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Added new sources, even though also the previous one were of foreign origin. Some of them are only translated to Slovak language, but written by foreign authors from USA, PL or Russia. Many of the sources are from Yad vashem or Auschwitz Museum, which are clearly not Slovak sources. Lastly, this topic of our state's history is covered mainly by Slovak and Czech historians and anthropologists, which means it is hard to find other suitable sources that would refer to micro-history of Slovak nation
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= The First Jewish transport from Slovakia to Auschwitz =
= The First Jewish transport from Slovakia to Auschwitz =


== 1.    Establishment of the Slovak State ==
== 1.   Planning of deportations  ==
After 1918, Slovakia formed part of the newly created Czechoslovak Republic (note: hereinafter referred to as Czechoslovakia). The adoption of the Munich Agreement on September 30, 1938 contributed to the disintegration of Czechoslovak statehood. The agreement, as stated by acclaimed Eduard Nižňanský, in practice constituted a consensus between Germany, Italy, Great Britain and France that Czechoslovakia would cede to Germany the Sudeten territories, Petržalka and Devín on the basis of the claim that they were half inhabited by ethnic Germans. With new borders came a new government and the formation of the II Czechoslovak Republic. In the Czech lands, parliamentary democracy was replaced by controlled democracy, which led to the adoption of a constitutional law on autonomy in Slovakia.

One of the strongest autonomist political entities in Slovakia was Hlinkova slovenská ľudová strana (note: in English: Hlinka's Slovak People's Party, hereinafter referred to as the HSĽS), which declared autonomy on October 6, 1938 and simultaneously banned the activities of other political parties or movements.

The dictator regime asserted its power by preparing new anti-Jewish legal norms that were supposed to help confiscate property in the future. Based on these facts, on January 23, 1939, the autonomous government established a Commission for the ''"Solution of the Jewish Question"''...<ref>VADKERTY, Madeline: Slovutný pán prezident. Žilina: Absynt, 2020. p. 132-150. ISBN 978-80-8203-163-1</ref> The newly established institution was headed by Karol Sidor, who at that time held the position of Minister of Government and was the Commander-in-Chief of the Hlinka Guard - paramilitary body of HSĽS(note: hereinafter referred to as HG).

''"It was 12 hours and 7 minutes when, on March 14, on a cold day in 1939, a new state was born in Central Europe, which would go down in the history of this troubled continent for six years."''<ref>KAMENEC, Ivan: ''Slovenský štát.'' Praha: Anomal, 1992. p. 5. ISBN 80-900235-3-3

</ref> Based on his long-term, comprehensive research on the Holocaust, I. Kamenec believes that the Slovak State arose as a by-product of the Nazi break-up of Czechoslovakia and the conditions under which it was created seem to declare its further direction.

The first step of the Slovak government was the issuance of a law defining the term Jew, which also defined in which sectors a person of this ''kind was''  allowed to perform work. A law passed on April 18, 1939, defined the term ''"Jew"'' on the basis of religious belief, in this case the law characterized it as Israeli. The second part consisted of a decree on reducing the number of Jews in the liberal professions. Jews could no longer execute such professions as lawyers, notaries public, or editors.

The government gradually became radicalized, Alexander Mach was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs and the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs was occupied by Vojtech Tuka. After the Salzburg negotiations, Dieter Wisliceny, who primarily supervised the Aryanization of Jewish property, moved to Bratislava at the end of August<ref>HRADSKÁ, Katarína: ''Prípad Dieter Wisliceny: Nacistickí poradcovia a židovská otázka na Slovensku''. Bratislava : Academic Electronic Press, 1999. 133 p. ISBN 80-88880-29-7</ref>.

=== 1.1  Adoption of the Jewish Code - Slovak Ghetto Attempt ===
To strengthen German-Slovak cooperation, the government adopted the Jewish Code on September 9, 1941. It was one of the most cruel racial laws in Europe, as confirmed by the headline in the Ľudové noviny (note: in English - People's Newspaper) published by the Propaganda Office: ''"The strictest racial laws against Jews are Slovak."''<ref>BERÁNEK, Matej; KORČOK, Martin: ''Holokaust na Slovensku - Seredské svedectvá.'' Bratislava: Slovenské národné múzeum – Múzeum židovskej kultúry v spolupráci s vydavateľstvom Virvar, s.r.o. -  v edícii Judaica Slovaca, 2021. p. 44. ISBN 978-80-8060-496-7</ref> While the April 1939 law defined membership of the Jewish community on the basis of religion, the Code described the term Jew on the basis of race.

Among the regulations were, for example: disenfranchisement and forced work obligations for Jews between the ages of sixteen and sixty. Jews had to wear a mandatory sign - a six-pointed yellow Star of David with blue edging with a diameter of 6.5 cm. Based on statistics commissioned by the government as part of the mapping of Jewish property and citizens, as of December 1,1941 a total of 88,970 people had to follow the Jewish Code.<ref>KLIMKO, Jozef: ''Tretia ríša a ľudácky režim na Slovensku.'' Bratislava: Obzor, 1986. p. 177. </ref>

The Jewish Code was issued in Slovakia at a time when Germany began to actively implement its plans for ''the "Endlösung – the Final Solution"'' – the extermination of European Jews by large-scale industrial methods. In the autumn of 1941, the 14th department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was created, the first chief of which became Gejza Konka. Under the supervision of the 14th Department, labour camps were built in Nováky, Sereď and Vyhne.

Concentration camps were established in Poprad, Žilina and Bratislava Patrónka, which served as an intermediate stage before the transport of Jews to extermination camps.  

=== 1.2  Planning of deportations ===
The Slovak government was inspired by the Wanesee negotiations led by the SS Obergruppenführer on 20 January 1942 (note: SS - Schutzstaffel – paramilitary branch of the Nazi party NSDAP in Germany) and alternate Reich Protector Reinhard Heydrich. The negotiations resulted in an agreement on ''"a job opportunity by which Jews will be worked to death."''<ref>MACADAME, D., Heather: ''999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2020''. p. 56. ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6</ref> In Slovakia, the deportations of Jews were prepared by Dieter Wisliceny, Alexander Mach, Vojtech Tuka and Isidor Koso.
The Slovak government was inspired by the Wanesee negotiations led by the SS Obergruppenführer on 20 January 1942 (note: SS - Schutzstaffel – paramilitary branch of the Nazi party NSDAP in Germany) and alternate Reich Protector Reinhard Heydrich. The negotiations resulted in an agreement on ''"a job opportunity by which Jews will be worked to death."''<ref>MACADAME, D., Heather: ''999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2020''. p. 56. ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6</ref> In Slovakia, the deportations of Jews were prepared by Dieter Wisliceny, Alexander Mach, Vojtech Tuka and Isidor Koso.


