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Esek Hopkins

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Esek Hopkins
Born(1718-04-26)April 26, 1718
Scituate, Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
DiedFebruary 26, 1802(1802-02-26) (aged 83)
Providence, Rhode Island
Buried
North Burial Ground,
Providence
Allegiance United States
Service / branchPrivateer
Continental Navy
Years of service1754–1763 (privateer)
1775–1778 (Continental Navy)
RankCaptain (Privateer)
Commodore (Continental Navy)
Battles / warsFrench and Indian War
American Revolutionary War
Spouse(s)Desire Burroughs
Signature

Esek Hopkins /ˈiːˌzɛk/ (April 26, 1718 – February 26, 1802) was an American naval officer, merchant captain, and privateer. Achieving the rank of Commodore, Hopkins was the only Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War. The Continental Congress commissioned him as Commander-in-Chief of the Navy in December 1775.[1][2][3]

He is noted for his successful raid on the British port of Providence, in The Bahamas, and capturing large stores of military supplies. His legacy today has become controversial for his involvement in the Trans-Atlantic slave trade.

Early life and career

Esek Hopkins was born in Scituate, in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, into one of the most prominent families of what is today's Rhode Island. At the age of twenty he went to sea and rapidly came to the fore as a good sailor and skillful trader.[1] Before the Revolutionary War he had sailed to nearly every quarter of the Earth, and commanded a privateer in the French and Indian War. In the interval between voyages, he was engaged in Rhode Island politics, served as a deputy to the Rhode Island General Assembly, and rendered efficient support to his brother Stephen, who became governor in 1755.[1] In September 1764, during his time as a privateer and merchant, Hopkins took command of the slave ship Sally, owned by Nicholas Brown and Company.[4] Hopkins had no prior experience in operating a slave-trading vessel at the time, and the 15-month voyage would result in the death of 109 out of 196 slaves. In late 1765, Sally arrived at its first trading destination in the West Indies, but the surviving African captives were in such poor health that most sold for very little. Hopkins' disastrous command of Sally contributed to Moses Brown's turn against participation in the Atlantic slave trade.[5]

Revolutionary War service

See also: Whistleblower Protection Act of 1778
Esek Hopkins (second from the left at the table) and other Rhode Island Merchants in Sea Captains Carousing in Surinam from 1755
Etching of Esek Hopkins

Hopkins was appointed a brigadier general to command all military forces of Rhode Island on October 4, 1775. He immediately began to strengthen Rhode Island's defenses with the help of his deputy, William West. A few months later, December 22, 1775, Hopkins was appointed Commander in Chief of the Continental Navy authorized by the Continental Congress to protect American commerce. On January 5, 1776, Congress gave Hopkins his orders:[6]

"You are instructed with the utmost diligence to proceed with the said fleet to sea and if the winds and weather will possibly admit of it to proceed directly for Chesapeake Bay in Virginia and when nearly arrived there you will send forward a small swift sailing vessel to gain intelligence....If...you find that they are not greatly superior to your own you are immediately to enter the said bay, search out and attack, take or destroy all the naval force of our enemies that you may find there. If you should be so fortunate as to execute this business successfully in Virginia you are then to proceed immediately to the southward and make yourself master of such forces as the enemy may have both in North and South Carolina...Notwithstanding these particular orders, which it is hoped you will be able to execute, if bad winds, or stormy weather, or any other unforeseen accident or disaster disenable you so to do, you are then to follow such courses as your best Judgment shall suggest to you as most useful to the American cause and to distress the Enemy by all means in your power."[7]

Hopkins took command of eight small merchant ships that had been altered as men-of-war at Philadelphia. After much deliberation about taking on the overwhelming British forces listed in his orders, Hopkins utilized the last portion of his orders. He sailed south on February 17, 1776, for the first U.S. fleet operation that took the fleet to Providence in the Bahamas. He felt that it would be much more advantageous to seize a prize for the Continental Army than take a chance of destroying the Continental Navy in its infancy. He knew that the British port in Nassau would be poorly guarded and had friends there who would help his cause.[8]

The Raid of Nassau, an assault on the British colony there March 3, 1776 was also the first U.S. amphibious landing. Marines and sailors landed in "a bold stroke, worthy of an older and better trained service," capturing munitions desperately needed in the War of Independence. The little fleet returned to New London on April 8, 1776, having also made prizes of two British merchantmen and a six-gun schooner, while failing to capture but severely damaging HMS Glasgow on April 6.[9]

John Hancock, President of the Continental Congress, wrote Hopkins: "I beg leave to congratulate you on the success of your Expedition. Your account of the spirit and bravery shown by the men affords them [Congress] the greatest satisfaction..." Not only did Hopkins' expedition get needed war supplies for the Continental Army, but it showed the British Navy that they would have to divert their ships from the belligerent colonies to protect non-belligerent areas, thereby leaving fewer British ships to fight on the war front. John Paul Jones was a lieutenant at this time under Hopkins.[10]

Hopkins' decision to go to Nassau rather than pursue another part of his orders concerning Chesapeake Bay of Virginia and North and South Carolina, upset southern members of the Continental Congress, which added to the political, social, economic, religious, and philosophical differences already occurring between members of the Congress.

