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Cooper Union

Coordinates: 40°43′45″N 73°59′26″W / 40.72927°N 73.99058°W / 40.72927; -73.99058
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The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art
Cooper Union Foundation Building
TypePrivate
Established1859
Endowment$598.2 million[1]
PresidentGeorge Campbell Jr.
Students918
Location
United States New York
,
NY
CampusUrban
ColorsMaroon and Gold
NicknameThe Cooper Union, Cooper
AffiliationsAICAD, ABET
Website[3]
File:Cooper union logo.png

The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art (commonly referred to simply as The Cooper Union or Cooper Union) is a privately-funded college in Downtown Manhattan, New York City. Cooper Union, founded in 1859, established a radical new model of American higher education. Its mission reflects Peter Cooper's fundamental belief that education of the highest quality should be as "free as air and water" and should be available to all who qualify, independent of race, religion, gender or social status. For 150 years, the College has admitted students based on merit alone and provided each with a full-tuition scholarship.

The Campus is located in the East Village, around Cooper Square and Astor Place (Third Avenue & 6th-9th Streets). The school offers accredited degree programs in architecture, fine arts, and engineering and is a member of ABET and the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design (AICAD), a consortium of thirty-six leading art schools in the United States. Cooper is considered to be one of the most prestigious schools in the nation, with all of its member schools ranked among the highest in the country.[2]

The Cooper Union is one of very few American institutions of higher learning to offer a full-tuition scholarship (valued at $130,000 as of 2008) to every admitted student. As a result, The Cooper Union is one of the most selective colleges in the United States, with an acceptance rate generally below 10% (although both the art and architecture schools have acceptance rates lower than 5%).[3] The school experienced a 20% increase in applications for the 2008-2009 academic year, further lowering the acceptance ratio[4]. Cooper Union experienced a 70% increase in early decision applications for the 2009-2010 academic year.[5]

Cooper Union's Financial Support

A substantial portion of the annual budget, which supports the full-tuition scholarships in addition to the school's costs, is generated through donations from alumni in both the public and the private sector. In addition, real estate has become a very important asset to the College and has drastically increased its endowment to over $600 million.[6] The land under the Chrysler Building, an Art Deco skyscraper, is owned by the endowment.[7] As of 2009, Cooper Union received $7 million per year from this parcel. Further, under a very unusual arrangement, New York City real-estate taxes assessed against the Chrysler lease, held by Tishman Speyer, are paid to Cooper Union, not the city. This arrangement would be voided if Cooper Union sold the real estate. In 2006, Tishman Speyer signed a deal with the school to pay rent that will escalate to $32.5 million in 2018, $41 million in 2028 and $55 million in 2038. Cooper Union investment committee member John Michaelson acknowledged to the Wall Street Journal that Tishman Speyer would not sign a generous agreement like that had it been approached in 2009.[8]

The Cooper Union
Cooper Union Foundation Building, behind statue of founder Peter Cooper
LocationCooper Square, New York, NY
Built1858
ArchitectF.A. Peterson
NRHP reference No.66000540
Significant dates
Added to NRHPOctober 15, 1966[9]
Designated NHLJuly 4, 1961[10]

Founding and early history

The Cooper Union was founded in 1859 by American industrialist Peter Cooper, who was a prolific inventor, a successful entrepreneur, and one of America's richest businessmen. Peter Cooper was a workingman's son who had less than a year of formal schooling, yet he went on to become an industrialist and an inventor; Cooper designed and built America's first steam railroad engine. Cooper made his fortune with a glue factory and an iron foundry. Later, he turned his entrepreneurial skills to successful ventures in real estate, insurance, railroads and telegraphy. He even once ran for President.

In the late 1850s, when Cooper was a principal investor and first president of the New York, Newfoundland & London Telegraph Co., the firm undertook one of the 19th century's monumental technical enterprises—laying the first Atlantic cable. Cooper also invented instant gelatin, with help from his wife, Sarah, who added fruit to what the world would come to know as Jell-O.