Many historical sources confirm that the Slovak government had to pay 500 Reichsmarks to the German Reich for every single deported Jew<ref>USHMM: ''Wisliceny testifies at Nuremberg Trial re.his role with Eichmann's work in Hungary, deportation of Greek Jews. Kaestner mentione''d, on 2022-05-11. Available at: https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn1002352 </ref>. The 14th department was entrusted with solving transportation, respectively selecting specific types of cattle wagons. According to German calculations, one cattle wagon could fit twice as many people as horses. There were at least twenty wagons per thousand people. All requirements for the successful implementation of deportations were best met by the eastern Slovak city of Poprad.
Many historical sources confirm that the Slovak government had to pay 500 Reichsmarks to the German Reich for every single deported Jew<ref>USHMM: ''Wisliceny testifies at Nuremberg Trial re.his role with Eichmann's work in Hungary, deportation of Greek Jews. Kaestner mentione''d, on 2022-05-11. Available at: https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn1002352 </ref>. The 14th department was entrusted with solving transportation, respectively selecting specific types of cattle wagons. According to German calculations, one cattle wagon could fit twice as many people as horses. There were at least twenty wagons per thousand people. All requirements for the successful implementation of deportations were best met by the eastern Slovak city of [[Poprad]]<ref>Doe, Norman (4 August 2011). ''Law and Religion in Europe: A Comparative Introduction''. OUP Oxford. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960401-2|<bdi>978-0-19-960401-2</bdi>]] – via Google Books. </ref>.


The plan of systematic killing of Slovak Jews was the first to affect women and girls from the Šariš-Zemplín county. One thousand Jewish women from Humenné, Michalovce, Poprad, Prešov, Stropkov and surrounding villages were on the lists of names intended for deportation to Auschwitz<ref>KOLLÁR, Daniel: ''Kultúrne krásy Slovenska: Synagógy''. Bratislava: Dajama, 2013. pp. 106-123. ISBN 978-80-8136-022-0</ref>. Jewish families were told by the government that the girls were going to work in Poland and that they would work in a shoe factory. No historical document mentions any of the girls working in such a factory. However, it has been proven with certainty that in government documents, girls and women destined for transport figured as ''"contract workers".''<ref>MACADAME, D., Heather: ''999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2020''. p. 61. <nowiki>ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6</nowiki></ref>
The plan of systematic killing of Slovak Jews was the first to affect women and girls from the Šariš-Zemplín county. One thousand Jewish women from Humenné, Michalovce, Poprad, Prešov, Stropkov and surrounding villages were on the lists of names intended for deportation to Auschwitz<ref>KOLLÁR, Daniel: ''Kultúrne krásy Slovenska: Synagógy''. Bratislava: Dajama, 2013. pp. 106-123. ISBN 978-80-8136-022-0</ref>. Jewish families were told by the government that the girls were going to work in Poland and that they would work in a shoe factory. No historical document mentions any of the girls working in such a factory. However, it has been proven with certainty that in government documents, girls and women destined for transport figured as ''"contract workers".''<ref>MACADAME, D., Heather: ''999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2020''. p. 61. <nowiki>ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6</nowiki></ref>


== 2.    The course of the first transport of Slovak Jewish women to Auschwitz ==
== 2.    The course of the transport ==
The first deportation directives were issued on March 12, 1942. The timetable, dated two days later, i.e. on March 14, 1942, regulated the routing of transports and ordered that each of them must pass through Žilina. The deportations were supervised by the gendarmes, but also by the HG and the FS (note: FS - Freiwillige Schutzstaffel – paramilitary organizations belonging to the Deutsche Partei, led by Franz Karmasin). Concentration camps – Bratislava-Patrónka, Nováky, Poprad, Sereď, Žilina – operated from March 21, 1942<ref>SALNER, Peter: ''Sedem (židovských) problémov: Sociálna kultúra židovskej komunity z pohľadu etnológie.'' Bratislava: Marenčin PT, 2022. pp. 76-97.  ISBN 978-80-569-0980-5</ref>. The decree summoning Jewish women "to work" read as follows:: ''"All unmarried Jewish girls between the ages of sixteen and thirty-six are required to register (...) and appear for a health check-up on March 20 so that they can be assigned to three months' service. On the day of check-in, each girl brings with her luggage weighing no more than 40 kilograms."''<ref>MACADAME, D., Heather: ''999: 999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2022''. p. 53. <nowiki>ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6</nowiki>. </ref>
The first deportation directives were issued on March 12, 1942. The timetable, dated two days later, i.e. on March 14, 1942, regulated the routing of transports and ordered that each of them must pass through Žilina. The deportations were supervised by the gendarmes, but also by the HG and the FS (note: FS - Freiwillige Schutzstaffel – paramilitary organizations belonging to the Deutsche Partei, led by Franz Karmasin). Concentration camps – Bratislava-Patrónka, Nováky, Poprad, Sereď, Žilina – operated from March 21, 1942<ref>SALNER, Peter: ''Sedem (židovských) problémov: Sociálna kultúra židovskej komunity z pohľadu etnológie.'' Bratislava: Marenčin PT, 2022. pp. 76-97.  ISBN 978-80-569-0980-5</ref>. The decree summoning Jewish women "to work" read as follows:: ''"All unmarried Jewish girls between the ages of sixteen and thirty-six are required to register (...) and appear for a health check-up on March 20 so that they can be assigned to three months' service. On the day of check-in, each girl brings with her luggage weighing no more than 40 kilograms."''<ref>MACADAME, D., Heather: ''999: 999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2022''. p. 53. <nowiki>ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6</nowiki>. </ref>


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The Slovak state in Nazi-controlled Europe thus became the only unoccupied state that carried out the deportation of Jews by its own administrative and power forces, justifying it by protecting its internal interests<ref>KAMENEC, Ivan: ''Slovenský štát''. Praha: Anomal, 1992. p. 114. <nowiki>ISBN 80-900235-3-3</nowiki> </ref>.
The Slovak state in Nazi-controlled Europe thus became the only unoccupied state that carried out the deportation of Jews by its own administrative and power forces, justifying it by protecting its internal interests<ref>KAMENEC, Ivan: ''Slovenský štát''. Praha: Anomal, 1992. p. 114. <nowiki>ISBN 80-900235-3-3</nowiki> </ref>.


