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2008 Sichuan earthquake

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2008 Sichuan earthquake
UTC time??
Magnitude7.9 Mw / 7.8 Ms
Depth19 kilometres (12 mi)
Epicenter31°00′54″N 103°21′54″E / 31.015°N 103.365°E / 31.015; 103.365
Areas affectedPeople's Republic of China
Casualties14,866 (preliminary)[1]

Template:Fixhtml The 2008 Sichuan earthquake, magitude 7.9 Mw, occurred at 14:28:01.42 CST (06:28:01.42 UTC) on 12 May 2008,[2] with its epicenter in Wenchuan County, Sichuan province of the People's Republic of China. The epicenter was 90 kilometres (56 mi) west-northwest of Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan, with a depth of 19 kilometres (12 mi).[3] The earthquake was felt as far away as Beijing and Shanghai, where office buildings swayed with the tremor.[4] The earthquake was also felt in nearby countries, such as Pakistan,[5] Thailand,[5] and Vietnam.[6]

Official figures (as of May 14) state that 14,866 are confirmed dead and 66,286 injured,[7][1][8] while the state-run Xinhua News Agency reported that 19,565 (including 7,700 in Yingxiu, near the epicenter) are dead and 26,206 injured.[9] Thousands are missing, many of them buried, and eight provinces were affected.[10][11] These figures are likely to rise sharply as a clearer picture emerges. It was the deadliest and strongest earthquake to hit China since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, which killed approximately 250,000 people.[12]

Earthquake details

USGS map of epicenter

The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.8 Ms according to the State Seismological Bureau of China and 7.9 Mw according to the United States Geological Survey. The epicenter was in Wenchuan County (Chinese: 汶川县; Pinyin: Wènchuān Xiàn), Ngawa Prefecture, 90 km northwest of Chengdu, with its main tremor so far occurring at 14:28:01.42 CST (06:28:01.42 UTC), on Monday 12 May 2008. Early reports of the earthquake's magnitude ranged from 7.5 to 8.0. Forty-six major aftershocks, ranging in magnitude from 4.4 to 6.0, were recorded within 40 hours of the main tremor.[13]

Office workers in Chengdu reported a "continuous shaking for about two or three minutes", and many people rushed outside.[14]


Tremors felt in different places

  •  China (mainland): All regions except Xinjiang, Jilin and Heilongjiang were affected by the quake.[15]
  •  Bangladesh: In parts of Bangladesh tremors were felt eight and a half minutes after the quake.[16]
  •  Hong Kong: Tremors were felt approximately three minutes after the quake, continuing for about half a minute. This was also the farthest distance from the epicentre felt in Hong Kong's record.[17][18][16][19]
  •  India: Tremors were felt approximately nine minutes after the earthquake in parts of India.[16][20]
  •  Japan: Tremors were felt in Tokyo.[20]
  •  Macau: Tremors were felt approximately three minutes after the quake.[21]
  •  Mongolia: Tremors were felt approximately eight minutes after the earthquake in parts of Mongolia.[16]
  •    Nepal: Tremors were felt approximately eight and a half minutes after the quake.[16]
  •  Pakistan: In parts of Northern Pakistan tremors were felt ten minutes after the quake.[16]
  •  Russia: tremors were felt in Tuva, no casualties reported.[16]
  •  Taiwan: It took about eight minutes for the quake to reach Taiwan, then the tremors continued for one to two minutes; no damage or injuries were reported.[22]
  •  Thailand: In parts of Thailand tremors were felt six minutes after the quake, continuing for 7 to 8 minutes.[20]
  •  Vietnam: Tremors were felt approximately five minutes after the earthquake in Northern parts of Vietnam.[5][6][20]

Tectonics

Template:Sound sample box align right

Dr. Harley Benz, US Geological Society
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Template:Sample box end According to the United States Geological Survey:[23]

The earthquake occurred as the result of motion on a northeast striking reverse fault or thrust fault on the northwestern margin of the Sichuan Basin. The earthquake’s epicenter and focal-mechanism are consistent with it having occurred as the result of movement on the Longmenshan fault or a tectonically related fault. The earthquake reflects tectonic stresses resulting from the convergence of crustal material slowly moving from the high Tibetan Plateau, to the west, against strong crust underlying the Sichuan Basin and southeastern China.