Peter Cooper's dream was to give talented young people the one privilege he lacked: a good education. He also wished to make possible the development of talent that otherwise would have gone undiscovered. To achieve these lofty goals, Cooper designated the majority of his wealth, primarily in Real Estate holdings, to the creation and funding of The Cooper Union, a zero-tuition school with courses made available to any applicant. Discrimination based on race, religion, or sex was expressly prohibited.

Originally intended to be named simply "the Union," the Cooper Union began with adult education in night classes on the subjects of applied sciences and architectural drawing, as well as day classes primarily intended for women on the subjects of photography, telegraphy, typewriting and shorthand in what was called the College's Female School of Design. Initial board members included Horace Greeley and William Cullen Bryant, and early alumni included Thomas Edison and William Francis Deegan.

The Cooper Union's free classes—a landmark in American history and the prototype for what is now called continuing education—have evolved into three distinguished schools that make up The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art: the School of Art, the Irwin S. Chanin School of Architecture and the Albert Nerken School of Engineering. Peter Cooper's dream of providing an education "equal to the best" has since become reality. Since 1859, the Cooper Union has educated thousands of artists, architects and engineers, many of them leaders in their fields.[11]

Cooper Union's Foundation Building is an Italianate brownstone, and one of the first structures in New York City to feature rolled-iron I-beams for structural support; Peter Cooper himself produced these beams.[12] The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.[10][13][14]

The Great Hall

Photo of Abraham Lincoln taken February 27, 1860 in New York City by Mathew Brady, the day of his famous Cooper Union speech.

On February 27, 1860, the school's Great Hall, located in the basement level of the Foundation Building, became the site of a historic address by Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln's dramatic speech opposed Stephen A. Douglas on the question of federal power to regulate and limit the spread of slavery to the federal territories and new States. Widely reported in the press and reprinted throughout the North in pamphlet form, the speech galvanized support for Lincoln and contributed to his gaining the Party's nomination for the Presidency. It is now referred to as the Cooper Union Address.

Cooper Union Great Hall Interior

Since then, the Great Hall has served as a platform for historic addresses by American Presidents Grant, Cleveland, Taft, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and Bill Clinton. Clinton spoke on May 12, 1993 about reducing the federal deficit and again on May 23, 2006, as the Keynote Speaker at The Cooper Union's 147th Commencement along with Anna Deavere Smith. He appeared a third time on April 23, 2007, along with Senator Edward Kennedy, Henry Kissinger, Norman Mailer, and others, at the memorial service for historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. Most recently, Barack Obama delivered an economic policy speech at Cooper Union's Great Hall on March 27, 2008.

In addition to addresses by political figures, the Great Hall hosts semi-annual meetings of the New York City Rent Control Board, as well as incidental organized protests and recreational events. It is the stage for Cooper Union's commencement ceremony as well as the annual student orientation meeting for incoming freshman students. Cooper Union's Great Hall was also the site of the school's inauguration, whose primary address was given by Mark Twain.

The Great Hall also continues to serve as an important metropolitan art space, hosting lectures and performances by key figures such as Joseph Campbell, Steve Reich, Salman Rushdie, Ralph Nader, Hamza Yusuf, Richard Stallman, Rudolph Giuliani, Pema Chodron, Michael Bloomberg, Evo Morales, and Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez.

When not occupied by external or hosted events, the Great Hall is made accessible to students and faculty for large lectures and recreational activities, including the school's annual Culture Show. The Hall's audio/visual resources are operated by a student staff under faculty management, as part of Cooper Union's extensive work-study employment program, though some high-profile hosted events are operated by professional staff.

Renovated Great Hall entrance, with main hall partially visible through open doors.

2008-2009 Renovation

In late 2008, the Great Hall was closed to students and outside events for the first major renovation of the hall since 1978.[15] This renovation and redecoration was overseen by Sam Anderson Architects, a firm created and led by Cooper Union School of Architecture alumni, while the ArupAcoustics company was responsible for analysis and renovation of the hall's acoustic profile, which included installation of modern sound diffusion paneling on the rear walls.

