Cyclone Nina: Difference between revisions

Severe Tropical Cyclone Nina
	Severe Tropical Cyclone Nina on 2 January 1993
Meteorological history
Formed	22 December 1992
Dissipated	5 January 1993
Category 4 severe tropical cyclone
	10-minute sustained (BOM)
Highest winds	165 km/h (105 mph)
Lowest pressure	960 hPa (mbar); 28.35 inHg
Category 3 severe tropical cyclone
	10-minute sustained (FMS)
Highest winds	140 km/h (85 mph)
Lowest pressure	960 hPa (mbar); 28.35 inHg
Category 1-equivalent tropical cyclone
	1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds	140 km/h (85 mph)
Overall effects
Areas affected	Queensland, Solomon Islands, Rotuma, Wallis and Futuna, Tuvalu, Tonga, Niue
	IBTrACS
	Part of the 1992–93 Australian region and South Pacific cyclone seasons

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Severe Tropical Cyclone Nina was a significant tropical cyclone which impacted six island nations from December 1992 to January 1993. The system was first noted as a tropical low over the Cape York Peninsula on 21 December. Over the next few days the system moved south-westwards and moved into the Gulf of Carpentaria where it was named Nina, after it had developed into a tropical cyclone during 23 December. The system was subsequently steered south-eastwards by an upper level trough of low pressure, before it made landfall as a Category 2 tropical cyclone on the Cape York Peninsula near Cape Keerweer on 25 December. Over land the system weakened into a tropical low before it regenerated into a tropical cyclone over the Coral Sea on 28 December. The system subsequently moved north-eastwards, under the influence of Severe Tropical Cyclone Kina and an upper level ridge of high pressure. During 1 January 1993, Nina peaked with sustained wind speeds of 140 km/h (85 mph), as it affected Rennell, Bellona and Temotu provinces in the Solomon Islands. The system subsequently gradually weakened as it accelerated eastwards and affected Rotuma, Wallis and Futuna, Tonga and Niue. Nina was subsequently absorbed by Kina, while both systems were located near the Southern Cook Islands during 5 January.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key

**Saffir–Simpson scale**

Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
Unknown

**Storm type**

Tropical cyclone

Subtropical cyclone

Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

During the middle of December 1992, an active phase of the Madden–Julian oscillation took place which helped to reinforce atmospheric convection across Northern Australia and the western Pacific Ocean.^[1] A tropical low subsequently developed within this area of atmospheric convection and moved south-westwards into the warm waters of the Gulf of Carpentaria during 22 December.^[2]^[3] During the following day, the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center initiated advisories on the low and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 03P before the Australian Bureau of Meteorology named the system: Nina, after it had developed into a Category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale.^[4]^[5]

Over the next day the system continued to intensify before both the JTWC and the BoM reported that Nina had peaked with winds of 100 km/h (65 mph) during 25 December, which made it a category 2 tropical cyclone on the Australian scale.^[2] The system subsequently made landfall on the Cape York Peninsula during that day near Cape Keerweer, where it weakened into a tropical low and emerged into the Coral Sea on 27 December.^[1]^[2]^[6]

The system re-intensified into a tropical cyclone during 28 December, as it moved north-eastwards, under the influence of Severe Tropical Cyclone Kina and an upper level ridge of high pressure.^[1] Over the next few days, the system continued to re-intensify as it moved north-eastwards, before both the JTWC and the BoM reported that Nina had peaked with winds of 140 km/h (85 mph).^[1]^[2] This made it a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian scale and equivalent to a category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.^[2]^[7] On 1 January, Nina passed over Rennell Island at its peak intensity, as it moved into the South Pacific basin.^[5]^[7] Over the next few days, the system gradually weakened, as it accelerated eastwards through Temotu Province and around the eastern side of Kina.^[5]^[2]^[8] During 3 January, Nina passed to the north of the Fijian dependency of Rotuma, before it passed in between the islands of Wallis and Futuna.^[5] During the next day the system weakened into a tropical low, as it turned south-eastwards and passed in between Tonga and Niue, before it was absorbed into Kina's circulation, while both systems were located near the Southern Cook Islands during 5 January.^[5]^[2]

Preparations and impact

Severe Tropical Cyclone Nina impacted the Gulf of Carpentaria, the Cape York Peninsula, Niue, Rotuma, Tonga, Tuvalu, the Solomon Islands, Wallis and Futuna.^[5] Due to the impact of this system, the name Nina was subsequently retired, from the list of names for the Australian region by the World Meteorological Organization.^[9]

Gulf of Carpentaria

As Nina developed in the Gulf of Carpentaria, tropical cyclone watches and warnings were issued, for parts of the Northern Territory and Queensland.^[10] These areas included Nhulunbuy in the Northern Territory, Mapoon, Aurukun and the Lockhart River in Queensland.^[10]^[11] The system subsequently moved eastwards and affected sparsely populated and uninhabited areas of the Cape York Peninsula, where torrential rainfall was recorded on 25 December.^[12] As a result of Nina impacting Queensland, the State Disaster Coordination Centre in Brisbane operated around the clock, while SES units, local authorities and disaster district coordinators in the region were put on full alert.^[13]^[14] Ahead of the system affecting Port Stewart, ten members of a twenty-member fishing party were evacuated to safety while the other ten refused to be evacuated.^[11] As a result, they were left stranded at the port, by the swollen Stewart River and its flooded tributaries until a rescue helicopter rescued them.^[11]^[15] Within the Aurukun Aboriginal community and Pormpuraaw widespread damage to trees were reported, while four houses were damaged by flying tree branches.^[6]^[16]

Solomon Islands

After impacting Queensland, Nina impacted the Solomon Islands between 30 December and 3 January, where it caused extensive damage to southern and eastern islands including Rennell and Bellona.^[8]^[17] Islanders were caught almost unprepared for Nina, because of preparations for the traditional New Year Celebrations.^[5] There were 3 people killed in the islands with an elderly woman killed on Bellona after she was trapped under a collapsed house while twins born at the height also died from lack of warm dry linen and shelter.^[5] The only buildings left standing were the Australian built Seventh Day Adventist churches in these islands.^[5]

The Solomon Islands Government declared parts of Rennell and Bellona, Southern Guadalcanal, Temotu, Makira and Malaita Provinces disaster areas.^[8] The Government subsequently shipped and airlifted relief materials to the affected areas, including food supplies, medical supplies, tarpaulins and water.^[8] The Solomon Islands Red Cross also helped with the relief effort and dispatched 113 tarpaulins to four provinces to shelter the homeless, along with blankets, clothing and various household items.^[8] They used reserve funds in order to transport these supplies to the islands affected by canoe and plane.^[8] The Government of the Solomon Islands subsequently launched an appeal for international assistance, with food assistance, tarpaulins, tents, water containers and chainsaws amongst the things asked for.^[8] A need also existed for helicopters and aircraft services, in order for field assessments to take place and the transportation of water engineers.^[8]

Rotuma, Wallis and Futuna, Samoa and Tonga

Ahead of the system affecting Rotuma, a storm force wind warning was issued for Rotuma, with sustained wind speeds of 95 km/h (60 mph) and wind gusts of up to 140 km/h (85 mph) were forecast to occur.^[5] However, the system only had a minimal effect on Rotuma, with a few rain showers and sustained winds of 45 km/h (30 mph) occurring for a brief period.^[5] In conjunction with Kina, Nina affected Wallis and Futuna between 3–4 January, however, there were no tropical cyclone warnings were issued for the French Territory by the FMS.^[5]^[18] Kina affected the island of Futuna during 3 January, where sustained winds of up to 53 km/h (33 mph) and wind gusts of up to 69 km/h (43 mph) were recorded.^[5] Nina affected Wallis Island later that day where sustained winds of up to 80 km/h (50 mph) and wind gusts of up to 68 km/h (42 mph) were recorded.^[18]^[19] Within the islands some damage to crops and houses was reported.^[5]

Ahead of Nina affecting the Samoan Islands, residents living near the sea were warned to move inland, while ships were ordered to remain in port.^[20] The system subsequently passed to the south of the Samoan Islands during 4 January, where it brought high winds and caused wind gusts of 95 km/h (60 mph) at Pago Pago in American Samoa.^[21]^[22] Some minor damage to roofs, bananas and breadfruit was reported, while total damages in American Samoa to both property and crops were estimated at between $50,000 and $500,000.^[21]

Nina affected Northern Tonga on 4 January, just after Kina had affected Tonga's southern islands with hurricane-force winds.^[5]^[23] Ahead of Nina affecting the islands, a gale warning was issued for the islands of Niuafo'ou and Keppel, where some damage to houses and crops were recorded.^[5] A gale warning was also issued for the island nation of Niue on the same day (4 January), where winds of up to 75 km/h (45 mph) caused damage to the island nations port.^[5]