On a continental scale, the seismicity of central and eastern Asia is a result of northward convergence of the Indian Plate against the Eurasian Plate with a velocity of about 50 mm/y. The convergence of the two plates is broadly accommodated by the uplift of the Asian highlands and by the motion of crustal material to the east away from the uplifted Tibetan Plateau. The northwestern margin of the Sichuan Basin has previously experienced destructive earthquakes. The magnitude 7.5 earthquake of August 25, 1933 killed more than 9,300 people.

According to the British Geological Survey:[24]

The earthquake occurred 92 km northwest of the city of Chengdu in eastern Sichuan province and over 1500 km from Beijing, where it was also strongly felt. Earthquakes of this size have the potential to cause extensive damage and loss of life.

The epicentre was in the mountains of the Eastern Margin of Qing-Tibet Plateau at the northwest margin of the Sichuan Basin. The earthquake occurred as a result of motion on a northeast striking thrust fault that runs along the margin of the basin.

The seismicity of central and eastern Asia is caused by the northward movement of the India plate at a rate of 5cm/year and its collision with Eurasia, resulting in the uplift of the Himalaya and Tibetan plateau and associated earthquake activity. This deformation also results in the extrusion of crustal material from the high Tibetan Plateau in the west towards the Sichuan Basin and southeastern China. China frequently suffers large and deadly earthquakes. In August 1933 a magnitude 7.5 earthquake about 90 km notheast of today's earthquake destroyed the town of Diexi and surrounding villages, and caused many landslides, some of which dammed the rivers.

Immediate aftermath

USGS shake map

Office buildings in Shanghai's financial district, including the Jin Mao Building and the Hong Kong New World Tower, were evacuated.[25] Phone calls to emergency response numbers in Chengdu were repeatedly busy.[26] A receptionist at the Tibet Hotel in Chengdu said things were "calm" after the hotel had evacuated its guests. [27] Meanwhile, workers at a Ford plant in Sichuan were evacuated for about 10 minutes.[28] The Chengdu airport shut down, and the control tower and regional radar control evacuated. One SilkAir flight was diverted and landed in nearby Kunming as a result.[29] Chengdu airport has since reopened on Monday at 8 p.m. (1200 GMT) to limited flights.[30]

Reporters in Chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas, but no building collapsed.[31] Cathay Pacific delayed both legs of its daily Hong Kong to London route due to this disruption in air traffic services. Many Beijing office towers were evacuated, including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics. None of the Olympic venues were damaged.[5] Meanwhile, a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Bernama, Gansu Province and caught on fire after the rail was distorted.[32]

All of the highways into Wenchuan were damaged, resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops.[33][34] Over 2,300 base stations of China Mobile in Sichuan and nearby areas went offline, while the China Unicom network in Wenchuan broke down entirely.[35][36] In Beichuan county, 80% of the buildings collapsed according to Xinhua News.[37] In the city of Shifang, the collapse of two chemical plants led to leakage of some 80 tons of liquid ammonia, with hundreds of people reported buried.[38] In the city of Dujiangyan, south-east of the epicentre, a whole school collapsed with 900 students buried and 50 dead. The Juyuan middle school, where many teenagers were buried, is being excavated by civilians and cranes.[39] Dujiangyan is home of the Dujiangyan Irrigation System, which is an ancient water diversion project which is still in use and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The project's famous Fish Mouth was cracked but not severely damaged otherwise.[40]

Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange suspended trading of companies based in southwestern China. Copper rose over speculations that production in southwestern China may be affected,[41] and oil prices dropped over speculations that demand from China will fall.[42]

China Mobile had more than 2,300 stations suspended due to power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion. Half of the wireless communications were lost in the Sichuan province. China Unicom's service in Wenchuan and four nearby counties were cut off, with more than 700 towers suspended.[43]

Initially, officials were unable to contact the Wolong National Nature Reserve, home to around 280 giant pandas.[44] However, China’s Foreign Ministry later said that a group of 31 British tourists visiting the Wolong panda reserve in the quake-hit area have returned safe and uninjured to the provincial capital. Nonetheless, the well-being of an even greater number of pandas in the neighbouring panda reserves remains unknown at this point in time.