The audience seats, which had not been altered since a prior renovation in 1906, were replaced by modern seating designed to replicate the unique shape of the original furniture. In addition, the audio/visual and lighting systems of the Great Hall were updated to modern standards, including installation of ceiling-mounted digital projectors and intelligent lighting fixtures, to meet the increasing demands of hosted and student events. The hallway and lobby leading to the Great Hall were also redecorated, with additions featuring historical information and primary source documents relevant to the space.

Modern changes

The Cooper Union evolved over time into its current form, featuring schools in Architecture, Fine Art, and Engineering. At present, these three fields represent Cooper Union' degree programs (exclusively), though the schools of Mathematics and Humanities provide classes and faculty to all three programs. Despite changes, the education is still completely tuition-free.

In September of 1992, Cooper Union opened its Student Residence Hall, located across 3rd avenue from the Foundation Building, as the school's first-ever on-campus housing resource.[16] This apartment-style dormitory provides living space for 178 students, or approximately one fifth of the school's student population. In addition to resident assistants, the Residence Hall provides living spaces for incoming freshman students of all three schools, though not all new students are required to live in the building, unlike dormitory policies of many other universities. Remaining space in the building, when available, is allocated to upper-class students based on individual housing needs.

Modern curricular changes include the consolidation of the School of Engineering's interdisciplinary engineering (IDE) major and BSE program, after faculty reviews of the two programs yielded votes of no confidence and concerns of limited support. In addition, the Engineering School curricula have been recently updated to allow for greater flexibility in scheduling and elective course selection.

A new facility designed by Thom Mayne (Morphosis) and Gruzen Samton will provide new Art Studios and Engineering Labs, replacing an aged Hewitt Building on Cooper Square.[17] The new Academic Building at the Cooper Union occupies an unusually unencumbered site whose four free facades rise from a glass-framed lobby. Entered from the north-west corner, the lobby extends the exterior surface to the inside to become a mezzanine overlooking the gallery on the floor below. [citation needed]

From the entry lobby the ground plane moves on to the central atrium, a “vertical campus,” that rises to the full height of the building. This open connective space, spanned at various levels by sky bridges, ensures interaction throughout the building while opening up view corridors across Third Avenue to the Foundation Building. The atrium also contributes to the building’s high degree of physical and visual permeability, which helps integrate it into the college’s neighborhood. [citation needed]

The School of Engineering

The Albert Nerken School of Engineering has about 550 students. It is one of the most prestigious non-doctoral engineering schools in the nation.[18] The school offers ABET accredited Bachelor of Engineering (B.E.) programs in Chemical Engineering (ChE), Civil Engineering (CE), Electrical Engineering (EE), and Mechanical Engineering (ME). Also available are a Middle States accredited Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in engineering (BSE) program, and a Master of Engineering (M.E.) program.

Until the class of 2006, students chose to major in one of the four traditional disciplines (ChE, CE, EE, and ME), or customize their education by opting for the BSE degree that has fewer requisite courses and greater opportunity for elective courses.

New curricula take effect beginning with the class of 2007. Under the currently published Course Catalog, students can still choose to pursue the traditional ChE, CE, EE, and ME degree programs, but greater flexibility in course selection is being planned for the four degree programs. In addition, there are proposals to offer students choices of "concentrations" (possibilities include Nanotechnology and Bio-engineering) that will offer groups of courses in more specific fields than the four traditional disciplines. The details of the new curricula are work in progress and therefore subject to change.

The Master of Engineering program offers an opportunity for Cooper Union undergraduate students to obtain a master's degree in one of the four disciplines while conducting research at the school. The requirements for the Master's Degree are a 30-credit course of study including a 12 credit major and a 12 credit minor. At least 6 credits of thesis study are required. Candidates for this degree are also required to conduct an oral defense of their thesis which is organized by the student's department.

