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{{Short description|Manobo language spoken in the Philippines}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Bukid
|name=Bukid
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|speakers=168,234
|speakers=168,234
|date=2010
|date=2010
|ref = <ref>{{cite journal |title=2010 Census of Population and Housing: Philippines |url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/PHIILIPPINES_FINAL%20PDF.pdf|publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority}}</ref>
|ref = <ref>{{Cite journal |title=2010 Census of Population and Housing: Philippines |url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/PHIILIPPINES_FINAL%20PDF.pdf |publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority}}</ref>
|familycolor=Austronesian
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
Line 19: Line 20:
|map=Binukid_language_map.png
|map=Binukid_language_map.png
|mapcaption=Area where Binukid is spoken
|mapcaption=Area where Binukid is spoken
}}
}}The '''Bukid''' language, '''''Binukid''''' or '''''Bukidnon''''', is an [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language]] spoken by [[Lumad|indigenous peoples]] of [[Northern Mindanao]] in southern [[Philippines]]. The word ''Bukid'' means "mountain" or “highland” while ''Binukid'' means "in the manner, or style, of the mountain or highland". It is a de facto co-official language in Bukidnon province, where it is referred to as [[Higaonon language|Higaonon]]. There are many dialects but there is [[mutual intelligibility]]. The dialect of [[Malaybalay]], in the [[Pulangi River|Pulangi]] area, is considered to be the [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestige]] and [[Standard language|standard]] variety.<ref name=":1" />


The '''Bukid language''', '''''Binukid''''' or '''''Bukidnon''''', is an [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language]] spoken by [[Lumad|indigenous peoples]] of [[Northern Mindanao]] in the southern [[Philippines]]. The word {{Lang|bkd|Bukid}} means 'mountain' or 'highland' while {{Lang|bkd|Binukid}} means 'in the manner, or style, of the mountain or highland'. {{cns|date=December 2022|In Bukidnon province, it is referred to as [[Higaonon language|Higaonon]].}}
==Distribution==

Binukid is spoken in the following areas (''Ethnologue'').
== Distribution and dialects ==
Binukid is spoken in the north of the island [[Mindanao]] in southern Philippines; it is spoken in the following areas:<ref>''Ethnologue''</ref>


*central and northern [[Bukidnon Province]]
*central and northern [[Bukidnon Province]]
Line 28: Line 31:
*[[Misamis Oriental]] Province: [[Cagayan de Oro]] area including southwest of [[Gingoog]] Bay
*[[Misamis Oriental]] Province: [[Cagayan de Oro]] area including southwest of [[Gingoog]] Bay
*very small border strip of [[Lanao del Sur]]
*very small border strip of [[Lanao del Sur]]

Binukid has many dialects, but there is [[mutual intelligibility]]. The dialect of [[Malaybalay]], in the [[Pulangi River|Pulangi]] area, is considered to be the [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestige]] and [[Standard language|standard]] variety.{{sfn|LSP and SIL|1992|pages=x–xi}}


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
Binukid consists<ref name=:0>{{Cite journal|last=Atherton|first=William|date=1953|title=Binokid Phonemes|url=|journal=Summer Institute of Linguistics|volume=|pages=101–104|via=SIL}}</ref> of 20 segmental [[phoneme]]s and 1 [[Segment (linguistics)|suprasegmental]] phoneme. The [[syllable]] is the basic unit of word structure, and each syllable consists of one vowel and one or two consonants only, arranged in the following patterns: CV, CVC and, in some instances, CCV (which is found mostly in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] loanwords). A word consists of one or more of these syllables.
Binukid consists of twenty segmental [[phoneme]]s and one [[Segment (linguistics)|suprasegmental]] phoneme.{{sfn|Atherton|1953}} The [[syllable]] is the basic unit of word structure, and each syllable consists of one vowel and one or two consonants only, arranged in the following patterns: CV, CVC and, in some instances, CCV (which is found mostly in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] loanwords). A word consists of one or more of these syllables.


=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
There are 16 [[consonant]]s in Binukid. In some instances, there is a [[voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate]] [t͡ɕ] which appears in Spanish loanwords.
There are 16 [[consonant]]s in Binukid. In some instances, there is a [[voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate]] {{IPA|[t͡ɕ]}} which appears in Spanish loanwords.