The Zipingpu Hydropower Plant located 20 km east of the epicenter has been destroyed. The dam has severe cracks and "the plant and associated buildings have collapsed, and some are partly sunk."[45]. The Tulong reservoir Upstream is in danger of collapse.[46]About 2,000 troops have been allocated to Zipingpu, trying to release the pressure through spillway.[47] In total, 391 dams, most of them small, were reported damaged by the quake[48].

Casualties

Region Estimated Deaths
Sichuan Mianyang 7,395
Deyang 6,049
Chengdu 1,215
Guangyuan 1,479[49]
Ngawa 161
other divisions 276
Total 16,201
Gansu 364[50]
Shaanxi 106[51]
Chongqing 11
Henan 2
Hubei 1
Yunnan 1
Estimated total: >16,500

According to one report, the quake caused 14,866 known deaths, but this figure may increase as more reports come in.[1] In Chongqing, 5 students were reported killed, 20 more buried and more than 100 injured when one primary school collapsed.[52] [53]. Xinhua reported that more than 50 students were confirmed killed and hundreds still buried when the Juyuan high school building collapsed in Dujiangyan, the city nearest to the epicenter.[54][55] The death toll exceeded 12,000 on May 13 2008.[56] In Sichuan, 25,788 people were buried and 1,405 were missing, according to Xinhua.[57] The Sichuan Daily newspaper reported on its Web site that more than 26,000 people were injured in the Mianyang area.[58]

Officials and rescue teams have yet to reach some of the hardest hit areas closest to the epicenter due to roadways that were completely damaged or blocked off by landslides. The chief secretary of Wenchuan county said in a short satellite phone call that there were some 30,000 people gathered at the major town waiting for help. [59] One rescue team reported only 2,300 survivors from Yingxiu, out of a total population of about 9,000. [60] 3,000 to 5,000 people were killed in Beichuan county, Sichuan province alone, 10,000 injured and 80% of the buildings were destroyed. 8 schools were toppled in Dujiangyan.[61]

A 56-year-old Taiwanese tourist was killed in Dujiangyan from a rescue attempt in the Lingyanshan Ropeway in which 11 Taiwanese tourists were trapped inside cable cars due to the earthquake since May 13.[62]

Property damage

A collapsed building in Dujiangyan

Catastrophe modeling firm AIR Worldwide reported official estimates of insurers' losses at US$1 billion from the earthquake, because estimated total damages exceed US$20 billion. It values Chengdu, Sichuan Province’s capital city of 4.5 million people, at around US$115 billion, with a only small portion covered by insurance.[63]

Rescue effort

China's President Hu Jintao has said that the disaster response would be rapid.[64] Just 90 minutes after the earthquake, Premier Wen Jiabao, who has an academic background in geomechanics, flew to the earthquake area to oversee the rescue work.[65][66][67]

On May 12, 2008, China's Health Ministry said that it had sent 10 emergency medical teams to Wenchuan County in southwest China's Sichuan Province. On the same day, China's Chengdu Military Area Command dispatched 50,000 troops and armed police to help with disaster relief work in Wenchuan County[68] but because of the rough terrain and close proximity of the quake's epicenter, the soldiers found it very difficult to get help to the rural regions of the province.[69]

The State Disaster Relief Commission initiated a "Level II emergency contingency plan", which covers the most serious class of natural disasters. The plan rose to Level I at 22:15 May 12 CST.[70]

An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people (consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau, 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command, and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital) left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County.[71]

The Red Cross Society of China sent 557 tents and 2,500 quilts valued at 788,000 yuan (113,000 U.S. dollars) to Wenchuan County. The Amity Foundation has already started relief work in the region and has earmarked CNY 1 million for disaster relief.[72]

