Proto-Afroasiatic Kabyle u-mr-an ( “ sorrows ” ) , a-mur ( “ colic, stomachache ” ) , and a-mrir ( “ embarrassment, great difficulty ” ) . Possible Cushitic cognates include Oromo marar ( “ to be sick ” ) , Baiso marni ( “ to be sad ” ) , and Sidamo marar-s ( “ to be sick ” ) . A proposed Omotic cognate is Yemsa mer-o ( “ illness ” ) . Also compare the root Arabic م ر ض ( m-r-ḍ , “ related to ailment ” ) .
2-lit.
( intransitive , of people and body parts) physically ill or in pain , to be(come) sick or diseased , to ail , to ache (+ m m-dj [since the Pyramid Texts] ( intransitive , of the heart/mind) feel pity or compassion (+ n hurt for , to be sorry for)( intransitive ) physically painful , to sting , to cause physical pain (+ n r ḫꜣt mrt ― a painful disease ( intransitive , of events, words, emotions, etc.) mentally painful , sad , distressing , unpleasant , to cause mental pain (+ r m bꜣḥ ḥr jb ḥr jb n c. BCE BCE ,
Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) line 124:
ršwj sḏd dpt.n.f zn ḫt mr How joyful is he who recounts what he has experienced when a painful thing passes! ( intransitive , of striking power, rage, etc.) fierce , capable of inflicting pain
mr nsrthaving painful fire (literally, “painful of fire
Conjugation of mr (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: mr , geminated stem: mrr
infinitival forms
imperative
infinitive
negatival complement
complementary infinitive1
singular
plural
mr mrw , mr mrt mr , j.mr mr , j.mr
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem
periphrastic imperfective 2
periphrastic prospective 2
mr ḥr mr m mr r mr
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood
active
contingent
aspect / mood
active
perfect
mr.n consecutive
mr.jn
terminative
mrt
perfective 3
mr obligative1
mr.ḫr
imperfective
mr , j.mr 1
prospective 3
mr potentialis1
mr.kꜣ
subjunctive
mr , j.mr 1
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
participles
active
active
passive
perfect
mr.n —
—
perfective
mr mr mrr , mrrj 6 , mr 2 , mrw 2 5 , mry 2 5
imperfective
j.mr 1 , mr , mry , mrw 5 j.mr 1 , j.mrw 1 5 , mr , mrj 6 , mry 6 mr , mrw 5
prospective
mr , mrtj 7 mrtj 4 , mrt 4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f .fj .s .sj .sn .snj .sn
Only in the masculine singular.
Only in the masculine.
Only in the feminine.
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of mr
mr mr mr mr mr mr mr mr mr
[Pyramid Texts]
[Old Kingdom]
[New Kingdom]
[New Kingdom]
[New Kingdom]
[New Kingdom]
[Greco-Roman Period]
[Greco-Roman Period]
[Greco-Roman Period]
from the Qaw Bowl
rare
in hieratic
in hieratic
Demotic: mr > ? Old Coptic: ⲙⲟⲩⲣ ( mour ) [ 1] ⲙⲟⲩⲣ ( mour ) has alternatively been read as common Sahidic Coptic ⲙⲟⲩⲣ ( mour , “ to bind ” ) .[ 2] m
ailment , illness , disease [since the Medical papyri]
jrj mr ― to treat an ailment physical pain mental distress , misery , sorrow
n mr n ― out of distress over jrj mr ― to mourn (literally, “to do sorrow ”)
Declension of mr (masculine)
See under the verb above.
m
( rare ) sick man [Middle Kingdom literature]
Declension of mr (masculine)
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of mr
Proto-Afroasiatic *m-r ( “ river, channel ” ) . Compare South Omotic mir- (“river”), with reflexes including Aari mɨri ( “ river, stream ” ) and Dime mɪ́rɛ ( “ river ” ) . A possible Semitic cognate is Sabaean 𐩣𐩧 ( mr , “ part of an irrigation system ” ) . Possible Cushitic cognates include Borana Oromo mērī ( “ watering trough ” ) , Tsamai mīre ( “ pond ” ) , and possible Chadic cognates include Fali mirə̂ ( “ river ” ) , Muskum mìrà ( “ oxbow lake, marigot ” ) .
m
canal , ditch , waterway [since the Pyramid Texts]
c. BCE BCE ,
Pyramid Texts of Unas — west wall of the corridor, line 10–20, spell 317.4–5:
[ 3] jj.n wnjs r mrw .f jm(j)w jdb ꜣgb(w) mḥt wrt Unas has come to his canals at the shore of the waters of the great flood, pond or pool , especially an artificial one [since the Pyramid Texts] ( rare , by confusion with mw ) water [New Kingdom] The distinction between the abbreviated writings of
mr ( “ canal, pond, bowl ” ) —
or
— and
š ( “ pool, lake, bowl ” ) —
or
— is not always clear.