== 3. Auschwitz terror ==
== 3. Auschwitz ==
In Poland, as in Slovakia, the Second Polish Republic ceased to exist in 1939 as a result of the German and Soviet invasions. The west and north fell to the German Empire, the east was occupied by the Soviet Union. Auschwitz was located only 51 kilometers from Krakow, (note: Krakow was the capital of Poland from 1939 to 1945) and was administered by the new German government, the so-called General Gouvernement<ref>LAQUER, Walter: ''The Holocaust Encyclopedia.'' New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2001. p.  241. ISBN 978-0-300-08432-0</ref>. A few kilometers from the city there were military barracks<ref>MACADAME, D., Heather: ''999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2020''. p. 131. ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6</ref>, which after the Nazi invasion served as a prison for prisoners of war. At the beginning of 1942, the inhabitants of the neighbouring village of Brezinka were evicted so that a new Auschwitz concentration camp complex could be built on the same site: ''Auschwitz II – Birkenau''<ref>AUSCHWITZ.ORG: ''Auschwitz II-Birkenau,'' on 2022-04-10. Available at: http://www.auschwitz.org/en/history/auschwitz-ii/ </ref>''.''
In Poland, as in Slovakia, the Second Polish Republic ceased to exist in 1939 as a result of the German and Soviet invasions. The west and north fell to the German Empire, the east was occupied by the [[Soviet Union]]. Auschwitz was located only 51 kilometers from Krakow, (note: Krakow was the capital of Poland from 1939 to 1945<ref>[[Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)|Piotrowski, Tadeusz]] (1998). ''[[iarchive:polandsholocaust00piot|Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947]]''. Science Publications. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 294. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780786403714|<bdi>9780786403714</bdi>]]. Retrieved 9 February 2017. <q>Between 1920 and 1924, some areas of Orawa and Spisz fell to Poland, others to Slovakia. With Germany's support, on the basis of the November 1 and 30, 1938 agreements between Poland and Czechoslovakia, Poland annexed 226 square kilometers (and 4,280 people) of Orawa and Spisz. The following year, on the basis of an agreement (November 21, 1939) between Germany and Slovakia, these territories, along with some previously Polish sections of Orawa and Spisz (a total of 752 square kilometers of land with 30,000 people) were transferred to Slovakia.</q></ref>) and was administered by the new German government, the so-called General Gouvernement<ref>LAQUER, Walter: ''The Holocaust Encyclopedia.'' New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2001. p.  241. ISBN 978-0-300-08432-0</ref>. A few kilometers from the city there were military barracks<ref>MACADAME, D., Heather: ''999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2020''. p. 131. ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6</ref>, which after the Nazi invasion served as a prison for prisoners of war. At the beginning of 1942, the inhabitants of the neighbouring village of Brezinka were evicted so that a new Auschwitz concentration camp complex could be built on the same site: ''Auschwitz II – Birkenau''<ref>AUSCHWITZ.ORG: ''Auschwitz II-Birkenau,'' on 2022-04-10. Available at: http://www.auschwitz.org/en/history/auschwitz-ii/ </ref>''.''


At the time of the girls' arrival at Auschwitz, there was no gate of death, but above the gate to the camp itself there was an inscription: ''ARBEIT MACHT FREI'' (note: in English - work liberates). It was a quote adopted by Rudolf Höss in 1934 which, as commandant of Auschwitz, he had placed above the entrance gate six years later<ref>DWORKOWÁ, Debórah, VAN PELT, Robert, J.: ''OSVĚTIM, 1270 až současnost.'' Praha: Argo, 2006. p. 102. ISBN 80-7203-751-X</ref>. The Polish prisoners who made the arch in 1940 deliberately welded the letter B in the word ''arbeit'' vice versa<ref>International Auschwitz Committee: ''To be remembered, - the Sculpure of International Auschwitz Committee,'' on 2022-05-01. Available at: https://www.auschwitz.info/en/b-the-sculpture.html</ref>.
At the time of the girls' arrival at Auschwitz, there was no gate of death, but above the gate to the camp itself there was an inscription: ''ARBEIT MACHT FREI''<ref>Noack, David X. (4 October 2012). [https://books.google.sk/books?id=lcJ3DwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y ''Slowakei – Der mühsame Weg nach Westen''.] Brennpunkt Osteuropa. Vienna: Promedia (published 2012). pp. 48–50. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9783853718025|<bdi>9783853718025</bdi>]]. Retrieved 19 April 2022.</ref> (note: in English - work liberates). It was a quote adopted by Rudolf Höss in 1934 which, as commandant of Auschwitz, he had placed above the entrance gate six years later<ref>DWORKOWÁ, Debórah, VAN PELT, Robert, J.: ''OSVĚTIM, 1270 až současnost.'' Praha: Argo, 2006. p. 102. ISBN 80-7203-751-X</ref>. The Polish prisoners who made the arch in 1940 deliberately welded the letter B in the word ''arbeit'' vice versa<ref>International Auschwitz Committee: ''To be remembered, - the Sculpure of International Auschwitz Committee,'' on 2022-05-01. Available at: https://www.auschwitz.info/en/b-the-sculpture.html</ref>.