Tuvalu

After Severe Tropical Cyclone Joni had affected Tuvalu during the previous month, Nina and Kina indirectly impacted the island nation during the opening days of January 1993.^[5]^[24]^[25] The systems contributed to the strength of the westerly winds that were already present over the islands, with winds of up to 130 km/h (80 mph) reported throughout the islands.^[5]^[24] As these winds combined with a heavy westerly swell and high seas, where they caused flooding of up to 2 ft (0.61 m) over the islands of Nanumea, Nanumaga, Niutao, Nui and Vaitupu.^[5]^[26] As a result, damage was reported to crops and several buildings in the island nation, including thirty houses.^[24]^[27] The two cyclones caused a severe amount of erosion in the island nation, with the shoreline on Vaitupu, receding by about 5–6 m (16–20 ft).^[25] The Vaitupu Fisheries Harbour, that had only just been built during 1992, was seriously damaged by waves attributed to the two cyclones.^[28]

On the island of Nanumea, a poorly designed sea wall trapped the storm surge on the island, which caused salt water contamination of the island vegetation and killed several trees.^[26] An appeal for international assistance was subsequently made by the Government of Tuvalu, as supplies of food and other essentials like petrol and kerosene on the worst affected islands were running low.^[24] International assistance was subsequently provided, by the United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs, who provided an emergency grant of US$10,000.^[29] The European Commission also provided emergency aid to Tuvalu which enabled the Red Cross, to provide foodstuffs, shelter, medical supplies and utensils to people whose homes were destroyed.^[30]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Darwin Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre (1992). "December 1992" (PDF). Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement. 11 (12). Australian Bureau of Meteorology: 2. ISSN 1321-4233. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "1992 Tropical Cyclone Nina (1992357S13143)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
^ Beven, John L (31 December 1992). "Weekly tropical cyclone summary #73 (December 20 – 27, 1992". Retrieved 13 December 2015.
^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (1994). Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1993 (PDF) (Report). United States Navy, United States Air Force. p. 216. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t Tropical Cyclone Nina, December 21, 1992 – January 4, 1993 (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. 20 May 1996. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
^ ^a ^b Callaghan, Jeff (12 August 2004). "Tropical Cyclone Impacts in the Gulf of Carpentaria from November to April 1858 to 2000" (PDF). Australian Severe Weather. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
^ ^a ^b Tropical Cyclone Nina, December 23, 1992 – January 2, 1993 (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Solomon Islands: Tropical Cyclone Nina January 1993: UN DHA Situation Report 1 (Report). United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. January 1993. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
^ RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (2024). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2024 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
^ ^a ^b "Cyclone Nina builds up". Herald Sun. Australian Associated Press. 24 December 1992. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
^ ^a ^b ^c "Nina flood strands 10". Sunday Age. Australian Associated Press. 25 December 1992. p. 3. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
^ "Cyclone dumps big wet on Gulf". Sunday Mail. Australian Associated Press. 27 December 1992. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
^ "Cyclone Nina poised to strike". Hobart Mercury. Australian Associated Press. 25 December 1992. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
^ Weiniger, Peter (26 December 1992). "Cyclone Nina keeps gulf on the alert". The Age. p. 6. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
^ "Ten stranded by Cyclone Nina". The Sun Herald. 27 December 1992. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
^ Breen, Neil (26 December 1992). "Cyclone Nina eases up after hitting Aurukun". Courier Mail. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
^ "Tropical Cyclones/Depressions that passed through Solomon Islands Region" (PDF). Solomon Islands Meteorological Service. 13 September 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
^ ^a ^b "Wallis and Futuna Cyclone Passes De 1880 à nos jours". Météo-France. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
^ "Pacific storms leave 15 dead and thousands homeless". Agence France Presse. 4 January 1993.
^ "Samoa bracing itself for Cyclone Nina". Agence France Presse. 4 January 1993.
^ ^a ^b Goodge, Grant W (ed.). ": January 1993" (PDF). Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena. 35 (1). National Climatic Data Center: 69. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
^ Newmann, Steve (9 January 1993). "Earthweek: a diary of the planet for the week ending January 8, 1993". The Toronto Star. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
^ Prasad, Rajendra; Nadi Tropical Cyclone Warning Center (20 May 1996). Tropical Cyclone Kina, December 23, 1992 – January 5, 1993 (Tropical Cyclone Report 92/1). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Tuvalu Cyclone Nina January 1993 DHA-UNDRO Situation Report 1" (PDF). Relief Web. The United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs. 5 January 1993. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
^ ^a ^b Chunting, Xue (30 April 2005). "Causes of Land Loss in Tuvalu, a small island nation in the Pacific" (PDF). Journal of Ocean University of China. 4 (2): 120. Bibcode:2005JOUC....4..115X. doi:10.1007/s11802-005-0004-8. ISSN 1672-5182. S2CID 189949564. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
^ ^a ^b Tuvalu's Views on the Possible Security Implications of Climate Change to be included in the report of the UN Secretary General to the UN General Assembly 64th Session (PDF) (Report). The United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs. 5 January 1993. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
^ Tuvalu national report prepared for the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction mid-term review and the 1994 World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction, Yokohama, Japan, May 23-27, 1994 (PDF). Prevention Web (Report). 16 February 1994. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
^ Xue, Chunting (30 April 2005). "Coastal erosion and management of Vaitupu Island, Tuvalu" (PDF). Journal of Ocean University of China. 4 (2). Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission: 120. ISSN 1672-5182. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
^ OCHA-Geneva Contributions Report: Tuvalu — Cyclone "Nina" - January 1993 (Report). 14 April 1999. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
^ "EU-Tuvalu cooperation". The Courier. 149 (January–February 1995).

External links

[Dec_92-1] Darwin Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre (1992). "December 1992" (PDF). Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement. 11 (12). Australian Bureau of Meteorology: 2. ISSN 1321-4233. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2015.

[IBTRACS-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "1992 Tropical Cyclone Nina (1992357S13143)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 28 October 2019.

[JB_74-3] Beven, John L (31 December 1992). "Weekly tropical cyclone summary #73 (December 20 – 27, 1992". Retrieved 13 December 2015.

[JTWC_ATCR-4] Joint Typhoon Warning Center (1994). Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1993 (PDF) (Report). United States Navy, United States Air Force. p. 216. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2013.

[Nina_TCR-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t Tropical Cyclone Nina, December 21, 1992 – January 4, 1993 (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. 20 May 1996. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.

[impacts-6] Callaghan, Jeff (12 August 2004). "Tropical Cyclone Impacts in the Gulf of Carpentaria from November to April 1858 to 2000" (PDF). Australian Severe Weather. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2015.

[Nina_BoM-7] Tropical Cyclone Nina, December 23, 1992 – January 2, 1993 (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 14 December 2015.

[RW_Solomon_Islands-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Solomon Islands: Tropical Cyclone Nina January 1993: UN DHA Situation Report 1 (Report). United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. January 1993. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2015.

[SPAC_TCOP-9] RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (2024). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2024 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 14 October 2024.

[Builds-10] "Cyclone Nina builds up". Herald Sun. Australian Associated Press. 24 December 1992. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)

[flood-11] "Nina flood strands 10". Sunday Age. Australian Associated Press. 25 December 1992. p. 3. Retrieved 21 December 2015.

[Dumps-12] "Cyclone dumps big wet on Gulf". Sunday Mail. Australian Associated Press. 27 December 1992. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)

[Poised-13] "Cyclone Nina poised to strike". Hobart Mercury. Australian Associated Press. 25 December 1992. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)

[Alert-14] Weiniger, Peter (26 December 1992). "Cyclone Nina keeps gulf on the alert". The Age. p. 6. Retrieved 21 December 2015.

[Stranded-15] "Ten stranded by Cyclone Nina". The Sun Herald. 27 December 1992. Retrieved 21 December 2015.

[Aurukun-16] Breen, Neil (26 December 1992). "Cyclone Nina eases up after hitting Aurukun". Courier Mail. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)

[Sol-17] "Tropical Cyclones/Depressions that passed through Solomon Islands Region" (PDF). Solomon Islands Meteorological Service. 13 September 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2013.

[Cyclone_Passes_W/F-18] "Wallis and Futuna Cyclone Passes De 1880 à nos jours". Météo-France. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2015.

[19] "Pacific storms leave 15 dead and thousands homeless". Agence France Presse. 4 January 1993.

[20] "Samoa bracing itself for Cyclone Nina". Agence France Presse. 4 January 1993.

