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{{Short description|Italian theologian, bishop, and cardinal}}
[[Image:Hyacinthe-Sigismond Gerdil.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil]]
{{Refimprove|date=January 2019}}
⚫
'''Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil, [[C.R.S.P.]]''' (20 June 1718 – 12 August 1802) was an [[Italian people|Italian]]{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} [[theologian]], bishop and [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]], who was a significant figure in the response of the papacy to the assault on the Catholic Church by the upheavals caused by the [[French Revolution]].<ref>{{CathEncy|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06471b.htm|title=Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil}}</ref>
{{Other uses|Gerdil (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = cardinal
| honorific-prefix = [[His Eminence]]
| honorific-suffix = [[Barnabites|CRSP]]
⚫
| name = Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil
| title = Cardinal-Priest of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere<br>Titular Bishop of Dibona
| image = Hyacinthe-Sigismond Gerdil.jpg
| caption = Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil
| ordination = 11 June 1741
| consecration = 2 March 1777
| consecrated_by = [[Marcantonio Colonna (18th-century cardinal)|Marcantonio Colonna]]
| cardinal = 23 June 1777
| rank = [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)#Cardinal_priests|Cardinal-Priest]]
| created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Pius VI]]
| previous_post = {{unbulleted list|[[Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church]] (1786-1787)|[[Cardinal (Catholic Church)#Cardinal priests|Cardinal-Priest]] of [[San Giovanni a Porta Latina]] (1780-1784)}}
| religion = [[Catholic Church]]
| birth_date = 16 August 1724
| birth_place = [[Samoëns]], Savoy
| death_date = {{death date and age |1802|08|12|1718|06|23}}
| death_place = [[Rome]], Italy
| buried = [[San Carlo ai Catinari]]
}}
⚫
'''Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil,''' [[Barnabites|CRSP]] (23 June 1718 – 12 August 1802) was an [[Italian people|Italian]] [[theologian]], bishop and [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]], who was a significant figure in the response of the papacy to the assault on the Catholic Church by the upheavals caused by the [[French Revolution]].<ref>{{CathEncy|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06471b.htm|title=Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil}}</ref>


==Life==
==Life==


===Early life===
===Early life===
Gerdil was born in 1718 at [[Samoëns]] in the [[Duchy of Savoy]] to Pierre Gerdil, a [[notary]], and Françoise Perrier, a native of [[Taninges]]. When 15 years old, he joined the [[Barnabites]] at [[Annecy]], and was sent to [[Bologna]] to pursue his theological studies; also having an interest in the sciences, he devoted his mind to the various branches of knowledge with great success. While he improved his command of [[Italian language|Italian]], he came the attention of Propero Lambertini, [[Archbishop of Bologna]], later [[Pope Benedict XIV]], who used the young [[seminarian]] in his own study of French texts.
Jean-François Gerdil was born in 1718 at [[Samoëns]] in the [[Duchy of Savoy]] to Pierre Gerdil, a [[notary]], and Françoise Perrier, a native of [[Taninges]].<ref name=Miranda>{{Cite web |url=https://webdept.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1777.htm |title=Miranda, Salvador. "Gerdil C.R.S.P., Hyacinthe Sigismond", ''Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church'', Florida International University |access-date=2019-01-06 |archive-date=2019-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108052429/http://webdept.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1777.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> When 15 years old, he joined the [[Barnabites]] at [[Annecy]], taking the name Hyacinthe Sigismond. He was sent to [[Bologna]] to pursue his theological studies; also having an interest in the sciences, he devoted his mind to the various branches of knowledge with great success. While he improved his command of [[Italian language|Italian]], he came the attention of Propero Lambertini, [[Archbishop of Bologna]], later [[Pope Benedict XIV]], who used the young [[seminarian]] to translate French texts.