{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!
|+Binukid consonants
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Velar
!Palatal
!Glottal
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |
!voiceless stop
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
|[[Voiceless bilabial stop|p]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
|[[Voiceless alveolar stop|t]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
|[[Voiceless velar stop|k]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|
|[[Glottal stop|ʔ]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
!voiced stop
| {{IPA link|m}}
|[[Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| {{IPA link|n}}
|[[Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
|[[Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
!fricative
! {{small|voiceless}}
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|k}}
|[[Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|
|[[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
!nasal
|
|[[Bilabial nasal|m]]
| {{IPA link|s}}
|[[Dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]
|[[Velar nasal|ŋ]]
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
!lateral
|
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
|[[Alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Tap and flap consonants|Tap]]
!tap
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ}}
|[[ɾ]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Semivowel]]
!semivowel
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|j}}
|[[Voiced labio-velar approximant|w]]
| {{IPA link|w}}
|[[Palatal approximant|j]]
|
|
|}
|}

The phoneme [ɾ] is sometimes trilled which is used in intervocalic position or in Spanish loanwords by some speakers. All consonants except [h] are found in initial and final position in the syllable; [h] is found only syllable-initial.
The phoneme {{IPA|[ɾ]}} is sometimes trilled which is used in intervocalic position or in Spanish loanwords by some speakers. All consonants except {{IPA|[h]}} are found in initial and final position in the syllable; {{IPA|[h]}} is found only syllable-initial.


=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
There are generally four [[vowel]]s in Binukid.<ref name=":0" />
There are generally four [[vowel]]s in Binukid.{{sfn|Atherton|1953}}

{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Binukid vowels
!
!
!Front (unrounded)
![[Front vowel|Front]]<br>([[unrounded]])
!Central (unrounded)
![[Central vowel|Central]]<br>([[unrounded]])
!Back (rounded)
![[Back vowel|Back]]<br>([[Roundedness|rounded]])
|-
|-
!'''Close'''
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|[[Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|[[Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|-
|-
!'''Close-mid'''
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɘ}}
|[[Close-mid central unrounded vowel|ɘ]]
|
|
|-
|-
!'''Open'''
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|ä}}
|[[Open central unrounded vowel|ä]]
|
|
|}
|}


=== Suprasegmentals ===
=== Suprasegmentals ===
There is a suprasegmental phoneme of [[Stress (linguistics)|stress]] which usually falls on the penultimate syllable. Stress give contrast to words of the same segmental phonemes; for example ''beleng'' [ˈbɘlɘŋ] means "surprise" while ''beléng'' [bɘˈlɘŋ] means "drunk". Long words may have more than one stress: ''balángkawítan'' [bäˌläŋkaˈwitän] "rooster". Stress commonly shift when suffixes are added to the word (as in ''kahibeléngan'' "mysterious") or when the speaker wishes to emphasize the word.
There is a suprasegmental phoneme of [[Stress (linguistics)|stress]] which usually falls on the penultimate syllable. Stress give contrast to words of the same segmental phonemes; for example {{Lang|bkd|beleng}} {{IPA|[ˈbɘlɘŋ]|lang=bkd}} means 'surprise' while {{Lang|bkd|beléng}} {{IPA|[bɘˈlɘŋ]|lang=bkd}} means 'drunk'. Long words may have more than one stress: {{Lang|bkd|balángkawítan}} {{IPA|[bäˌläŋkaˈwitän]|lang=bkd}} 'rooster'. Stress commonly shifts when suffixes are added to the word (as in {{Lang|bkd|kahibeléngan}} 'mysterious') or when the speaker wishes to emphasize the word.


== Grammar ==
== Grammar ==
=== Pronouns ===
=== Pronouns ===
The following set of pronouns are the pronouns found in the Bukid language. The /d/-final allomorphs of the vowel-final NOM or GEN pronouns are used almost exclusively before ''en'' (already), a bound adverbial.<ref name=BinukidPronominal/>
The following set of pronouns are the pronouns found in the Bukid language. The {{IPA|/d/}}-final allomorphs of the vowel-final NOM or GEN pronouns are used almost exclusively before {{Lang|bkd|en}} ('already'), a bound adverbial.{{sfn|Peng|2008|p=180}}
{| class="wikitable""