Unlike many schools, there is no option for "general studies" at the Cooper Union, even in the first year. All applicants must declare their major on their application, enrolling themselves in a particular department (or the IDE program) before they arrive. Once at Cooper, switching majors within the Nerken school is allowed, but a cumulative GPA of 3.0 is required. Most department-specific courses do not begin until the latter half of the second year, meaning switching majors until that point is very feasible from a curricular standpoint. However, given the intense and competitive nature of the first two years, in practice switching majors can be extremely difficult.

Curriculum

All bachelor's programs offered by the School of engineering require a minimum of 135 credits for graduation, including completion of a 55-credit core program in general engineering and science classes (regardless of specialty) and a minimum of 24 credits in the School of Humanities and Social Sciences.[19]

Chemical Engineering

The Chemical Engineering program at The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art provides a thorough overview of the chemistry, mathematics, and engineering thinking necessary for a practicing Chemical Engineer. The Chemical Engineering student will take two year-round chemistry courses: organic chemistry and physical chemistry. In addition, the student will take the core principles of physical chemistry (Thermodynamics) and general chemistry with its laboratory class. In addition, many engineering classes will be taken, such as a year round course on chemical engineering thermodynamics as well as heat transfer, mass transfer, and fluid mechanics. Additionally, courses that reinforce the mathematical skills are taught as well as laboratory classes. The following is a breakdown of the required courses for the Chemical Engineering degree, which will follow suit with the breakdown given in the other majors:

  • Mathematics - 17 credits (6 courses, CORE)
  • Chemistry - 21.5 credits (7.5 core, 7 organic chemistry, 5 physical chemistry, 2 instrumental analysis)
  • Chemical Engineering - 40 credits (Heat, Mass, Fluids, Chem Reaction Eng, Math Methods, Control Theory, Materials Science, etc)
  • Physics - 12.5 credits (CORE)
  • Humanities and Social Sciences - 20-24 credits
  • Engineering and Engineering electives - 20-24 credits
Total of 135 credits

The chair of the Department of Chemical Engineering is Professor Irving Brazinsky. Also working within the Chemical Engineering Department are Professors Richard Stock, Daniel Lepek, and O. Charles Okorafor. Additionally, the Chemical Engineering Department works closely with the Chemistry Department, which includes Professor John Bové (Chair), Professor Andrea Newmark, and Professor Ruben Savizky.

In addition to the major, chemical engineering students have the option to obtain one of four minors: biomedical engineering, environmental engineering, applied chemical technology, or energy engineering. In order to obtain a minor the student must enroll in four classes in his/her discipline of choice.

Students work closely with faculty and acquire basic research and design skills in the first two years of their education. In the sophomore year, students are to separate and identify two unknown organic chemicals in an independent fashion. In the junior year, the students are to design an experiment, carry it out, and present its results to their peers as well as the faculty of the chemistry department; this research project is conducted as part of the instrumental analysis laboratory. In the senior year, the year-long multi faculty 9-credit senior project is carried out.

Civil Engineering

Civil Engineering is the oldest degree granting engineering program at Cooper Union. The department maintains small class and laboratory enrollment to provide for personal attention. Approximately 20 students are admitted by the department in the undergraduate program each year. The department also offers a master's degree.

Civil Engineering graduates are recruited regularly by companies nationwide. Alumni are found in the top management and research leadership of many American corporations; hold key positions in federal, state and city agencies and distinguish themselves on university faculties and administrations nationwide. Through their many and varied professional accomplishments, alumni have earned for the department and the school their reputation for excellence.

