View source for Eris (mythology)

{{Short description|Greek goddess of strife and discord}}
{{About|the Greek goddess of discord|the god of love|Eros|other uses|Eris (disambiguation){{!}}Eris}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Greek
| name = Eris
| image = Eris Antikensammlung Berlin F1775.jpg
| caption = Eris on an Attic plate, ca. 575–525 BC
| god_of = Goddess of strife and discord 
| parents = [[Nyx]]
| children = [[Ponos]], [[Lethe (daughter of Eris)|Lethe]],  [[Limos (mythology)|Limos]], Algea, [[Hysminai]], [[Machai]], [[Phonoi]], [[Androktasiai]], Neikea, Pseudea, Logoi, [[Amphilogiai]],  [[Dysnomia (mythology)|Dysnomia]], [[Ate (mythology)|Ate]], [[Horkos]] 
| Roman_equivalent = [[Discordia]]
}}
{{Greek deities (personifications)}}

In [[Greek mythology]], '''Eris''' ({{langx|grc|Ἔρις|Eris|Strife}}) is the goddess and personification of strife and discord, particularly in war, and in the ''Iliad'' (where she is the "sister" of [[Ares]] the god of war). According to [[Hesiod]] she was the daughter of primordial [[Nyx]] (Night), and the mother of a long list of undesirable personified abstractions, such as [[Ponos]] (Toil), [[Limos]] (Famine), Algae (Pains) and [[Ate (mythology)|Ate]] (Delusion). Eris initiated a quarrel between [[Hera]], [[Athena]] and [[Aphrodite]], which led to the [[Judgement of Paris]] and ultimately the [[Trojan War]].  Eris's Roman equivalent is [[Discordia]]. According to Hesiod, there was another Eris, separate and distinct from Eris the daughter of Nyx, who was beneficial to men.<ref>Brown, [https://oxfordre-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-2491 s.v. Eris]; Nünlist, [https://referenceworks-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/display/entries/NPOE/e401590.xml s.v. Eris]; Grimal, s.v. Eris; Tripp, s.v. Eris; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DE%3Aentry+group%3D6%3Aentry%3Deris-bio-1 s.v. Eris].</ref>

==Etymology==
''Eris'' is of uncertain etymology; connections with the verb {{lang|grc|ὀρίνειν}} {{lang|grc-Latn|orínein}}, 'to raise, stir, excite', and the proper name {{lang|grc|Ἐρινύες}} {{lang|grc-Latn|[[Erinyes]]}} have been suggested. [[Robert S. P. Beekes|R. S. P. Beekes]] rejects these derivations and suggested a [[pre-Greek]] origin.<ref>{{cite book |authorlink=Robert S. P. Beekes |author=R. S. P. Beekes |title=Etymological Dictionary of Greek |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |date=2009 |page=459 }}</ref>

==Family==
In [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'', Eris is called (allegorically?) the "sister" of [[Ares]].<ref>Brown, [https://oxfordre-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-2491 s.v. Eris]; Grimal, s.v. Eris; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL170.197.xml 4.440&ndash;441]. Gantz, p. 9 cites this ''Iliad'' passage as an example of Eris being "just a personification of her name", while Nünlist, [https://referenceworks-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/display/entries/NPOE/e401590.xml s.v. Eris], calls Eris being a sister of Ares, or a daughter of Nyx, "allegorical genealogy".</ref>
However, according to [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'', Eris is the daughter of [[Nyx]] (Night), being among the many children Nyx produced without a partner. These siblings of Eris include personifications&mdash;like Eris&mdash;of several "loathsome" (''στυγερός'') things, such as [[Moros]] ("Doom"), [[Thanatos]] ("Death"), the [[Moirai]] ("Fates"), [[Nemesis]] ("Indignation"), [[Apate]] ("Deceit"), and [[Geras]] ("Old Age").<ref>Gantz, pp. 4&ndash;5; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml 223&ndash;225].</ref>

Like her mother Nyx, Hesiod has Eris as the mother&mdash;with no father mentioned&mdash;of many children (the only child of Nyx with offspring) who are also personifications representing various misfortunes and harmful things which, in Eris' case, might be thought to result from discord and strife<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA30 pp. 30&ndash;31]; Gantz, p. 5;  [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml 226&ndash;232].</ref> All of Eris' children are little more than allegorizations of the meanings of their names, with virtually no other identity.<ref>Gantz, p. 10, which notes the possible exception of Ate.</ref> The following table lists the children of Eris, as given by Hesiod:<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml 226&ndash;232].</ref>