According to Professor Pavol Mešťan, the first victim of the transport was a woman who died while still in a cattle wagon. According to some testimonies, the girl should have jumped off the train while it was passing through Hungary, since at that time many cities in eastern Slovakia were part of Hungary. Survivor, Edita Grosmanová is sure that she could not have done this on her way from Poprad to Auschwitz. There were two lists, Slovak and German, and they confirm that none of the girls who left Poprad on March 25, 1942 and arrived at Auschwitz on March 26, 1942<ref>MACADAME, D., Heather: ''999: 999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2020''. p. 132. <nowiki>ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6</nowiki> </ref>.
According to Professor Pavol Mešťan, the first victim of the transport was a woman who died while still in a cattle wagon. According to some testimonies, the girl should have jumped off the train while it was passing through Hungary, since at that time many cities in eastern Slovakia were part of Hungary. Survivor, Edita Grosmanová is sure that she could not have done this on her way from Poprad to Auschwitz. There were two lists, Slovak and German, and they confirm that none of the girls who left Poprad on March 25, 1942 and arrived at Auschwitz on March 26, 1942<ref>MACADAME, D., Heather: ''999: 999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2020''. p. 132. <nowiki>ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6</nowiki> </ref>.
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=== 3.1  Registration ===
=== 3.1  Registration ===
After a chaotic and violent exit from the wagons, the girls reached ''lagerstrasse'' (note: the main camp road, which later led directly to the gas chambers and crematoria<ref>BRITISH LIBRARY: ''Voices of the Holocaust, Glossary,'' on 2022-05-01. Available at: https://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/voices/ref/gloss/glossary.html </ref>). From there, they had to cross between two rows of barracks into a space separated from the male part by barbed wire. At the time of the arrival of the Slovak transport, another 999 women were in this area. These were inmates from the Rävensbrück women's concentration camp, who were to be the new guards. They were murderers, thieves, political prisoners (communists, anti-fascists), members of Jehovah's Witnesses, prostitutes, and ''"asocials"'' (note: lesbians whom other prisoners called ''"buzimamas"'')<ref>MACADAME, D., Heather: ''999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2020''. p. 136. <nowiki>ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6</nowiki> </ref>
After a chaotic and violent exit from the wagons, the girls reached ''lagerstrasse'' (note: the main camp road, which later led directly to the gas chambers and crematoria<ref>BRITISH LIBRARY: ''Voices of the Holocaust, Glossary,'' on 2022-05-01. Available at: https://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/voices/ref/gloss/glossary.html </ref>). From there, they had to cross between two rows of barracks into a space separated from the male part by barbed wire. At the time of the arrival of the Slovak transport, another 999 women were in this area. These were inmates from the Rävensbrück<ref>Natalie Hess: ''Remembering Ravensbrück. Holocaust to Healing'', Oegstgeest: Amsterdam Publishers. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9789493056237|9789493056237]]</ref> women's concentration camp, who were to be the new guards. They were murderers, thieves, political prisoners (communists, anti-fascists), members of Jehovah's Witnesses, prostitutes, and ''"asocials"'' (note: lesbians whom other prisoners called ''"buzimamas"'')<ref>MACADAME, D., Heather: ''999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2020''. p. 136. <nowiki>ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6</nowiki> </ref>


Behind the gate, the girls had to fold their luggage in one pile. Such procedures were also peculiar to the guards themselves, who were still accustomed from Rävensbrück<ref>MCGUINESS, Damien: ''Nazi Ravensbrück camp: How ordinary women became SS torturers'', on 2022-05-03. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55661782</ref> to having their property searched but later returned to them. After solving the discrepancies, ''the kapo''<ref>MEARS, Charlotte: ''A Social History of the Aufseherinnen of Auschwitz'', on 2022-05-07. Available at: https://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/id/eprint/50539/1/Mears-C-50539.pdf</ref> (note: the girls from the first transport called the guards from Ravensbrück ''kapo'') herded the girls into Block 5. They were provided with dirty straw, ten latrines, and water dripping from one rusty pipe in the cellar.
Behind the gate, the girls had to fold their luggage in one pile. Such procedures were also peculiar to the guards themselves, who were still accustomed from Rävensbrück<ref>MCGUINESS, Damien: ''Nazi Ravensbrück camp: How ordinary women became SS torturers'', on 2022-05-03. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55661782</ref> to having their property searched but later returned to them. After solving the discrepancies, ''the kapo''<ref>MEARS, Charlotte: ''A Social History of the Aufseherinnen of Auschwitz'', on 2022-05-07. Available at: https://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/id/eprint/50539/1/Mears-C-50539.pdf</ref> (note: the girls from the first transport called the guards from Ravensbrück ''kapo'') herded the girls into Block 5. They were provided with dirty straw, ten latrines, and water dripping from one rusty pipe in the cellar.
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The next day, the first fifty girls were ordered to enter the barrack where the admission procedure was executed. At first, the girls had to undress naked, put all their clothes in a large pile and hand over the jewelry. This was followed by a brutal gynecological examination, which was carried out by the guards themselves without any medical practice.<ref>MACADAME, D., Heather: ''999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2020''. p. 144. <nowiki>ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6</nowiki></ref>
The next day, the first fifty girls were ordered to enter the barrack where the admission procedure was executed. At first, the girls had to undress naked, put all their clothes in a large pile and hand over the jewelry. This was followed by a brutal gynecological examination, which was carried out by the guards themselves without any medical practice.<ref>MACADAME, D., Heather: ''999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2020''. p. 144. <nowiki>ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6</nowiki></ref>


Polish prisoners first shaved the heads, armpits, leg hairs and finally pubic areas of girls standing on chairs. This was followed by disinfection in a vat of ice water and chemicals burning on freshly shaved skin. After ''the cleaning process'', the girls had to dress in Russian military uniforms in the next room, no underwear or socks. They were allowed to wear ''"clogs",'' a straight piece of wood with two strips of leather nailed at the edges<ref>MACADAME, D., Heather: ''999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2020''. p. 144. <nowiki>ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6</nowiki> </ref>. Already dressed, they were handed white strips of fabric with numbers and yellow stars, which they were supposed to sew on the front of the uniform so that they could be photographed with the numbers.
Polish prisoners first shaved the heads, armpits, leg hairs and finally pubic areas of girls standing on chairs. This was followed by disinfection in a vat of ice water and chemicals burning on freshly shaved skin. After ''the cleaning process'', the girls had to dress in Russian military uniforms in the next room, no underwear or socks. They were allowed to wear ''"clogs",'' a straight piece of wood with two strips of leather nailed at the edges<ref>MACADAME, D., Heather: ''999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2020''. p. 144. <nowiki>ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6</nowiki> </ref>. Already dressed, they were handed white strips of fabric with numbers and yellow stars, which they were supposed to sew on the front of the uniform so that they could be photographed with the numbers<ref>[[Borowski, Tadeusz]] (1992) [1976]. ''[[This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen]]''. Trans. from the Polish by Barbara Vedder. East Rutherford: Penguin Books. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-14-018624-7|0-14-018624-7]]</ref>.


