| 102 | to hear | шунидан (šunidan) |
| 103 | to know | донистан (donistan) |
| 104 | to think | андешидан (andešidan) |
| 105 | to smell | бӯй кардан (büy kardan) |
| 106 | to fear | тарсидан (tarsidan) |
| 107 | to sleep | хобидан (xobidan) |
| 108 | to live | зистан (zistan), зиндагӣ кардан (zindagi kardan) |
| 109 | to die | мурдан (murdan) |
| 110 | to kill | куштан (kuštan) |
| 111 | to fight | ҷангидан (jangidan) |
| 112 | to hunt | шикор кардан (šikor kardan) |
| 113 | to hit | задан (zadan) |
| 114 | to cut | бурридан (burridan) |
| 115 | to split | шикофтан (šikoftan) |
| 116 | to stab | корд задан (kord zadan) |
| 117 | to scratch | ханҷол кардан (xanjol kardan) |
| 118 | to dig | кофтан (koftan) |
| 119 | to swim | шино кардан (šino kardan) |
| 120 | to fly | паридан (paridan) |
| 121 | to walk | гаштан (gaštan) |
| 122 | to come | омадан (omadan) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | дароз кашидан (daroz kašidan) |
| 124 | to sit | нишастан (nišastan), шиштан (šištan) |
| 125 | to stand | истодан (istodan) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | чархидан (čarxidan) |
| 127 | to fall | афтодан (aftodan) |
| 128 | to give | додан (dodan) |
| 129 | to hold | гирифтан (giriftan) |
| 130 | to squeeze | фишор кардан (fišor kardan) |
| 131 | to rub | молидан (molidan) |
| 132 | to wash | шустан (šustan) |
| 133 | to wipe | пок кардан (pok kardan) |
| 134 | to pull | кашидан (kašidan) |
| 135 | to push | тела додан (tela dodan) |
| 136 | to throw | партофтан (partoftan), андохтан (andoxtan) |
| 137 | to tie | бастан (bastan) |
| 138 | to sew | дӯхтан (düxtan) |
| 139 | to count | шумурдан (šumurdan) |
| 140 | to say | гуфтан (guftan) |
| 141 | to sing | сурудан (surudan) |
| 142 | to play | бозӣ кардан (bozi kardan) |
| 143 | to float | шиновар шудан (šinovar šudan) |
| 144 | to flow | равон шудан (ravon šudan) |
| 145 | to freeze | ях кардан (yax kardan) |
| 146 | to swell | омосидан (omosidan) |
| 147 | sun | хуршед (xuršed), офтоб (oftob) |
| 148 | moon | моҳ (moh) |
| 149 | star | ситора (sitora) |
| 150 | water | об (ob) |
| 151 | rain | борон (boron) |
| 152 | river | рӯд (rüd), дарё (daryo) |
| 153 | lake | кӯл (kül) |
| 154 | sea | баҳр (bahr), дарё (daryo) |
| 155 | salt | намак (namak) |
| 156 | stone | санг (sang) |
| 157 | sand | рег (reg) |
| 158 | dust | чанг (čang) |
| 159 | earth | замин (zamin) |
| 160 | cloud | абр (abr) |
| 161 | fog | туман (tuman) |
| 162 | sky | осмон (osmon) |
| 163 | wind | бод (bod) |
| 164 | snow | барф (barf) |
| 165 | ice | ях (yax) |
| 166 | smoke | дуд (dud) |
| 167 | fire | оташ (otaš) |
| 168 | ash | хокистар (xokistar) |
| 169 | to burn | сӯхтан (süxtan) |
| 170 | road | роҳ (roh) |
| 171 | mountain | кӯҳ (küh) |
| 172 | red | сурх (surx) |
| 173 | green | сабз (sabz) |
| 174 | yellow | зард (zard) |
| 175 | white | сафед (safed) |
| 176 | black | сиёҳ (siyoh) |
| 177 | night | шаб (šab) |
| 178 | day | рӯз (rüz) |
| 179 | year | сол (sol) |
| 180 | warm | гарм (garm) |
| 181 | cold | хунук (xunuk), сард (sard) |
| 182 | full | пур (pur) |
| 183 | new | нав (nav) |
| 184 | old | кӯҳна (kühna) (inanimate), пир (pir) (animate) |
| 185 | good | нағз (naġz), хуб (xub) |
| 186 | bad | бад (bad), ганда (ganda) |
| 187 | rotten | пӯсида (püsida) |
| 188 | dirty | чиркин (čirkin) |
| 189 | straight | рост (rost) |
| 190 | round | гирд (gird) |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | тез (tez) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | кунд (kund) |
| 193 | smooth | суфта (sufta) |
| 194 | wet | тар (tar) |
| 195 | dry | хушк (xušk) |
| 196 | correct | дуруст (durust) |
| 197 | near | наздик (nazdik) |
| 198 | far | дур (dur) |
| 199 | right | рост (rost) |
| 200 | left | чап (čap) |
| 201 | at | ба (ba) |
| 202 | in | дар (dar) |
| 203 | with | бо (bo) |
| 204 | and | у (u) |
| 205 | if | агар (agar) |
| 206 | because | чунки (čunk-i) |
| 207 | name | ном (nom) |