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:left"
|+ class="nowrap" | Children
|-
! rowspan=2 | Name
! colspan=2 | [[Ancient Greek]]
! rowspan=2 | Common translations
! rowspan=2 | Remarks
|-
! prop. n.
! com. n. sg.
|-
| [[Ponos]] || Πόνος || πόνος<ref>''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=po/nos s.v. πόνος].</ref> || Toil,<ref>Most 2018a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml p. 21]; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31 p. 31]</ref> Labor,<ref>Gantz, p. 10.</ref> Hardship<ref>Caldwell, p. 40 on 212–232. In ancient Greek the word ''ponos'' which meant 'hard work' could also mean 'hardship, 'suffering', 'distress' or 'trouble', see ''[[The Cambridge Greek Lexicon]]'', s.v. πόνος 1, 3; compare [[LSJ]], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpo%2Fnos s.v. πόνος]. For the ancient Greeks' negative associations regarding ''ponos'', see Millett, [https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3547 s.v. labour]; Cartledge, [https://oxfordre-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-3281 s.v. industry, Greek and Roman].</ref> || Called by Hesiod "painful Ponos" (''Πόνον ἀλγινόεντα'').<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml 226].</ref>  [[Cicero]] has the equivalent personification of the Latin word ''labor'' as the offspring of [[Erebus]] and [[Nyx|Night]] (''Erebo et Nocte'').<ref>Thurmann, [https://referenceworks-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/display/entries/NPOE/e1004050.xml?rskey=lKIc2u&result=1 s.v. Ponos]; [[Cicero]], ''[[De Natura Deorum]]'' [https://archive.org/details/denaturadeorumac00ciceuoft/page/328/mode/2up?view=theater 3.44].</ref> 
|-
| [[Lethe (daughter of Eris)|Lethe]] || Λήθη || λήθη<ref>''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=lh/qh s.v. λήθη].</ref> || Forgetfulness,<ref>Most 2018a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml p. 21]; Gantz, p. 10; Caldwell, p. 40 on 212–232.</ref> Oblivion<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31 p. 31].</ref> || Associated with [[Lethe]], the river of oblivion in the [[Underworld]].
|-
| [[Limos]] || Λιμός ||λιμός<ref>''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dlimo%2Fs s.v. λιμός].</ref> || Famine,<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31 p. 31]; Gantz, p. 10.</ref> Hunger,<ref>Most 2018a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml p. 21].</ref> Starvation<ref>Caldwell, p. 40 on 212–232.</ref> || Of uncertain sex; held in special regard at [[Sparta]]; the equivalent of the Roman [[Fames]].
|-
| Algea || Ἄλγεα (pl.) ||ἄλγος<ref>''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)/lgos s.v. ἄλγος].</ref>|| Pains,<ref>Most 2018a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml p. 21]; Gantz, p. 10; Caldwell, p. 40 on 212–232.</ref> Sorrows<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31 p. 31].</ref> || Called by Hesiod the "tearful Algae" (''Ἄλγεα δακρυόεντα'').<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml 227].</ref> Not notably personified elsewhere.
|-
| [[Hysminai]] || Ὑσμῖναι (pl.) ||ὑσμίνη<ref>''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Du(smi%2Fnh s.v. ὑσμίνη].</ref> || Combats,<ref>Most 2018a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml p. 21]; Gantz, p. 10.</ref> Fights,<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31 p. 31].</ref> Battles<ref>Caldwell, p. 40 on 212–232.</ref> || The ''[[Posthomerica]]'' of [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]] has an image of the Hysminai decorating [[Achilles]]'s shield.<ref>[[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''[[Posthomerica]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.245.xml 5.36].</ref>
|-
| [[Machai]] || Μάχαi (pl.) || μάχη<ref>''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aalphabetic+letter%3D*m%3Aentry+group%3D19%3Aentry%3Dma%2Fxh s.v. μάχη].</ref> || Battles,<ref>Most 2018a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml p. 21]; Gantz, p. 10; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31 p. 31].</ref> Wars<ref>Caldwell, p. 40 on 212–232.</ref> || Not notably personified elsewhere
|-
| [[Phonoi]] || Φόνοι (pl.) ||φόνος<ref>''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Du(smi%2Fnh s.v. φόνος].</ref> || Murders,<ref>Most 2018a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml p. 21]; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31 p. 31]; Caldwell, [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/42/mode/2up?view=theater p. 42 on 212–232].</ref> Slaughterings<ref>Gantz, p. 10.</ref> || The ''[[Shield of Heracles]]'', has an image of Phonos (singular) decorating Heracle's shield.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Shield of Heracles]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-shield/2018/pb_LCL503.15.xml 155].</ref>
|-
| [[Androktasiai]] || Ἀνδροκτασίαι (pl.) || ἀνδροκτασία<ref>''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da)ndroktasi%2Fa s.v. ἀνδροκτασία].</ref> || Manslaughters,<ref>Caldwell, [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/42/mode/2up?view=theater p. 42 on 212–232]</ref> Manslayings,<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31 p. 31].</ref> Slayings of Men<ref>Gantz, p. 10</ref> || The ''[[Shield of Heracles]]'', has an image of Androktasia (singular) decorating Heracle's shield.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Shield of Heracles]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-shield/2018/pb_LCL503.15.xml 155].</ref>
|-
| Neikea || Νείκεά (pl.) || νεῖκος<ref>''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=nei%3Dkos&la=greek&can=nei%3Dkos0#lexicon s.v. νεῖκος].</ref> || Quarrels || Not notably personified elsewhere.
|-
| Pseudea || Ψεύδεά (pl.) || ψεῦδος<ref>''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=yeu=dos s.v. ψεῦδος].</ref> || Lies,<ref>Most 2018a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml p. 21]; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31 p. 31]; Caldwell, [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/42/mode/2up?view=theater p. 42 on 212–232].</ref> Falsehoods<ref>Gantz, p. 10.</ref> || Not notably personified elsewhere.
|-
| Logoi || Λόγοi (pl.) || λόγος<ref>''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=lo%2Fgos&la=greek&can=lo%2Fgos0#lexicon s.v. λόγος].</ref> || Tales,<ref>Most 2018a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml p. 21].</ref> Stories,<ref>Caldwell, [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/42/mode/2up?view=theater p. 42 on 212–232].</ref> Words<ref>Gantz, p. 10.</ref> || Not notably personified elsewhere.
|-
| Amphillogiai || Ἀμφιλλογίαι (pl.) || ἀμφιλογία<ref>''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=a%29mfilogi%2Fa&la=greek&can=a%29mfilogi%2Fa0&prior=a)mfiloge/omai#lexicon s.v. ἀμφιλογία].</ref> || Disputes,<ref>Most 2018a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml p. 21]; Caldwell, [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/42/mode/2up?view=theater p. 42 on 212–232].</ref>  Unclear Words<ref>Gantz, p. 10.</ref> || Not notably personified elsewhere.
|-
| [[Dysnomia (mythology)|Dysnomia]] || Δυσνομία || δυσνομία<ref>''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Ddusnomi%2Fa s.v. δυσνομία].</ref> || Lawlessness,<ref>Most 2018a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml p. 21]; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31 p. 31].</ref> Bad Government,<ref>Gantz, p. 10.</ref> Anarchy<ref>Caldwell, [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/42/mode/2up?view=theater p. 42 on 212–232].</ref> || The [[Athenian]] statesman [[Solon]] contrasted Dysnomia with [[Eunomia]], the personification of the ideal government:<ref>Siewert, [https://referenceworks-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/display/entries/NPOE/e824420.xml s.v. Nomos].</ref>
|-
| [[Ate (mythology)|Ate]] || Ἄτη || ἄτη<ref>''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da)%2Fth s.v. ἄτη].</ref>|| Delusion,<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31 p. 31].</ref> Recklessness,<ref>Most 2018a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml p. 21].</ref> Folly,<ref>Gantz, p. 10.</ref> Ruin<ref>Caldwell, [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/42/mode/2up?view=theater p. 42 on 212–232].</ref> || She was banished from Olympus by Zeus for blinding him to [[Hera]]'s trickery denying [[Heracles]] his birthright.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31 p. 31].</ref>
|-
| [[Horkos]] || Ὅρκος || ὄρκος<ref>''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do(%2Frkos s.v. ὄρκος].</ref> || Oath || The curse that is inflicted on any person who swears a [[perjury|false oath]].<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31 p. 31].</ref>
|}