[StormData-21] Goodge, Grant W (ed.). ": January 1993" (PDF). Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena. 35 (1). National Climatic Data Center: 69. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 20 December 2015.

[22] Newmann, Steve (9 January 1993). "Earthweek: a diary of the planet for the week ending January 8, 1993". The Toronto Star. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)

[Kina_TCR-23] Prasad, Rajendra; Nadi Tropical Cyclone Warning Center (20 May 1996). Tropical Cyclone Kina, December 23, 1992 – January 5, 1993 (Tropical Cyclone Report 92/1). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.

[RW_Tuvalu-24] "Tuvalu Cyclone Nina January 1993 DHA-UNDRO Situation Report 1" (PDF). Relief Web. The United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs. 5 January 1993. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2015.

[Land_Loss-25] Chunting, Xue (30 April 2005). "Causes of Land Loss in Tuvalu, a small island nation in the Pacific" (PDF). Journal of Ocean University of China. 4 (2): 120. Bibcode:2005JOUC....4..115X. doi:10.1007/s11802-005-0004-8. ISSN 1672-5182. S2CID 189949564. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.

[UN_Tuvalu-26] Tuvalu's Views on the Possible Security Implications of Climate Change to be included in the report of the UN Secretary General to the UN General Assembly 64th Session (PDF) (Report). The United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs. 5 January 1993. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.

[Tuvalu-27] Tuvalu national report prepared for the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction mid-term review and the 1994 World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction, Yokohama, Japan, May 23-27, 1994 (PDF). Prevention Web (Report). 16 February 1994. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.

[Coastal_erosion-28] Xue, Chunting (30 April 2005). "Coastal erosion and management of Vaitupu Island, Tuvalu" (PDF). Journal of Ocean University of China. 4 (2). Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission: 120. ISSN 1672-5182. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.

[OCHA-29] OCHA-Geneva Contributions Report: Tuvalu — Cyclone "Nina" - January 1993 (Report). 14 April 1999. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.

[30] "EU-Tuvalu cooperation". The Courier. 149 (January–February 1995).