Many rescue teams, including that of the Taipei City Fire Department, are reported ready to join the rescue effort in Sichuan. However, the Red Cross Society of China said "it was inconvenient currently due to the traffic problem to the hardest hit areas closest to the epicenter."[73] The Red Cross Society of China also stated that the disaster areas needs tents, medical supplies, drinking water and foods; however it recommends donating cash instead of other items as of now, as its not possible to reach roads that were completely damaged or places that were blocked off by landslides.[74]

Persistent heavy rain and landslides in Wenchuan County and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts.[75][76] As of 12:55:21, May 13 2008 CST, the first group, consisting of 1,300 soldiers and a medical unit, have reached Wenchuan County.[77] By 17:37, May 13 2008 CST, a total of over 15,600 troops and militia reservists from Chengdu Military Region have joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas.[78][79] A commander reported from Yingxiu town, Wenchuan, that around 3,000 survivors were found, while the status of the other inhabitants (around 9,000) remains unclear.[80]The 1,300 rescuers reached the epicenter, and 300 pioneer troops reached the main city of Wenchuan at about 23.30.[81] By 12:17 CST, May 14 2008, communication in the major town of Wenchuan is partly revived[82]. On the afternoon of May 14, 100 paratroopers, along with relief supplies, parachuted into inaccessible Maoxian County, northeast of Wenchuan.[83]

The Chinese Government accepted the aid of Tzu Chi Foundation from Taiwan at late May 13 CST. It is the first aid force outside mainland China to join the rescue effort.[84] China stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake.[85][86] Taiwan has scheduled a direct chartered flight by China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Sichuan Province to send a sum of 100 tonnes of relief supplies donated by Tzu Chi Foundation and the Taiwan Red Cross to the affected areas. Approval from the Chinese Government has been sought, and the chartered flight will depart Taipei on May 15.[87]

Francis Marcus of the International Federation of the Red Cross praised China's rescue effort as "swift and very efficient" in Beijing on Tuesday. But he added the scale of the disaster was such that "we can't expect that the government can do everything and handle every aspect of the needs".[85]

China's Olympic Games organisers say they will scale down the route of the torch through the country and there will be a minute's silence when the next leg starts in the south-eastern city of Ruijin on Wednesday.[86]

Prediction

See also: Earthquake prediction

In 2002, a study by Chen Xuezhong published in the Chinese seismology journal Recent Developments in World Seismology reported that starting 2003 there is a high probability of M≥7 earthquake in Sichuan Province.[88] "Sichuan is virtually certain to experience an earthquake measuring above 7 in the next few years" he wrote.[89]

On April 26, nearly 80,000 m3 of water that once filled the Guanyin pond of Baiguo township of Enshi City, Hubei province sank underground with a rumbling sound. Changes in the underground waterflow usually indicate changed seismic conditions.[90]

On May 3, around 20:00 local time, Ngawa Prefecture's Earthquake Relief Authority received a number of phone calls asking them to confirm or deny a rumor that an earthquake had been predicted for Matang Village of Suomo township of Barkam County (马尔康县梭磨乡马塘村). The Authority then searched for the source of the rumors. Barkam County is about 120 kilometers (about 75 miles) northwest of the epicenter of the May 12 earthquake. On May 9, the official website of Sichuan Provincial Government reported that the provincial seismological bureau has denied making any related predictions. Tracing the rumors to a video conference when Barkam County's Geological Disasters Prevention Committee told county officials of a possible "Geological disaster" (地质灾害 Dìzhì Zāihài), but was misconstrued as a possible "Earthquake disaster" (地震灾害 Dìzhèn Zāihài).[91]

An anonymous user posted a thread on the popular Baidu Forums stating that earthquake clouds were observed in Linyi, Shandong (more than 4000km far away from the epicentre), this was later confirmed by a user from Tongzhou District in Beijing.[92][93] On May 10, residents of Tanmu village of Southwest town of Mianzhu, Sichuan (less than 100 km from the epicentre) observed hundreds of thousands of toads migrating on a roadway near a pharmaceutical factory.[94] "The move is because of the change of weather," Shu Shi, director of the Mianzhu forestry bureau, was quoted as saying by local media. [95] A similar phenomenon was observed a day earlier in Taizhou, Jiangsu.[96]

On May 13, in the press conference held by State Council Information Office, a Singapore journalist said they received complaints from 7 workers in Sichuan Earthquake Bureau, who claimed they "detected some earthquake evidence several days before the earthquake, but the prediction was banned by the bureau for the stabilization before the 2008 Olympic Games".[97] The bureau responded that earthquake forecasting is a "World problem", and that no earthquake prediction card was received before the earthquake.[98] The only case in recent 100 years that the earthquake was successfully and exactly predicted by official department was Haicheng earthquake in 1975 by China State Seismological Bureau.