==Judgement of Paris==
[[File:Enrique Simonet - El Juicio de Paris.jpg|thumb|right|''[[El Juicio de Paris (Simonet)|El Juicio de Paris]]'' by [[Enrique Simonet]], 1904]]
Eris plays a crucial role in one important myth. She was the initiator of the quarrel between the three Greek goddesses, [[Hera]], [[Athena]], and [[Aphrodite]], resolved by the [[Judgement of Paris]], which led to [[Paris (mythology)|Paris]]' abduction of [[Helen of Troy]] and the outbreak of the [[Trojan War]].<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA30 p. 30]; Gantz, p. 9.</ref> As the story came to be told, all the gods were invited to the wedding of Peleus and Themis except Eris. She came anyway but was refused admission. In anger, she threw a golden apple among the wedding guests inscribed with "For the fairest", which the three goddesses each claimed.<ref>Tripp, s.v. Eris.</ref>

[[Homer]] alludes to the Judgement of Paris, but with no mention of Eris.<ref>Gantz, p. 9; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'', [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL171.565.xml 24.27&mdash;30].</ref> An account of the story, was told in the ''[[Cypria]]'', one of the poems in the [[Epic Cycle]], which told the entire story of the Trojan War. The ''Cypria'' which is the first poem in the Cycle, describes events preceding those that occur  in the ''Iliad'', the second poem in the Cycle. According to a prose summary of the now lost ''Cypria'', Eris, acting according to the plans of Zeus and [[Themis]] to bring about the Trojan War, instigates a ''nekios'' ('feud') between the three goddesses over "beauty" (presumably over who of the three was the most beautiful), while they were attending the wedding feast of [[Peleus]] and [[Thetis]] (who would become the parents of [[Achilles]]). To settle the dispute, Zeus orders the three goddesses to go to [[Mount Ida]] to be judged by Paris. Paris, having been offered Helen, by Aphrodite, in return for Paris choosing her, does so.<ref>Gantz, p. 9; Proclus, ''Chrestomathy'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_epic_fragments_trojan_cycle_cypria/2003/pb_LCL497.69.xml ''Cypria'' 1]. According to ''[[Cypria]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_epic_fragments_trojan_cycle_cypria/2003/pb_LCL497.81.xml fr. 1 West] (compare with [[Euripides]], ''[[Orestes (play)|Orestes]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-orestes/2002/pb_LCL011.599.xml 1639&ndash;42], ''[[Helen (play)|Helen]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-helen/2002/pb_LCL011.15.xml 36&ndash;41]) Zeus' reason for wanting the war was overpopulation, see Reeves 1966.</ref>

The fith-century BC playwright [[Euripides]], describes the Judgement of Paris several times with no mention of either Eris, or an apple.<ref>[[Euripides]], ''[[Andromache (play)| Andromache]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-andromache/1995/pb_LCL484.301.xml 274&ndash;292], ''[[Helen (play)|Helen]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-helen/2002/pb_LCL011.15.xml 23&ndash;30], ''[[Iphigenia in Aulis]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-iphigenia-aulis/2003/pb_LCL495.303.xml 1300&ndash;1308], ''[[The Trojan Women]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-trojan_women/1999/pb_LCL010.105.xml 924&ndash;931]. So also [[Isocrates]], ''Helen'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0010.tlg009.perseus-eng1:41 10.41].</ref> Later accounts include details, such as the golden [[Apple of Discord]], which may or may not have come from the ''Cypria''. According to the first-century BC Roman mythographer [[Hyginus]], all the gods had been invited to the wedding except Eris. Nevertheless, she came to the wedding feast, and when refused entrance, she threw an apple through the doorway, saying that it was for the "fairest", which started the quarrel.<ref>Gantz, p. 9; [[Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#92 92]; compare with [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.3.2 E.3.2].</ref> The [[satire|satirist]] [[Lucian]] (fl. 2nd century AD) tells us that Eris's apple was "solid gold" and that it was inscribed: "For the queen of Beauty" (''ἡ καλὴ λαβέτω'').<ref>McCartney, p. 70; [[Lucian]], ''Dialogues of the Sea-Gods'' [https://archive.org/details/lucianvolviiloeb00luci/page/202/mode/2up 7 (5)]; compare [[Lucian]], ''The Judgement of the Goddesses'' (''Dialogues of the Gods'' 20) [https://archive.org/details/lucianhar03luciuoft/page/384/mode/2up 1]; [[Tzetzes]], ''[[Chiliades]]'', [https://archive.org/details/TzetzesCHILIADES/page/n168/mode/1up 5.31 (Story 24)], ''On Lycophron'' [https://archive.org/details/lycophronisalexa02lycouoft/page/50/mode/2up 93]; [[First Vatican Mythographer]], 205 (Pepin, p. 89); [[Second Vatican Mythographer]], 249 (Pepin, p. 197).</ref>

