Wiktionary

n-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "n"

Translingual

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Prefix

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n-

  1. (SI prefix) Abbreviation of nano-.

English

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Etymology

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Abbreviation of normal.

Pronunciation

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Prefix

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n-

  1. (organic chemistry) normal-form of a functional group (or molecule), being the long-chain form (unbranched chain)

Coordinate terms

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  • s- (secondary form)
  • t- (tertiary form)

Derived terms

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English terms prefixed with n-

Translations

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Translations

See also

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Abenaki

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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Related to nia (“I, me”).

Prefix

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n-

  1. (prefixed to nouns, used before consonants) my
  2. (prefixed to verbs, used before consonants) I
  3. (prefixed to verbs, used before consonants) I (exclusive we)

Coordinate terms

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  • nd- (used before vowels)

Albanian

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Alternative forms

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  • ën- — Buzuku
  • m- — before labials

Etymology

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From Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”).[1][2]

Prefix

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n-

  1. intensive prefix. on, to, at

Derived terms

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Albanian terms prefixed with n-

References

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  1. ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Matzinger, Joachim (2013) Die Verben des Altalbanischen: Belegwörterbuch, Vorgeschichte und Etymologie (Albanische Forschungen; 33) (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN
  2. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎[1], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 168

Aromanian

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Prefix

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n-

  1. Alternative form of ãn-

Big Nambas

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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From Proto-Oceanic *na.

Article

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n-

  1. The noun article. Added to nouns and verb stems to affirm nominal use. Has an element of definiteness. Also used in derivation.

Usage notes

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This form used before vowels. Before consonants, the form na- is used.

References

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Dutch

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Etymology

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From Middle Dutch ne, en, from Old Dutch ne, from Proto-Germanic *ne.

Prefix

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n-

  1. Used to negate the pronoun or adverb which follows it, yielding the same part of speech

Derived terms

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Dutch terms prefixed with n-

Egyptian

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Prefix

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n
  1. forms intransitive or reflexive verbs from existing verbs

Derived terms

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Egyptian terms prefixed with n-

Prefix

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n
  1. Alternative form of m- (noun-forming prefix) before labial consonants

References

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  • Satzinger, Helmut (2017) “A Lexicon of Egyptian Lexical Roots (Project)” in Quaderni di Vicino Oriente, volume 12, pages 213–223

Emilian

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Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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n- (adverbial)

  1. (before a vowel) Alternative form of in
    A-g n-ò dimándi. ― I have a lot (of them).

French

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Etymology

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Abbreviation of normale.

Pronunciation

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Prefix

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n-

  1. (organic chemistry) n-; (normal-form)

Derived terms

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French terms prefixed with n-

Kamba

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Alternative forms

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Prefix

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n-

  1. I (used for conjugating verbs to the subjective or nominative case of the personal pronoun)

Maltese

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Etymology 1

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From Arabic نَ (na, first-person plural imperfect prefix). The use also for the first-person singular is found in Maghrebi Arabic dialects.

Alternative forms

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Prefix

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n-

  1. First-person prefix in the imperfect conjugation
    ‎n- + ‎kiteb (“he wrote”) → ‎nikteb (“I write”)

Etymology 2

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Article

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n-

  1. Alternative form of il-
Usage notes
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  • Used after a vowel and before the letter n. For details on usage, see the main lemma.

Neapolitan

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Alternative forms

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  • m-, l- (from assimilation to following consonants)

Etymology

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Inherited from Latin in-.

Prefix

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n-

  1. in

Derived terms

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Neapolitan terms prefixed with n-

Ojibwe

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Prefix

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n-

  1. Alternative form of ni-

Usage notes

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n- appears before stems that begin with the vowels oo and ii.

See also

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Ojibwe personal prefixes
stem begins with... 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
Consonants p t k h ch m n s sh w y ni- gi- o-
d g ' j z zh nin-
b nim-
Vowels o nindo- gido- odo-
a aa e i nind- gid- od-
oo n- g-
ii w-

Old Irish

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Prefix

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n- (class A infixed pronoun)

  1. us

Derived terms

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Old Irish terms prefixed with n-

See also

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Old Irish affixed pronouns

See Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used.
Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.