|+Binukid pronouns
{| class="wikitable"
!&nbsp;
!&nbsp;
!NOM or GEN free
!NOM or GEN free
Line 132: Line 144:
|-
|-
|'''1st person singular'''
|'''1st person singular'''
|siak
|{{Lang|bkd|siak}}
|a(d)
|{{Lang|bkd|a(d)}}
|ku(d)
|{{Lang|bkd|ku(d)}}
|kanak
|{{Lang|bkd|kanak}}
|-
|-
|'''2nd person singular'''
|'''2nd person singular'''
|sikaw
|{{Lang|bkd|sikaw}}
|ka(d)
|{{Lang|bkd|ka(d)}}
|nu(d)
|{{Lang|bkd|nu(d)}}
|ikaw
|{{Lang|bkd|ikaw}}
|-
|-
|'''3rd person singular'''
|'''3rd person singular'''
|Ø
|Ø
|Ø
|Ø
|din
|{{Lang|bkd|din}}
|kandin
|{{Lang|bkd|kandin}}
|-
|-
|'''1st person dual'''
|'''1st person dual'''
|sikit
|{{Lang|bkd|sikit}}
|ki(d)
|{{Lang|bkd|ki(d)}}
|ta(d)
|{{Lang|bkd|ta(d)}}
|kanit
|{{Lang|bkd|kanit}}
|-
|-
|'''1st person plural inclusive'''
|'''1st person plural inclusive'''
|sikuy
|{{Lang|bkd|sikuy}}
|kuy
|{{Lang|bkd|kuy}}
|taw
|{{Lang|bkd|taw}}
|kanuy
|{{Lang|bkd|kanuy}}
|-
|-
|'''1st person plural exclusive'''
|'''1st person plural exclusive'''
|sikay
|{{Lang|bkd|sikay}}
|kay
|{{Lang|bkd|kay}}
|day
|{{Lang|bkd|day}}
|kanay
|{{Lang|bkd|kanay}}
|-
|-
|'''2nd person plural'''
|'''2nd person plural'''
|sinyu
|{{Lang|bkd|sinyu}}
|kaw
|{{Lang|bkd|kaw}}
|nuy
|{{Lang|bkd|nuy}}
|inyu
|{{Lang|bkd|inyu}}
|-
|-
|'''3rd person plural'''
|'''3rd person plural'''
|siran
|{{Lang|bkd|siran}}
|siran
|{{Lang|bkd|siran}}
|dan
|{{Lang|bkd|dan}}
|kandan
|{{Lang|bkd|kandan}}
|-
|-
|}
|}


== Writing System and Orthography ==
== Writing system and orthography ==
Binukid uses the [[Latin script]], particularly the Filipino [[Abakada alphabet|abakada]] in writing the language. The Binukid alphabet<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Binukid Dictionary|last=Post|first=Ursula|publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics|year=1978|isbn=|location=Philippines|pages=14–15}}</ref> consists of the following letters which correspond to one phoneme. Word-initial and word-final glottal stops are not written but glottal stops following a consonant is marked by a hyphen. Example: ''hab-ung'' [ˈhäbʔuŋ] "mildew". The phoneme [ŋ] is represented by a digraph ⟨ng⟩, which is sometimes considered as a separate letter.
The [[Latin script]] is used in writing the language. In the dictionary by the {{harvcoltxt|LSP and SIL|1992|pages=x–xi}}, the alphabet employed consists of the following letters which correspond to one phoneme. Word-initial and word-final glottal stops are not written but glottal stops following a consonant is marked by a hyphen. Example: {{Lang|bkd|hab-ung}} {{IPA|[ˈhäbʔuŋ]|lang=bkd}} 'mildew'. The phoneme {{IPA|[ŋ]}} is represented by a digraph {{grapheme|ng}}, which is sometimes considered a separate letter.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Letter
!Letter
Line 224: Line 236:
|j
|j
|}
|}

Suprasegmental phonemes and [[glottalization]] are featured in writing Binukid.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=BinukidPronominal>{{Cite journal|last=Peng|first=Adam|date=2008|title=Binukid Pronominal Clisis|url=https://sil-philippines-languages.org/ical/papers/Peng_Billings-Binukid_Pronominal_Clisis.pdf|journal=Studies in Philippine languages and cultures|volume=17|pages=179–212|via=}}</ref> Stress is indicated by an acute accent ⟨′⟩. A grave accent ⟨`⟩ is marked over syllable- or word-final vowel to indicate a following glottal stop. If stress is shown on the final letter and there is a following glottal stop, a circumfex accent ⟨'''ˆ'''⟩ is used. There is no marking for words whose stress falls on the penultimate syllable and without a secondary stress.
Other letters, such as c, f, j, q, and z, are used in proper nouns or loanwords that have not had their spellings altered.