==Strife in war==
Eris personifies strife, particularly the strife associated with war.<ref>Nünlist, [https://referenceworks-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/display/entries/NPOE/e401590.xml s.v. Eris].</ref> In Homer's ''Iliad'', Eris is described as being depicted on both [[Athena]]'s battle [[aegis]], and [[Achilles]]' shield, where she appears alongside other war-related personifications: [[Phobos (mythology)|Phobos]] ("Rout"), [[Alke]] ("Valor"), and [[Ioke (mythology)|Ioke]] ("Assault"), on the aegis, and [[Kydoimos]] ("Tumult"), and [[Keres|Ker]] ("Fate"), on the shield.<ref>Nünlist, [https://referenceworks-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/display/entries/NPOE/e401590.xml s.v. Eris]; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.711-5.763 5.740] (aegis), [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL171.327.xml 18.535] (shield).</ref> Similarly, the [[Hesiodic]] ''[[Shield of Heracles]]'' has Eris depicted on Heracles' shield, also with Phobos, Kydoimos and Ker, as well as other war-related personifications: [[Proioxis]] ("Pursuit"), [[Palioxis]] ("Rally"), [[Homados]] ("Tumult "), Phonos ("Murder"), and Androktasia ("Slaughter").<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Shield of Heracles]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-shield/2018/pb_LCL503.15.xml 154&ndash;156].</ref> Here Eris is described as flying over the head of Phobos ("Fear"):
{{Blockquote|In the middle was Fear, made of adamant, unspeakable, glaring backward with eyes shining like fire. His mouth was full of white teeth, terrible, dreadful; and over his grim forehead flew terrible Strife, preparing for the battle-rout of men—cruel one, she took away the mind and sense of any men who waged open war against Zeus’ son [Heracles].|[[Hesiod]], ''[[Shield of Heracles]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-shield/2018/pb_LCL503.13.xml 144&ndash;150]; translation by [[Glenn W. Most]]}}

Eris also appears in several battle scenes in the ''Iliad''.<ref>Brown, [https://oxfordre-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-2491 s.v. Eris]; e.g. [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL170.197.xml 4.439&ndash;445], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL170.245.xml 5.517&ndash;518], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL170.493.xml 11.3&ndash;14], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL170.497.xml 11.73&mdash;74], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL171.327.xml 18.535], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL171.371.xml 20.47&mdash;48]. For a discussion of the use of the word ''eris'' in the ''Iliad'', see Nagler 1988.</ref> However, unlike Apollo, Athena and several other of the Olympians, Eris does not participate in active combat, nor take sides in the war.<ref>Leaf, on ''Iliad'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0056%3Abook%3D4%3Acommline%3D440 440].</ref> Her role in the ''Iliad'' is that of "the rouser of armies",<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL171.371.xml 20.47&mdash;48]: "But when the Olympians had come into the midst of the throng of men, then up leapt mighty Strife, the rouser of armies".</ref> urging both armies to fight each other. In Book 4, she is one of the divinities (along with Ares, Athena, [[Deimos (deity)|Deimos]] ("Terror"), and Phobos ("Rout") urging the armies to battle, with head lowered at first, but soon raised up to the heavens:<ref>According to Leaf, on [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0056%3Abook%3D4%3Acommline%3D440 440], in this passage (and elsewhere), Eris "must not be regarded as siding with either party, but as arousing alike ''τοὺς μέν'' and ''τοὺς δέ''", nor as being a combatant.</ref>
{{blockquote|And the Trojans were urged on by Ares, and the Achaeans by flashing-eyed Athene, and Terror, and Rout, and Strife who rages incessantly, sister and comrade of man-slaying Ares; she first rears her crest only a little, but then her head is fixed in the heavens while her feet tread on earth. She it was who now cast evil strife into their midst as she went through the throng, making the groanings of men to increase.|[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL170.197.xml 4.439&ndash;445]; translation by A. T. Murray, revised by William F. Wyatt}}

She also appears in this "rouser of armies" role in Book 5,<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL170.245.xml 5.517&ndash;518].</ref> and again in Book 11, where Zeus sends Eris to rouse the Greek army by shouting:<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA30 p. 30].</ref> 
{{blockquote|Zeus sent Strife to the swift ships of the Achaeans, gruesome Strife, holding in her hands a portent of war. And she stood by Odysseus’ black ship, huge of hull, that was in the middle so that a shout could reach to either end, both to the huts of Aias, son of Telamon, and to those of Achilles; for these had drawn up their shapely ships at the furthermost ends, trusting in their valor and the strength of their hands. There the goddess stood and uttered a great and terrible shout, a shrill cry of war, and in the heart of each man of the Achaeans she roused strength to war and to battle without ceasing. And to them at once war became sweeter than to return in their hollow ships to their dear native land.|[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL170.493.xml 11.3&ndash;14]; translation by A. T. Murray, revised by William F. Wyatt}}
 