After Gerdil had completed his initial studies in 1738, he was assigned to teach philosophy at the Barnabite college in [[Macerata]], then the same at the school at [[Casale Monferrato]] (1739-1748). During this period, in 1741, he was [[Holy Orders|ordained]] to the priesthood. By 1749, the range and quality of his writings led to his induction by various scientific and literary societies across Europe, ranging from the [[Bologna Institute of Sciences]] and the [[Royal Society of London]] to the [[Accademia degli Arcadi]] in Rome. That same year he was appointed as professor of philosophy at the [[University of Turin]], transferring to the teach of [[moral theology]] in 1754.
After Gerdil had completed his initial studies in 1738, he was assigned to teach philosophy first at the Barnabite college in [[Macerata]], then at the school at [[Casale Monferrato]] (1739-1748). During this period, in 1741, he was [[Holy Orders|ordained]] to the priesthood. By 1749, the range and quality of his writings{{which|date=May 2023}} led to his induction by various scientific and literary societies across Europe, ranging from the [[Bologna Institute of Sciences]] and the [[Royal Society of London]] to the [[Accademia degli Arcadi]] in Rome. That same year he was appointed as professor of philosophy at the [[University of Turin]], transferring to the teach of [[moral theology]] in 1754.<ref name=Miranda/>


In 1758, upon the recommendation of [[Pope Benedict XIV]], Gerdil was chosen as the tutor of the [[Prince of Piedmont]], afterwards King [[Charles Emmanuel IV]]. He left his teaching position at the university the following year to deal with his other responsibilities in the Church. In 1764 he was elected the [[Provincial Superior]] of the Barnabites in Savoy and the Piedmont. In 1768 he was chosen as the tutor of the sons of his previous student, now the [[King of Sardinia]]..
In 1758, upon the recommendation of [[Pope Benedict XIV]], Gerdil was chosen as the tutor of the [[Prince of Piedmont]], afterwards King [[Charles Emmanuel IV]]. He left his teaching position at the university the following year to deal with his other responsibilities. In 1764 he was elected the [[Provincial Superior]] of the Barnabites in Savoy and the Piedmont.<ref name=Miranda/> In 1768 he was chosen as the tutor of the sons of his previous student, now the [[King of Sardinia]].


===Cardinalate===
===Cardinalate===
Gerdil was designated a ''[[cardinal in petto]]'' in 1773 by [[Pope Clement XIV]], but that pope died before his appointment could be made public. He was appointed as a consultor to the [[Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office|Holy Office]] in 1776 by [[Pope Pius VI]], moving to Rome, where he took a residence next to the General [[Motherhouse]] of the Barnabite Order at the Church of [[San Carlo ai Catinari]]. The [[King of Sardinia]] named him the [[commendatory abbot]] of the Abbey of [[Sacra di San Michele|San Michele della Chiusa]] in January 1777. He carried out his supervision of the distant abbey from Rome through correspondence, devoting much of the [[benefice]] he gained to the help of the poor.
Gerdil was designated a ''[[cardinal in petto]]'' in 1773 by [[Pope Clement XIV]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil |url=https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/hyacinthe-sigismond-gerdil |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Catholic Answers}}</ref> However, that pope died before his appointment could be made public. He was appointed as a consultor to the [[Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office|Holy Office]] in 1776 by [[Pope Pius VI]], moving to Rome, where he took a residence next to the General [[Motherhouse]] of the Barnabite Order at the Church of [[San Carlo ai Catinari]]. The [[King of Sardinia]] named him the [[commendatory abbot]] of the Abbey of [[Sacra di San Michele|San Michele della Chiusa]] in January 1777. He carried out his supervision of the distant abbey from Rome through correspondence, devoting much of the [[benefice]] he gained to the help of the poor.