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone in 1992–93}}
-{{Infobox Hurricane
+{{use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
-| Name=Severe Tropical Cyclone Nina
+{{other hurricanes|List of storms named Nina}}
-| Type=tropical cyclone
+{{Infobox weather event
-| Year=1993
+| name = Severe Tropical Cyclone Nina
-| Basin=SPac
-| Image location=Nina_Jan_2_1993_0403Z.png
+| image = Nina_Jan_2_1993_0403Z.png
-| Image name=Severe Tropical Cyclone Nina on January 2, 1993
+| caption = Severe Tropical Cyclone Nina on 2 January 1993
+| dissipated = {{end date|1993|1|05|df=y}}
-| Formed=December 21, 1992
+| formed = {{start date|1992|12|22|df=y}}
-| Dissipated=January 5, 1993
+}}{{Infobox weather event/BoM
-| 1-min winds=75
-| 10-min winds=75
+| winds = 90
-| Pressure=960
+| pressure = 960
+}}{{Infobox weather event/FMS
-| Damages=
+| winds = 75
-| Fatalities=
+| pressure = 960
-| Areas=[[Queensland]], [[Solomon Islands]], [[Rotuma]], [[Wallis and Futuna]], [[Tuvalu]], [[Tonga]], [[Niue]]
+}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
-| Hurricane season=1992–93 [[1992–93 Australian region cyclone season|Australian region]] and the [[1992–93 South Pacific cyclone season|South Pacific]] cyclone season
+| winds = 75
+}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
+| year = 1993
+| damages-prefix =
+| damages =
+| fatalities =
+| affected = [[Queensland]], [[Solomon Islands]], [[Rotuma]], [[Wallis and Futuna]], [[Tuvalu]], [[Tonga]], [[Niue]]
+}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
+| season = 1992–93 [[1992–93 Australian region cyclone season|Australian region]] and [[1992–93 South Pacific cyclone season|South Pacific]] cyclone seasons
 }}
+'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Nina''' was a significant tropical cyclone which impacted six island nations from December 1992 to January 1993. The system was first noted as a tropical low over the [[Cape York Peninsula]] on 21 December. Over the next few days the system moved south-westwards and moved into the Gulf of Carpentaria where it was named Nina, after it had developed into a tropical cyclone during 23 December. The system was subsequently steered south-eastwards by an upper level trough of low pressure, before it made landfall as a Category 2 tropical cyclone on the Cape York Peninsula near [[Cape Keerweer]] on 25 December. Over land the system weakened into a tropical low before it regenerated into a tropical cyclone over the [[Coral Sea]] on 28 December. The system subsequently moved north-eastwards, under the influence of [[Cyclone Kina|Severe Tropical Cyclone Kina]] and an upper level ridge of high pressure. During 1 January 1993, Nina peaked with sustained wind speeds of 140&nbsp;km/h (85&nbsp;mph), as it affected [[Rennell and Bellona Province|Rennell, Bellona]] and [[Temotu Province|Temotu]] provinces in the [[Solomon Islands]]. The system subsequently gradually weakened as it accelerated eastwards and affected [[Rotuma]], [[Wallis and Futuna]], [[Tonga]] and [[Niue]]. Nina was subsequently absorbed by Kina, while both systems were located near the Southern Cook Islands during 5 January.
-'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Nina''' was a significant tropical cyclone, which impacted six island nations and caused several deaths. The system was first noted as a tropical low over the [[Cape York Peninsula]] on December 21. Over the next few days the system moved south-westwards and moved into the Gulf of Carpentaria where it was named Nina, after it had developed into a tropical cyclone during December 23. The system was subsequently steered south-eastwards by an upper level trough of low pressure, before it made landfall as a Category 2 tropical cyclone on the Cape York Peninsula near [[Cape Keerweer]] during December 25. Over land the system weakened into a tropical low before it regenerated into a tropical cyclone over the [[Coral Sea]] during December 28. The system subsequently moved north-eastwards, under the influence of [[Cyclone Kina|Severe Tropical Cyclone Kina]] and an upper level ridge of high pressure. During January 1, 1993, Nina peaked with sustained wind speeds of 140&nbsp;km/h (85&nbsp;mph), as it affected [[Rennell and Bellona Province|Rennell, Bellona]] and [[Temotu Province|Temotu]] provinces in the [[Solomon Islands]]. The system subsequently gradually weakened as it accelerated eastwards and either threatened or affected [[Rotuma]], [[Wallis and Futuna]], [[Tonga]] and [[Niue]]. Nina was subsequently absorbed by Kina, while both systems were located near the Southern Cook Islands during January 5.
 ==Meteorological history==
-{{Storm Path|1992 Nina track.png}}
+{{Storm Path|Nina Aus 1992 track.png}}
-During the middle of December 1992, an active phase of the [[Madden-Julian Oscillation]] took place which helped to reinforce [[atmospheric convection]] across Northern Australia and the western [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref name="Dec 92">{{cite journal|year=1992|title=December 1992|journal=Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement|volume=11|issue=12|page=2|issn=1321-4233|accessdate=December 13, 2015|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|deadurl=no|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ntregion/statements/tropical/dtds-199212.pdf|author=Darwin Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6da8ETZiC|archivedate=December 6, 2015}}</ref> A tropical low subsequently developed, within this area of atmospheric convection over the [[Cape York Peninsula]], under the influence of the warm waters of the [[Gulf of Carpentaria]] during December 21.<ref name="JB 74">{{cite web|title=Weekly tropical cyclone summary #73 (December 20&nbsp;– 27, 1992|accessdate=December 13, 2015|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/sci.geo.meteorology/G3tf44Z8RZ0|author=Beven, John L|date=December 31, 1992}}</ref><ref name="06P BT">{{cite web|publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force|title=Tropical Cyclone 06P (Nina) best track analysis|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/1993/1993s-bsh/bsh061993.txt|deadurl=no|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6FN4Bq6f1|archivedate=March 25, 2013|accessdate=July 8, 2014|author2=Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center}}</ref> Over the next couple of days, the system moved south-westwards and moved into the Gulf of Carpentaria, where the upper level support was favourable for further development.<ref name="Dec 92"/><ref name="06P BT"/> During December 23, the Australian [[Bureau of Meteorology]] named the system: Nina, after it had developed into a Category 1 tropical cyclone on the [[Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale]].<ref name="Nina TCR">{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone Nina, December 21, 1992&nbsp;– January 4, 1993|deadurl=no|date=May 20, 1996|archivedate=December 5, 2015|url=http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/virtual_disk_library/index.cgi/4274123/FID218/DATA/TROPIC/SWP_NAR/1992_13.NAR|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6dXzCxiLO|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|accessdate=December 13, 2015}}</ref> During that day the United States [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] initiated advisories and designated the system as Tropical Cyclone 03P, while Nina started to be steered south-eastwards by an upper level trough of low pressure.<ref name="Dec 92"/><ref name="JTWC ATCR">{{cite report|title=Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1993|page=216|publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force|url=https://metoc.ndbc.noaa.gov/ProductFeeds-portlet/img/jtwc/atcr/1993atcr.pdf|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=January 31, 2013|year=1994}}</ref> Over the next day the system continued to intensify before both the JTWC and the BoM reported that Nina had peaked with winds of 100&nbsp;km/h (65&nbsp;mph) during December 25, which made it a category 2 tropical cyclone on the Australian scale.<ref name="06P BT"/>{{BoM TC Database}} The system subsequently made landfall on the Cape York Peninsula during that day near [[Cape Keerweer]], where it started to weaken and became a tropical low as it emerged into the [[Coral Sea]] during December 27.<ref name="Dec 92"/><ref name="BoM TC Database"/><ref name="impacts">{{cite journal|title=Tropical Cyclone Impacts in the Gulf of Carpentaria from November to April 1858 to 2000|website=Australian Severe Weather|author=Callaghan, Jeff|url=http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/impacts-gulf.pdf|accessdate=December 21, 2015|date=August 12, 2004|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6dvjOWthi|archivedate=December 21, 2015|deadurl=no}}</ref>
+During the middle of December 1992, an active phase of the [[Madden–Julian oscillation]] took place which helped to reinforce [[atmospheric convection]] across Northern Australia and the western [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref name="Dec 92">{{cite journal|year=1992 |title=December 1992 |journal=Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement |volume=11 |issue=12 |page=2 |issn=1321-4233 |access-date=13 December 2015 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ntregion/statements/tropical/dtds-199212.pdf |author=Darwin Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020516/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ntregion/statements/tropical/dtds-199212.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2019|url-status=<!--live-->dead}}</ref> A tropical low subsequently developed within this area of atmospheric convection and moved south-westwards into the warm waters of the [[Gulf of Carpentaria]] during 22 December.<ref name="IBTRACS">{{cite web|url={{IBTRACS url|id=1992357S13143}}|title=1992 Tropical Cyclone Nina (1992357S13143)|publisher=International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship|access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="JB 74">{{cite web|title=Weekly tropical cyclone summary #73 (December 20&nbsp;– 27, 1992|access-date=13 December 2015|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/sci.geo.meteorology/G3tf44Z8RZ0|author=Beven, John L|date=31 December 1992}}</ref> During the following day, the United States [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] initiated advisories on the low and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 03P before the Australian [[Bureau of Meteorology]] named the system: Nina, after it had developed into a Category 1 tropical cyclone on the [[Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale]].<ref name="JTWC ATCR">{{cite report|title=Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1993|page=216|publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force|url=https://metoc.ndbc.noaa.gov/ProductFeeds-portlet/img/jtwc/atcr/1993atcr.pdf|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|access-date=31 January 2013|year=1994|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208044920/https://metoc.ndbc.noaa.gov/ProductFeeds-portlet/img/jtwc/atcr/1993atcr.pdf|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Nina TCR">{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone Nina, December 21, 1992&nbsp;– January 4, 1993 |url-status=live |date=20 May 1996 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url=http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/virtual_disk_library/index.cgi/4274123/FID1030/DATA/TROPIC/SWP_NAR/1992_13.NAR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208150752/http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/virtual_disk_library/index.cgi/4274123/FID218/DATA/TROPIC/SWP_NAR/1993_6.NAR |publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service |access-date=13 December 2015 }}</ref>
+Over the next day the system continued to intensify before both the JTWC and the BoM reported that Nina had peaked with winds of 100&nbsp;km/h (65&nbsp;mph) during 25 December, which made it a category 2 tropical cyclone on the Australian scale.<ref name="IBTRACS"/> The system subsequently made landfall on the Cape York Peninsula during that day near [[Cape Keerweer]], where it weakened into a tropical low and emerged into the [[Coral Sea]] on 27 December.<ref name="Dec 92"/><ref name="IBTRACS"/><ref name="impacts">{{cite journal|title=Tropical Cyclone Impacts in the Gulf of Carpentaria from November to April 1858 to 2000 |website=Australian Severe Weather |author=Callaghan, Jeff |url=http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/impacts-gulf.pdf |access-date=21 December 2015 |date=12 August 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011547/http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/impacts-gulf.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The system re-intensified into a tropical cyclone during December 28, as it moved north-eastwards, under the influence of [[Cyclone Kina|Severe Tropical Cyclone Kina]] and an upper level ridge of high pressure.<ref name="Dec 92"/> Over the next few days, the system continued to re-intensify as it moved north-eastwards, before both the JTWC and the BoM reported that Nina had peaked with winds of 140&nbsp;km/h (85&nbsp;mph).<ref name="Dec 92"/><ref name="BoM TC Database"/><ref name="06P BT"/> This made it a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian scale and equivalent to a category 1 hurricane on the [[Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref name="06P BT"/><ref name="BoM TC Database"/><ref name="Nina BoM">{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone Nina, December 23, 1992&nbsp;– January 2, 1993|deadurl=no|archivedate=December 14, 2015|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/nina.shtml|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|accessdate=December 14, 2015}}</ref> During January 1, Nina passed over [[Rennell Island]] at its peak intensity, as it moved into the [[Tropical cyclone basins|South Pacific basin]].<ref name="Nina TCR"/><ref name="Nina BoM"/> Over the next few days, the system gradually weakened, as it accelerated eastwards through [[Temotu Province]] and around the eastern side of Kina.<ref name="Nina TCR"/>{{TCWC Wellington BT}}<ref name="RW Solomon Islands">{{cite report|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/solomon-islands/solomon-islands-cyclone-nina-jan-1993-un-dha-situation-reports-1-2|title=Solomon Islands: Tropical Cyclone Nina January 1993: UN DHA Situation Report 1|date=January 1993|publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6GsbOeD3L|archivedate=December 15, 2015|accessdate=December 15, 2015}}</ref> During January 3, Nina passed to the north of the Fijian dependency of [[Rotuma]], before it passed in between the islands of [[Wallis and Futuna]].<ref name="Nina TCR"/> During the next day the system weakened into a tropical low, as it turned south-eastwards and passed in between [[Tonga]] and [[Niue]], before it was absorbed into Kina's circulation, while both systems were located near the Southern [[Cook Islands]] during January 5.<ref name="Nina TCR"/><ref name="Wellington BT"/>
+The system re-intensified into a tropical cyclone during 28 December, as it moved north-eastwards, under the influence of [[Severe Tropical Cyclone Kina]] and an upper level ridge of high pressure.<ref name="Dec 92"/> Over the next few days, the system continued to re-intensify as it moved north-eastwards, before both the JTWC and the BoM reported that Nina had peaked with winds of 140&nbsp;km/h (85&nbsp;mph).<ref name="Dec 92"/><ref name="IBTRACS"/> This made it a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian scale and equivalent to a category 1 hurricane on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref name="IBTRACS"/><ref name="Nina BoM">{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone Nina, December 23, 1992&nbsp;– January 2, 1993|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/nina.shtml|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|access-date=14 December 2015}}</ref> On 1 January, Nina passed over [[Rennell Island]] at its peak intensity, as it moved into the [[Tropical cyclone basins|South Pacific basin]].<ref name="Nina TCR"/><ref name="Nina BoM"/> Over the next few days, the system gradually weakened, as it accelerated eastwards through [[Temotu Province]] and around the eastern side of Kina.<ref name="Nina TCR"/><ref name="IBTRACS"/><ref name="RW Solomon Islands">{{cite report|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/solomon-islands/solomon-islands-cyclone-nina-jan-1993-un-dha-situation-reports-1-2 |title=Solomon Islands: Tropical Cyclone Nina January 1993: UN DHA Situation Report 1 |date=January 1993 |publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512024647/http://reliefweb.int/report/new-caledonia-france/pacific-islands-tropical-cyclone-jan-1988-undro-information-reports-1-3 |archive-date=12 May 2013 |access-date=15 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> During 3 January, Nina passed to the north of the Fijian dependency of [[Rotuma]], before it passed in between the islands of [[Wallis and Futuna]].<ref name="Nina TCR"/> During the next day the system weakened into a tropical low, as it turned south-eastwards and passed in between [[Tonga]] and [[Niue]], before it was absorbed into Kina's circulation, while both systems were located near the Southern [[Cook Islands]] during 5 January.<ref name="Nina TCR"/><ref name="IBTRACS"/>