Opposite Block 10, in which the girls slept, was Block 11, called the Death Block. It consisted of solitary confinement, where political prisoners, prisoners of war and members of the resistance were tortured. Rena Kornreichová witnessed the execution of Russian prisoners of war, herself wearing the uniform of those executed before her transport arrived.<ref>MACADAME, D., Heather: ''999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2020''. p. 144. <nowiki>ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6</nowiki></ref>
Opposite Block 10, in which the girls slept, was Block 11, called the Death Block. It consisted of solitary confinement, where political prisoners, prisoners of war and members of the resistance were tortured. Rena Kornreichová witnessed the execution of Russian prisoners of war, herself wearing the uniform of those executed before her transport arrived.<ref>MACADAME, D., Heather: ''999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2020''. p. 144. <nowiki>ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6</nowiki></ref>
Line 93: Line 69:
After the other groups came out of the camp to work, members of the Leichenkommando (note: corpse collectors) collected the bodies and carried them to the leichenhalle, the shelter behind Block 25<ref>DHS: ''Preklad správy Alfréda Wetzlera a Rudolfa Vrbu,'' dňa 2022-05-11. Dostupné na: http://www.holokaust.sk/zobrazenie-dokumentu?bk=918#</ref>. Block 25 was used for women who did not get to the lazareth and suffered from typhoid, tuberculosis or meningitis. In this block, Edita Grosmanová saw and her younger sister Lea, for the last time.
After the other groups came out of the camp to work, members of the Leichenkommando (note: corpse collectors) collected the bodies and carried them to the leichenhalle, the shelter behind Block 25<ref>DHS: ''Preklad správy Alfréda Wetzlera a Rudolfa Vrbu,'' dňa 2022-05-11. Dostupné na: http://www.holokaust.sk/zobrazenie-dokumentu?bk=918#</ref>. Block 25 was used for women who did not get to the lazareth and suffered from typhoid, tuberculosis or meningitis. In this block, Edita Grosmanová saw and her younger sister Lea, for the last time.


At one o'clock on the night of January 18, 1945, all the female prisoners were expelled for their last roll call. As part of the evacuation of the camp before the arrival of Russian troops, commanders planned a death march attended by a handful of survivors from the first transport. Multitudes of women walked in different directions for two to seven days. On 20 January 1945, the first group arrived in Wodzisław Śśłaski. They were further divided into trains that carried them in five directions – ''Gross-Rosen, Sachsenhausen, Ravensbrück, Buchenwald and Neustadt-Glewe.''
At one o'clock on the night of January 18, 1945, all the female prisoners were expelled for their last roll call. As part of the evacuation of the camp before the arrival of Russian troops, commanders planned a death march attended by a handful of survivors from the first transport<ref>[http://auschwitz.org/en/history/evacuation/the-cessation-of-mass-extermination "The cessation of mass extermination / Evacuation / History / Auschwitz-Birkenau"]. ''Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum''. Retrieved 21 January 2020. </ref>. Multitudes of women walked in different directions for two to seven days. On 20 January 1945, the first group arrived in Wodzisław Śśłaski. They were further divided into trains that carried them in five directions – ''Gross-Rosen, Sachsenhausen, Ravensbrück, Buchenwald and Neustadt-Glewe.''


Most of these transports were not accepted due to lack of space, so they were diverted to another death camp, Bergen-Belsen. On January 27, 1945, the Russians liberated Auschwitz and Birkenau, and later, on April 15, 1945, Bergen-Belsen was liberated by the Allies.
Most of these transports were not accepted due to lack of space, so they were diverted to another death camp, Bergen-Belsen. On January 27, 1945, the Russians liberated Auschwitz and Birkenau, and later, on April 15, 1945, Bergen-Belsen was liberated by the Allies<ref>Celinscak, Mark (2015). ''Distance from the Belsen Heap: Allied Forces and the Liberation of a Concentration Camp''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1442615700|<bdi>978-1442615700</bdi>]]. </ref>.


== 4.    Further lives of the women who survived ==
== 4.    Further lives of the women who survived ==

Revision as of 18:49, 5 April 2024

The First Jewish transport from Slovakia to Auschwitz

1.   Planning of deportations 

The Slovak government was inspired by the Wanesee negotiations led by the SS Obergruppenführer on 20 January 1942 (note: SS - Schutzstaffel – paramilitary branch of the Nazi party NSDAP in Germany) and alternate Reich Protector Reinhard Heydrich. The negotiations resulted in an agreement on "a job opportunity by which Jews will be worked to death."[1] In Slovakia, the deportations of Jews were prepared by Dieter Wisliceny, Alexander Mach, Vojtech Tuka and Isidor Koso.

Many historical sources confirm that the Slovak government had to pay 500 Reichsmarks to the German Reich for every single deported Jew[2]. The 14th department was entrusted with solving transportation, respectively selecting specific types of cattle wagons. According to German calculations, one cattle wagon could fit twice as many people as horses. There were at least twenty wagons per thousand people. All requirements for the successful implementation of deportations were best met by the eastern Slovak city of Poprad[3].

The plan of systematic killing of Slovak Jews was the first to affect women and girls from the Šariš-Zemplín county. One thousand Jewish women from Humenné, Michalovce, Poprad, Prešov, Stropkov and surrounding villages were on the lists of names intended for deportation to Auschwitz[4]. Jewish families were told by the government that the girls were going to work in Poland and that they would work in a shoe factory. No historical document mentions any of the girls working in such a factory. However, it has been proven with certainty that in government documents, girls and women destined for transport figured as "contract workers".[5]

2.    The course of the transport

The first deportation directives were issued on March 12, 1942. The timetable, dated two days later, i.e. on March 14, 1942, regulated the routing of transports and ordered that each of them must pass through Žilina. The deportations were supervised by the gendarmes, but also by the HG and the FS (note: FS - Freiwillige Schutzstaffel – paramilitary organizations belonging to the Deutsche Partei, led by Franz Karmasin). Concentration camps – Bratislava-Patrónka, Nováky, Poprad, Sereď, Žilina – operated from March 21, 1942[6]. The decree summoning Jewish women "to work" read as follows:: "All unmarried Jewish girls between the ages of sixteen and thirty-six are required to register (...) and appear for a health check-up on March 20 so that they can be assigned to three months' service. On the day of check-in, each girl brings with her luggage weighing no more than 40 kilograms."[7]

Edita and Lea Friedmanové were among the girls from Humenné who registered at primary school on March 20, 1942. In Prešov the registration was held in the fire station and in Bardejov at the town hall. The passenger train stopped on the night of March 21, 1942 at the station in Poprad, where guards were waiting for the girls. From the Poprad railway station, the guards moved them to one-storey barracks, where they were joined by another 224 elderly women and girls from Prešov. It is not possible to determine why exactly did older women sign up for the first transport, but it is probable that they registered instead of their daughters, nieces or granddaughters. The oldest in the transport was fifty-six-year-old Etela Jagerová.

As of Tuesday, March 24, there is only one written document – a list of the names of all the girls deported in the first transport. This document provides the names of all the girls from the first transport. Most of the names would probably have disappeared without trace, as their relatives were most likely also deported, either on April 11, 1942, in family transports or in other transports during 1944.  