Electrical Engineering

The full-time Electrical Engineering faculty includes the following professors:

The curriculum before the class of 2007 requires 135 credits for graduation and has the following breakdown of credits:

Required courses:

  • Math: 20 credits
  • Chemistry: 7.5 credits
  • Physics: 13.5 credits
  • Engineering, Interdisciplinary: 8 credits
  • Electrical Engineering: 51.5 credits
  • Humanities/Social Sciences: 12 credits

Elective courses:

  • Engineering/Science: 10.5 credits
  • Humanities/Social Sciences: 6 credits or 12 credits depending on track

In the required undergraduate electrical engineering courses, electrical engineering students learn about the fundamental concepts of digital logic, circuit theory, electronics, digital signal processing, computer architecture, control systems, communication theory, electromagnetics, integrated circuits, and electromechanical energy conversion. Juniors are guided through a series of lab experiments and assigned projects. Seniors propose their own projects and many of them participate in inter-collegiate contests.

In the new tentative curriculum proposed for the class of 2007 and beyond, three tracks of specialization are offered: Computer Engineering, Signal Processing & Communications, and Electronic Systems & Materials Engineering. The tracks offer different selections of advanced courses for specialization, while sharing the same "foundation courses".

Mechanical Engineering

Like the other named majors, the curriculum of the Mechanical Engineering Department requires 135 credits for graduation. The current Department Chair, Professor Chih-Shing (Stan) Wei, has overseen a sizeable expansion in the past two years, which has included the hiring of two new professors, Drs. Delagrammatikas and Gan (the latter having recently been replaced by Dr. Baglione). The tenure-track (non-adjunct) roster of the "MechE" department now includes the following:[20]

  • Dr. Melody Baglione, Assistant Professor
  • Dr. George Delagrammatikas, Assistant Professor
  • Dr. George Sidebotham, Professor
  • Dr. Chih-Shing (Stan) Wei, Professor and Chair
  • Dr. David M. Wootton, Associate Professor
  • Dr. Eric Lima, Assistant Professor

There are several important adjunct faculty serving the Mechanical Engineering Department, including Dr. James Abbott, Director of the Acoustic Laboratory, and Mr. Robert Dell,[21] Director of the Laboratory for Energy Reclamation and Innovation.

Recent curriculum changes include the addition of several upper-level electives covering topics such as Advanced Engine Concepts, Heat Exchanger Dynamics, Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), Autonomous Mobile Robots, and others. This has coincided with a reinforcement of the traditional curriculum, especially areas such as thermodynamics and instrumentation labs. Other sections of traditional curriculum include control systems, mechanics (beams, etc.), materials science, and a few other areas.

Other

Curriculum development was supported by a planning grant from the National Science Foundation and directed by Dean Simon Ben-Avi. The new multi-disciplinary B.E. degree has a freshman and sophomore class already. (2004-2005). First graduation is expected in 2007.

Eleanor Baum is Dean of the Albert Nerken School of Engineering. She is the first woman to be named as dean of an engineering college or university and is an Electrical Engineer. Dean Baum was recently named to the National Women's Hall of Fame[22]

Facilities

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Electrical Engineering

  • S*PROCOM² (Signal PROcessing, COMmunications and COMputer Engineering Research Center)
  • Micro EE Lab (μLab): equipment for Computer Architecture, such as programmers for microcontrollers and programmable logic devices
  • Integrated Circuit Engineering Lab (ICE Lab): workstations and software (HSPICE, Cadence, Verilog, ADS) for designing integrated circuits and microwave circuits
  • Junior EE Lab: equipment and workbenches with oscilloscopes, multimeters, power sources, etc.
  • Senior EE Lab: workbenches with uncertain collections of equipment used by the senior projects that are in progress
  • Multimedia and Microprocessor Lab
  • Wireless Communications Lab
  • Imaging Systems Lab
  • Electronic Materials Lab

Mechanical Engineering

  • The Forrest Wade Rapid Prototyping Laboratory: includes large CAD/CAM setup, fused deposition modeling (FDM) rapid prototyper, 3-D digitizing equipment
  • Special Materials Lab: materials testing equipment, i.e. Rockwell and Sharpy hardness testers, tensile and compression testing equipment, equipment for making carbon composite materials
  • Acoustics Laboratory (featuring the only anechoic chamber in NYC)
  • Combustion Laboratory (current research includes testing of flammability of operating room materials)
  • Brooks Engineering Design Center: features computer consoles with graphics and rendering software as well a color printer, etc.
  • Laboratory for Energy Reclamation and Innovation - specializes in micro-green energy solutions

