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{{short description|UK Leader of the Opposition from 2015 to 2020 (born 1949)}}
{{short description|British politician (born 1949)}}
{{redirect|Corbyn|other people with the name|Corbyn (name)}}
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{{EngvarB|date=July 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2020}}
{{use British English|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Redirect-distinguish-for|Corbyn|Corbin (disambiguation){{!}}Corbin|the name|Corbyn (name)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = Jeremy Corbyn
| name = Jeremy Corbyn
| honorific-suffix = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]]
| honorific-suffix = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]]
| image = Official portrait of Jeremy Corbyn crop 2, 2020.jpg
| image = Official portrait of Jeremy Corbyn MP crop 2, 2024.jpg
| image_size =
| image_size =
| caption = Official portrait, 2020
| caption = Official portrait, 2024
| office = [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| office = [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| monarch = [[Elizabeth II]]
| monarch = [[Elizabeth II]]
| predecessor = [[Harriet Harman]]
| predecessor = [[Harriet Harman]]
| successor = [[Keir Starmer]]
| successor = [[Keir Starmer]]
| primeminister = {{Unbulleted list|[[David Cameron]]|[[Theresa May]]|[[Boris Johnson]]}}
| primeminister = {{unbulleted list|[[David Cameron]]|[[Theresa May]]|[[Boris Johnson]]}}
| term_start = 12 September 2015
| term_start = 12 September 2015
| term_end = 4 April 2020
| term_end = 4 April 2020
| deputy1 = [[Tom Watson (Labour politician)|Tom Watson]]
| deputy1 = [[Tom Watson (Labour politician)|Tom Watson]]
| 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|[[General Secretary of the Labour Party|General Secretary]]}}
| office1 = [[Leader of the Labour Party (UK)|Leader of the Labour Party]]
| predecessor1 = [[Ed Miliband]]
| 1namedata1 = {{Unbulleted list|[[Iain McNicol]]|[[Jennie Formby]]}}
| 2blankname1 = [[Chair of the Labour Party (UK)|Chairman]]
| successor1 = Keir Starmer
| term_start1 = 12 September 2015
| 2namedata1 = {{Unbulleted list|Tom Watson|[[Ian Lavery]]}}
| term_end1 = 4 April 2020
| office1 = [[Leader of the Labour Party (UK)|Leader of the Labour Party]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] <br/>for [[Islington North (UK Parliament constituency)|Islington North]]
| predecessor1 = [[Ed Miliband]]
| successor1 = [[Keir Starmer]]
| term_start2 = 9 June 1983
| term_start1 = 12 September 2015
| majority2 = 7,247 (14.8%)
| predecessor2 = [[Michael O'Halloran (British politician)|Michael O'Halloran]]
| term_end1 = 4 April 2020
| successor2 =
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] <br/>for [[Islington North (UK Parliament constituency)|Islington North]]
| term_start2 = 9 June 1983
| deputy3 = [[Chris Nineham]]
| office3 = Chair of the [[Stop the War Coalition]]
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Michael O'Halloran (British politician)|Michael O'Halloran]]
| predecessor3 = [[Andrew Murray (trade unionist)|Andrew Murray]]
| successor2 =
| successor3 = Andrew Murray
| majority2 = 26,188 (48.7%)
| term_start3 = 14 June 2011
| deputy3 = [[Chris Nineham]]
| term_end3 = 12 September 2015
| office3 = Chair of the [[Stop the War Coalition]]
| president3 = [[Tony Benn]]
| vicepresident3 = [[Lindsey German]]
| predecessor3 = [[Andrew Murray (trade unionist)|Andrew Murray]]
| successor3 = Andrew Murray
| birth_name = Jeremy Bernard Corbyn
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|05|26|df=y}}
| term_start3 = 14 June 2011
| term_end3 = 12 September 2015
| birth_place = [[Chippenham, Wiltshire]], England
| president3 = [[Tony Benn]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| vicepresident3 = [[Lindsey German]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] (part of the [[Independent Alliance (UK)|Independent Alliance]])
| birth_name = Jeremy Bernard Corbyn
| otherparty = [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] (1965–2024){{ref|suspension|a}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|05|26|df=y}}
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|[[Jane Chapman]]|1974|1979|reason=divorced}}|{{marriage|Claudia Bracchitta|1987|1999|reason=divorced}}|{{marriage|Laura Álvarez|2012}}}}
| birth_place = [[Chippenham|Chippenham, Wiltshire]], England
| death_date =
| children = 3
| relatives = [[Piers Corbyn]] (brother)
| death_place =
| education = {{unbulleted list|[[Castle House School]]|[[Adams' Grammar School]]|[[North London Polytechnic]] (did not graduate)}}
| party = [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] (1965–present){{ref|suspension|a}}
| residence = <!-- Only use for residences that come with the office. NOT for towns, cities, states, countries, etc. -->
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|[[Jane Chapman]]|1974|1979|reason=divorced}}|{{marriage|Claudia Bracchitta|1987|1999|reason=divorced}}|{{marriage|Laura Álvarez|2012}}}}
| children = 3
| signature = CorbynSignature.svg
| website = {{official website|https://jeremycorbyn.org.uk/}}
| relatives = [[Piers Corbyn]] (brother)
| module = {{listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Jeremy Corbyn on proportional representation.ogg|title=Jeremy Corbyn's voice|type=speech|description=Corbyn on [[proportional representation]] (PR)<br />Recorded 7 September 2022}}
| education = {{Unbulleted list|[[Castle House School]]|[[Adams' Grammar School]]}}
| footnotes = a.{{note|suspension||Membership suspended: {{nowrap|29 October 2020 – 17 November 2020}}; [[Whip (politics)|whip]] suspended since 29 October 2020}}<!-- Please discuss on the talkpage before editing. -->
| residence = [[Finsbury Park (area)|Finsbury Park]], London
| alma_mater = [[University of North London|North London Polytechnic]] (did not graduate)
| signature = CorbynSignature.svg
| website = {{Official website|https://jeremycorbyn.org.uk/}}
| module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Jeremy Corbyn on proportional representation.ogg|title=Jeremy Corbyn's voice|type=speech|description=Corbyn on [[proportional representation]] (PR)<br />Recorded 7 September 2022}}
| footnotes = a.{{note|suspension||Membership suspended: {{nowrap|29 October 2020 – 17 November 2020}}; [[Whip (politics)|whip]] suspended since 29 October 2020}}<!-- Please discuss on the talkpage before editing. -->
}}
}}
{{Jeremy Corbyn sidebar}}
{{Jeremy Corbyn sidebar}}
'''Jeremy Bernard Corbyn''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɔːr|b|ᵻ|n}}; born 26 May 1949) is a [[British people|British]] politician who served as [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]] and [[Leader of the Labour Party (UK)|Leader of the Labour Party]] from 2015 to 2020. On the [[political left]] of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], Corbyn describes himself as a [[Socialism|socialist]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Calamur|first=Krishnadev|date=18 August 2015|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/08/jeremy-corbyn-labour-britain/401492/|title=How a Socialist Prime Minister Might Govern Britain|newspaper=The Atlantic|issn=2151-9463|access-date=21 April 2016|archive-date=22 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322225501/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/08/jeremy-corbyn-labour-britain/401492/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Settle|first=Michael|date=18 August 2015|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/13609421.corbyn-im-a-socialist-not-a-unionist/|title=Corbyn: I'm a Socialist not a Unionist|newspaper=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]|access-date=4 April 2020|archive-date=4 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304162719/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/13609421.corbyn-im-a-socialist-not-a-unionist/|url-status=live}}</ref> He has been [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Islington North (UK Parliament constituency)|Islington North]] since 1983.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jeremy Corbyn MP|url=http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/jeremy-corbyn/185|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716154017/http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/Jeremy-Corbyn/185|archive-date=16 July 2015|access-date=21 July 2015|website=UK Parliament}}</ref> As of October 2020, Corbyn sits in the House of Commons as an [[Independent politician|independent]], following the suspension of the [[Whip (politics)#United Kingdom|whip]].