First on the list was Zlata Kaufmannová from Malcov, followed by two sisters from Beloveža, located a few kilometers from Malcov. In the first pages of the 34-page document, a systematic sequence of enrollments of girls by place of residence could be seen, since the towns and villages were twenty or thirty kilometres apart. However, later inconsistencies arise in the documentary, because once the girls were written down in a row as friends, another time not. For example, Linda Reichová who was among the last to arrive in Poprad, received the serial number 582, which indicated that the girls did not receive serial numbers according to when they were brought in. The numbers 377 and 595 are missing, which means that there should not have been 999 but 997 girls in the transport. Page twenty-six is almost entirely misnumbered, as 754 was followed by 765. The list ends with Giza Neuwirthová from Stropkov, who was assigned the number 9-9-9, the only one written with dashes.[8]

2.1  March 25 – Day of transport of Slovak women and girls to Auschwitz

Government documents show that as of March 25, not a single request for exception had been confirmed by the president Jozef Tiso. On that day, two Jewish doctors, who were ordered to accompany the transport, were put to work. One of them, dr. Weislovitz was fired because according to commands, one doctor was enough for 999 girls. Only Dr. Izák Kaufmann, about whose presence in the transport there are disputes, was assigned to the transport.

According to some historians, Izák Kaufmann replaced the last girl on the list, Giza Neuwirthová, but this does not coincide with the historical records stored at Yad Vashem (note: Holocaust memorial and documentation center in Jerusalem[9]). None of the survivors remembers the presence of any doctor in the Poprad concentration camp or cattle wagon. The doctor's name does not appear on any of the pages of the name list made on March 24, because he arrived only on the day the transport departed. His name appears only on a separate list, where there is a note next to him that he is the only doctor per thousand "persons".[10]

Tuesday, March 25 at 8:20 p.m. the train moved from Poprad station and left the Slovak territory near Čadca shortly after 4 a.m. on Tuesday, March 26[11]. A few hours later, the first Jewish transport arrived at Auschwitz concentration camp.

The Slovak state in Nazi-controlled Europe thus became the only unoccupied state that carried out the deportation of Jews by its own administrative and power forces, justifying it by protecting its internal interests[12].

3. Auschwitz

In Poland, as in Slovakia, the Second Polish Republic ceased to exist in 1939 as a result of the German and Soviet invasions. The west and north fell to the German Empire, the east was occupied by the Soviet Union. Auschwitz was located only 51 kilometers from Krakow, (note: Krakow was the capital of Poland from 1939 to 1945[13]) and was administered by the new German government, the so-called General Gouvernement[14]. A few kilometers from the city there were military barracks[15], which after the Nazi invasion served as a prison for prisoners of war. At the beginning of 1942, the inhabitants of the neighbouring village of Brezinka were evicted so that a new Auschwitz concentration camp complex could be built on the same site: Auschwitz II – Birkenau[16].

At the time of the girls' arrival at Auschwitz, there was no gate of death, but above the gate to the camp itself there was an inscription: ARBEIT MACHT FREI[17] (note: in English - work liberates). It was a quote adopted by Rudolf Höss in 1934 which, as commandant of Auschwitz, he had placed above the entrance gate six years later[18]. The Polish prisoners who made the arch in 1940 deliberately welded the letter B in the word arbeit vice versa[19].

According to Professor Pavol Mešťan, the first victim of the transport was a woman who died while still in a cattle wagon. According to some testimonies, the girl should have jumped off the train while it was passing through Hungary, since at that time many cities in eastern Slovakia were part of Hungary. Survivor, Edita Grosmanová is sure that she could not have done this on her way from Poprad to Auschwitz. There were two lists, Slovak and German, and they confirm that none of the girls who left Poprad on March 25, 1942 and arrived at Auschwitz on March 26, 1942[20].

Although the sterbebücher[21] (note: Auschwitz books of the dead) do not contain all the names of the deported prisoners, the first Slovak transport includes the name of Jolana Sára Grünwaldová, born on June 14, 1917. In the death book, the date of death is March 27, 1942, which was only the day after the girls arrived at Auschwitz. This figure coincides with the testimony of the survivor, Matilda Hrabovecká, who witnessed the diabetic shock of one of the deported girls on the day of her arrival at Auschwitz. According to Matilda Hrabovecká, the girl was dead the next morning because no one had given her insulin[22].

However, according to the documents traced, there is another discrepancy in the number of deported girls. 997 girls left the Poprad railway station, and on another list drawn up by the Germans on March 28, 1942, there are also only 997 names. It is therefore possible that the Germans included the name of a girl who died during the journey in the admission list at Auschwitz.

3.1  Registration

After a chaotic and violent exit from the wagons, the girls reached lagerstrasse (note: the main camp road, which later led directly to the gas chambers and crematoria[23]). From there, they had to cross between two rows of barracks into a space separated from the male part by barbed wire. At the time of the arrival of the Slovak transport, another 999 women were in this area. These were inmates from the Rävensbrück[24] women's concentration camp, who were to be the new guards. They were murderers, thieves, political prisoners (communists, anti-fascists), members of Jehovah's Witnesses, prostitutes, and "asocials" (note: lesbians whom other prisoners called "buzimamas")[25]

Behind the gate, the girls had to fold their luggage in one pile. Such procedures were also peculiar to the guards themselves, who were still accustomed from Rävensbrück[26] to having their property searched but later returned to them. After solving the discrepancies, the kapo[27] (note: the girls from the first transport called the guards from Ravensbrück kapo) herded the girls into Block 5. They were provided with dirty straw, ten latrines, and water dripping from one rusty pipe in the cellar.

The next day, the first fifty girls were ordered to enter the barrack where the admission procedure was executed. At first, the girls had to undress naked, put all their clothes in a large pile and hand over the jewelry. This was followed by a brutal gynecological examination, which was carried out by the guards themselves without any medical practice.[28]

Polish prisoners first shaved the heads, armpits, leg hairs and finally pubic areas of girls standing on chairs. This was followed by disinfection in a vat of ice water and chemicals burning on freshly shaved skin. After the cleaning process, the girls had to dress in Russian military uniforms in the next room, no underwear or socks. They were allowed to wear "clogs", a straight piece of wood with two strips of leather nailed at the edges[29]. Already dressed, they were handed white strips of fabric with numbers and yellow stars, which they were supposed to sew on the front of the uniform so that they could be photographed with the numbers[30].