Civil Engineering

  • Materials & Structures lab
  • Soil Mechanics lab
  • Hydraulics lab
  • Environmental Research lab
  • Asphalt (SUPERPAVE) lab
  • Biomechanics lab

The School of Art

The School of Art draws on the creative energy of the East Village to produce some of the most distinguished artists in the world today. The Cooper Union is a member of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design (AICAD), a consortium of thirty-six leading art schools in the United States. Students spend most of the time in studio courses equipped with state-of-the-art facilities. Notable alumni of the Cooper Union School of Art include illustrator/designer Seymour Chwast, designer Milton Glaser, designer Herb Lubalin, designer J. Abbott Miller, designer Lou Dorfsman, writer/educator Ellen Lupton, designer Paul Carlos, designer Tom Kluepfel, designer Stephen Doyle, designer Alexander Isley, artist Eva Hesse, and artist/printmaker Alex Katz. Internationally-known faculty have included alumni such as conceptual artist Hans Haacke. Also, famous art teacher John Bednarczyk, graduated from the School of Art.

Admissions

Apart from being the most selective undergraduate art program in the country, the School of Art is infamous for its "Hometest". This conceptually focused section of the application consists of 6 prompts for visual pieces, as well as 10 short writing prompts. Performance in this intensive process, which is to be completed in a period of four weeks, plays a large role in the selection process. The Engineering school's admission process takes the opposite approach. Unlike at some other schools, admissions is highly numbers-based, with a notably small component that must be subjectively ranked.

Curriculum

The School of Art offers a four-year program leading to the Bachelor of Fine Arts degree. Unlike most art schools, Cooper Union does not require students to declare a major; instead they encourage a generalist approach and curriculum, encompassing all of the fundamental disciplines and resources of the visual arts as well as Art History and General Studies components. After their foundation year, students are allowed to choose classes from any of the art departments, facilitating a flexible and personal curriculum.

Renowned curator Saskia Bos was appointed Dean of the School of Art in 2005.

Computer Studio

The School of Art's two Computer Studios are state-of-the-art computing facilities in the New Academic Building which provide classroom and lab space for students and faculty to produce and present digital work. It features 40 Mac Pro Xeon-based workstations for student use, along with professional grade scanning, imaging, and printing devices for archival, large-format printing, film production, video editing, and audio production. Additional services, including the rental and repair of digital still and video cameras, are handled by Cooper Union's interdisciplinary audio/visual deapatment. Other equipment freely available for studio use includes LCD projectors, tripods, and light metering tools.[24]

The School of Architecture

The Irwin S. Chanin School of Architecture at The Cooper Union offers a five-year program leading to a Bachelor of Architecture degree. The school ranks among the top five architecture programs in the United States.[25] The philosophical foundation of the school is committed to the complex symbiotic relationships of education, research, theory, and practice.

The five-year Design sequence is structured to integrate the elements of architecture: investigation of program, construction, structure, and form/space. The Design sequence is intended to generate effective, forceful and spirited architecture.

With over 8,000 square feet (740 m2) of studio space, each student has his or her own drafting and work area. The studio functions as a classroom in which instruction occurs, as a laboratory in which projects are conceived and developed, and as a base of operations. Classroom facilities include a lecture hall, seminar room, and ample presentation space. There is also a computer lab available for student use on the seventh floor.

The faculty includes many influential practicing architects and theorists (Diana Agrest, Diane Lewis, and Lebbeus Woods). Well-known graduates of the school include Shigeru Ban, Daniel Libeskind, Karen Bausman, Elizabeth Diller, and Toshiko Mori. The current dean is Anthony Vidler.