'''Jeremy Bernard Corbyn''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɔːr|b|ᵻ|n}}; born 26 May 1949) is a British politician who has been [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Islington North (UK Parliament constituency)|Islington North]] since 1983. An [[Independent politician|independent]], Corbyn was a member of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] from 1965 until his expulsion in 2024, and is a member of the [[Socialist Campaign Group]] parliamentary [[caucus]]. He served as [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]] and [[Leader of the Labour Party (UK)|Leader of the Labour Party]] from 2015 to 2020. Corbyn identifies ideologically as a [[socialist]] on the [[Labour left|political left]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Calamur |first=Krishnadev |date=18 August 2015 |title=How a Socialist Prime Minister Might Govern Britain |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/08/jeremy-corbyn-labour-britain/401492/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322225501/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/08/jeremy-corbyn-labour-britain/401492/ |archive-date=22 March 2020 |access-date=21 April 2016 |newspaper=The Atlantic |issn=2151-9463}}</ref><ref name=Settle>{{cite news |last=Settle |first=Michael |date=18 August 2015 |title=Corbyn: I'm a Socialist not a Unionist |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/13609421.corbyn-im-a-socialist-not-a-unionist/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304162719/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/13609421.corbyn-im-a-socialist-not-a-unionist/ |archive-date=4 March 2020 |access-date=4 April 2020 |newspaper=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]}}</ref>
Born in [[Chippenham]], Wiltshire, and raised in Wiltshire and [[Shropshire]], Corbyn joined the Labour Party as a teenager. Moving to London, he became a [[List of trade unions in the United Kingdom|trade union]] [[Union representative|representative]]. In 1974, he was elected to [[London Borough of Haringey|Haringey Council]] and became Secretary of [[Hornsey (UK Parliament constituency)|Hornsey]] [[Constituency Labour Party]] until being elected as the MP for Islington North in 1983; he has been reelected to the office nine times. His activism has included roles in [[Anti-Fascist Action]], the [[Anti-Apartheid Movement]], the [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]], and advocating for a [[united Ireland]] and [[State of Palestine|Palestinian statehood]]. As a [[Backbencher|backbench MP]], Corbyn routinely voted against the Labour [[Whip (politics)|whip]], including [[New Labour]] governments under [[Tony Blair]] and [[Gordon Brown]]. A vocal opponent of the [[Iraq War]], he chaired the [[Stop the War Coalition]] from 2011 to 2015, a period when he received the [[Gandhi International Peace Award]]; he also won the [[Seán MacBride Peace Prize]] in 2017. Analyses of domestic media coverage of Corbyn have found it to be critical or antagonistic.<ref name="LSOE">{{cite web |last1=Cammaerts |first1=Bart |last2=DeCillia |first2=Brooks |last3=Magalhães |first3=João Carlos |last4=Jimenez-Martinez |first4=Cesar |date=August 2016 |title=Journalistic Representations of Jeremy Corbyn in the British Press |url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/media-and-communications/research/research-projects/representations-of-jeremy-corbyn |access-date=7 February 2020 |publisher=London School of Economics and Political Science |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205211516/http://www.lse.ac.uk/media-and-communications/research/research-projects/representations-of-jeremy-corbyn |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3" />


Born in [[Chippenham]], [[Wiltshire]], Corbyn joined the Labour Party as a teenager. Moving to London, he became a [[List of trade unions in the United Kingdom|trade union]] [[Union representative|representative]]. In 1974, he was elected to [[London Borough of Haringey|Haringey Council]] and became Secretary of [[Hornsey (UK Parliament constituency)|Hornsey]] [[Constituency Labour Party]] until elected as the MP for Islington North in 1983. His activism has included [[Anti-Fascist Action]], the [[Anti-Apartheid Movement]], the [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]], and advocating for a [[united Ireland]] and [[State of Palestine|Palestinian statehood]]. As a [[backbencher]], Corbyn routinely voted against the Labour [[Whip (politics)|whip]], including [[New Labour]] governments. A vocal opponent of the [[Iraq War]], he chaired the [[Stop the War Coalition]] from 2011 to 2015, and received the [[Gandhi International Peace Award]] and [[Seán MacBride Peace Prize]]. Following [[Ed Miliband]]'s resignation after the party had lost the [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015 general election]], Corbyn won the [[2015 Labour Party leadership election (UK)|2015 party leadership election]] to succeed him. The Labour Party's membership increased sharply, both during the [[Jeremy Corbyn 2015 Labour Party leadership campaign|leadership campaign]] and following his election.<ref name="ibtimes"/>
Corbyn was elected Leader of the Labour Party in [[2015 Labour Party leadership election (UK)|2015]]. The party's membership increased sharply, both during the leadership campaign and following his election.<ref name="ibtimes"/> Taking the party to the left, he advocated [[renationalising]] public utilities and [[Renationalisation of British Rail|railways]], a [[Non-interventionism|less interventionist]] military policy, and reversals of [[United Kingdom government austerity programme|austerity cuts]] to welfare and public services. Although critical of the [[European Union]], he supported continued membership in the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|2016 referendum]]. After Labour MPs sought to remove him in 2016 through a formal leadership challenge, he won a [[2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)|second leadership contest]]. In the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 general election]], Labour increased its share of the vote to 40%, with its 9.6% vote rise their largest improvement since the [[1945 United Kingdom general election|1945 general election]]. This resulted in a net gain of 30 seats and a [[hung parliament]]; but the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] Prime Minister, [[Theresa May]], formed a [[minority government]] and Labour remained in Opposition. In 2019, after [[Parliamentary votes on Brexit|deadlock in Parliament over Brexit]], Corbyn endorsed holding a [[Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement|referendum on the withdrawal agreement]], with a personal stance of neutrality. In the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]], Labour's vote share fell to 32%, leading to a net loss of 60 seats and leaving it with 202, its fewest since [[1935 United Kingdom general election|1935]]. Corbyn said he would not lead Labour into the next election, triggering a [[2020 Labour Party leadership election (UK)|leadership election in 2020]] that was won by [[Keir Starmer]], his [[Shadow Brexit Secretary]].