Opposite Block 10, in which the girls slept, was Block 11, called the Death Block. It consisted of solitary confinement, where political prisoners, prisoners of war and members of the resistance were tortured. Rena Kornreichová witnessed the execution of Russian prisoners of war, herself wearing the uniform of those executed before her transport arrived.[31]

3.2  Death camp

The only cooked food in the camp was soup made from rotten vegetables and from the meat of dead horses. In addition, the girls were given 150 grams of bread made from wood sawdust mixed with water[32]. All the prisoners wanted to avoid the fate of the so-called Musulmans. Musulmanism represents the final stage of malnutrition. A distinctive feature for a person at this stage was that they began to talk about food. The next stage was characterized by malaise, weakness, sluggishness, passivity towards themselves and others. Altogether, it was a living corpse with very swollen legs[33]. This term was encountered by a French prisoner, Dr. Leon Landau, for the first time in Auschwitz-Birkenau, to which the girls from the first transport were also transferred over time.

Auschwitz was the only camp where prisoners were tattooed at that time. For Orthodox religious girls, it wasn't just a  permanent intervention in their skin. Several believed that they were created becelem Elohim, that is, in the image of God, and from birth they avoided any intervention on the body, because the body was not one's property - it belonged to God[34]. Survivors' testimonies about tattoos vary. Some recall being tattooed the day after the admission procedure, but others claim that they were tattooed only after the arrival of the second transport.

At appelplatz (note: location for the daily roll calls), girls had to put themselves into groups – agricultural, culinary, construction, cleaning. Linda Reichová plowed manure, Margita Beckerová cleaned the surrounding ponds, Laura Špániková sorted stones and bricks, Edita and Lea Friedmanové demolished houses, Berta Berkowitzová dug ditches in which gassed dead were later burned, since there were no crematoriums in Brezinka at that time[35]. The most demanded work activity was sorting clothes in separate barracks, known as Canada[36].

On August 8, 1942, half of the girls were moved to the newly built part of the camp, Brezinka. Weak and sick girls were loaded onto trucks and driven away[37]. They were the first girls to be officially killed by Cyclone B (note: granular diatomaceous earth saturated with hydrogen cyanide[38]).  

After the other groups came out of the camp to work, members of the Leichenkommando (note: corpse collectors) collected the bodies and carried them to the leichenhalle, the shelter behind Block 25[39]. Block 25 was used for women who did not get to the lazareth and suffered from typhoid, tuberculosis or meningitis. In this block, Edita Grosmanová saw and her younger sister Lea, for the last time.

At one o'clock on the night of January 18, 1945, all the female prisoners were expelled for their last roll call. As part of the evacuation of the camp before the arrival of Russian troops, commanders planned a death march attended by a handful of survivors from the first transport[40]. Multitudes of women walked in different directions for two to seven days. On 20 January 1945, the first group arrived in Wodzisław Śśłaski. They were further divided into trains that carried them in five directions – Gross-Rosen, Sachsenhausen, Ravensbrück, Buchenwald and Neustadt-Glewe.

Most of these transports were not accepted due to lack of space, so they were diverted to another death camp, Bergen-Belsen. On January 27, 1945, the Russians liberated Auschwitz and Birkenau, and later, on April 15, 1945, Bergen-Belsen was liberated by the Allies[41].

4.    Further lives of the women who survived

It was difficult for the women from the first transport to get back to normal life. When the survivors managed to recover in rescue camps, they tried to return home. The majority of the girls from the first transport had nowhere to return. Most of their relatives died in transports in 1942, or in one of the two stages of transports in 1944[42].

Most women still suffered from autoimmune diseases of the lungs, skin and digestion for a long time after returning from Auschwitz, some even developed psychological disorders. The women who were subjected to sterilization and eugenics experiments by doctors Joseph Mengele and Carl Clauberg[43] never became pregnant again. After 1945, few survivors remained to live in their hometowns. Most of them moved or emigrated to the USA, Canada or Israel[44].

Edita Friedmanová Grosman (prisoner no. 1970), Linda Reich Brederová (prisoner no. 1173), Helena Citronová (prisoner no. 1971), Eta Zimmerspitzová Neumanová (prisoner no. 1756), Ria Hansová Eliasová (prisoner no. 1980), Greta Friedmanová Kuliková (prisoner no. 1019), Rena Kornreichová Gelissen (prisoner no. 11716), Berta Berkowitzová Lautmanová (prisoner no. 1048),  Elena Grünwaldová Zuckermanová (prisoner no. 1735), Erna Drangerová (prisoner no. 1718), Ella Friedmanová Rutmanová (prisoner no. 1950), Edie Friedmanová Valová (prisoner no. 1949), Magda Friedmanová (prisoner no. unknown), Marta F. Gregorová (prisoner no. 1796), Dina Drangerová Vajdová (prisoner no. 1528), Matilda Friedmanová Hrabovecká (prisoner no. 1890), Marta Mangelová (prisoner no. unknown), Laura Špániková (prisoner no. unknown), Katarína Futterweitová (prisoner no. unknown) and a few others whose names could not be traced. The names of some of the women whose deaths were recorded in Sterbebücher – Lea Friedmanová (prisoner no. 1969), Magda Amsterová (prisoner no. unknown), Adela Grossová (prisoner no. unknown), Magda and Nuši Harmannové (both prison no. unknown) and hundreds of other tragically killed girls from the first transport[45]

More than 70,000 Jewish citizens deported from Slovakia died in Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp[46]