Her lust for bloodshed is insatiable. Later in Book 11, she is the last of the gods to leave the battlefield, rejoicing as she watches the fighting she has roused.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]''  [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL170.497.xml 11.73&mdash;74].</ref> While in Book 5, she is described as raging unceasingly.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL170.245.xml 5.517&ndash;518].</ref>

Hesiod also associates Eris with war. In his ''Works and Days'', he says that she "fosters evil war and conflict".<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Works and Days]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-works_days/2018/pb_LCL057.87.xml 14&ndash;16].</ref> And in his ''Theogony'', has the [[Hysminai]] (Battles) and the [[Machai]] (Wars) as her children.<ref>West 1966, p. 231 on 228; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml 228].</ref>

==Another Eris==
In addition to the Eris who was the daughter of [[Nyx]] (Night),  Hesiod, in his ''[[Works and Days]]'', mentions another Eris. He contrasts the two: the former being "blameworthy" who "fosters evil war and conflict", the latter worthy of "praise", have been created by Zeus to foster beneficial competition:<ref> Lecznar, [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZFlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA454 p. 454].</ref>

{{blockquote|So there was not just one birth of Strifes after all, but upon the earth there are two Strifes. One of these a man would praise once he got to know it, but the other is blameworthy; and they have thoroughly opposed spirits. For the one fosters evil war and conflict—cruel one, no mortal loves that one, but it is by necessity that they honor the oppressive Strife, by the plans of the immortals. But the other one gloomy Night bore first; and Cronus’ high-throned son, who dwells in the aether, set it in the roots of the earth, and it is much better for men. It rouses even the helpless man to work. For a man who is not working but who looks at some other man, a rich one who is hastening to plow and plant and set his house in order, he envies him, one neighbor envying his neighbor who is hastening toward wealth: and this Strife is good for mortals.|[[Hesiod]], ''[[Works and Days]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-works_days/2018/pb_LCL057.87.xml 11&ndash;24]; translation by [[Glenn W. Most]]}}

==Other mentions==
[[Antoninus Liberalis]], in his ''Metamorphoses'', involves Eris in the story of [[Polytechnus]] and [[Aedon]], who claimed to love each other more than Hera and Zeus. This angered Hera, so she sent Eris to wreak discord upon them.<ref>[[Antoninus Liberalis]], ''Metamorphoses'' [https://topostext.org/work/216#11 11].</ref> Eris is mentioned many times in [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]]' ''[[Posthomerica]]'', which covers the time period between the end of the ''[[Iliad]]'' and the beginning of his ''[[Odyssey]]''.<ref>Hopkinson, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL019/2018/pb_LCL019.ix.xml pp. vii&ndash;ix].</ref> Just as in the ''Iliad'', the ''Posthomerica'' Eris is the instigator of conflict,<ref>[[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''[[Posthomerica]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.25.xml 1.159], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.25.xml 1.180], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.245.xml 5.31], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.323.xml 6.359], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.411.xml 8.68], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.421.xml 8.186], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.457.xml 9.147], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.497.xml 10.53], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.535.xml 11.8].</ref> does not take sides,<ref>[[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''[[Posthomerica]]'', [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.113.xml 2.460], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.323.xml 6.359].</ref> shouts,<ref>[[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''[[Posthomerica]]'', [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.323.xml 6.359], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.431.xml 8.326], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.457.xml 9.147].</ref> and delights in the carnage of battle.<ref>[[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''[[Posthomerica]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.113.xml 2.460], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.471.xml 9.324].</ref> Eris is also mentioned in the ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' of [[Nonnus]]. At the start of the epic confrontation between Zeus and [[Typhon]], Nonnus has [[Nike (mythology)|Nike]] (Victory) lead Zeus into battle, and Eris lead [[Typhon]], and in another passage has Eris, with the war-goddess [[Enyo]], bring "Tumult" to both sides of a battle.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/details/dionysiaca01nonnuoft/page/72/mode/2up?view=theater 2.358&ndash;359], [https://archive.org/details/dionysiaca01nonnuoft/page/170/mode/2up?view=theater 5.41&ndash;42].</ref>

==Iconography==
There are few certain representations of Eris in art.<ref> Giroux, [https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20III-1%20Atherion-Eros/page/n448/mode/1up p. 849].</ref> Her earliest appearances (mid-sixth-century BC) are found on the [[Chest of Cypselus]] and in the tondo of a [[black-figure]] cup (Berlin F1775).<ref>Gantz, p. 9.</ref> The geographer [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] describes seeing Eris depicted on the Chest, as a "most repulsive" [''aischistê''] woman standing between [[Ajax the Great|Ajax]] and [[Hector]] fighting.<ref>Gantz, p. 9; Giroux, [https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20III-1%20Atherion-Eros/page/n447/mode/1up p. 847 (Eris 3)]; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.19.2 5.19.2].</ref> On the cup she is depicted as a normal woman in appearance apart from having wings and winged-sandals.<ref>Gantz, p. 9; Giroux, [https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20III-1%20Atherion-Eros/page/n446/mode/1up p. 847 (Eris 1)]; Beazley Archive [https://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/4AA4A706-6649-45A3-BD00-9AAE4FA19A72 207]; ''LIMC'' III-2, [https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20III-2%20Atherion-Eros/page/n309/mode/1up p. 608 (Eris 1)]; [[Digital LIMC]] [https://app.dasch.swiss/resource/080E/oYsFrps0WwqrnqnRI6iDyA 33843].</ref>