Declension of mr (masculine)
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of mr
mr mr mr mr mr mr mr mr mr
[Old Kingdom]
[Old Kingdom]
[New Kingdom]
[New Kingdom]
[New Kingdom]
[New Kingdom]
[21st Dynasty]
in hieratic
in hieratic
in hieratic
in hieratic
Demotic: mꜣ m ⇒ ? Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲙⲏⲓⲣⲓ ( amēiri ) ⇒ ? Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲙⲏⲣⲉ ( emēre ) m
metal libation basin
Declension of mr (masculine)
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of mr
From Proto-Afroasiatic Arabic أَمَرَة ( ʔamara , “ heap of stones, mound, esp. as a way-marker ” ) , Akkadian 𒀯 ( amartu , “ dividing wall ” ) , 𒋞 ( amaru , “ pile of bricks ” ) , Hebrew אָמִיר ( ʾāmīr , “ treetop, mountain summit ” ) .
Metathesized from earlier *rm , from Proto-Afroasiatic *rim- ( “ to be raised, high, long ” ) , cognate with Proto-Semitic *rayam- ( “ to be high ” ) ; compare Arabic رَيْم ( raym , “ abundance, hill, tumulus, step ” )
From a possible Proto-Afroasiatic *m-r ( “ heap of stones ” ) , cognate with Tashelhit i-miri ( “ heap of stones, wall of dry stone ” ) , a-mra ( “ stone buttress of a terraced field ” ) , Central Atlas Tamazight i-mr-an ( “ large half-buried stones that mark off property boundaries ” ) , Mofu-Gudur mémeré ( “ low stone terrace wall ” ) .
Related to a Semitic root *m-w-r Qatabanian 𐩣𐩥𐩧𐩩𐩬 ( mwrtn , “ tower ” ) , Arabic مَارَ ( māra , “ to come to a high place or plateau ” ) . m
pyramid ( monumental building ) [from the Pyramid Texts through the Saite Period]
c. 1550 B.C.E. , Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, problem 59:
mr pr-m-ws n.f jmy m 12A pyramid , its height 12 [cubits] ( rare ) heap of corpses [20th Dynasty]
c. 1180 B.C.E. , Temple of Ramesses III at Medinet Habu, Inscription of the Year 5, lines 35-36:
ptrj bjn jm.w r qꜣ n(j) pt nw tꜣy.w wmt ḥr st pꜣ smꜣ.w st jrw m mrw ḥr pꜣ.w zꜣtw m tꜣ pḥtj n(j) nswt qn m ḥꜥw.f nb wꜥ sḫmtj mjtj mnṯw nswt-bjtj wsr-mꜣꜥt-rꜥ-mr(y)-jmn zꜣ-rꜥ rꜥ-ms-s(w)-ḥqꜣ-jwnw Behold, they were in woe to the height of the sky, as their thick crowd was collected upon the place of their slaughter, and they were made into corpse-heaps on their soil by the might of the king, valiant in his limbs, the only lord, powerful like Montu, Dual King Usermaatre-Meryamun, Son of Ra Ramesses, Ruler of Heliopolis.
Declension of mr (masculine)
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of mr
mr mr mr mr mr mr mr
[Old Kingdom]
[Old Kingdom]
[18th Dynasty]
[New Kingdom]
[New Kingdom]
[New Kingdom]
abbreviation
2-lit.