In March of that same year, Gerdil was appointed the [[titular bishop|bishop]] of the [[titular see]] of Dibona, and was consecrated at the Barnabite church by the [[Vicar General of Rome]]. The following June he again named a ''cardinal in petto'' by Pope Paul, receiving the [[red hat]] on 18 December 1777 and the [[titular church]] of [[San Giovanni a Porta Latina]] on 30 March 1778. The pope also appointed him to various congregations of the [[Roman Curia]], including that of Prefect of the [[Propaganda Fide]].
In March of that same year, Gerdil was appointed the [[titular bishop|bishop]] of the [[titular see]] of Dibona, and was consecrated at the Barnabite church by Cardinal [[Marcantonio Colonna (18th-century cardinal)|Marcantonio Colonna]], the [[Vicar General of Rome]]. The following June he again named a ''cardinal in petto'' by Pope Pius, receiving the red hat on 18 December 1777 and the [[titular church]] of [[San Giovanni a Porta Latina]] on 30 March 1778. The pope also appointed him to various congregations of the [[Roman Curia]], including that of Prefect of the [[Propaganda Fide]].


Gerdil changed his [[title]] to that of the [[Basilica]] of [[Santa Cecilia in Trastevere]]. He served briefly as the [[Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church]] (1786-1787).
Gerdil changed his title to that of the [[Basilica]] of [[Santa Cecilia in Trastevere]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyacinthe-Sigismond (Jean-François) Cardinal Gerdil [Catholic-Hierarchy] |url=https://catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bgerd.html |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=catholic-hierarchy.org}}</ref> He served briefly as the [[Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church]] (1786-1787).


Gerdil was member of the committee of cardinals which examined and refined the text of the response against the ''Puntuazione di Ems'', issued by the [[archbishop]]s of Germany in which they defied papal authority. From 1790 to 1794, he was member of the committee which prepared the final draft of the [[papal bull]], ''[[Auctorem fidei]]'' (28 August 1794), which condemned the propositions of the [[Synod of Pistoia]], a similar stand by the bishops of [[Tuscany]]. During those four years, he was also president of the particular congregation charged with the preparation of the papal documents which condemned the French Civil Constitution of the Clergy, the Civic Oath imposed to the French clergy in 1798, and other acts imposed on the Church by Revolutionary France.
Gerdil was member of the committee of cardinals which examined and refined the text of the response against the ''Puntuazione di Ems'', issued by the [[archbishop]]s of Germany in which they defied papal authority. From 1790 to 1794, he was member of the committee which prepared the final draft of the [[papal bull]], ''[[Auctorem fidei]]'' (28 August 1794), which condemned the propositions of the [[Synod of Pistoia]], a similar stand by the bishops of [[Tuscany]]. During those four years, he was also president of the particular congregation charged with the preparation of the papal documents which condemned the French Civil Constitution of the Clergy, the Civic Oath imposed to the French clergy in 1798, and other acts imposed on the Church by Revolutionary France.
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After the invasion of Rome by the [[French Revolutionary Army]] in February 1798 the pope fled to [[Siena]], while Gerdil fled to his Abbey of San Michele. After the death of Pope Pius in 1799, he would likely have been elected pope at the [[Papal conclave, 1799–1800|conclave of Venice in 1800]], had not his election been vetoed by Cardinal [[Franziskus Herzan von Harras]], in the name of [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis II]], the last [[Holy Roman Emperor]].
After the invasion of Rome by the [[French Revolutionary Army]] in February 1798 the pope fled to [[Siena]], while Gerdil fled to his Abbey of San Michele. After the death of Pope Pius in 1799, he would likely have been elected pope at the [[Papal conclave, 1799–1800|conclave of Venice in 1800]], had not his election been vetoed by Cardinal [[Franziskus Herzan von Harras]], in the name of [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis II]], the last [[Holy Roman Emperor]].


After the conclave accompanied the new pope, [[Pius VII]], to Rome, where he resumed his posts in the Curia, still being fit and active, despite being past the age of 80. After a brief illness, he died at the Barnabite motherhouse, and was buried in their. Church of San Carlo.
After the conclave accompanied the new pope, [[Pius VII]], to Rome, where he resumed his posts in the Curia, still being fit and active, despite being past the age of 80.<ref name=":0" /> After a brief illness he died at the Barnabite motherhouse and was buried in the Church of [[San Carlo ai Catinari]].