Reactions

Main article: Reactions to the 2008 Sichuan earthquake

Foreign and domestic aid

Region

  •  China (mainland): the main aid organization is the Red Cross Society of China. The Ministry of Civil Affairs said 877 million yuan (US$125.4 million) had been donated by the Chinese public. The country's most popular sportsman and Houston Rockets centre Yao Ming gave $214,000 (1.5 million yuan) and half a million yuan (US$71,500) to the Red Cross Society of China. Multinational firms in China announced large amounts of donations.[99]
  •  Cambodia: Cambodian Red Cross has donated US$10,000 (70,000 yuan).[100]
  •  France: To send later this week a cargo plane loaded with tents, sleeping bags, blankets, tarpaulins, cooking kits and other materials worth an estimated 250,000 euros (2.71 million yuan).
  •  Hong Kong: The government has pledged to give HK$300 million (US$38 million) (269.3 million yuan). The Hong Kong Jockey Club has offered 30 million yuan (US$4.29 million).[101] To facilitate individual donations, Hong Kong's post offices and district government offices will act as collection points. Donations made at those places will be passed on to five relief organizations (Hong Kong Red Cross, World Vision Hong Kong, Oxfam Hong Kong, UNICEF and The Salvation Army) for emergency relief operations related to the Sichuan earthquake.[102]
  •  Germany: government announced as a "first step" that it is to provide 500,000 euros (US$770,000) (5.43 million yuan) via the German Red Cross in aid for earthquake victims.[103]
  •  Japan: US$4.8 million (33.6 million yuan) in cash and goods to be disbursed through the Chinese government and international organizations. Tokyo says it is ready to offer further assistance if required.[104]
  •  Macau: 100 million yuan (US$14.3 million) from the government and 10 million yuan (US1.43 million) from the Macau Foundation.[105]
  •  Malaysia: Special Malaysia Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team (SMART) may be deployed to China to help the earthquake victims in Chengdu.[106]
  •  Norway: the government has pledged US$3.92 million (20 million krone) (27.4 million yuan)[107]
  •  Russia: A transport plane carrying 30 tonnes of relief material arrived in Sichuan's provincial capital Chengdu on Wednesday, becoming the first batch of international aid to reach China. Another 100 tonnes of goods will arrive on three flights in the coming days.[108]
  •  Singapore: The government has donated US$200,000 (1.4 million yuan) in relief aid, as well as US$70,000 (490,000 yuan) raised through fund raisers from local Chinese communities.[109]
  •  South Korea: Roughly US$1 million (7 million yuan) in aid to China. Seoul also plans to send rescue workers.[110]
  • Taiwan Republic of China: Executive Yuan announced that the government would donate NT$2 billion (US$65 million) (453.6 million yuan) in relief aid. President-elect Ma Ying-jeou has donated NT$200,000 (45,400 yuan). The government also wants to send a 58-person search and rescue team. Taiwan companies and entrepreneurs have pledged nearly 300 million yuan (US$42.9 million). Formosa Plastics Group alone has offered 100 million yuan (US$14.3 million), while top electronics maker Hon Hai (Foxconn Technology Group) plans to give 60 million yuan (US$8.57 million). From Thursday, Taiwan will also fly chartered aircraft to Sichuan to ship material provided by charity groups.[111]
  •  Thailand: Has devoted 30 million baht (US$500,000) (3.5 million yuan) to aid disaster relief efforts in China and Myanmar.[112]
  •  United States: $500,000 (3.5 million yuan) as an "initial contribution" in response to an appeal for aid by the International Red Cross. Additional funding will be considered.[113]

Organization

See also

References

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