( transitive ) bind , to tie (+ m [since the Medical papyri] ( transitive ) tie together , to tie (pieces of wood, flax, etc.) up [since the Second Intermediate Period] ( transitive ) fetter or bind (a captive or a captive’s limbs), to tie (a person) up [since the New Kingdom] ( reflexive , with n ) join (someone), to attach oneself to (someone) [Pyramid Texts] ( intransitive , of the mouth) suffering from an ailment of some kind such that the mouth is (figuratively ) ‘bound’ [Medical papyri]
Conjugation of mr (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: mr , geminated stem: mrr
infinitival forms
imperative
infinitive
negatival complement
complementary infinitive1
singular
plural
mr mrw , mr mrt mr , j.mr mr , j.mr
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem
periphrastic imperfective 2
periphrastic prospective 2
mr ḥr mr m mr r mr
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood
active
passive
contingent
aspect / mood
active
passive
perfect
mr.n mrw , mr consecutive
mr.jn active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
terminative
mrt
perfective 3
mr active + .tj 1 , .tw 2 obligative1
mr.ḫr active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
imperfective
mr , j.mr 1 active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
prospective 3
mr mrr potentialis1
mr.kꜣ active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
subjunctive
mr , j.mr 1 active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
participles
active
passive
active
passive
perfect
mr.n active + .tj 1 , .tw 2 —
—
perfective
mr active + .tj 1 , .tw 2 mr mrr , mrrj 6 , mr 2 , mrw 2 5 , mry 2 5
imperfective
j.mr 1 , mr , mry , mrw 5 active + .tj 1 , .tw 2 j.mr 1 , j.mrw 1 5 , mr , mrj 6 , mry 6 mr , mrw 5
prospective
mr , mrtj 7 —
mrtj 4 , mrt 4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f .fj .s .sj .sn .snj .sn
Only in the masculine singular.
Only in the masculine.
Only in the feminine.
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of mr
mr mr mr mr mr mrw mrw
[Pyramid Texts]
[Pyramid Texts]
[Pyramid Texts]
[Pyramid Texts]
[18th Dynasty]
[19th and 20th Dynasties]
[19th and 20th Dynasties]
in hieratic
in hieratic
in hieratic
Proto-Afroasiatic Proto-Semitic *mir(Vʔ)- ( “ bull ” ) : compare Akkadian 𒈪𒅕𒋾 ( mīrtu , “ young cow ” ) , 𒄞𒀖 ( mīru , “ young bull ” ) , Hebrew מְרִיא ( mərīʾ , “ fatted steer ” ) . Possible Cushitic cognates include Hadiyya mōr-â ( “ bull ” ) , Mbugu ki-mole ki-more ( “ ox, bull ” ) , possible Omotic cognates include Wolaytta mārā ( “ young bull ” ) , Yemsa omoru ( “ bull ” ) , and possible Chadic cognates include Mafa maray ( “ sacrificial bull ” ) , Mofu-Gudur maray ( “ fattened bull ” ) , Mafa mari ( “ bull ” ) .
m
fighting bull [Middle Kingdom]
Declension of mr (masculine)
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of mr
m
( rare ) Ellipsis of mr-wr ( “ Mnevis ” ) [Greco-Roman Period] “mr (lemma ID 71790) ”, “mr (lemma ID 71810) ”, “mr (lemma ID 71800) ”, “mr (lemma ID 71840) ”, “mr (lemma ID 880166) ”, “mr (lemma ID 71780) ”, “mr (lemma ID 71880) ”, “mr (lemma ID 71940) ”, and “Mr (lemma ID 71930) Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae [1] 2004–26 July 2023 Erman, Adolf , Grapow, Hermann (1928 ) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache [2] →ISBN pages 94.14–95.15, 95.18, 96.1–96.5, 97.3–97.12, 105.1–105.8, 105.19, 106.7–106.8 Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962 ) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian , Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN pages 110–112 Takács, Gábor (2007 ) Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian , volume 3, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN 361–372, 392–395 , →ISBN James P[eter] Allen (2010 ) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs , 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN page 213 Hoch, James (1997 ) Middle Egyptian Grammar , Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN page 146 Lee, Sunwoo (2022) Exploring Pain in Ancient Egypt
^ Osing, Jürgen (1976) Die Nominalbildung des Ägyptischen , pages 310, 376, 855–856
^ Hinckley Sederholm, Val (2006) Papyrus British Museum 10808 And Its Cultural And Religious Setting , pages 31-32, 113
^ Allen, James (2013 ) A New Concordance of the Pyramid Texts , volume III, Providence: Brown University, PT 317.4–5 (Pyr. 508a–508b), W 
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