During his tenure as leader, Corbyn came under criticism in relation to [[Antisemitism in the UK Labour Party|antisemitism within the Labour Party]]. Corbyn has condemned [[antisemitism]]<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Corbyn decries anti-Semitism as 'vile and wrong' following chief rabbi's rebuke |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/corbyn-decries-anti-semitism-as-vile-and-wrong-following-chief-rabbis-rebuke/ |work=Times of Israel |location=Jerusalem |date=26 November 2019 |access-date=29 October 2020 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516234753/https://www.timesofisrael.com/corbyn-decries-anti-semitism-as-vile-and-wrong-following-chief-rabbis-rebuke/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and apologised for its presence within the party,<ref name="MEE"/> while his leadership oversaw changes to strengthen party disciplinary procedures regarding hate speech and racism as recommended by the 2016 [[Chakrabarti Inquiry]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Elgot |first=Jessica |title=Labour to adopt new antisemitism rules after conference row |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/sep/26/labour-to-adopt-new-antisemitism-rules-after-conference-row |access-date=25 November 2017 |work=The Guardian |date=26 September 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035644/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/sep/26/labour-to-adopt-new-antisemitism-rules-after-conference-row |url-status=live }}</ref> An [[The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 2014–2019|internal 2020 report]] and the subsequent 2022 [[Forde Report]] noted that Corbyn's team inherited a dysfunctional disciplinary system which eventually improved under General Secretary [[Jennie Formby]], and stated that antisemitism was used as a factional weapon by both opponents and supporters of Corbyn within the party. A 2020 [[Equality and Human Rights Commission]] inquiry into the matter found the party under his leadership was responsible for unlawful acts of discrimination and harassment.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/oct/29/key-findings-of-the-ehrc-inquiry-into-labour-antisemitism | title=Key findings of the EHRC inquiry into Labour antisemitism | website=[[TheGuardian.com]] | date=29 October 2020 | access-date=26 July 2022 | archive-date=29 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429195430/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/oct/29/key-findings-of-the-ehrc-inquiry-into-labour-antisemitism | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-54731222 | title=What does the Labour anti-Semitism report say? | work=BBC News | date=29 October 2020 | access-date=26 July 2022 | archive-date=20 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120235700/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-54731222 | url-status=live }}</ref> After asserting that the scale of antisemitism within the party had been overstated for political reasons, Corbyn was [[#EHRC report and suspension|suspended from Labour Party membership]] in October 2020. The membership suspension was lifted a month later after a formal disciplinary warning, but the Labour leadership declined to restore the whip, denying readmission to the parliamentary party. In March 2023, Labour's national executive committee resolved not to endorse Corbyn standing as a candidate in the next general election.<ref name="jones-2023">{{cite web |last1=Jones |first1=Morgan |title=NEC motion to block Corbyn as Labour candidate passes by 22 votes to 12 |url=https://labourlist.org/2023/03/nec-motion-to-block-corbyn-as-labour-candidate-passes-by-22-votes-to-12/ |website=Labour List |access-date=28 March 2023 |date=28 March 2023 |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328123327/https://labourlist.org/2023/03/nec-motion-to-block-corbyn-as-labour-candidate-passes-by-22-votes-to-12/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Taking the party to the left, Corbyn advocated [[renationalising]] public utilities and [[Renationalisation of British Rail|railways]], a [[Non-interventionism|less interventionist]] military policy, and reversals of [[United Kingdom government austerity programme|austerity cuts]] to welfare and public services. Although he had sometimes been critical of the [[European Union]] (EU), he supported the [[Remain campaign]] in the [[2016 EU membership referendum]]. After Labour MPs [[2016 British shadow cabinet resignations|sought to remove him in 2016]] through a leadership challenge, he won a [[2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)|second leadership contest]] against [[Owen Smith]]. Despite [[Jeremy Corbyn#Media coverage|hostile treatment from the media]], in the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 general election]] Corbyn led Labour to increase its vote share by 10 percentage points to 40 per cent, their largest rise since the [[1945 United Kingdom general election|1945 general election]]. During his tenure as leader, Corbyn was criticised for the [[Antisemitism in the British Labour Party|antisemitism within the party]]. He condemned [[antisemitism]]<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Corbyn decries anti-Semitism as 'vile and wrong' following chief rabbi's rebuke |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/corbyn-decries-anti-semitism-as-vile-and-wrong-following-chief-rabbis-rebuke/ |work=The Times of Israel |location=Jerusalem |date=26 November 2019 |access-date=29 October 2020 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516234753/https://www.timesofisrael.com/corbyn-decries-anti-semitism-as-vile-and-wrong-following-chief-rabbis-rebuke/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and apologised for its presence,<ref name="MEE">{{cite web |last1=MEE staff |title=BBC issues correction after saying Corbyn refused to apologise on antisemitism |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/antisemitism-bbc-correction-corbyn-refused-apology |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=Middle East Eye |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424143957/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/antisemitism-bbc-correction-corbyn-refused-apology |url-status=live }}</ref> while his leadership saw a [[Chakrabarti Inquiry|strengthening of disciplinary procedures]] regarding hate speech and racism.<ref>{{cite news |last=Elgot |first=Jessica |title=Labour to adopt new antisemitism rules after conference row |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/sep/26/labour-to-adopt-new-antisemitism-rules-after-conference-row |access-date=25 November 2017 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=26 September 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035644/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/sep/26/labour-to-adopt-new-antisemitism-rules-after-conference-row |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, after [[Parliamentary votes on Brexit|deadlock in Parliament over Brexit]], Corbyn endorsed holding a [[Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement|referendum on the withdrawal agreement]], with a personal stance of neutrality. In the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]], Labour's vote share fell to 32 per cent, leading to a loss of 60 seats, leaving it with 202, its fewest since the [[1935 United Kingdom general election|1935 general election]]. Corbyn remained Labour leader for four months while the [[2020 Labour Party leadership election (UK)|leadership election]] to replace him took place. His resignation as Labour leader formally took effect in April 2020 following the election of [[Keir Starmer]], who led the party to victory at [[2024 United Kingdom general election|the next general election]] in 2024.

