Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/plew-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*plew-^[1]^[2]^[3]

to fly, flow, run

Extensions

*plew-d-
*plew-k-
*plew-t-
- *plewt-yom,^[4] *plowt-yom^[4]
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pljáutja, *pláutja
    - Latvian: plàuši (“lungs”, nom.pl.), plàuši
    - Lithuanian: plaũtis, plaũčiai (“lung”)
    - Proto-Slavic: *pľūťè, *plūťè (“lung”) (see there for further descendants)

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *plew- (24 c, 0 e)

*pléw-e-ti (thematic root present)^[2]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *plovǫ (1sg.pres. of *plùti (“to swim, sail”))
    - Old Church Slavonic: пловѫ (plovǫ)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pléwō^[5]
  - Ancient Greek: πλέω (pléō)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pláwati (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *plowō^[6]
  - Latin: pluit (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian: *pläu-^[7]
  - Tocharian A: plu-
  - Tocharian B: plu-
*plow-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Celtic:
  - Old Irish: luithir, fo·luathar
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *plāwáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *plāwáyati
    - Sanskrit: प्लावयति (plāváyati)
  - Proto-Iranian: *frāwáyati
    - ⇒ Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬵𐬌 (frafrāuuaiiāhi, 2sg.subj.) (+ 𐬟𐬭𐬀- (fra-))
- Proto-Slavic: *plàviti (sometimes derived from *pleh₃(w)-) ⇒ *plàvati (see there for further descendants)
*plḗw-s-t ~ *pléw-s-n̥t (s-aorist)^[2]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *plu (3sg.aor. of *plùti (“to swim, sail”))
    - Old Church Slavonic: плоу (plu)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἔπλευσα (épleusa)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: अप्लोष्ट (aploṣṭa, 3sg.aor.ind.med.)
*plew-eh₂-h₁en-
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: plyuwai (“to float”)^[8]
*pléw-mō (“lung”) (see there for further descendants)
*plow-mos
- Proto-Germanic: *flaumaz (“stream”)^[9] (see there for further descendants)
*plow-ó-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *plowos^[5]
  - Ancient Greek: πλόος (plóos)
    Attic Greek: πλοῦς (ploûs)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *plawás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *plawás
    - Sanskrit: प्लव (plavá)
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: plewe^[10]
*plow-tó-m
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: plàuts (“shelf, sideboard of a bee-hive”)
  - Lithuanian: plaũtas (“sweating shelf, bath shelf, sideboard (of a bee-hive or a boat)”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *plūtò (“flotsam”)
- Proto-Germanic:
  - Old Norse: fleyðr (“cross-beam”) (Old Icelandic)
    - Icelandic: fleyður
*plow-tós
- Ancient Greek: πλοῦτος (ploûtos) (?)
*plów-yos (“ship”)
- Proto-Germanic: *flawją^[11] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *plóyyom^[5]
  - Ancient Greek: πλοῖον (ploîon)
- Proto-Italic: *plowjos
  - Latin: pluvius
*plu-tó-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plútas, *plúta n
  - East Baltic:
    - Latvian: pluts
  - Proto-Slavic: *plъ̀tъ (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plūtei
  - Proto-Slavic: *plyti (sometimes derived from *pleh₃(w)-), *plùti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *plutós
  - Ancient Greek: πλυτός (plutós)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *plutás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *plutás
    - Sanskrit: प्लुत (plutá)
*pléw-ih₂^[12]
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸlowī
  - ⇒ Breton: lewier m (“pilot”)
  - Old Cornish: leu (“rudder”)
    - Cornish: lew (“rudder”)
  - Old Irish: luí f (“rudder, tail”)
  - Middle Welsh: llyw m (“rudder, tail, leader, pilot”)

Innovative formations:
- (perhaps) Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: լուանամ (luanam)^[13]
    - Armenian: լվանալ (lvanal)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pluňňō (< *plu-n-yéti)
  - Ancient Greek: πλῡ́νω (plū́nō)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: प्लु (plu)

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “835–837”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 835–837
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*pleu̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 487-488
^ Watkins, Calvert (1985) “pleu-”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, page 70
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 362
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πλέω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1208-1209
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pluō, pluit”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 474-475
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “plu-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 462-463
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “plyuwai”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*flauma-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 145
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “plewe”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 463
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*flauja-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 145
^ Stifter, David (2023) “With the Back to the Ocean: The Celtic Maritime Vocabulary”, in Kristian Kristiansen, Guus Kroonen and Eske Willerslev, editors, The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited, Cambridge University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, page 189
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “luanam”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 316

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “835–837”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 835–837

[LIV-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*pleu̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 487-488

[3] Watkins, Calvert (1985) “pleu-”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, page 70

[D_plaũčiai-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 362

[Beekes-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πλέω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1208-1209

[6] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pluō, pluit”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 474-475

[7] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “plu-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 462-463

[8] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “plyuwai”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN

[9] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*flauma-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 145

[10] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “plewe”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 463

[11] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*flauja-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 145

[Stifter_2023-12] Stifter, David (2023) “With the Back to the Ocean: The Celtic Maritime Vocabulary”, in Kristian Kristiansen, Guus Kroonen and Eske Willerslev, editors, The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited, Cambridge University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, page 189

[13] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “luanam”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 316

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