Person Infixed Suffixed
Class A Class B Class C
1 sing. m-L dom-L, dam-L -um
2 sing. t-L dot-L, dat-L, dut-L, dit-L -ut
3 sing. m. a-N, e-N d-N id-N, did-N, d-N -i, -it
3 sing. f. s-(N) da- -us
3 sing. n. a-L, e-L d-L id-L, did-L, d-L -i, -it
1 pl. n- don-, dun-, dan- -unn
2 pl. b- dob-, dub-, dab- -uib
3 pl. s-(N) da- -us
L means this form triggers lenition.
N means this form triggers nasalization (eclipsis)
(N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others.

Prefix

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n- (class B & C infixed pronoun)

  1. Alternative form of d-

Swahili

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Etymology 1

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From Proto-Bantu *ǹ-.

Alternative forms

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  • (before a vowel) ny-
  • (before labial consonants) m-

Prefix

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n- (plural n-)

  1. n class(IX/X) noun prefix and adjective agreement prefix, denoting animals and miscellaneous nouns as well as their plurals, and plurals of some u class(XI) nouns
    nguo nzuri ― a nice piece of cloth/nice clothes
    ‎ulimi (“tongue”) → ‎ndimi (“tongues”)
Usage notes
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Foreign borrowings that cannot fit other classes morphologically usually behave as n class(IX), but do not take this prefix.

Except for nouns where the stem is of one syllable, n can only be followed by g, d, j, y, and z in Swahili. As a result of this, when the stem starts with a vowel, n- changes to ny-, when it starts with a b or v it changes to m-, and *nw-, *nl-, and *nr- becomes mb-, nd-, and nd- respectively. In front of any stems where these rules cannot be applied, it disappears.

See also
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Etymology 2

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From Proto-Bantu *ǹ-.

Alternative forms

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Prefix

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n-

  1. Alternative form of ni-.
    • 1973, Mohammed S. Abdulla, Duniani kuna watu, page 5:
      "Na kwa nini n'sirejee," aliuliza mzee.
      "And why wouldn't I go back [to it]?" the old man asked.
    • 2022, Timothy Theodosy Chelula, Instagram‎[2]:
      Kuna siku nlikua na drive huu wimbo ukaenda hewani nkajikuta natokwa machozi 🥲na nsijue wanachoimba .
      One day I was driving, this song went on air, and I found myself in tears 🥲 and I didn't know what they were singing.
See also
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Swahili personal pronouns (m-wa class(I/II))
Number Person Independent Subject concord Object concord Combined forms Possessive
affirmative negative na ndi- si-
Singular First mimi ni- si- -ni- nami, na mimi ndimi, ndiye simi, siye -angu
Second wewe u- hu- -ku- nawe, na wewe ndiwe, ndiye siwe, siye -ako
Third yeye a-, yu- ha-, hayu- -m-, -mw-, -mu- naye, na yeye ndiye siye -ake
Plural First sisi tu- hatu- -tu- nasi, na sisi ndisi, ndio sio -etu
Second ninyi m-, mw-, mu- ham-, hamw-, hamu- -wa- nanyi, na ninyi ndinyi, ndio sinyi, sio -enu
Third wao wa- hawa- -wa- nao ndio sio -ao
Reflexive — — -ji- — —
For a full table including other classes, see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns.

Tooro

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Alternative forms

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  • (before /β/, /m/, /h/ or /p/) m-
  • (before a vowel) ny-

Etymology

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From Proto-Bantu *ǹ-.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /n̩-/, (after /ɡ/ or /k/) [ŋ̩-], (after a vowel) /n-/

Prefix

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n-

  1. I, 1st person singular subject concord
    ‎n- + ‎-kora (“to do”) → ‎nkora (“I do”)
  2. positive imperative form of -n- (“me; 1st person singular object concord”)
    ‎n- + ‎-ha (“to give”) → ‎mpa (“give me”)