==Works==
==Works==
[[File:Gerdil - Dissertations sur l'incompatibilité de l'attraction et de ses différentes loix, avec les phenoménes, 1754 - 1494382.jpg|thumb|''Dissertations sur l'incompatibilité de l'attraction et de ses différentes loix, avec les phenoménes'', 1754]]Gerdil's numerous works written in Latin, Italian, and French on divers subjects — dogmatic and moral theology, canon law, philosophy, pedagogy, history, physical and natural sciences, etc. — form twenty volumes in quarto (ed. Rome, 1806–1821). Among the most important may be mentioned: "L'Immortalité de l'âme démontrée contre Locke et défense du P. Malebranche contre ce philosophe" (Turin, 1747–48), 2 vols.; "Réflexions sur la théorie et la pratique de l'éducation contre les principes de J.-J. Rousseau" (Turin, 1765), reprinted in a new edition under the title "Anti-Emile"; "Exposition des caractères de la vraie religion", written in Italian (translated into French, Paris, 1770), etc.
[[File:Gerdil - Dissertations sur l'incompatibilité de l'attraction et de ses différentes loix, avec les phenoménes, 1754 - 1494382.jpg|thumb|''Dissertations sur l'incompatibilité de l'attraction et de ses différentes loix, avec les phenoménes'', 1754]]Gerdil's numerous works written in Latin, Italian, and French on various subjects of dogmatic and moral theology, canon law, philosophy, pedagogy, history, physical and natural sciences, etc., form twenty volumes in quarto (ed. Rome, 1806–1821). Among the most important are: "L'Immortalité de l'âme démontrée contre Locke et défense du P. Malebranche contre ce philosophe" (Turin, 1747–48), 2 vols.; "Réflexions sur la théorie et la pratique de l'éducation contre les principes de J.-J. Rousseau" (Turin, 1765), reprinted in a new edition under the title "Anti-Emile"; "Exposition des caractères de la vraie religion", written in Italian (translated into French, Paris, 1770), etc.


Gerdil's works were written especially for the defence of spiritual philosophy against [[materialism]], of supernatural religion against [[Deism]], of the supreme authority of the pope against [[Febronianism]] and the [[Synod of Pistoia]].
Gerdil's works were written especially for the defence of spiritual philosophy against [[materialism]], of supernatural religion against [[Deism]], of the supreme authority of the pope against [[Febronianism]] and the [[Synod of Pistoia]].
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{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==For further reading==
⚫
{{Catholic|wstitle=Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil}}
*Gerdil, Giacinto Sigismondo. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DXJT5qthTb4C&pg=PA405 ''Opere edite e inedite.'' {{in lang|it}}. Volume 1.] Napoli: Tip. del Diogene, 1853. [https://books.google.com/books?id=U4EXAAAAYAAJ&pg=517 Vol. 2] (1854). [https://books.google.com/books?id=qIEXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA661 Vol. 3] (1854). [https://books.google.com/books?id=A4IXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA589 Vol. 4] (1855).
*Piantoni, Giovanni (1851). [https://books.google.com/books?id=7QM6AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Vita del cardinale Giacinto Sigismondo Gerdil Barnabita e analisi di tutte le stampate sue opere.''] {{in lang|it}}. Roma: Salviucci, 1851.
*Stella, Pietro (2000). [https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giacinto-sigismondo-gerdil%20(Dizionario-Biografico) "Gerdil, Giacinto Sigismondo."] {{in lang|it}}. In: ''Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani'' Volume 53 (2000).
*Yolton, John W. (1984). [https://books.google.com/books?id=U1LtLE2X8iMC&pg=PA24 ''Thinking Matter: Materialism in Eighteenth-Century Britain.''] Minneapolis: U. of Minnesota Press 1984. Pp. 24-26.