From the later part of fifth-century BC, the upper section of a [[red-figure]] calyx krater depicts Eris with Themis facing each other, apparently in animated discussion, while the lower section depicts the [[Judgement of Paris]], confirming Eris' role in the events as told in the ''[[Cypria]]''.<ref>Gantz, p. 9; Giroux, [https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20III-1%20Atherion-Eros/page/n448/mode/1up p. 848 (Eris 7)]; Beazley Archive [https://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/B1234659-0EAD-4740-9A4C-CEA11020C54E 215695]; Perseus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/artifact?name=St.+Petersburg+St.+1807&object=Vase St. Petersburg St. 1807 (Vase)]; [[Digital LIMC]] [https://app.dasch.swiss/resource/080E/vg7LwWlkVVufFCN37eEwdw 471]; ''LIMC'' III-2, [https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20III-2%20Atherion-Eros/page/n309/mode/1up p. 608 (Eris 7)].</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
File:Golden Apple of Discord by Jacob Jordaens.jpg|''[[Golden apple of discord]]'' by [[Jakob Jordaens]], 1633
File:The Wedding of Peleus and Thetis Miniature in Jean Miélot's adaptation of Christine de Pisan, L'Epître d'Othéa , ca. 1460.gif|Manuscript illustration of Eris at the wedding of Peleus and Thetis from Jean Miélot's ''L'Epître d'Othéa'' {{circa|1460}}
File:Mengs, Urteil des Paris.jpg|''Das Urteil des Paris'' by [[Anton Raphael Mengs]], {{circa|1757}}
</gallery>

==Cultural influences==
The classic [[fairy tale]] "[[Sleeping Beauty]]" references what appears to be Eris's role in the wedding of [[Peleus]] and [[Thetis]]. Like Eris, a malevolent [[fairy]] curses a princess after not being invited to the princess's [[infant baptism|christening]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A Handbook of Greek Mythology, Including Its Extension to Rome|author=H. J. Rose|year=2006|publisher=[[Kessinger Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-4286-4307-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Maria Tatar |access-date=2007-11-06|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ehzvhjL5_W8C|title=The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales | isbn=978-0-393-05163-6}}</ref>

Eris is the principal figure of worship in the modern [[Discordian]] religion invented as an "absurdist joke" in 1957 by two school friends [[Malaclypse the Younger|Gregory Hill]] and [[Kerry Wendell Thornley]]. As mythologized in the religion's satirical text ''[[Principia Discordia]]'', written by Hill with Thornely and others, Eris (apparently) spoke to Hill and Thornley in an all-night bowling alley, in the form of a chimpanzee.<ref>Mäkelä & Petsche, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260383131_Serious_parody_Discordianism_as_liquid_religion "Abstract"]; Robertson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5aRyJ-vbrJsC&&pg=PA421 pp. 421&ndash;424]; Cusack, [https://books.google.com/books?id=EoduVhGsfp0C&pg=PA28 pp. 28&ndash;30].</ref>

Eris, the "Goddess of Discord and Chaos", is a recurring antagonist in the animated television series [[The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy]], wherein she is depicted as a spoiled and wealthy woman that wields the "Apple of Discord".

Similarly, Eris, the malevolent "Goddess of Discord and Chaos", is the main antagonist in the DreamWorks 2003 animated movie ''[[Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas]]'' against [[Sinbad the Sailor|Sinbad]] and his allies.

The dwarf planet [[Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]] was named after this Greek goddess in 2006.<ref>{{cite web
 |last         = Blue
 |first        = Jennifer
 |title        = 2003 UB 313 named Eris
 |date         = September 14, 2006
|work         = USGS Astrogeology Research Program
 |url          = https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/HotTopics/index.php?/archives/211-2003-UB313-named-Eris.html
 |access-date   = January 3, 2007
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20061018120634/http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/HotTopics/index.php?%2Farchives%2F211-2003-UB313-named-Eris.html
 |archive-date = October 18, 2006
}}</ref>