What happened next in the ensuing months was politically complex and controversial. The Continental Congress and individual state governors through their legislatures allowed privately owned ships to help in the battle against Britain by issuing letters of marque. There were virtually thousands of these ships, which overtook British ships, contributing to the war effort at sea. These privateer ships were allowed to claim any items found on the British ships they conquered as their own. They therefore were able to pay their seamen and officers nearly twice the amount that the Continental Navy could pay their crews, since the items captured by Continental ships went for the good of the colonies. Even after the Congress built and outfitted several more ships for Commodore Hopkins to use, he could not find adequate personnel to man the ships. John Adams, Samuel Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Richard Henry Lee, Robert Treat Paine, and John Paul Jones came to the defense of Hopkins.

Nevertheless, on August 12, 1776, Congress censured Hopkins.[11] Humiliation and an injured reputation followed. Many sources say it would have been better if Hopkins was relieved of his command after the censure, rather than resume his command with a disgraced reputation and a loss of respect from his officers. Yet shortly after this John Hancock, President of the Continental Congress, wrote a resolution to have a schooner remade into a war ship and named the Hopkins, although there are no records that indicate his resolution was fulfilled.

Hopkins' little fleet was mostly blockaded in Narragansett Bay by the superior British sea power for the rest of Hopkins' tenure as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Navy, partly due to the fact that he had inadequate manpower to confront the enemy. A group[who?] of Hopkins' officers finally went directly to the Congress while at the same time leaving their ships without permission. Later it was determined that the allegations the officers took to Congress could not be substantiated— not in time, however, to squelch what was to happen. Pressure on the nature of Hopkins' character and ability became increasingly significant. Even though John Hancock had congratulated Hopkins at the time, Hopkins' decision to go to Nassau in the Bahamas and the escape of Glasgow was used by politically charged legislators against him.[12]

Even with the impassioned defense of John Adams, the Continental Congress voted on 2 January 1778 to relieve Hopkins of his command permanently. Nevertheless, the first action of Hopkins, in Nassau, which proved later to be an effective method for the Continental Navy to use against an overwhelming British Navy, was politically used against him. Substantiating this, John Paul Jones, who had been a lieutenant directly under Hopkins, gained great respect while continuing this same type of naval warfare against the much larger Royal Navy. "Furthermore, and perhaps most importantly, the Raid on Nassau brought the war to the English in an area where they felt more strategically threatened than the American Colonies. The West Indies was a location of importance to the British both due to trade concerns and due to its pivotal role in naval conflicts with the English nemesis France. Paranoia over losing the West Indies would frequently deflect English interests and military assets away from the war in America. English preoccupation with this area would nearly cause her to abandon the war in 1778 and may well have cost her the war in the long run. If true, it might well be said that this raid was the first tweaking of this English concern and a tweaking which may have set the tone for those later English decisions. As such, the Raid of Nassau was not just a minor tactical victory but a great strategic victory as well."[13]

Hopkins's commission was terminated by the Congress on January 2, 1778, for a variety of reasons, perhaps including for his part in the arrest of Richard Marven and Samuel Shaw, a pair of early whistle-blowers, due to their having reported his torture of British prisoners of war.[14] Hopkins's subsequent institution of criminal libel proceedings against Marven and Shaw is single-handedly responsible[unreliable source?] for the resolution of Congress "That it is the duty of all persons in the service of the United States, all well as all other inhabitants thereof to give the earliest information to Congress or any other proper authority of any misconduct, frauds or other misdemeanours committed by any persons in the service of these states, which may come to their knowledge."[15]

Post-Revolution

Esek Hopkins House, Providence, Rhode Island, built c. 1754

In spite of his Congressional dismissal, Hopkins was highly respected in Rhode Island and continued to serve the Rhode Island General Assembly through 1786, then retired to his farm where he died February 26, 1802. His home, the Esek Hopkins House, is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Legacy

Statue of Hopkins by Theo Alice Ruggles Kitson in Hopkins Square, Providence

Three United States Navy vessels have been named USS Hopkins in his honor, two destroyers and a patrol boat.

A statue of Hopkins by Theo Alice Ruggles Kitson was dedicated in 1891 on the site of the former Hopkins family cemetery at Charles and Branch Street.[16]

In June 2020, the Providence School Board voted to remove Hopkins' name from Esek Hopkins Middle School, citing Hopkins' association with the slave ship Sally.[17]

Hopkins adopted, and helped to popularize, the "Gadsden flag" that depicts a Timber rattlesnake with 13 rattles representing the 13 Colonies with the phrase "Don't Tread on Me" on a Yellow background. He adopted the banner as his personal flag and flew it from the mainmast of his flagship USS Alfred while he was aboard.