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{{Authority control}}


{{Subject bar |portal1= Biography |portal2= Catholicism |portal3= Italy}}
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{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gerdil, Hyacinthe Sigismond}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gerdil, Hyacinthe Sigismond}}
[[Category:1718 births]]
[[Category:1718 births]]
[[Category:1802 deaths]]
[[Category:1802 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Savoy]]
[[Category:18th-century people from the Savoyard State]]
[[Category:Members of the Barnabite Order]]
[[Category:Members of the Barnabite Order]]
[[Category:University of Turin faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Turin]]
[[Category:Italian Roman Catholic theologians]]
[[Category:18th-century Italian Roman Catholic theologians]]
[[Category:Italian titular bishops]]
[[Category:Italian Roman Catholic titular bishops]]
[[Category:Italian cardinals]]
[[Category:18th-century Italian cardinals]]
[[Category:Members of the Holy Office]]
[[Category:Members of the Holy Office]]
[[Category:Members of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith]]
[[Category:Members of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith]]
[[Category:Members of the Sacred Congregation of Rites]]
[[Category:Members of the Sacred Congregation of Rites]]
[[Category:Camerlengos of the Holy Roman Church]]
[[Category:Camerlengos of the Holy Roman Church]]
[[Category:Cardinals created by Pope Pius VI]]
[[Category:19th-century Italian cardinals]]

Latest revision as of 00:55, 25 August 2024

For other uses, see Gerdil (disambiguation).
His Eminence

Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil

CRSP
Cardinal-Priest of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere
Titular Bishop of Dibona
Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil
Previous post(s)
Orders
Ordination11 June 1741
Consecration2 March 1777
by Marcantonio Colonna
Created cardinal23 June 1777
by Pope Pius VI
RankCardinal-Priest
Personal details
Born16 August 1724
Samoëns, Savoy
DiedAugust 12, 1802(1802-08-12) (aged 84)
Rome, Italy
BuriedSan Carlo ai Catinari
DenominationCatholic Church

Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil, CRSP (23 June 1718 – 12 August 1802) was an Italian theologian, bishop and cardinal, who was a significant figure in the response of the papacy to the assault on the Catholic Church by the upheavals caused by the French Revolution.[1]

Life

[edit]

Early life

[edit]

Jean-François Gerdil was born in 1718 at Samoëns in the Duchy of Savoy to Pierre Gerdil, a notary, and Françoise Perrier, a native of Taninges.[2] When 15 years old, he joined the Barnabites at Annecy, taking the name Hyacinthe Sigismond. He was sent to Bologna to pursue his theological studies; also having an interest in the sciences, he devoted his mind to the various branches of knowledge with great success. While he improved his command of Italian, he came the attention of Propero Lambertini, Archbishop of Bologna, later Pope Benedict XIV, who used the young seminarian to translate French texts.

After Gerdil had completed his initial studies in 1738, he was assigned to teach philosophy first at the Barnabite college in Macerata, then at the school at Casale Monferrato (1739-1748). During this period, in 1741, he was ordained to the priesthood. By 1749, the range and quality of his writings[which?] led to his induction by various scientific and literary societies across Europe, ranging from the Bologna Institute of Sciences and the Royal Society of London to the Accademia degli Arcadi in Rome. That same year he was appointed as professor of philosophy at the University of Turin, transferring to the teach of moral theology in 1754.[2]

In 1758, upon the recommendation of Pope Benedict XIV, Gerdil was chosen as the tutor of the Prince of Piedmont, afterwards King Charles Emmanuel IV. He left his teaching position at the university the following year to deal with his other responsibilities. In 1764 he was elected the Provincial Superior of the Barnabites in Savoy and the Piedmont.[2] In 1768 he was chosen as the tutor of the sons of his previous student, now the King of Sardinia.