After asserting that the scale of antisemitism had been overstated for political reasons, Corbyn was suspended from the party in 2020. In May 2024, after the [[2024 United Kingdom general election|2024 general election]] had been called, Corbyn was not allowed to stand as a Labour candidate for his constituency, and subsequently announced he would [[Islington North in the 2024 United Kingdom general election|stand as an independent candidate for Islington North]]; he was then expelled from Labour.<ref>{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Faye |date=24 May 2024 |title=General election: Jeremy Corbyn confirms he will stand as independent in Islington North |url=https://news.sky.com/story/general-election-jeremy-corbyn-confirms-he-will-stand-as-independent-in-islington-north-13141753 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524071513/https://news.sky.com/story/general-election-jeremy-corbyn-confirms-he-will-stand-as-independent-in-islington-north-13141753 |archive-date=24 May 2024 |access-date=24 May 2024 |publisher=Sky News}}</ref> He won re-election with a majority of 7,247.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dyer |first=Henry |date=2024-07-05 |title=Jeremy Corbyn re-elected in Islington North after expulsion from Labour |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/article/2024/jul/05/jeremy-corbyn-re-elected-in-islington-north-for-first-time-as-independent-mp |access-date=2024-07-05 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709030221/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/article/2024/jul/05/jeremy-corbyn-re-elected-in-islington-north-for-first-time-as-independent-mp |url-status=live }}</ref>


==Early life==
==Early life==
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| image1=Castle House School.jpg|width1=217|caption1=[[Castle House School]], where Corbyn attended [[Preparatory school (United Kingdom)|preparatory school]]|image2=Adams' - Big School.png|width2=217|caption2=[[Haberdashers' Adams|Adams Grammar School]], where Corbyn attended secondary school}}
| image1=Castle House School.jpg|width1=217|caption1=[[Castle House School]], where Corbyn attended [[Preparatory school (United Kingdom)|preparatory school]]|image2=Adams' - Big School.png|width2=217|caption2=[[Adams Grammar School]], where Corbyn attended secondary school}}


Corbyn was born on 26 May 1949<ref name="politics.co.uk bio">{{cite web|url=http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/jeremy-corbyn|title=Jeremy Corbyn|website=politics.co.uk|access-date=26 May 2020|archive-date=19 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719211041/http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/jeremy-corbyn|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="parliament.uk">[http://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/principal/government-opposition/ "Government and Opposition roles"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104507/http://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/principal/government-opposition/ |date=24 September 2015}}. ''UK Parliament''. Retrieved 23 September 2015.</ref> in [[Chippenham|Chippenham, Wiltshire]], and lived until the age of seven in the nearby village of [[Kington St Michael]].<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">{{cite news |first=Robert |last=Mendick |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/Jeremy_Corbyn/11818744/Jeremy-Corbyn-the-boy-to-the-manor-born.html|location=London, UK|work=The Daily Telegraph |title=Jeremy Corbyn, the boy to the manor born|date=22 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911171337/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/Jeremy_Corbyn/11818744/Jeremy-Corbyn-the-boy-to-the-manor-born.html |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref> He is the youngest of the four sons of Naomi Loveday (née Josling; 1915–1987), a maths teacher, and David Benjamin Corbyn (1915–1986), an [[Electrical engineering|electrical engineer]] and expert in [[Rectifier|power rectifiers]]. His brother [[Piers Corbyn]] is a physicist, meteorologist, [[weather forecasting|weather forecaster]] and [[climate change denial|climate change denier]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/1999/02/weather-2/|last=Standage|first=Tom|magazine=Wired|title=Everyone Complains About the Weather... Piers Corbyn Is Doing Something About It.|date=1 February 1999|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=4 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104104415/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/7.02/weather.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/is-there-trouble-ahead-for-jeremy-corbyn-enter-sibling-piers-the-wacky-weatherman-10454680.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/is-there-trouble-ahead-for-jeremy-corbyn-enter-sibling-piers-the-wacky-weatherman-10454680.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Is there trouble ahead for Jeremy Corbyn? Enter sibling Piers, the wacky weatherman...|last=Usborne|first=Simon|newspaper=The Independent|date=13 August 2015|access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Adams |first=Tim |title=Piers Corbyn: the other rebel in the family |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/24/piers-corbyn-other-rebel-in-the-family-jeremy-corbyn-climate-change |access-date=12 June 2018 |work=The Guardian (Observer) |date=24 January 2016 |archive-date=22 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222131144/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/24/piers-corbyn-other-rebel-in-the-family-jeremy-corbyn-climate-change |url-status=live }}</ref> His parents were Labour Party members<ref name="LowObs">{{cite news |last1=Low |first1=Robert |date=23 December 1984 |title=Man in the news: Middle-class boy who meets the people |work=[[The Observer]] |page=3}}</ref> and [[peace campaigner]]s who met in the 1930s at a committee meeting in support of the [[Second Spanish Republic|Spanish Republic]] at [[Conway Hall Ethical Society|Conway Hall]] during the [[Spanish Civil War]].<ref name=ft>{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7d242bcc-3126-11e5-8873-775ba7c2ea3d.html?siteedition=uk|title=Leftwing outsider Jeremy Corbyn moves to Labour's centre stage|last1=Pickard|first1=Jim|date=23 July 2015|work=Financial Times|access-date=24 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110112945/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7d242bcc-3126-11e5-8873-775ba7c2ea3d.html?siteedition=uk|archive-date=10 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=12 September 2015|title=How underachieving Jeremy Corbyn surprised everyone|first=Patrick|last= Sawer |author2=Tim Ross|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/Jeremy_Corbyn/11859396/How-underachieving-Jeremy-Corbyn-is-on-the-verge-of-surprising-everyone.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914203850/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/Jeremy_Corbyn/11859396/How-underachieving-Jeremy-Corbyn-is-on-the-verge-of-surprising-everyone.html|archive-date=14 September 2015|issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bowcott|first1=Owen|date=7 January 2016|title=Right to legal aid is 'basic human right', Jeremy Corbyn tells Justice Alliance meeting|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2016/jan/07/right-legal-aid-basic-human-right-jeremy-corbyn-justice-alliance-meeting|url-status=live|access-date=7 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107200341/http://www.theguardian.com/law/2016/jan/07/right-legal-aid-basic-human-right-jeremy-corbyn-justice-alliance-meeting|archive-date=7 January 2016|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