Personal life

Hopkins married Desire Burroughs (1724–1794) in November 1741. She belonged to a prosperous family of Newport, thus increasing his influence in Rhode Island.[1] The marriage produced 9 children, including John Burroughs Hopkins (1742–1796), a participant in the Gaspee Affair, who later became a captain in the Continental Navy;[18] and Susannah Hopkins (1756–1850), who married Jonathan Maxcy, a Baptist minister and second president of the formerly Baptist-affiliated Brown University,[19] which was then known as the College of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.

Hopkins was the brother of Rhode Island governor Stephen Hopkins, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and first Brown chancellor in conjunction with the tenure of president James Manning.

Hopkins was buried in the North Burial Ground of Providence, Rhode Island.[20]

Bibliography

  • Field, Edward (1898). Esek Hopkins, commander-in-chief of the continental navy during the American Revolution, 1775 to 1778: master mariner, politician, brigadier general, naval officer and philanthropist. Preston & Rounds Co., Providence. continental navy.
  • Miller, Nathan (2014). The U.S. Navy: A History, Third Edition. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-6125-1892-3.
  • United States Navy, Board of the Eastern Dept, William Vernon, Rhode Island Historical Society (1901). Papers of William Vernon and the Navy board, 1776–1794. Snow & Farnham, printers.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • The Journal of the American-Irish Historical Society, Volume 21. American-Irish Historical Society. 1922.
  • White (2016). "Esek Hopkins and the Formation of the Continental Navy". Newport, RI, Redwood Library & Athenæum. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved August 2, 2019.

Further reading

  • Charles H. Miller, Admiral Number One, some incidents in the life of Esek Hopkins, 1718–1802 First Admiral of the Continental Navy. The William-Frederick Press, 1962
  • James C. Bradford, Quarterdeck and Bridge: Two Centuries of American Naval Leaders, (Annapolis, Maryland: U.S. Naval Institute, 1997)
  • Drake, Francis Samuel (1873). Memorials of the Society of the Cincinnati of Massachusetts. Boston, John Wilson and Son.
  • Sheldon S. Cohen, Commodore Abraham Whipple of the Continental Navy (Gainesville; University Press of Florida, 2010)
  • Craig L. Symonds, The Naval Institute Historical Atlas of the U.S. Navy (Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2001)
  • Kenneth J. Hagan, In Peace and War (Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2008)
  • Edward L. Beach Captain, The United States Navy: 200 Years (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1986)
  • The Complete Book of U.S. Naval Power (Publications International, Ltd.,1991)

References

  1. ^ a b c d  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hopkins, Esek". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 684.
  2. ^ "Esek Hopkins appointed Commander-in-Chief of Continental Navy". California SAR. 22 December 2022. Retrieved 2023-02-20.
  3. ^ "Esek Hopkins | United States naval officer | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-02-20.
  4. ^ "Voyage of the Slave Ship Sally", Brown University
  5. ^ ""2. Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Brown University" in Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice". Retrieved 2021-01-18.
  6. ^ The Journal of the American-Irish Historical Society, Volume 21, p. 193
  7. ^ The Journal of the American-Irish Historical Society, Volume 21, p. 195
  8. ^ Miller, 2014, pp. 11–13
  9. ^ Miller, 2014, p. 12
  10. ^ Field 1898, p. 80.
  11. ^ Field 1898, p. 159.
  12. ^ Field 1898, p. 141.
  13. ^ The Military History of Revolutionary War Naval Battles, Col. Trevor Nevitt, Dupuy and Grace P. Hayes, Franklin Watts, Inc., 1970 NY, NY; The Glorious Cause, The American Revolution, 1763–1789, Robert Middlekauff, Oxford University Press, 1982 NY, NY; John Paul Jones, A Sailor's Biography, Samuel Eliot Morison, Boston Little Brown & Company, Toronto, 1959
  14. ^ "America Needs Whistle-Blowers Because of People Like This". The Atlantic.com. 25 September 2019.
  15. ^ Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789 THURSDAY, JULY 30, 1778, vol 11 p. 732
  16. ^ Comery, Beth (26 April 2018). "Happy Birthday Esek Hopkins". Providence Daily Dose. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  17. ^ Fitzpatrick, Edward (18 June 2020). "Providence and state education leaders support renaming Esek Hopkins Middle School". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  18. ^ Field 1898, p. 34, 241.
  19. ^ The South Carolina Encyclopedia. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. 2006. p. 600. ISBN 978-1-57003-598-2.
  20. ^ North Burial Ground

Public Domain This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.

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