Suprasegmental phonemes and [[glottalization]] are featured in writing Binukid.{{refn|see, for example, {{harvcoltxt|LSP and SIL|1992|pages=x–xi}} and {{harvcoltxt|Peng|2008}}}} Stress can be indicated by an acute accent {{Grapheme|′}}. A grave accent {{Grapheme|`}} can be marked over syllable- or word-final vowel to indicate a following glottal stop. If stress is shown on the final letter and there is a following glottal stop, a circumflex accent {{Grapheme|ˆ}} can be used. There is no marking for words whose stress falls on the penultimate syllable and without a secondary stress.


Examples:
Examples:
* ''sala'' [ˈsälä] "living room"
* {{Lang|bkd|sala}} {{IPA|[ˈsälä]|lang=bkd}} 'living room'
* ''salà'' [ˈsäläʔ] "small cut"
* {{Lang|bkd|salà}} {{IPA|[ˈsäläʔ]|lang=bkd}} 'small cut'
* ''salâ'' [säˈläʔ] "sin"
* {{Lang|bkd|salâ}} {{IPA|[säˈläʔ]|lang=bkd}} 'sin'
* ''pahid'' [ˈpähid] "to wipe"
* {{Lang|bkd|pahid}} {{IPA|[ˈpähid]|lang=bkd}} 'to wipe'
* ''pahíd'' [päˈhid] "shrub"
* {{Lang|bkd|pahíd}} {{IPA|[päˈhid]|lang=bkd}} 'shrub'
* ''balángkawítan'' [bäˌläŋkaˈwitän] "rooster"
* {{Lang|bkd|balángkawítan}} {{IPA|[bäˌläŋkaˈwitän]|lang=bkd}} 'rooster'
* ''talètè'' [täˈlɘʔtɘʔ] "lizard"
* {{Lang|bkd|talètè}} {{IPA|[täˈlɘʔtɘʔ]|lang=bkd}} 'lizard'


The plural particle marker {{Lang|bkd|manga}} is written {{Lang|bkd|mga}}, following accepted Philippine usage.
=== Spelling Modification ===
Other letters are introduced through proper names, for example:
* California instead of Kalipúrniya
* Juan Carlos instead of Huwán Karlus
The plural particle marker ''manga'' is written ''mga'', following accepted Philippine usage.


==References==
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==References==
{{refbegin}}
* [http://mag-anak.org/language/files/BinukidDictionary.pdf Binukid Dictionary by the Summer Institute of Linguistics]
* {{Cite journal |last=Atherton |first=William |date=1953 |title=Binokid Phonemes |journal=Folklore Studies |volume=12 |pages=101–104 |doi=10.2307/1177412 |jstor=1177412}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mag-anak.org/language/files/BinukidDictionary.pdf |title=Binukid Dictionary |date=1992 |publisher=Linguistic Society of the Philippines and Summer Institute of Linguistics |isbn=971-1059-23-1 |location=Manila |ref={{harvid|LSP and SIL|1992}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820044931/http://mag-anak.org/language/files/BinukidDictionary.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-20}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Peng |first=Adam |date=2008 |title=Binukid Pronominal Clisis |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/42067 |journal=Studies in Philippine Languages and Cultures |volume=17 |pages=179–212}}
{{refend}}


{{Philippine languages}}
{{Philippine languages}}
{{Austronesian languages}}
{{Languages of the Philippines}}
{{Languages of the Philippines}}


Latest revision as of 21:53, 27 December 2022

Bukid
Binukid
Native toPhilippines
Regionmost parts of Bukidnon province, Mindanao
Native speakers
168,234 (2010)[1]
Dialects
  • Talaandig
Language codes
ISO 639-3bkd
Glottologbinu1244
Area where Binukid is spoken

The Bukid language, Binukid or Bukidnon, is an Austronesian language spoken by indigenous peoples of Northern Mindanao in the southern Philippines. The word Bukid means 'mountain' or 'highland' while Binukid means 'in the manner, or style, of the mountain or highland'. In Bukidnon province, it is referred to as Higaonon.[citation needed]

Distribution and dialects

[edit]

Binukid is spoken in the north of the island Mindanao in southern Philippines; it is spoken in the following areas:[2]

Binukid has many dialects, but there is mutual intelligibility. The dialect of Malaybalay, in the Pulangi area, is considered to be the prestige and standard variety.[3]

Phonology

[edit]

Binukid consists of twenty segmental phonemes and one suprasegmental phoneme.[4] The syllable is the basic unit of word structure, and each syllable consists of one vowel and one or two consonants only, arranged in the following patterns: CV, CVC and, in some instances, CCV (which is found mostly in Spanish loanwords). A word consists of one or more of these syllables.