Jeremy Bernard Corbyn was born on 26 May 1949 in [[Chippenham, Wiltshire]],<ref name="politics.co.uk bio">{{cite web|url=http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/jeremy-corbyn|title=Jeremy Corbyn|website=politics.co.uk|access-date=26 May 2020|archive-date=19 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719211041/http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/jeremy-corbyn |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="parliament.uk">[http://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/principal/government-opposition/ "Government and Opposition roles"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104507/http://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/principal/government-opposition/ |date=24 September 2015}}. UK Parliament. Retrieved 23 September 2015.</ref> the son of mathematics teacher Naomi Loveday (née Josling; 1915–1987)<ref>{{Cite journal |last= |first= |date=1988 |title=Obituary: Naomi Corbyn |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/135844#page/213/mode/1up |journal=[[Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine]] |volume=82 |issue= |pages=203–204 |via=[[Biodiversity Heritage Library]] {{open access}}}}</ref> and electrical engineer and [[Rectifier|power rectifier]] expert David Benjamin Corbyn (1915–1986).<ref name="telegraph.co.uk" /> He has three elder brothers; one of them, [[Piers Corbyn]] (born 1947), is a weather forecaster who later became known as a [[climate change denier]] and [[Anti-vaccine activism|anti-vaccine conspiracy theorist]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/1999/02/weather-2/ |last=Standage |first=Tom |magazine=Wired |title=Everyone Complains About the Weather... Piers Corbyn Is Doing Something About It. |date=1 February 1999 |access-date=11 April 2019 |archive-date=4 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104104415/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/7.02/weather.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/is-there-trouble-ahead-for-jeremy-corbyn-enter-sibling-piers-the-wacky-weatherman-10454680.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/is-there-trouble-ahead-for-jeremy-corbyn-enter-sibling-piers-the-wacky-weatherman-10454680.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Is there trouble ahead for Jeremy Corbyn? Enter sibling Piers, the wacky weatherman... |last=Usborne |first=Simon |newspaper=The Independent |date=13 August 2015 |access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Adams |first=Tim |title=Piers Corbyn: the other rebel in the family |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/24/piers-corbyn-other-rebel-in-the-family-jeremy-corbyn-climate-change |access-date=12 June 2018 |work=[[The Observer]] |date=24 January 2016 |archive-date=22 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222131144/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/24/piers-corbyn-other-rebel-in-the-family-jeremy-corbyn-climate-change |url-status=live}}</ref> For the first seven years of his life, the family lived in [[Kington St Michael|Kington St Michael, Wiltshire]].<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">{{cite news |first=Robert |last=Mendick |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/Jeremy_Corbyn/11818744/Jeremy-Corbyn-the-boy-to-the-manor-born.html |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph |title=Jeremy Corbyn, the boy to the manor born |date=22 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911171337/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/Jeremy_Corbyn/11818744/Jeremy-Corbyn-the-boy-to-the-manor-born.html |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref> His parents were [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] members<ref name="LowObs">{{cite news |last=Low |first=Robert |date=23 December 1984 |title=Man in the news: Middle-class boy who meets the people |work=The Observer |page=3}}</ref> and [[peace campaigner]]s who met in the 1930s at a committee meeting in support of the [[Spanish Republic]] at [[Conway Hall Ethical Society|Conway Hall]] during the [[Spanish Civil War]].<ref name=ft>{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7d242bcc-3126-11e5-8873-775ba7c2ea3d.html?siteedition=uk|title=Leftwing outsider Jeremy Corbyn moves to Labour's centre stage|last1=Pickard|first1=Jim|date=23 July 2015|work=Financial Times|access-date=24 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110112945/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7d242bcc-3126-11e5-8873-775ba7c2ea3d.html?siteedition=uk|archive-date=10 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=12 September 2015|title=How underachieving Jeremy Corbyn surprised everyone|first=Patrick|last= Sawer |author2=Tim Ross|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/Jeremy_Corbyn/11859396/How-underachieving-Jeremy-Corbyn-is-on-the-verge-of-surprising-everyone.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914203850/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/Jeremy_Corbyn/11859396/How-underachieving-Jeremy-Corbyn-is-on-the-verge-of-surprising-everyone.html|archive-date=14 September 2015|issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bowcott|first1=Owen|date=7 January 2016|title=Right to legal aid is 'basic human right', Jeremy Corbyn tells Justice Alliance meeting|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2016/jan/07/right-legal-aid-basic-human-right-jeremy-corbyn-justice-alliance-meeting|url-status=live|access-date=7 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107200341/http://www.theguardian.com/law/2016/jan/07/right-legal-aid-basic-human-right-jeremy-corbyn-justice-alliance-meeting|archive-date=7 January 2016|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>


When Corbyn was seven, the family moved to [[Pave Lane]] in Shropshire, where his father bought Yew Tree Manor, a 17th-century farmhouse<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.shropshirestar.com/news/property/2016/12/06/labour-leader-jeremy-corbyns-childhood-home-in-shropshire-for-sale/ | title=Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn's childhood home in Shropshire for sale | website=[[Shropshire Star]] | date=6 December 2016 | access-date=20 October 2022 | archive-date=20 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020093436/https://www.shropshirestar.com/news/property/2016/12/06/labour-leader-jeremy-corbyns-childhood-home-in-shropshire-for-sale/ | url-status=live }}</ref> which was once part of the [[Duke of Sutherland]]'s [[Lilleshall Hall|Lilleshall]] estate.<ref name="BurgessSale">{{cite news |last1=Burgess |first1=Kaya |title=Corbyn's family mansion for sale |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/corbyn-s-family-mansion-for-sale-cz99j8ck3 |access-date=27 August 2018 |newspaper=The Times |date=5 December 2016 |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211220620/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/corbyn-s-family-mansion-for-sale-cz99j8ck3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="telegraph.co.uk" /><ref>{{cite news|last2=Sawyer|first2=Patrick|last1=Ross|first1=Tim|title=Labour Turns Left: How the outsider with two grade Es at A-level became a prime minister in waiting|url=http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-sunday-telegraph/20150913/281715498398812/TextView|work=[[The Sunday Telegraph]] |date=13 September 2015|access-date=17 December 2016|via=Press Reader|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002164535/http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-sunday-telegraph/20150913/281715498398812/TextView|archive-date=2 October 2015}}</ref> Corbyn attended [[Castle House School]], an independent [[Preparatory school (United Kingdom)|preparatory school]] near [[Newport, Shropshire|Newport]], Shropshire, before, at the age of 11, becoming a day student at the [[Haberdashers' Adams|Adams Grammar School]] in the town.<ref name="roth profile">{{cite web|url=http://internetserver.bishopsgate.org.uk/files/Parliamentary%20Profiles%20Archive/A-D/CORBYN,%20Jeremy/CORBYN,%20Jeremy.pdf|title=Jeremy (Bernard) Corbyn Parliamentary Profile by Andrew Roth|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923060013/http://internetserver.bishopsgate.org.uk/files/Parliamentary%20Profiles%20Archive/A-D/CORBYN%2C%20Jeremy/CORBYN%2C%20Jeremy.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="shropstar">{{cite news|title=Confrontation looms large in life of a rebel with a cause|work=Shropshire Star|date=22 August 2015|page=20}} Part of Special Report on Corbyn and Labour leadership campaign.</ref>