References

  1. ^ MACADAME, D., Heather: 999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2020. p. 56. ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6
  2. ^ USHMM: Wisliceny testifies at Nuremberg Trial re.his role with Eichmann's work in Hungary, deportation of Greek Jews. Kaestner mentioned, on 2022-05-11. Available at: https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn1002352
  3. ^ Doe, Norman (4 August 2011). Law and Religion in Europe: A Comparative Introduction. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-960401-2 – via Google Books.
  4. ^ KOLLÁR, Daniel: Kultúrne krásy Slovenska: Synagógy. Bratislava: Dajama, 2013. pp. 106-123. ISBN 978-80-8136-022-0
  5. ^ MACADAME, D., Heather: 999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2020. p. 61. ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6
  6. ^ SALNER, Peter: Sedem (židovských) problémov: Sociálna kultúra židovskej komunity z pohľadu etnológie. Bratislava: Marenčin PT, 2022. pp. 76-97.  ISBN 978-80-569-0980-5
  7. ^ MACADAME, D., Heather: 999: 999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2022. p. 53. ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6.
  8. ^ MACADAME, D., Heather: 999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2020. pp. 109-114. ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6
  9. ^ YAD VASHEM: ABOUT Yad Vashem, on 2022-03-31. Available at: https://www.yadvashem.org/education/other-languages/slovak/about-yad-vashem.html
  10. ^ MACADAME, D., Heather: 999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2020. pp. 117-119. ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6.
  11. ^ ALUM, Ivan: Po stopách tragédie. Bratislava: Premedia, 2020. p. 168. ISBN 978-80-8159-188-4
  12. ^ KAMENEC, Ivan: Slovenský štát. Praha: Anomal, 1992. p. 114. ISBN 80-900235-3-3
  13. ^ Piotrowski, Tadeusz (1998). Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947. Science Publications. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 294. ISBN 9780786403714. Retrieved 9 February 2017. Between 1920 and 1924, some areas of Orawa and Spisz fell to Poland, others to Slovakia. With Germany's support, on the basis of the November 1 and 30, 1938 agreements between Poland and Czechoslovakia, Poland annexed 226 square kilometers (and 4,280 people) of Orawa and Spisz. The following year, on the basis of an agreement (November 21, 1939) between Germany and Slovakia, these territories, along with some previously Polish sections of Orawa and Spisz (a total of 752 square kilometers of land with 30,000 people) were transferred to Slovakia.
  14. ^ LAQUER, Walter: The Holocaust Encyclopedia. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2001. p.  241. ISBN 978-0-300-08432-0
  15. ^ MACADAME, D., Heather: 999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2020. p. 131. ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6
  16. ^ AUSCHWITZ.ORG: Auschwitz II-Birkenau, on 2022-04-10. Available at: http://www.auschwitz.org/en/history/auschwitz-ii/
  17. ^ Noack, David X. (4 October 2012). Slowakei – Der mühsame Weg nach Westen. Brennpunkt Osteuropa. Vienna: Promedia (published 2012). pp. 48–50. ISBN 9783853718025. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  18. ^ DWORKOWÁ, Debórah, VAN PELT, Robert, J.: OSVĚTIM, 1270 až současnost. Praha: Argo, 2006. p. 102. ISBN 80-7203-751-X
  19. ^ International Auschwitz Committee: To be remembered, - the Sculpure of International Auschwitz Committee, on 2022-05-01. Available at: https://www.auschwitz.info/en/b-the-sculpture.html
  20. ^ MACADAME, D., Heather: 999: 999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2020. p. 132. ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6
  21. ^ AUSCHWITZ.ORG: Sterbebücher, on 2022-05-01. Available at: http://www.auschwitz.org/en/history/auschwitz-ii/
  22. ^ UŽŽNO: PRVÝ TRANSPORT ŽIDOV Z POPRADU 25. MARCA 1942, on 2023-02-01. Available at: https://www.uzzno.sk/prvy-transport-zidov-z-popradu-25-marca-1942
  23. ^ BRITISH LIBRARY: Voices of the Holocaust, Glossary, on 2022-05-01. Available at: https://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/voices/ref/gloss/glossary.html
  24. ^ Natalie Hess: Remembering Ravensbrück. Holocaust to Healing, Oegstgeest: Amsterdam Publishers. ISBN 9789493056237
  25. ^ MACADAME, D., Heather: 999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2020. p. 136. ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6
  26. ^ MCGUINESS, Damien: Nazi Ravensbrück camp: How ordinary women became SS torturers, on 2022-05-03. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55661782
  27. ^ MEARS, Charlotte: A Social History of the Aufseherinnen of Auschwitz, on 2022-05-07. Available at: https://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/id/eprint/50539/1/Mears-C-50539.pdf
  28. ^ MACADAME, D., Heather: 999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2020. p. 144. ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6
  29. ^ MACADAME, D., Heather: 999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2020. p. 144. ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6
  30. ^ Borowski, Tadeusz (1992) [1976]. This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen. Trans. from the Polish by Barbara Vedder. East Rutherford: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-018624-7
  31. ^ MACADAME, D., Heather: 999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2020. p. 144. ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6
  32. ^ MACADAME, D., Heather: 999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2020. p. 144. ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6
  33. ^ TRUCKOVÁ, Betty; TRUCK, Robert-Paul: Lékaři hanby: Pravda o lidksých morčatech v Osvětimi. Praha: Práce, 1983. s. 50.
  34. ^ CHOURAQUI, André: Dějiny Judaismu. Praha: VICTORIA PUBLISHING, a.s., 1995. 26 s. ISBN 80-85865 -81-5
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  37. ^ MACADAME, D., Heather: 999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2020. p. 220. ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6
  38. ^ YAD VASHEM: Zyklon B, on 2023-01-28. Available at: https://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206400.pdf
  39. ^ DHS: Preklad správy Alfréda Wetzlera a Rudolfa Vrbu, dňa 2022-05-11. Dostupné na: http://www.holokaust.sk/zobrazenie-dokumentu?bk=918#
  40. ^ "The cessation of mass extermination / Evacuation / History / Auschwitz-Birkenau". Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  41. ^ Celinscak, Mark (2015). Distance from the Belsen Heap: Allied Forces and the Liberation of a Concentration Camp. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1442615700.
  42. ^ OHEL, David: Stretnutie tých, čo prežili ŠOA. Bratislava: Post Bellum SK, 2020. 270 s. ISBN 978-80-973262-1-0
  43. ^ TRUCKOVÁ, Betty; TRUCK, Robert-Paul: Lékaři hanby: Pravda o lidksých morčatech v Osvětimi. Praha: Práce, 1983. s. 50.
  44. ^ YAD VASHEM: Six Hanig sisters from Prešov (שש האחיות לבית הניג בפרשוב שבסלובקיה), on 2023-01-29. Available at: https://www.yadvashem.org//he//holocaust//this-month//march//1942.html
  45. ^ MACADAME, D., Heather: 999: Neobyčajné ženy z prvého židovského transportu zo Slovenska do Osvienčimu. Bratislava: IKAR, a.s., 2020. p. 220. ISBN 978-80-551-7231-6
  46. ^ MAKYNA, Pavol: 25. marec 1942 – 1. transport slovenských Židov do vyhladzovacieho tábora, dňa 2022-05-17. Dostupné na: https://www.upn.gov.sk/sk/25-marec-1942-–-1-transport-slovenskych-zidov-do-vyhladzovacieho-tabora/


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