 ==Preparations and impact==
-Severe Tropical Cyclone Nina impacted the Gulf of Carpentaria, the Cape York Peninsula, Niue, Rotuma, Tonga, Tuvalu, the Solomon Islands, Wallis and Futuna.<ref name="Nina TCR"/> Due to the impact of this system, the name Nina was subsequently [[List of retired Australian cyclone names|retired]], from the list of names for the [[Tropical cyclone basins#Australia|Australian region]] by the [[World Meteorological Organization]].<ref name="SPAC TCOP">{{cite report|author=RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|title=Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2014|deadurl=no|date=May 5, 2015|pages=2B-1&nbsp;– 2B-4 (23–26)|accessdate=December 13, 2015|format=PDF|archivedate=May 24, 2015|url=https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/TCP24_RAVOpPlan_2014_final.pdf|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6YlsJ3Q48}}</ref>
+Severe Tropical Cyclone Nina impacted the Gulf of Carpentaria, the Cape York Peninsula, Niue, Rotuma, Tonga, Tuvalu, the Solomon Islands, Wallis and Futuna.<ref name="Nina TCR"/> Due to the impact of this system, the name Nina was subsequently [[List of retired Australian cyclone names|retired]], from the list of names for the [[Tropical cyclone basins#Australia|Australian region]] by the [[World Meteorological Organization]].{{RA V Tropical cyclone operational plan}}
 ===Gulf of Carpentaria===
-As Nina developed in the [[Gulf of Carpentaria]], [[tropical cyclone watches and warnings]] were issued, for parts of the [[Northern Territory]] and [[Queensland]].<ref name="Builds">{{cite news|date=December 24, 1992|title=Cyclone Nina builds up|newspaper=Herald Sun|agency=Australian Associated Press}} {{subscription needed|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> These areas included [[Nhulunbuy]] in the Northern Territory, [[Mapoon]], [[Aurukun]] and the [[Lockhart River, Queensland|Lockhart River]] in Queensland.<ref name="Builds"/><ref name="flood">{{cite news|date=December 25, 1992|title=Nina flood strands 10|newspaper=Sunday Age|page=3|agency=Australian Associated Press|url=http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?page=1&sy=nstore&kw=Cyclone+Nina&pb=all_ffx&dt=selectRange&dr=entire&so=relevance&sf=text&sf=headline&rc=10&rm=200&sp=nrm&clsPage=1&docID=news930103_0030_6931|accessdate=December 21, 2015}}</ref> The system subsequently moved eastwards and affected sparsely populated and uninhabited areas of the Cape York Peninsula, where torrential rainfall was recorded during December 25.<ref name="Dumps">{{cite news|date=December 27, 1992|title=Cyclone dumps big wet on Gulf|newspaper=Sunday Mail|agency=Australian Associated Press}} {{subscription needed|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> As a result of Nina impacting Queensland, the State Disaster Coordination Centre in Brisbane operated around the clock, while SES units, local authorities and disaster district coordinators in the region were put on full alert.<ref name="Poised">{{cite news|date=December 25, 1992|title=Cyclone Nina poised to strike|newspaper=Hobart Mercury|agency=Australian Associated Press}} {{subscription needed|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref><ref name="Alert">{{cite news|date=December 26, 1992|title=Cyclone Nina keeps gulf on the alert|newspaper=The Age|author=Weiniger, Peter|page=6|url=http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?page=1&sy=nstore&kw=Cyclone+Nina&pb=all_ffx&dt=selectRange&dr=entire&so=relevance&sf=text&sf=headline&rc=200&rm=200&sp=nrm&clsPage=1&docID=news921226_0101_1732|accessdate=December 21, 2015}}</ref> Ahead of the system affecting [[Port Stewart]], ten members of a twenty member fishing party were evacuated to safety while the other ten refused to be evacuated.<ref name="flood"/> As a result they were left stranded at the port, by the swollen [[Stewart River (Queensland)|Stewart River]] and its flooded tributaries until a rescue helicopter rescued them.<ref name="flood"/><ref name="Stranded">{{cite news|date=December 27, 1992|title=Ten stranded by Cyclone Nina|url=http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?page=1&sy=nstore&kw=Cyclone+Nina&pb=all_ffx&dt=selectRange&dr=entire&so=relevance&sf=text&sf=headline&rc=200&rm=200&sp=nrm&clsPage=1&docID=news921227_0086_4741|newspaper=The Sun Herald|accessdate=December 21, 2015}}</ref> Within the [[Aurukun]] Aboriginal community and [[Pormpuraaw, Queensland|Pormpuraaw]] widespread damage to trees were reported, while four houses were damaged by flying tree branches.<ref name="impacts"/><ref name="Aurukun">{{cite news|author=Breen, Neil|date=December 26, 1992|title=Cyclone Nina eases up after hitting Aurukun|agency=Courier Mail}} {{subscription needed|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref>
+As Nina developed in the [[Gulf of Carpentaria]], [[tropical cyclone watches and warnings]] were issued, for parts of the [[Northern Territory]] and [[Queensland]].<ref name="Builds">{{cite news|date=24 December 1992|title=Cyclone Nina builds up|newspaper=Herald Sun|agency=Australian Associated Press}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> These areas included [[Nhulunbuy]] in the Northern Territory, [[Mapoon]], [[Aurukun]] and the [[Lockhart River, Queensland|Lockhart River]] in Queensland.<ref name="Builds"/><ref name="flood">{{cite news|date=25 December 1992|title=Nina flood strands 10|newspaper=Sunday Age|page=3|agency=Australian Associated Press|url=http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?page=1&sy=nstore&kw=Cyclone+Nina&pb=all_ffx&dt=selectRange&dr=entire&so=relevance&sf=text&sf=headline&rc=10&rm=200&sp=nrm&clsPage=1&docID=news930103_0030_6931|access-date=21 December 2015}}</ref> The system subsequently moved eastwards and affected sparsely populated and uninhabited areas of the Cape York Peninsula, where torrential rainfall was recorded on 25 December.<ref name="Dumps">{{cite news|date=27 December 1992|title=Cyclone dumps big wet on Gulf|newspaper=Sunday Mail|agency=Australian Associated Press}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> As a result of Nina impacting Queensland, the State Disaster Coordination Centre in Brisbane operated around the clock, while SES units, local authorities and disaster district coordinators in the region were put on full alert.<ref name="Poised">{{cite news|date=25 December 1992|title=Cyclone Nina poised to strike|newspaper=Hobart Mercury|agency=Australian Associated Press}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref><ref name="Alert">{{cite news|date=26 December 1992|title=Cyclone Nina keeps gulf on the alert|newspaper=The Age|author=Weiniger, Peter|page=6|url=http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?page=1&sy=nstore&kw=Cyclone+Nina&pb=all_ffx&dt=selectRange&dr=entire&so=relevance&sf=text&sf=headline&rc=200&rm=200&sp=nrm&clsPage=1&docID=news921226_0101_1732|access-date=21 December 2015}}</ref> Ahead of the system affecting [[Port Stewart]], ten members of a twenty-member fishing party were evacuated to safety while the other ten refused to be evacuated.<ref name="flood"/> As a result, they were left stranded at the port, by the swollen [[Stewart River (Queensland)|Stewart River]] and its flooded tributaries until a rescue helicopter rescued them.<ref name="flood"/><ref name="Stranded">{{cite news|date=27 December 1992|title=Ten stranded by Cyclone Nina|url=http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?page=1&sy=nstore&kw=Cyclone+Nina&pb=all_ffx&dt=selectRange&dr=entire&so=relevance&sf=text&sf=headline&rc=200&rm=200&sp=nrm&clsPage=1&docID=news921227_0086_4741|newspaper=The Sun Herald|access-date=21 December 2015}}</ref> Within the [[Aurukun]] Aboriginal community and [[Pormpuraaw, Queensland|Pormpuraaw]] widespread damage to trees were reported, while four houses were damaged by flying tree branches.<ref name="impacts"/><ref name="Aurukun">{{cite news|author=Breen, Neil|date=26 December 1992|title=Cyclone Nina eases up after hitting Aurukun|agency=Courier Mail}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref>
 ===Solomon Islands===
-After impacting Queensland, Nina impacted the Solomon Islands between December 30 and January 3, where it caused extensive damage to southern and eastern islands including Rennell and Bellona.<ref name="RW Solomon Islands"/><ref name="Sol">{{cite web|url=http://www.met.gov.sb/tcnames.pdf|title=Tropical Cyclones/Depressions that passed through Solomon Islands Region|publisher=Solomon Islands Meteorological Service|date=September 13, 2009|accessdate=June 20, 2013|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6EzOpZVVt|archivedate=March 9, 2013}}</ref> Islanders were caught almost unprepared for Nina, because of preparations for the traditional New Year Celebrations.<ref name="Nina TCR"/> There were 3 people killed in the islands with an elderly woman killed on Bellona after she was trapped under a collapsed house while twins born at the height also died from lack of warm dry linen and shelter.<ref name="Nina TCR"/> The only buildings left standing were the Australian built Seventh Day Adventist churches in these islands.<ref name="Nina TCR"/>
+After impacting Queensland, Nina impacted the Solomon Islands between 30 December and 3 January, where it caused extensive damage to southern and eastern islands including Rennell and Bellona.<ref name="RW Solomon Islands"/><ref name="Sol">{{cite web|url=http://www.met.gov.sb/tcnames.pdf |title=Tropical Cyclones/Depressions that passed through Solomon Islands Region |publisher=Solomon Islands Meteorological Service |date=13 September 2009 |access-date=20 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030195156/http://www.met.gov.sb/tcnames.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Islanders were caught almost unprepared for Nina, because of preparations for the traditional New Year Celebrations.<ref name="Nina TCR"/> There were 3 people killed in the islands with an elderly woman killed on Bellona after she was trapped under a collapsed house while twins born at the height also died from lack of warm dry linen and shelter.<ref name="Nina TCR"/> The only buildings left standing were the Australian built Seventh Day Adventist churches in these islands.<ref name="Nina TCR"/>
+The Solomon Islands Government declared parts of [[Rennell and Bellona]], Southern [[Guadalcanal]], [[Temotu Province|Temotu]], [[Makira]] and [[Malaita]] Provinces disaster areas.<ref name="RW Solomon Islands"/> The Government subsequently shipped and airlifted relief materials to the affected areas, including food supplies, medical supplies, tarpaulins and water.<ref name="RW Solomon Islands"/> The Solomon Islands Red Cross also helped with the relief effort and dispatched 113 tarpaulins to four provinces to shelter the homeless, along with blankets, clothing and various household items.<ref name="RW Solomon Islands"/> They used reserve funds in order to transport these supplies to the islands affected by canoe and plane.<ref name="RW Solomon Islands"/> The Government of the Solomon Islands subsequently launched an appeal for international assistance, with food assistance, [[tarpaulin]]s, tents, water containers and chainsaws amongst the things asked for.<ref name="RW Solomon Islands"/> A need also existed for helicopters and aircraft services, in order for field assessments to take place and the transportation of water engineers.<ref name="RW Solomon Islands"/>
+===Rotuma, Wallis and Futuna, Samoa and Tonga===
-The Solomon Islands Government declared parts of [[Rennell and Bellona]], Southern [[Guadalcanal]], [[Temotu Province|Temotu]], [[Makira]] and [[Malaita]] Provinces disaster areas.<ref name="RW Solomon Islands"/> The Government subsequently shipped and airlifted relief materials to the affected areas, including food supplies, medical supplies, tarpaulins and water.<ref name="RW Solomon Islands"/> The Solomon Islands Red Cross also helped with the relief effort and dispatched 113 tarpaulins to four provinces to shelter the homeless, along with blankets, clothing and various household items.<ref name="RW Solomon Islands"/> They used reserve funds in order to transport these supplies to the islands affected by canoe and plane.<ref name="RW Solomon Islands"/> The Government of the Solomon Islands subsequently launched an appeal for international assistance, with food assistance, tapualins, tents, water containeds and chainsaws amongst the things asked for.<ref name="RW Solomon Islands"/> A need also existed for helicopters and aircraft services, in order for field assessments to take place and transportation of water engineers.<ref name="RW Solomon Islands"/>
+Ahead of the system affecting Rotuma, a storm force wind warning was issued for Rotuma, with sustained wind speeds of {{convert|95|km/h|mph|round=5|abbr=on}} and wind gusts of up to {{convert|140|km/h|mph|round=5|abbr=on}} were forecast to occur.<ref name="Nina TCR"/> However, the system only had a minimal effect on Rotuma, with a few rain showers and sustained winds of {{convert|45|km/h|mph|round=5|abbr=on}} occurring for a brief period.<ref name="Nina TCR"/> In conjunction with Kina, Nina affected [[Wallis and Futuna]] between 3–4 January, however, there were no tropical cyclone warnings were issued for the French Territory by the FMS.<ref name="Nina TCR"/><ref name="Cyclone Passes W/F">{{cite web|url=http://www.meteo.nc/wallis-et-futuna-cyclone/cyclones-passes-wf |title=Wallis and Futuna Cyclone Passes De 1880 à nos jours |publisher=Météo-France |access-date=21 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701170259/http://meteo.nc/wallis-et-futuna-cyclone/cyclones-passes-wf |archive-date=1 July 2014 }}</ref> Kina affected the island of [[Futuna (Wallis and Futuna)|Futuna]] during 3 January, where sustained winds of up to {{convert|53|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} and wind gusts of up to {{convert|69|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were recorded.<ref name="Nina TCR"/> Nina affected [[Wallis (island)|Wallis Island]] later that day where sustained winds of up to {{convert|80|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} and wind gusts of up to {{convert|68|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were recorded.<ref name="Cyclone Passes W/F"/><ref>{{cite news|date=4 January 1993|title=Pacific storms leave 15 dead and thousands homeless|agency=Agence France Presse}}</ref> Within the islands some damage to crops and houses was reported.<ref name="Nina TCR"/>
+Ahead of Nina affecting the Samoan Islands, residents living near the sea were warned to move inland, while ships were ordered to remain in port.<ref>{{cite news|date=4 January 1993|title=Samoa bracing itself for Cyclone Nina|agency=Agence France Presse}}</ref> The system subsequently passed to the south of the [[Samoan Islands]] during 4 January, where it brought high winds and caused wind gusts of {{convert|95|km/h|mph|round=5|abbr=on}} at [[Pago Pago]] in [[American Samoa]].<ref name="StormData">{{cite journal|title=: January 1993|journal=Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena |volume=35 |publisher=National Climatic Data Center |archive-date=8 May 2024 |access-date=20 December 2015 |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-5FD47EA5-3B68-4934-B0C3-115109C8B6EE.pdf|page=69 |issue=1 |editor1=Goodge, Grant W |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508190535/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-5FD47EA5-3B68-4934-B0C3-115109C8B6EE.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=9 January 1993|title=Earthweek: a diary of the planet for the week ending January 8, 1993|newspaper=The Toronto Star|author=Newmann, Steve}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Some minor damage to roofs, bananas and breadfruit was reported, while total damages in American Samoa to both property and crops were estimated at between ${{ntsp|50000}} and ${{ntsp|500000}}.<ref name="StormData"/>