In 2019, the New Zealand moth species ''[[Ichneutica eris]]'' was named in honour of Eris.<ref>{{Cite Q|Q94481265}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Eristic]]
{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. {{ISBN|0-674-99135-4}}. [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* Brown, Andrew, [https://oxfordre-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-2491 s.v. Eris], published online OCD-DATE, in the ''[http://classics.oxfordre.com/ Oxford Classical Dictionary]'', edited by [[Tim Whitmarsh]], digital ed, New York,  Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-938113-5}}.
* {{cite book |last=Caldwell |first=Richard |year=1987 |title=Hesiod's Theogony |publisher=Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company |isbn=978-0-941051-00-2}}
* ''[[The Cambridge Greek Lexicon]]'', edited by J. Diggle ''et al'', Cambridge University Press, 2021 {{ISBN|978-0-521-82680-8}}.
* Cartledge, Paul, [https://oxfordre-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-3281 s.v. industry, Greek and Roman], published online 07 March 2016, in the ''[http://classics.oxfordre.com/ Oxford Classical Dictionary]'', edited by [[Tim Whitmarsh]], digital ed, New York,  Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-938113-5}}.
* Celoria, Francis, ''The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis: A Translation with a Commentary'', Routledge 1992. {{ISBN|978-0-415-06896-3}}. [https://topostext.org/work/216 Online version at ToposText].
* [[Cicero|Cicero, Marcus Tullius]], ''[[De Natura Deorum]]'' in ''Cicero: On the Nature of the Gods. Academics'', translated by H. Rackham, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 268, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], first published 1933, revised 1951. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99296-2}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL268/1933/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. [https://archive.org/stream/denaturadeorumac00ciceuoft#page/n5/mode/2up  Internet Archive].
* Cusack, Carole M., ''Invented Religions: Imagination, Fiction and Faith'', Ashgate, 2010. {{isbn|978-0-754-66780-3}}.
* [[Euripides]], ''[[Andromache (play)|Andromache]]'' in ''Euripides: Children of Heracles. Hippolytus. Andromache. Hecuba'', edited and translated by David Kovacs, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 484. Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1995. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99533-8}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL484/1995/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Euripides]], ''[[Helen (play)|Helen]]'', in ''Euripides: Helen, Phoenician Women, Orestes'', edited and translated by David Kovacs, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 11. Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2002. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99600-7}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL011/2002/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Euripides]], ''[[Iphigenia in Aulis]]'' in  ''Euripides: Bacchae, Iphigenia at Aulis, Rhesus'', edited and translated by David Kovacs, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 495. Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99601-4}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL495/2003/volume.xml  Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Euripides]], ''[[Orestes (play)|Orestes]]'', in ''Euripides: Helen, Phoenician Women, Orestes'', edited and translated by David Kovacs, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 11. Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2002. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99600-7}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL011/2002/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Euripides]], ''[[The Trojan Women]]'', in ''Euripides: Trojan Women, Iphigenia among the Taurians, Ion'', edited and translated by David Kovacs, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 10, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1999. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99574-1}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL010/1999/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Timothy Gantz|Gantz, Timothy]], ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. Two volumes: {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5360-9}} (Vol. 1), {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5362-3}} (Vol. 2).
* Grimal, Pierre, ''The Dictionary of Classical Mythology'', Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. {{ISBN|978-0-631-20102-1}}. [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* Hard, Robin (2004), ''The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology"'', Psychology Press, 2004, {{ISBN|9780415186360}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC Google Books].
* {{cite book |author=Homer |author-link=Homer |title=The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes |place=Cambridge, Massachusetts / London |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] / William Heinemann, Ltd. |year=1924 |url=http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1-1.32 |via=Perseus Digital Library}}
* [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus, Gaius Julius]], ''[[Fabulae]]'', in ''The Myths of Hyginus'', edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960. [https://topostext.org/work/206 Online version at ToposText].
* Giroux, Hubert, s.v. Eris, in ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae]] (LIMC)'' III.1 ATHERION-EROS, Artemis Verlag, Zürich and Munich, 1981. {{ISBN|3-7608-8751-1}}. [https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20III-1%20Atherion-Eros/page/n1/mode/1up Internet Archive]. 
* [[Isocrates]], ''Helen'', in ''Isocrates, Volume III'', translated by La Rue Van Hook, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 373. Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1945. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99411-9}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL373/1945/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* Leaf, Walter, ''The Iliad, Edited, with Apparatus Criticus, Prolegomena, Notes, and Appendices, Vol I, Books I&ndash;XII'', second edition, London, Macmillan and Co., limited; New York, The Macmillan Company, 1900. [https://archive.org/details/cu31924011101643/page/n5 Internet Archive]. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.04.0056 Online version of commentary at the Perseus Digital Library].
* Lecznar, Adam, "Hesiod in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries", in ''The Oxford Handbook of Hesiod'', edited by Alexander Loney, and Stephen Scully, Oxford University Press, 2018. {{ISBN| 978-0-190-20904-9}}.
* ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae]] (LIMC)'' III.2 ATHERION-EROS, Artemis Verlag, Zürich and Munich, 1981. {{ISBN|3-7608-8751-1}}. [https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20III-2%20Atherion-Eros/page/n1/mode/1up Internet Archive]. 
* [[Henry George Liddell|Liddell, Henry George]], [[Robert Scott (philologist)|Robert Scott]], ''[[A Greek-English Lexicon]]'', revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie, [[Clarendon Press]] Oxford, 1940. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=E61EDD48E4F1A22F839AA4DC149C0955?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.04.0057 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Lucian]], ''Dialogues of the Dead. Dialogues of the Sea-Gods. Dialogues of the Gods. Dialogues of the Courtesans'', translated by M. D. MacLeod, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 431, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1961. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99475-1}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL431/1961/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. [https://archive.org/details/lucianvolviiloeb00luci/page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive].