When Corbyn was seven, the family moved to [[Pave Lane|Pave Lane, Shropshire]], where his father bought Yew Tree Manor, a 17th-century farmhouse<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.shropshirestar.com/news/property/2016/12/06/labour-leader-jeremy-corbyns-childhood-home-in-shropshire-for-sale/ | title=Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn's childhood home in Shropshire for sale | website=[[Shropshire Star]] | date=6 December 2016 | access-date=20 October 2022 | archive-date=20 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020093436/https://www.shropshirestar.com/news/property/2016/12/06/labour-leader-jeremy-corbyns-childhood-home-in-shropshire-for-sale/ | url-status=live}}</ref> which was once part of the [[Duke of Sutherland]]'s [[Lilleshall Hall|Lilleshall]] estate.<ref name="BurgessSale">{{cite news |last1=Burgess |first1=Kaya |title=Corbyn's family mansion for sale |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/corbyn-s-family-mansion-for-sale-cz99j8ck3 |access-date=27 August 2018 |newspaper=The Times |date=5 December 2016 |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211220620/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/corbyn-s-family-mansion-for-sale-cz99j8ck3 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="telegraph.co.uk" /><ref>{{cite news|last2=Sawyer|first2=Patrick|last1=Ross|first1=Tim|title=Labour Turns Left: How the outsider with two grade Es at A-level became a prime minister in waiting|url=http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-sunday-telegraph/20150913/281715498398812/TextView|work=[[The Sunday Telegraph]] |date=13 September 2015|access-date=17 December 2016|via=Press Reader|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002164535/http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-sunday-telegraph/20150913/281715498398812/TextView|archive-date=2 October 2015}}</ref> Corbyn attended [[Castle House School]], an independent [[Preparatory school (United Kingdom)|preparatory school]] near [[Newport, Shropshire]], before becoming a day student at Newport's [[Adams Grammar School]] at the age of 11.<ref name="roth profile">{{cite web|url=http://internetserver.bishopsgate.org.uk/files/Parliamentary%20Profiles%20Archive/A-D/CORBYN,%20Jeremy/CORBYN,%20Jeremy.pdf|title=Jeremy (Bernard) Corbyn Parliamentary Profile by Andrew Roth|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923060013/http://internetserver.bishopsgate.org.uk/files/Parliamentary%20Profiles%20Archive/A-D/CORBYN%2C%20Jeremy/CORBYN%2C%20Jeremy.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="shropstar">{{cite news|title=Confrontation looms large in life of a rebel with a cause|work=Shropshire Star|date=22 August 2015|page=20}} Part of Special Report on Corbyn and Labour leadership campaign.</ref>


While still at school, Corbyn became active in The [[Wrekin (UK Parliament constituency)|Wrekin constituency]] [[Labour Party Young Socialists|Young Socialists]], his [[Constituency Labour Party|local Labour Party]], and the [[League Against Cruel Sports]].<ref name="shropstar" /> He joined the Labour Party at the age of 16<ref name="LowObs"/> and achieved two [[GCE Advanced Level (United Kingdom)|A-Levels]], at grade E, the lowest-possible passing grade, before leaving school at 18.<ref>{{cite news|title=A-level results 2015: Labour leader hopeful Jeremy Corbyn received 2 E-grades in his exams. How did other politicians fare?|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/student/istudents/alevel-results-2015-labour-leader-hopeful-jeremy-corbyn-received-2-egrades-in-his-exams-how-did-other-politicians-fare-10454422.html|first=Emily|last= Townsend|date=13 August 2015|access-date=3 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823234024/http://www.independent.co.uk/student/istudents/alevel-results-2015-labour-leader-hopeful-jeremy-corbyn-received-2-egrades-in-his-exams-how-did-other-politicians-fare-10454422.html|archive-date=23 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34184265 |title=The Jeremy Corbyn Story: Profile of Labour leader |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912194927/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34184265 |archive-date=12 September 2015 |work=BBC News |date=24 September 2016 |last1=Wheeler |first1=Brian}}</ref> Corbyn joined the [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]] (CND) in 1966 while at school<ref name=beeb /> and later became one of its three [[Chairperson|vice-chairs]] and subsequently vice-president.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/oct/17/jeremy-corbyn-vice-president-campaign-nuclear-disarmament |title=Jeremy Corbyn named vice-president of Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament |newspaper=The Guardian |first=Matthew |last=Taylor |date=17 October 2015 |access-date=26 August 2018 |archive-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826150130/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/oct/17/jeremy-corbyn-vice-president-campaign-nuclear-disarmament |url-status=live }}</ref> Around this time, he also campaigned against the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>{{cite news |last= Wheeler |first= Brian |date= 17 April 2018 |title= Has Jeremy Corbyn ever supported a war? |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-43737547 |work= BBC News |access-date= 19 October 2019 |archive-date= 25 December 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191225050958/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-43737547 |url-status= live }}</ref>
While still at school, Corbyn became active in the [[League Against Cruel Sports]] and the [[Labour Party Young Socialists]] within [[Wrekin (UK Parliament constituency)|The Wrekin]].<ref name="shropstar" /> He joined the Labour Party at the age of 16.<ref name="LowObs"/> He achieved two [[GCE Advanced Level (United Kingdom)|A-Levels]] at grade E, the lowest possible passing grade, before leaving school at 18.<ref>{{cite news|title=A-level results 2015: Labour leader hopeful Jeremy Corbyn received 2 E-grades in his exams. How did other politicians fare?|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/student/istudents/alevel-results-2015-labour-leader-hopeful-jeremy-corbyn-received-2-egrades-in-his-exams-how-did-other-politicians-fare-10454422.html|first=Emily|last= Townsend|date=13 August 2015|access-date=3 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823234024/http://www.independent.co.uk/student/istudents/alevel-results-2015-labour-leader-hopeful-jeremy-corbyn-received-2-egrades-in-his-exams-how-did-other-politicians-fare-10454422.html|archive-date=23 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="beeb" /> Corbyn joined the [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]] in 1966 while at school<ref name=beeb /> and later became one of its three vice-chairs and subsequently vice-president.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/oct/17/jeremy-corbyn-vice-president-campaign-nuclear-disarmament |title=Jeremy Corbyn named vice-president of Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament |newspaper=The Guardian |first=Matthew |last=Taylor |date=17 October 2015 |access-date=26 August 2018 |archive-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826150130/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/oct/17/jeremy-corbyn-vice-president-campaign-nuclear-disarmament |url-status=live }}</ref> Around this time, he also campaigned against the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>{{cite news |last= Wheeler |first= Brian |date= 17 April 2018 |title= Has Jeremy Corbyn ever supported a war? |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-43737547 |work= BBC News |access-date= 19 October 2019 |archive-date= 25 December 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191225050958/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-43737547 |url-status= live }}</ref>


