audeo

Latin

Etymology

From avidus (“greedy”) +‎ -eō (stative suffix), hence originally meaning “to be greedy”, as also evidenced by the form sōdēs (“if you please”) < *sī audēs (literally “if you want very much”).^[1] For the supine ausum compare also ārdeō : ārsum and gaudeō : gavīsum, in which the i was retained.

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈau̯.de.oː/, [ˈäu̯d̪eoː]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈau̯.de.o/, [ˈäːu̯d̪eo]

Verb

audeō (present infinitive audēre, perfect active ausī or ausus sum, supine ausum); second conjugation, optionally semi-deponent

to dare, venture, risk
Synonym: perīclitor
- 63 BCE, Cicero, Catiline Orations Oratio in Catilinam Prima in Senatu Habita.1:
  Quam diū quisquam erit quī tē dēfendēre audeat, vīvēs, et vīvēs ita ut nunc vīvis, multīs meīs et firmīs praesidiīs obsessus nē commōvēre tē contrā rem pūblicam possīs. Multōrum tē etiam oculī et aurēs nōn sentientem, sīcut adhūc fēcērunt, speculābuntur atque custōdient.
  As long as one person exists who can dare to defend you, you shall live; but you shall live as you do now, surrounded by my many and trusty guards, so that you shall not be able to stir one finger against the republic: many eyes and ears shall still observe and watch you, as they have hitherto done, though you shall not perceive them.
- 20 BCE – 14 BCE, Horace, Epistles 1.40:
  Sapere audē.
  Dare to be wise.
(poetic) to be eager for battle

Conjugation

Conjugation of audeō (second conjugation, optionally semi-deponent)
indicative		singular			plural
indicative		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	audeō	audēs	audet	audēmus	audētis	audent
	imperfect	audēbam	audēbās	audēbat	audēbāmus	audēbātis	audēbant
	future	audēbō	audēbis	audēbit	audēbimus	audēbitis	audēbunt
	perfect	ausī, ausus sum	ausistī, ausus es	ausit, ausus est	ausimus, ausī sumus	ausistis, ausī estis	ausērunt, ausēre, ausī sunt
	pluperfect	auseram, ausus eram	auserās, ausus erās	auserat, ausus erat	auserāmus, ausī erāmus	auserātis, ausī erātis	auserant, ausī erant
	future perfect	auserō, ausus erō	auseris, ausus eris	auserit, ausus erit	auserimus, ausī erimus	auseritis, ausī eritis	auserint, ausī erint
	sigmatic future¹	ausō	ausis	ausit	ausimus	ausitis	ausint
subjunctive		singular			plural
subjunctive		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	audeam	audeās	audeat	audeāmus	audeātis	audeant
	imperfect	audērem	audērēs	audēret	audērēmus	audērētis	audērent
	perfect	auserim, ausus sim	auserīs, ausus sīs	auserit, ausus sit	auserīmus, ausī sīmus	auserītis, ausī sītis	auserint, ausī sint
	pluperfect	ausissem, ausus essem	ausissēs, ausus essēs	ausisset, ausus esset	ausissēmus, ausī essēmus	ausissētis, ausī essētis	ausissent, ausī essent
	sigmatic aorist¹	ausim	ausīs	ausīt	ausīmus	ausītis	ausint
imperative		singular			plural
imperative		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	audē	—	—	audēte	—
active	future	—	audētō	audētō	—	audētōte	audentō
non-finite forms		active			passive
non-finite forms		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		audēre	ausum esse	ausūrum esse	—	—	—
participles		audēns	ausus	ausūrus	—	—	—
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		audendī	audendō	audendum	audendō	ausum	ausū

¹At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").

Derived terms

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “audeō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 60–61