Cardinalate

[edit]

Gerdil was designated a cardinal in petto in 1773 by Pope Clement XIV.[3] However, that pope died before his appointment could be made public. He was appointed as a consultor to the Holy Office in 1776 by Pope Pius VI, moving to Rome, where he took a residence next to the General Motherhouse of the Barnabite Order at the Church of San Carlo ai Catinari. The King of Sardinia named him the commendatory abbot of the Abbey of San Michele della Chiusa in January 1777. He carried out his supervision of the distant abbey from Rome through correspondence, devoting much of the benefice he gained to the help of the poor.

In March of that same year, Gerdil was appointed the bishop of the titular see of Dibona, and was consecrated at the Barnabite church by Cardinal Marcantonio Colonna, the Vicar General of Rome. The following June he again named a cardinal in petto by Pope Pius, receiving the red hat on 18 December 1777 and the titular church of San Giovanni a Porta Latina on 30 March 1778. The pope also appointed him to various congregations of the Roman Curia, including that of Prefect of the Propaganda Fide.

Gerdil changed his title to that of the Basilica of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere.[4] He served briefly as the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church (1786-1787).

Gerdil was member of the committee of cardinals which examined and refined the text of the response against the Puntuazione di Ems, issued by the archbishops of Germany in which they defied papal authority. From 1790 to 1794, he was member of the committee which prepared the final draft of the papal bull, Auctorem fidei (28 August 1794), which condemned the propositions of the Synod of Pistoia, a similar stand by the bishops of Tuscany. During those four years, he was also president of the particular congregation charged with the preparation of the papal documents which condemned the French Civil Constitution of the Clergy, the Civic Oath imposed to the French clergy in 1798, and other acts imposed on the Church by Revolutionary France.

After the invasion of Rome by the French Revolutionary Army in February 1798 the pope fled to Siena, while Gerdil fled to his Abbey of San Michele. After the death of Pope Pius in 1799, he would likely have been elected pope at the conclave of Venice in 1800, had not his election been vetoed by Cardinal Franziskus Herzan von Harras, in the name of Francis II, the last Holy Roman Emperor.

After the conclave accompanied the new pope, Pius VII, to Rome, where he resumed his posts in the Curia, still being fit and active, despite being past the age of 80.[3] After a brief illness he died at the Barnabite motherhouse and was buried in the Church of San Carlo ai Catinari.

Works

[edit]
Dissertations sur l'incompatibilité de l'attraction et de ses différentes loix, avec les phenoménes, 1754

Gerdil's numerous works written in Latin, Italian, and French on various subjects of dogmatic and moral theology, canon law, philosophy, pedagogy, history, physical and natural sciences, etc., form twenty volumes in quarto (ed. Rome, 1806–1821). Among the most important are: "L'Immortalité de l'âme démontrée contre Locke et défense du P. Malebranche contre ce philosophe" (Turin, 1747–48), 2 vols.; "Réflexions sur la théorie et la pratique de l'éducation contre les principes de J.-J. Rousseau" (Turin, 1765), reprinted in a new edition under the title "Anti-Emile"; "Exposition des caractères de la vraie religion", written in Italian (translated into French, Paris, 1770), etc.

Gerdil's works were written especially for the defence of spiritual philosophy against materialism, of supernatural religion against Deism, of the supreme authority of the pope against Febronianism and the Synod of Pistoia.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hyacinthe-Sigismond Gerdil.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Public Domain Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  2. ^ a b c "Miranda, Salvador. "Gerdil C.R.S.P., Hyacinthe Sigismond", Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Florida International University". Archived from the original on 2019-01-08. Retrieved 2019-01-06.
  3. ^ a b "Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil". Catholic Answers. Retrieved 2024-02-12.
  4. ^ "Hyacinthe-Sigismond (Jean-François) Cardinal Gerdil [Catholic-Hierarchy]". catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 2024-02-12.

For further reading

[edit]


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