* [[Lucian]], ''The Dead Come to Life or The Fisherman. The Double Indictment or Trials by Jury. On Sacrifices. The Ignorant Book Collector. The Dream or Lucian's Career. The Parasite. The Lover of Lies. The Judgement of the Goddesses. On Salaried Posts in Great Houses'', translated by A. M. Harmon, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 130, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1921, 1960. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99144-6}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL130/1921/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. [https://archive.org/details/lucianhar03luciuoft/page/n7/mode/2up Internet Archive].
* Mäkelä, Essi, and Johanna J. M. Petsche, "Serious parody: Discordianism as liquid religion", in ''Culture and Religion'', 14(4), pp. 411–423. {{DOI|10.1080/14755610.2013.841269}}
* McCartney, Eugene Stock, "How the Apple Became the Token of Love", in ''Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association'', Vol. 56 (1925), pp. 70&ndash;81. {{JSTOR|282885}}.
* Millett, Paul C., [https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3547 s.v. labour], published online 30 July 2015, in the ''[http://classics.oxfordre.com/ Oxford Classical Dictionary]'', edited by [[Tim Whitmarsh]], digital ed, New York,  Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-938113-5}}.
* [[Glenn W. Most|Most, G.W.]] (2018a), ''Hesiod, Theogony, Works and Days, Testimonia,'' Edited and translated by Glenn W. Most, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 57, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2018. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99720-2}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL057/2018/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Glenn W. Most|Most, G.W.]] (2018b), ''Hesiod: The Shield, Catalogue of Women, Other Fragments'', [[Loeb Classical Library]], No. 503, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2007, 2018. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99721-9}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL503/2018/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* Nagler, Michael, N., "Toward a Semantics of Ancient Conflict: Eris in the 'Iliad'", in ''The Classical World'', Nov. - Dec., 1988, Vol. 82, No. 2 (Nov. - Dec., 1988), pp. 81-90. {{jstor|4350302}}.
* [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]], Volume I: Books 1&ndash;15'', translated by [[W. H. D. Rouse]], [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 344, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1940 (revised 1984).  {{ISBN|978-0-674-99379-2}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL344/1940/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Internet Archive (1940)].
* Nünlist, Rene, [https://referenceworks-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/display/entries/NPOE/e401590.xml s.v. Eris], in [https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/package/bnpo ''Brill’s New Pauly Online''], Antiquity volumes edited by: Hubert Cancik and, Helmuth Schneider, English Edition by: Christine F. Salazar, Classical Tradition volumes edited by: Manfred Landfester, English Edition by: Francis G. Gentry, published online: 2006.
* {{cite book |last=Parada |first=Carlos |title=Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology |place=Jonsered |publisher=Paul Åströms Förlag |year=1993 |isbn=978-91-7081-062-6}}
* [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Proclus]], ''The Epic Cycle'', translated by Gregory Nagy, revised by Eugenia Lao, Harvard University's Center for Hellenic Studies, Washington DC, November 2, 2020.  [https://chs.harvard.edu/primary-source/epic-cycle-sb/ Online at The Center for Hellenic Studies].
* Pepin, Ronald E., ''The Vatican Mythographers'', Fordham University Press, 2008. {{ISBN|9780823228928}}.
* [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''[[Posthomerica]]'', edited and translated by Neil Hopkinson, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 19, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2018. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99716-5}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL019/2018/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* Reeves, John D., "The Cause of the Trojan War: A Forgotten Myth Revived", in ''The Classical Journal'', Feb., 1966, Vol. 61, No. 5 (Feb., 1966), pp. 211-214. {{jstor|3294709}}.
*Robertson, David G., "Making the Donkey Visible: Discordianism in the Works of Robert Anton Wilson", in Cusack, Carole M.; Norman, Alex (eds.). Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production. Brill. pp. 421–444. {{ISBN|978-90-04-22187-1}}.
* Siewert, Peter, [https://referenceworks-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/display/entries/NPOE/e824420.xml?rskey=6LKfOx&result=1 s.v. Nomos], in [https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/package/bnpo ''Brill’s New Pauly Online''], Antiquity volumes edited by: Hubert Cancik and, Helmuth Schneider, English Edition by: Christine F. Salazar, Classical Tradition volumes edited by: Manfred Landfester, English Edition by: Francis G. Gentry, published online: 2006.
* Thurmann, Stephanie, [https://referenceworks-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/display/entries/NPOE/e1004050.xml s.v. Ponos], in [https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/package/bnpo ''Brill’s New Pauly Online''], Antiquity volumes edited by: Hubert Cancik and, Helmuth Schneider, English Edition by: Christine F. Salazar, Classical Tradition volumes edited by: Manfred Landfester, English Edition by: Francis G. Gentry, published online: 2006.
* [[John Tzetzes|Tzetzes, John]], ''[[Chiliades]]'', editor Gottlieb Kiessling, F.C.G. Vogel, 1826. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dG0GAAAAQAAJ Google Books]. (English translation: Book I by Ana Untila; Books II&ndash;IV, by Gary Berkowitz; Books V&ndash;VI by Konstantino Ramiotis; Books VII&ndash;VIII by Vasiliki Dogani; Books IX&ndash;X by Jonathan Alexander; Books XII&ndash;XIII by Nikolaos Giallousis. [https://archive.org/stream/TzetzesCHILIADES/Chiliades#page/n0/mode/1up Internet Archive]).
* [[Tzetzes]], ''On Lycopron'', in ''Lycophronis Alexandra'' Vol II, edited by Eduard Scheer,  1908. [https://archive.org/details/lycophronisalexa02lycouoft/page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive].
* [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (1966), ''Hesiod: Theogony'', Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-814169-6}}.
* [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (2003), ''Greek Epic Fragments: From the Seventh to the Fifth Centuries BC'', edited and translated by Martin L. West, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 497, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2003.  {{ISBN|978-0-674-99605-2}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL497/2003/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Eris (mythology)}}

{{Discordianism|state=collapsed}}
{{Greek religion}}
{{Greek mythology (deities)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eris (Mythology)}}
[[Category:Eris (mythology)| ]]
[[Category:Deeds of Ares]]
[[Category:Chaos goddesses]]
[[Category:Children of Hera]]
[[Category:Children of Zeus]]
[[Category:Deities in the Iliad]]
[[Category:Discordianism]]
[[Category:Eris (dwarf planet)]]
[[Category:Greek goddesses]]
[[Category:Greek trickster deities]]
[[Category:Greek war deities]]
[[Category:New religious movement deities]]
[[Category:Personifications in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Trickster goddesses]]
[[Category:War goddesses]]
[[Category:Women of Ares]]
[[Category:Children of Nyx]]