See also

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Tooro personal pronouns
Class Person Independent Possessive Subject concord Object concord Combined forms
na ni
Class 1 First nyowe, nye -ange n- -n- nanyowe, nanye ninyowe, ninye
Second iwe -awe o- -ku- naiwe niiwe
Third uwe -e a- -mu- nawe nuwe
Class 2 First itwe -aitu tu- -tu- naitwe niitwe
Second inywe -anyu mu- -ba- nainywe niinywe
Third abo -abo ba- -ba- nabo nubo
Class 3 gwo -agwo gu- -gu- nagwo nugwo
Class 4 yo -ayo e- -gi- nayo niyo
Class 5 lyo -alyo li- -li- nalyo niryo
Class 6 go -ago ga- -ga- nago nugo
Class 7 kyo -akyo ki- -ki- nakyo nikyo
Class 8 byo -abyo bi- -bi- nabyo nibyo
Class 9 yo -ayo e- -gi- nayo niyo
Class 10 zo -azo zi- -zi- nazo nizo
Class 11 rwo -arwo ru- -ru- narwo nurwo
Class 12 ko -ako ka- -ka- nako nuko
Class 13 two -atwo tu- -tu- natwo nutwo
Class 14 bwo -abwo bu- -bu- nabwo nubwo
Class 15 kwo -akwo ku- -ku- nakwo nukwo
Class 16 ho -aho ha- -ha- naho nuho
Class 17 (kwo) N/A ha-
(...-yo) 		-ha- N/A nukwo
Class 18 (mwo) -amwo ha-
(...-mu) 		-ha- N/A numwo
Reflexive -enyini, -onyini — -e- —

References

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  • Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary‎[3], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 413

Ye'kwana

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Etymology 1

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Cognate to prefixes analyzed as object nominalizers, switching nominalized forms from nouns of action to nouns referring to the patient argument. The Caura River form has a rather different scope of use.

Pronunciation

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Prefix

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n-

  1. Marks that (person markers on) a derivation from a transitive verb refer to the agent argument of the verb rather than the patient argument; used with verbs adverbialized with -e or nominalized with -dü or -'jüdü.
Usage notes
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This prefix comes between the person marker and the verb stem.

Etymology 2

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Alternative forms

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  • ni- (allomorph before a consonant)

Pronunciation

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Prefix

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n-

  1. Marks a nonderived transitive verb as having a third-person agent/subject and patient/object.
  2. Marks a nonderived intransitive verb with agent-like or patient-like argument as having a third-person argument/subject.
Usage notes
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The form n- is used with stems that start with a vowel; ni- is used with those that start with a consonant, in which case the initial consonant is also palatalized.

This person marker is used with all types of verbs when marked with originally nonderived tense/aspect/mood markers, excepting only the admonitive -'no and prohibitive -i negative command suffixes and the uncertain future marker -tai, which require the transcategorical third person marker y-, and the distant past markers, which require the distance-specific person morpheme kün-.

Though in all other circumstances Ye'kwana third-person prefixes also cover the first person dual exclusive, this prefix is not used when the patient of a transitive verb is first-person-dual-exclusive.

Inflection
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Ye'kwana personal markers
pronoun noun possessor/
series II verb argument 		postposition object series I verb argument
transitive patient intransitive patient-like intransitive agent-like transitive agent
first person ewü y-, ∅-, ü-, u-1 w-, wi-
first person dual inclusive küwü k-, kü-, ku-, ki- k-, kii-, ki-1
second person amödö ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- m-, mi-
first person dual exclusive nña y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-1 chö- ∅- n-, ni-
third person tüwü n-, ni-
distant past third person — kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini-
coreferential/reflexive — t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- —
reciprocal — — öö-
  1. With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable.
series I verb argument:
transitive agent and transitive patient
first person > second person mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni-
first person dual exclusive > second person
second person > first person k-, kü-, ku-, ki-
second person > first person dual exclusive
third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person see person X in the chart above

References

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  • Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “n-”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎[4], Lyon, pages 152, 182–184, 190–191, 200, 202–203

Zulu

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Etymology

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From Proto-Bantu *n-.

Prefix

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n-

  1. Class 9 simple noun prefix.

Usage notes

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The variant form m- is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v).

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