-===Rotuma, Wallis and Futuna===
-Ahead of the system affecting Rotuma, a storm force wind warning was issued for Rotuma, with sustained wind speeds of {{convert|95|km/h|mph|disp=5|abbr=on}} and wind gusts of up to {{convert|140|km/h|mph|disp=5|abbr=on}} were forecast to occur.<ref name="Nina TCR"/> However, the system only had a minimal effect on Rotuma, with a few rain showers and sustained winds of {{convert|45|km/h|mph|disp=5|abbr=on}} occurring for a brief period.<ref name="Nina TCR"/> In conjunction with Kina, Nina affected [[Wallis and Futuna]] between January 3-4, however, there were no tropical cyclone warnings were issued for the French Territory by the FMS.<ref name="Nina TCR"/><ref name="Cyclone Passes W/F">{{cite web|url=http://www.meteo.nc/wallis-et-futuna-cyclone/cyclones-passes-wf|title=Wallis and Futuna Cyclone Passes De 1880 à nos jours|publisher=Météo-France|accessdate=December 21, 2015}}</ref> Kina affected the island of [[Futuna (Wallis and Futuna)|Futuna]] during January 3, where sustained winds of up to {{convert|53|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} and wind gusts of up to {{convert|69|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were recorded.<ref name="Nina TCR"/> Nina affected [[Wallis (island)|Wallis Island]] later that day where sustained winds of up to {{convert|80|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} and wind gusts of up to {{convert|68|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were recorded.<ref name="Cyclone Passes W/F"/><ref>{{cite news|date=January 4, 1993|title=Pacific storms leave 15 dead and thousands homeless|agency=Agence France Presse}}</ref> Within the islands some damage to crops and houses was reported.<ref name="Nina TCR"/> Ahead of Nina affecting the Samoan Islands, residents living near the sea were warned to move inland, while ships were ordered to remain in port.<ref>{{cite news|date=January 4, 1993|title=Samoa bracing itself for Cyclone Nina|agency=Agence France Presse}}</ref> The system subsequently passed to the south of the [[Samoan Islands]] during January 4, where it brought high winds and caused wind gusts of {{convert|95|km/h|mph|disp=5|abbr=on}} at [[Pago Pago]] in [[American Samoa]].<ref name="StormData">{{cite journal|title=Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena: January 1993|volume=35|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|archivedate=December 12, 2015|accessdate=December 20, 2015|url=http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-19BF8EDE-2553-44EA-923A-013A3BD82D3E.pdf|pages=69|issue=1|editor1=Goodge, Grant W|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6djDvZPti}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=January 9, 1993|title=Earthweek: a diary of the planet for the week ending January 8, 1993|newspaper=The Toronto Star|author=Newmann, Steve}} {{subscription needed|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Some minor damage to roofs, bananas and breadfruit was reported, while total damages in American Samoa to both property and crops were estimated at between ${{ntsp|50000}} and ${{ntsp|500000}}.<ref name="StormData"/>
+Nina affected Northern Tonga on 4 January, just after Kina had affected Tonga's southern islands with hurricane-force winds.<ref name="Nina TCR"/><ref name="Kina TCR">{{cite report |title=Tropical Cyclone Kina, December 23, 1992 – January 5, 1993 |author2=Nadi Tropical Cyclone Warning Center |publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service |url-status=live |url=http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/cgi-bin/virtcdlib/index.cgi/4274123/FID1/DATA/TROPIC/SWP_NAR/1992_14.NAR%3B1 |type=Tropical Cyclone Report 92/1 |author=Prasad, Rajendra |date=20 May 1996 |access-date=21 March 2013 |archive-date=9 April 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130409233402/http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/cgi-bin/virtcdlib/index.cgi/4274123/FID1/DATA/TROPIC/SWP_NAR/1992_14.NAR;1 }}</ref> Ahead of Nina affecting the islands, a gale warning was issued for the islands of [[Niuafo'ou]] and [[Great Keppel Island|Keppel]], where some damage to houses and crops were recorded.<ref name="Nina TCR"/> A gale warning was also issued for the island nation of Niue on the same day (4 January), where winds of up to {{convert|75|km/h|mph|round=5|abbr=on}} caused damage to the island nations port.<ref name="Nina TCR"/>
-===Tonga===
 ===Tuvalu===
-After [[Cyclone Joni|Severe Tropical Cyclone Joni]] had affected Tuvalu during the previous month, Nina and Kina indirectly impacted the island nation during the opening days of January 1993.<ref name="Nina TCR"/><ref name="RW Tuvalu">{{cite web|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/tuvalu/tuvalu-cyclone-nina-jan-1993-dha-undro-situation-report-1|title=Tuvalu Cyclone Nina January 1993 DHA-UNDRO Situation Report 1|website=Relief Web|publisher=The United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs|accessdate=December 18, 2015|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6EzOpZVVt|archivedate=December 18, 2015|date=January 5, 1993}}</ref><ref name="Land Loss">{{cite journal|url=http://www2.ouc.edu.cn/xbywb/web/filedata/05040204.pdf|title=Causes of Land Loss in Tuvalu, a small island nation in the Pacific|author=Chunting, Xue|journal=Journal of Ocean University of China|accessdate=December 20, 2015|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6dvbpEdNy|archivedate=December 20, 2015|date=April 30, 2005|volume=4|issue=2|page=120|issn=1672-5182}}</ref> The systems contributed to the strength of the westerly winds that were already present over the islands, with winds of up to {{convert|130|km/h|mph|disp=5|abbr=on}} reported throughout the islands.<ref name="Nina TCR"/><ref name="RW Tuvalu"/> As these winds combined with a heavy westerly swell and high seas, where they caused flooding of up to {{convert|2|ft|m|abbr=on}} over the islands of [[Nanumea]], [[Nanumaga]], [[Niutao]], [[Nui (atoll)|Nui]] and [[Vaitupu]].<ref name="Nina TCR"/><ref name="UN Tuvalu">{{cite report|url=http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/resources/res_pdfs/ga-64/cc-inputs/Tuvalu_CCIS.pdf|title=Tuvalu’s Views on the Possible Security Implications of Climate Change to be included in the report of the UN Secretary General to the UN General Assembly 64th Session|publisher=The United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs|accessdate=December 18, 2015|date=January 5, 1993|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6dsaMNMAE|archivedate=December 18, 2015}}</ref> As a result damage was reported to crops and several buildings in the island nation, including thirty houses.<ref name="RW Tuvalu"/><ref name="Tuvalu">{{cite report|page=15|title=Tuvalu national report prepared for the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction mid-term review and the 1994 World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction, Yokohama, Japan, May 23-27, 1994|accessdate=December 11, 2015|deadurl=no|url=http://www.preventionweb.net/files/31116_tuvaluyokohamareport.pdf|archivedate=December 11, 2015|date=February 16, 1994|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6dhkxOAnp|website=Prevention Web}}</ref> The two cyclones caused a severe amount of erosion in the island nation, with the shoreline on Vaitupu, receding by about {{convert|5|-|6|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Land Loss"/> The Vaitupu Fisheries Harbour, that had only just been built during 1992, was seriously damaged by waves attributed to the two cyclones.<ref name="Coastal erosion">{{cite journal|url=http://ict.sopac.org/VirLib/TR0243.pdf|title=Coastal erosion and management of Vaitupu Island, Tuvalu.|publisher=he Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission|author=Xue, Chunting|accessdate=December 20, 2015|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6dvbpEdNy|archivedate=December 20, 2015|date=April 30, 2005|volume=4|issue=2|page=120|issn=1672-5182|ref=TR0243}}</ref>
+After [[Cyclone Joni|Severe Tropical Cyclone Joni]] had affected Tuvalu during the previous month, Nina and Kina indirectly impacted the island nation during the opening days of January 1993.<ref name="Nina TCR"/><ref name="RW Tuvalu">{{cite web|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/tuvalu/tuvalu-cyclone-nina-jan-1993-dha-undro-situation-report-1 |title=Tuvalu Cyclone Nina January 1993 DHA-UNDRO Situation Report 1 |website=Relief Web |publisher=The United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs |access-date=18 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030195156/http://www.met.gov.sb/tcnames.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2012 |date=5 January 1993 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Land Loss">{{cite journal|url=http://www2.ouc.edu.cn/xbywb/web/filedata/05040204.pdf |title=Causes of Land Loss in Tuvalu, a small island nation in the Pacific |author=Chunting, Xue |journal=Journal of Ocean University of China |access-date=20 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222145255/http://www2.ouc.edu.cn/xbywb/web/filedata/05040204.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2015 |date=30 April 2005 |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=120 |doi=10.1007/s11802-005-0004-8 |bibcode=2005JOUC....4..115X |s2cid=189949564 |issn=1672-5182 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The systems contributed to the strength of the westerly winds that were already present over the islands, with winds of up to {{convert|130|km/h|mph|round=5|abbr=on}} reported throughout the islands.<ref name="Nina TCR"/><ref name="RW Tuvalu"/> As these winds combined with a heavy westerly swell and high seas, where they caused flooding of up to {{convert|2|ft|m|abbr=on}} over the islands of [[Nanumea]], [[Nanumaga]], [[Niutao]], [[Nui (atoll)|Nui]] and [[Vaitupu]].<ref name="Nina TCR"/><ref name="UN Tuvalu">{{cite report|url=http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/resources/res_pdfs/ga-64/cc-inputs/Tuvalu_CCIS.pdf |title=Tuvalu's Views on the Possible Security Implications of Climate Change to be included in the report of the UN Secretary General to the UN General Assembly 64th Session |publisher=The United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs |access-date=18 December 2015 |date=5 January 1993 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222181912/http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/resources/res_pdfs/ga-64/cc-inputs/Tuvalu_CCIS.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As a result, damage was reported to crops and several buildings in the island nation, including thirty houses.<ref name="RW Tuvalu"/><ref name="Tuvalu">{{cite report|page=15 |title=Tuvalu national report prepared for the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction mid-term review and the 1994 World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction, Yokohama, Japan, May 23-27, 1994 |access-date=11 December 2015 |url-status=live |url=http://www.preventionweb.net/files/31116_tuvaluyokohamareport.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2015 |date=16 February 1994 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222133732/http://www.preventionweb.net/files/31116_tuvaluyokohamareport.pdf |website=Prevention Web }}</ref> The two cyclones caused a severe amount of erosion in the island nation, with the shoreline on Vaitupu, receding by about {{convert|5|-|6|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Land Loss"/> The Vaitupu Fisheries Harbour, that had only just been built during 1992, was seriously damaged by waves attributed to the two cyclones.<ref name="Coastal erosion">{{cite journal|url=http://ict.sopac.org/VirLib/TR0243.pdf |title=Coastal erosion and management of Vaitupu Island, Tuvalu. |publisher=Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission |author=Xue, Chunting |journal=Journal of Ocean University of China |access-date=20 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222145255/http://www2.ouc.edu.cn/xbywb/web/filedata/05040204.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2015 |date=30 April 2005 |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=120 |issn=1672-5182 |ref=TR0243 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-On the island of Nanumea, a poorly designed sea wall trapped the storm surge on the island, which caused salt water contamination of the island vegetation and killed several trees.<ref name="UN Tuvalu"/> The An appeal for international assistance was subsequently made by the Government of Tuvalu, as supplied of food and other essentials like petrol and kerosene on the worst affected islands were running low.<ref name="RW Tuvalu"/> International assistance was subsequently provided, by the [[United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs]], who provided an emergency grant of {{ntsp|10000||US$}}.<ref name="OCHA">{{cite report|accessdate=December 11, 2015|url=https://fts.unocha.org/arfts/nd1993/tuv931.htm|title=OCHA-Geneva Contributions Report: Tuvalu&nbsp;— Cyclone "Nina" - January 1993|archivedate=December 11, 2015|date=April 14, 1999|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6dscR9yhQ|deadurl=no}}</ref> The [[European Commission]] also provided emergency aid to Tuvalu which enabled the Red Cross, to provide foodstuffs, shelter, medical supplies and utensils to people whose homes were destroyed.<ref>{{cite journal|title=EU-Tuvalu cooperation|journal=The Courier|volume=149|issue=January-February 1995|url=http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0hdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-0l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00-0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=hdl&cl=CL3.11&d=HASH0113784e007edb122d3513c0.4.2.4}}</ref>
+On the island of Nanumea, a poorly designed sea wall trapped the storm surge on the island, which caused salt water contamination of the island vegetation and killed several trees.<ref name="UN Tuvalu"/> An appeal for international assistance was subsequently made by the Government of Tuvalu, as supplies of food and other essentials like petrol and kerosene on the worst affected islands were running low.<ref name="RW Tuvalu"/> International assistance was subsequently provided, by the [[United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs]], who provided an emergency grant of {{ntsp|10000||US$}}.<ref name="OCHA">{{cite report |access-date=11 December 2015 |url=https://fts.unocha.org/arfts/nd1993/tuv931.htm |title=OCHA-Geneva Contributions Report: Tuvalu&nbsp;— Cyclone "Nina" - January 1993 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |date=14 April 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222081742/https://fts.unocha.org/arfts/nd1993/tuv931.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[European Commission]] also provided emergency aid to Tuvalu which enabled the Red Cross, to provide foodstuffs, shelter, medical supplies and utensils to people whose homes were destroyed.<ref>{{cite journal|title=EU-Tuvalu cooperation|journal=The Courier|volume=149|issue=January–February 1995|url=http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0hdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-0l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00-0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=hdl&cl=CL3.11&d=HASH0113784e007edb122d3513c0.4.2.4}}</ref>
 ==See also==
+{{portal|Tropical cyclones}}
 *[[Cyclone Evan]]
@@ Line 58: / Line 70: @@
 {{1992–93 South Pacific cyclone season buttons}}
 {{Retired Australian cyclones}}
+{{Category 4 Australian region tropical cyclones}}
+{{Category 4 South Pacific severe tropical cyclones}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Nina}}
-[[Category:Category 3 Australian region cyclones]]
+[[Category:Category 4 Australian region cyclones]]
-[[Category:Category 3 South Pacific cyclones]]
+[[Category:Category 4 South Pacific cyclones]]
 [[Category:Tropical cyclones in Tuvalu]]
 [[Category:Retired Australian region cyclones]]
 [[Category:Tropical cyclones in Wallis and Futuna]]
 [[Category:Tropical cyclones in Tonga]]
-[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Australia]]
+[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Queensland]]
 [[Category:1992–93 Australian region cyclone season]]
 [[Category:1992–93 South Pacific cyclone season]]