M. Arch II

The Cooper Union introduced the new, M.Arch II program for the 2008-2009 academic year.[26] The program will be limited to a total of 8 students, and offer 3 concentrations: Theory, History, and Criticism of Architecture, Urban Studies, and Technologies.[27]

Notable alumni

With fewer than 1,000 students, Alumni of the Cooper Union win a vastly disproportionate share of the nation's most prestigious awards. Recent awards include 1 Nobel Prize, 10 Rome Prizes, 18 Guggenheim fellowships, 3 MacArthur fellowships, 9 Chrysler Design awards, and 3 American Institute of Architects Thomas Jefferson Awards for Public Architecture. The school also boasts more than 23 Fulbright scholars since 2001, and 10 National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowships since 2004.[28]

The Cooper Union Alumni Council presents three awards annually to notable alumni: the Augustus Saint Gaudens Award for professional achievement in art, the Gano Dunn Award for professional achievement in engineering, industry, or finance, and the John Q. Hejduk Award for architecture alumni who have made an outstanding contribution to the theory, teaching and/or practice of architecture. Other awards presented by the Alumni Council are the Alumnus of the Year and the Young Alumnus of the Year Awards.

Notable alumni of the Cooper Union include:

In Pop Culture

References

  1. ^ "College and University Endowments Over $250-Million, 2007". Chronicle of Higher Education. 2008-08-29. p. 28. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  2. ^ http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/brief/t1ccbach_n_brief.php
  3. ^ America's Best Colleges 2008: LOWEST ACCEPTANCE RATES
  4. ^ The Cooper Union Awards $33 million in Full Tuition Scholarships
  5. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/09/education/09cooper.html
  6. ^ Smart Land Deals as a Cornerstone for Free Tuition
  7. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/13cooper.html
  8. ^ One College Sidesteps the Crisis, Wall Street Journal, Money & Investing, June 30, 2009, p. c1; see p.c3
  9. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2007-01-23.
  10. ^ a b "Cooper Union". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. 2007-09-11.
  11. ^ The Cooper Union: History. Retrieved November 14, 2006
  12. ^ One College Sidesteps the Crisis, Wall Street Journal, Money & Investing, June 30, 2009, p. c1
  13. ^ ["Cooper Union", by Richard Greenwood. "National Register of Historic Places Inventory"]. National Park Service. 1975-08-08. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  14. ^ [Cooper Union--Accompanying Photos, exterior, from 1975. "National Register of Historic Places Inventory"]. National Park Service. 1975-08-08. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  15. ^ [1]
  16. ^ http://www.cooper.edu/admin/residence/index.html
  17. ^ One College Sidesteps the Crisis, Wall Street Journal, Money and Investing Section, June 30, 2009, p.C1
  18. ^ Rankings, U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved November 14, 2006
  19. ^ Cooper Union School of Engineering: Degree Requirements
  20. ^ Cooper Union '07-'08 Course Catalog, Engineering Section. "Faculty"
  21. ^ Cooper Union Mechanical Engineering
  22. ^ National Women's Hall of Fame - News & Events
  23. ^ Cooper Union Dept of Chemical Engineering. "Chemical Engineering Laboratory"
  24. ^ Cooper Union School of Art: Computer Studio
  25. ^ The USA Best Architecture Schools 2007
  26. ^ New MArch II at Cooper Union
  27. ^ Cooper Union School of Architecture Application
  28. ^ [2] [Alumni Fact Sheet (PDF)]
  29. ^ Thomas Edison, Chemistry and Cooper Union. Retrieved October 16, 2006
  30. ^ About the Cooper Union: History. Retrieved October 16, 2006
  31. ^ Russell A. Hulse: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1993
  32. ^ Boxer, Sarah. "Bob Kane, 83, the Cartoonist Who Created 'Batman,' Is Dead", The New York Times, November 7, 1998. Retrieved August 28, 2008.
  33. ^ Whatever, The New York Times, capsule review
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40°43′45″N 73°59′26″W / 40.72927°N 73.99058°W / 40.72927; -73.99058

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