Consonants

[edit]

There are 16 consonants in Binukid. In some instances, there is a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate [t͡ɕ] which appears in Spanish loanwords.

Binukid consonants
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Stop voiceless p t k ʔ
voiced b d ɡ
Fricative s h
Lateral l
Tap ɾ
Semivowel j w

The phoneme [ɾ] is sometimes trilled which is used in intervocalic position or in Spanish loanwords by some speakers. All consonants except [h] are found in initial and final position in the syllable; [h] is found only syllable-initial.

Vowels

[edit]

There are generally four vowels in Binukid.[4]

Binukid vowels
Front
(unrounded) 		Central
(unrounded) 		Back
(rounded)
Close i u
Close-mid ɘ
Open ä

Suprasegmentals

[edit]

There is a suprasegmental phoneme of stress which usually falls on the penultimate syllable. Stress give contrast to words of the same segmental phonemes; for example beleng [ˈbɘlɘŋ] means 'surprise' while beléng [bɘˈlɘŋ] means 'drunk'. Long words may have more than one stress: balángkawítan [bäˌläŋkaˈwitän] 'rooster'. Stress commonly shifts when suffixes are added to the word (as in kahibeléngan 'mysterious') or when the speaker wishes to emphasize the word.

Grammar

[edit]

Pronouns

[edit]

The following set of pronouns are the pronouns found in the Bukid language. The /d/-final allomorphs of the vowel-final NOM or GEN pronouns are used almost exclusively before en ('already'), a bound adverbial.[5]

Binukid pronouns
  NOM or GEN free NOM bound GEN bound OBL free or bound
1st person singular siak a(d) ku(d) kanak
2nd person singular sikaw ka(d) nu(d) ikaw
3rd person singular Ø Ø din kandin
1st person dual sikit ki(d) ta(d) kanit
1st person plural inclusive sikuy kuy taw kanuy
1st person plural exclusive sikay kay day kanay
2nd person plural sinyu kaw nuy inyu
3rd person plural siran siran dan kandan

Writing system and orthography

[edit]

The Latin script is used in writing the language. In the dictionary by the LSP and SIL (1992:x–xi), the alphabet employed consists of the following letters which correspond to one phoneme. Word-initial and word-final glottal stops are not written but glottal stops following a consonant is marked by a hyphen. Example: hab-ung [ˈhäbʔuŋ] 'mildew'. The phoneme [ŋ] is represented by a digraph ⟨ng⟩, which is sometimes considered a separate letter.

Letter Aa Bb Kk Dd Ee Gg Hh Ii Ll Mm Nn Pp Rr Ss Tt Uu Ww Yy
Phoneme ä b k d ɘ g h i l m n p ɾ s t u w j

Other letters, such as c, f, j, q, and z, are used in proper nouns or loanwords that have not had their spellings altered.

Suprasegmental phonemes and glottalization are featured in writing Binukid.[6] Stress can be indicated by an acute accent ⟨′⟩. A grave accent ⟨`⟩ can be marked over syllable- or word-final vowel to indicate a following glottal stop. If stress is shown on the final letter and there is a following glottal stop, a circumflex accent ⟨ˆ⟩ can be used. There is no marking for words whose stress falls on the penultimate syllable and without a secondary stress.

Examples:

  • sala [ˈsälä] 'living room'
  • salà [ˈsäläʔ] 'small cut'
  • salâ [säˈläʔ] 'sin'
  • pahid [ˈpähid] 'to wipe'
  • pahíd [päˈhid] 'shrub'
  • balángkawítan [bäˌläŋkaˈwitän] 'rooster'
  • talètè [täˈlɘʔtɘʔ] 'lizard'

The plural particle marker manga is written mga, following accepted Philippine usage.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ "2010 Census of Population and Housing: Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ Ethnologue
  3. ^ LSP and SIL 1992, pp. x–xi.
  4. ^ a b Atherton 1953.
  5. ^ Peng 2008, p. 180.
  6. ^ see, for example, LSP and SIL (1992:x–xi) and Peng (2008)

References

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bukid_language&oldid=1129945575"