v t e Retired Australian region tropical cyclone names
1960s	Audrey Flora Dinah
1970s	Ada Dora Fiona/Gertie Althea Daisy Emily Madge Wanda Tracy Trixie Joan Beth Ted Alby Kerry
1980s	Simon Cliff Dominic Elinor Kathy Lance Sandy Margot Nigel Winifred Connie Jason Elsie Charlie Herbie Ilona Delilah Ned Aivu Orson Pedro Felicity
1990s	Tina Ivor Joy Mark Ian Nina Oliver Polly Roger Naomi Pearl Theodore Sharon Annette Bobby Violet Warren Agnes Gertie Barry Celeste Ethel Kirsty Olivia Fergus Rachel Justin Rhonda Katrina Sid Thelma Elaine Gwenda Rona Vance John
2000s	Steve Tessi Rosita Sam Abigail Chris Erica Inigo Monty Fay Harvey Ingrid Clare Larry Glenda Monica George Guba Helen Hamish Laurence
2010s	Magda Tasha Carlos Heidi Jasmine Lua Oswald Rusty Christine Ita Lam Marcia Olwyn Quang Debbie Marcus Trevor Veronica Ann
2020s	Damien Harold Mangga Seroja Seth Freddy Gabrielle Ilsa
Category Portal WikiProject