After school,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shropshirestar.com/news/2015/06/04/shropshire-educated-jeremy-corbyn-joins-labour-leadership-race/|title=Shropshire-educated Jeremy Corbyn joins Labour leadership race|work=Shropshire Star|date=4 June 2015|access-date=22 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923085801/http://www.shropshirestar.com/news/2015/06/04/shropshire-educated-jeremy-corbyn-joins-labour-leadership-race/|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> Corbyn worked briefly as a reporter for a local newspaper, the ''Newport and Market Drayton Advertiser''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Night Corbyn devised Wrekin red flag plan|work=Shropshire Star|date=13 October 2014|page=14}}Report by Toby Neal, refers to local Young Socialist activity unconnected with his journalistic work which was remembered by a former colleague quoted in the story.</ref> At around the age of 19, he spent two years doing [[Voluntary Service Overseas]] in Jamaica as a [[youth worker]] and geography teacher.<ref name="bbcprofile2016">{{cite web|last1=Wheeler|first1=Brian|title=The Jeremy Corbyn Story: Profile of Labour leader|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34184265|website=BBC News|access-date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912194927/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34184265|archive-date=12 September 2015|date=24 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Annabelle|last1=Dickson|title=Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn reveals that he has been a geography teacher|url=http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/politics/labour-leader-jeremy-corbyn-reveals-that-he-has-been-a-geography-teacher-1-4371688|newspaper=[[Eastern Daily Press]]|date=7 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916140346/http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/politics/labour-leader-jeremy-corbyn-reveals-that-he-has-been-a-geography-teacher-1-4371688|archive-date=16 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jamaicaglobalonline.com/jeremy-corbyns-mystery-life-in-jamaica/|title=Jeremy Corbyn's Mystery Life in Jamaica – Updated|website=Jamaica Global|date=19 October 2018|access-date=2 February 2023|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202214902/https://www.jamaicaglobalonline.com/jeremy-corbyns-mystery-life-in-jamaica/|url-status=live}}</ref> He subsequently travelled through Latin America in 1969 and 1970, visiting Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and Chile. While in Brazil he participated in a student demonstration in [[São Paulo]] against the [[Brazilian military government]]. He also attended a [[International Workers' Day|May Day]] march in [[Santiago]], where the atmosphere around [[Salvador Allende]]'s [[Popular Unity (Chile)|Popular Unity]] alliance which swept to power in [[1970 Chilean presidential election|the Chilean elections of 1970]] made an impression on him: "[I] noticed something very different from anything I had experienced... What Popular Unity and Allende had done was weld together the folk tradition, the song tradition, the artistic tradition and the intellectual tradition".<ref name="MacAskill1">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/aug/17/jeremy-corbyn-foreign-causes-a-blessing-or-a-curse |title=Jeremy Corbyn's foreign causes: a blessing or a curse? |last=MacAskill |first=Ewen |author-link=Ewen MacAskill |date=17 August 2018 |website=[[theguardian.com]] |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126025350/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/aug/17/jeremy-corbyn-foreign-causes-a-blessing-or-a-curse |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=¡Hasta siempre, comandante!: The Labour Party is heading for a split |url=https://www.economist.com/britain/2016/07/07/hasta-siempre-comandante |magazine=[[The Economist]] |date=7 July 2016 |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921131411/https://www.economist.com/britain/2016/07/07/hasta-siempre-comandante |url-status=live }}</ref>
After school, Corbyn worked briefly as a reporter for the local ''Newport and Market Drayton Advertiser'' newspaper.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shropshirestar.com/news/2015/06/04/shropshire-educated-jeremy-corbyn-joins-labour-leadership-race/|title=Shropshire-educated Jeremy Corbyn joins Labour leadership race|work=Shropshire Star|date=4 June 2015|access-date=22 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923085801/http://www.shropshirestar.com/news/2015/06/04/shropshire-educated-jeremy-corbyn-joins-labour-leadership-race/|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Night Corbyn devised Wrekin red flag plan|work=Shropshire Star|date=13 October 2014|page=14}}Report by Toby Neal, refers to local Young Socialist activity unconnected with his journalistic work which was remembered by a former colleague quoted in the story.</ref> Around the age of 19, he spent two years doing [[Voluntary Service Overseas]] in Jamaica as a [[youth worker]] and geography teacher.<ref name="beeb" /><ref>{{cite news|first1=Annabelle|last1=Dickson|title=Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn reveals that he has been a geography teacher|url=http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/politics/labour-leader-jeremy-corbyn-reveals-that-he-has-been-a-geography-teacher-1-4371688|newspaper=[[Eastern Daily Press]]|date=7 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916140346/http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/politics/labour-leader-jeremy-corbyn-reveals-that-he-has-been-a-geography-teacher-1-4371688|archive-date=16 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jamaicaglobalonline.com/jeremy-corbyns-mystery-life-in-jamaica/|title=Jeremy Corbyn's Mystery Life in Jamaica – Updated|website=Jamaica Global|date=19 October 2018|access-date=2 February 2023|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202214902/https://www.jamaicaglobalonline.com/jeremy-corbyns-mystery-life-in-jamaica/|url-status=live}}</ref> He subsequently visited Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay throughout 1969 and 1970. While in Brazil, he participated in a student demonstration in [[São Paulo]] against the [[Brazilian military government]]. He also attended a [[International Workers' Day|May Day]] march in [[Santiago]], where the atmosphere around [[Salvador Allende]]'s [[Popular Unity (Chile)|Popular Unity]] alliance which swept to power in [[1970 Chilean presidential election|the Chilean elections of 1970]] made an impression on him: "[I] noticed something very different from anything I had experienced... what Popular Unity and Allende had done was weld together the folk tradition, the song tradition, the artistic tradition and the intellectual tradition".<ref name="MacAskill1">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/aug/17/jeremy-corbyn-foreign-causes-a-blessing-or-a-curse |title=Jeremy Corbyn's foreign causes: a blessing or a curse? |last=MacAskill |first=Ewen |author-link=Ewen MacAskill |date=17 August 2018 |website=[[theguardian.com]] |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126025350/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/aug/17/jeremy-corbyn-foreign-causes-a-blessing-or-a-curse |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=¡Hasta siempre, comandante!: The Labour Party is heading for a split |url=https://www.economist.com/britain/2016/07/07/hasta-siempre-comandante |magazine=[[The Economist]] |date=7 July 2016 |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921131411/https://www.economist.com/britain/2016/07/07/hasta-siempre-comandante |url-status=live }}</ref>


==Early career and political activities==
==Early career and political activities==