v t e Category 4 Australian region severe tropical cyclones
1970s	Kerry (1973) Madge (1973) Pam (1974) Tracy (1974) Vanessa (1976) Watorea (1976) Ted (1976) Leo (1977) Trudy (1978) Winnie (1978) Kerry (1979) Hazel (1979) Idylle (1979)
1980s	Brian (1980) Fred (1980) Simon (1980) Doris-Gloria (1980) Alice-Adelaide (1980) Felix (1980) Neil (1981) Olga (1981) Chris-Damia (1982) Bernie (1982) Jane (1983) Quenton (1983) Bobby (1984) Chloe (1984) Daryl (1984) Odette (1985) Sandy (1985) Victor (1986) Billy-Lila (1986) Elsie (1987) Gwenda-Ezenina (1988) Ned (1989)
1990s	Ivor (1990) Joy (1990) Errol (1991) Marian (1991) Harriet-Heather (1992) Ian (1992) Esau (1992) Jane-Irna (1992) Oliver (1993) Sharon (1994) Annette (1994) Bobby (1995) Agnes (1995) Frank (1995) Barry (1996) Kristy (1996) Olivia (1996) Drena (1997) Rhonda (1997) Katrina (1998) Tiffany (1998) Elaine (1999)
2000s	Norman (2000) Fiona (2003) Monty (2004) Oscar-Itseng (2004) Bertie-Alvin (2005) Larry (2006) Floyd (2006) Pancho (2008) Billy (2008) Ilsa (2009)
2010s	Ului (2010) Zelia (2011) Bianca (2011) Narelle (2013) Rusty (2013) Christine (2013–14) Kate (2014) Lam (2015) Nathan (2015) Ikola (2015) Quang (2015) Debbie (2017) Savannah (2019) Trevor (2019)
2020s	Ferdinand (2020) Vernon (2022) Charlotte (2022) Freddy (2023) Neville (2024) Megan (2024)
Category Tropical cyclones portal

v t e Category 4 South Pacific severe tropical cyclones
Pre-1990s	Pam (1974) Gyan (1981) Isaac (1982) Abigail (1982) Nisha-Orama (1983) Oscar (1983) Rewa (1983) Sarah (1983) Tomasi (1983) Veena (1983) Ima (1986) Uma (1987) Anne (1988) Bola (1988) Harry (1989)
1990s	Ofa (1990) Val (1991) Wasa–Arthur (1991) Betsy (1992) Esau (1992) Joni (1992) Nina (1993) Prema (1993) Sarah (1994) Theodore (1994) Beti (1996) Drena (1997) Gavin (1997 Dani (1999)
2000s	Kim (2000) Paula (2000) Waka (2001) Eseta (2003) Ivy (2004) Nancy (2005) Xavier (2006) Daman (2007) Funa (2008)
2010s	Oli (2010) Tomas (2010) Zelia (2011) Wilma (2011) Atu (2011) Jasmine (2012) Evan (2012) Freda (2012) Sandra (2013) Ula (2015) Hola (2018) Pola (2019)
2020s	Dovi (2022) Judy (2023)
Category Tropical cyclones portal