Returning to the UK in 1971, he worked as an [[Union organizer|official]] for the [[National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wheeler|first1=Brian|title=The Jeremy Corbyn Story: Profile of Labour leader|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34184265|access-date=21 May 2017|agency=BBC|date=24 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912194927/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34184265|archive-date=12 September 2015}}</ref> Corbyn began a course in Trade Union Studies at [[North London Polytechnic]] but left after a year without a degree after a series of arguments with his tutors over the curriculum.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mount |first=Harry |author-link=Harry Mount |date=24 October 2015 |title=Corbyn's purge of the Oxbridge set |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2015/10/labours-purge-of-oxbridge-intellectuals/ |newspaper=[[The Spectator]] |access-date=29 April 2018 |archive-date=18 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918223450/http://www.spectator.co.uk/2015/10/labours-purge-of-oxbridge-intellectuals/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He worked as a trade union organiser for the [[National Union of Public Employees]] (NUPE) and [[Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union]],<ref name="roth profile" /><ref name="Hattenstone">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/jun/17/jeremy-corbyn-labour-leadership-dont-do-personal|title=Jeremy Corbyn: 'I don't do personal' |first=Simon |last=Hattenstone |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=17 June 2015 |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621045700/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/jun/17/jeremy-corbyn-labour-leadership-dont-do-personal|archive-date=21 June 2015}}</ref> where his union was approached by [[Tony Benn]] and "encouraged ... to produce a blueprint for workers' control of [[British Leyland]]"; the plans did not proceed after Benn was moved to a different Department.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Corbyn |first1=Jeremy |title=Tony Benn: A titan of our movement |url=https://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/a-08f9-Tony-Benn-A-titan-of-our-movement |access-date=6 June 2016 |work=[[Morning Star (British newspaper)|Morning Star]] |date=17 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701114201/https://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/a-08f9-Tony-Benn-A-titan-of-our-movement|archive-date=1 July 2016}}</ref>
Returning to the UK in 1971, Corbyn worked as an [[Union organizer|official]] for the [[National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers]].<ref name="beeb" /> He began a course in Trade Union Studies at [[North London Polytechnic]] but left after a year without a degree after a series of arguments with his tutors over the curriculum.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mount |first=Harry |author-link=Harry Mount |date=24 October 2015 |title=Corbyn's purge of the Oxbridge set |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2015/10/labours-purge-of-oxbridge-intellectuals/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918223450/http://www.spectator.co.uk/2015/10/labours-purge-of-oxbridge-intellectuals/ |archive-date=18 September 2016 |access-date=29 April 2018 |newspaper=[[The Spectator]]}}</ref> He worked as a trade union organiser for the [[National Union of Public Employees]] (NUPE) and [[Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union]],<ref name="roth profile" /><ref name="Hattenstone">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/jun/17/jeremy-corbyn-labour-leadership-dont-do-personal |title=Jeremy Corbyn: 'I don't do personal' |first=Simon |last=Hattenstone |work=The Guardian |date=17 June 2015 |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621045700/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/jun/17/jeremy-corbyn-labour-leadership-dont-do-personal|archive-date=21 June 2015}}</ref> where his union was approached by [[Tony Benn]] and "encouraged ... to produce a blueprint for workers' control of [[British Leyland]]"; the plans did not proceed after Benn was moved to a different Department.<ref>{{cite news |last=Corbyn |first=Jeremy |title=Tony Benn: A titan of our movement |url=https://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/a-08f9-Tony-Benn-A-titan-of-our-movement |access-date=6 June 2016 |work=[[Morning Star (British newspaper)|Morning Star]] |date=17 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701114201/https://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/a-08f9-Tony-Benn-A-titan-of-our-movement|archive-date=1 July 2016}}</ref>


He was appointed a [[Area health authority|member]] of a [[district health authority]] and in early 1974, at the age of 24, he was elected to [[London Borough of Haringey|Haringey Council]] from [[South Hornsey (ward)|South Hornsey]] ward.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://londondatastore-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/docs/LBCE_1974-5-2.pdf |title=London Borough Council Elections 2 May 1974 |publisher=Intelligence Unit, Greater London Council |year=1974 |page=34 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008082403/http://londondatastore-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/docs/LBCE_1974-5-2.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2016}}</ref> After boundary changes in 1978 he was re-elected in [[Harringay (ward)|Harringay]] ward as [[councillor]], remaining so until 1983.<ref name=ft /><ref name="jeremycorbyn.org.uk">{{cite web |url=http://jeremycorbyn.org.uk/about/ |title=About me – Jeremy Corbyn MP |work=jeremycorbyn.org.uk |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619072225/http://jeremycorbyn.org.uk/about/ |archive-date=19 June 2015}}</ref> As a delegate from [[Hornsey (UK Parliament constituency)|Hornsey]] to the [[Labour Party Conference]] in 1978, Corbyn successfully moved a motion calling for dentists to be employed by the NHS rather than as private contractors.<ref>{{cite book |title=Report of the Seventyseventh Annual Conference of the Labour Party, Blackpool 1978 |year=1978 |page=188}}</ref> He also spoke in another debate, describing a motion calling for greater support for law and order as "more appropriate to the [[National Front (UK)|National Front]] than to the Labour Party".<ref>{{cite book |title=Report of the Seventyseventh Annual Conference of the Labour Party, Blackpool 1978 |year=1978 |pages=376–77}}</ref>
Corbyn was appointed a [[Area health authority|member]] of a [[district health authority]] and in early 1974, at the age of 24, he was elected to [[London Borough of Haringey|Haringey Council]] from [[South Hornsey (ward)|South Hornsey]] ward.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://londondatastore-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/docs/LBCE_1974-5-2.pdf |title=London Borough Council Elections 2 May 1974 |publisher=Intelligence Unit, Greater London Council |year=1974 |page=34 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008082403/http://londondatastore-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/docs/LBCE_1974-5-2.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2016}}</ref> After boundary changes in 1978 he was re-elected in [[Harringay (ward)|Harringay]] ward as [[councillor]], remaining so until 1983.<ref name=ft /><ref name="jeremycorbyn.org.uk">{{cite web |url=http://jeremycorbyn.org.uk/about/ |title=About me – Jeremy Corbyn MP |work=jeremycorbyn.org.uk |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619072225/http://jeremycorbyn.org.uk/about/ |archive-date=19 June 2015}}</ref> As a delegate from [[Hornsey (UK Parliament constituency)|Hornsey]] to the [[Labour Party Conference]] in 1978, Corbyn successfully moved a motion calling for dentists to be employed by the [[National Health Service]] (NHS) rather than as private contractors.<ref>{{cite book |title=Report of the Seventyseventh Annual Conference of the Labour Party, Blackpool 1978 |year=1978 |page=188}}</ref> He also spoke in another debate, describing a motion calling for greater support for law and order as "more appropriate to the [[National Front (UK)|National Front]] than to the Labour Party".<ref>{{cite book |title=Report of the Seventyseventh Annual Conference of the Labour Party, Blackpool 1978 |year=1978 |pages=376–77}}</ref>


Corbyn became the local Labour Party's agent and organiser,<ref>{{cite news |title=London anti-Front rally banned |last=Walker |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Walker (reporter) |newspaper=The Guardian |date=21 April 1977 |page=2|id = {{ProQuest|185950380}}}}</ref> and had responsibility for the [[1979 United Kingdom general election|1979 general election campaign]] in Hornsey.<ref name="roth profile" />
Corbyn became the local Labour Party's agent and organiser,<ref>{{cite news |title=London anti-Front rally banned |last=Walker |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Walker (reporter) |newspaper=The Guardian |date=21 April 1977 |page=2 |id={{ProQuest|185950380}}}}</ref> and had responsibility for the [[1979 United Kingdom general election|1979 general election campaign]] in Hornsey.<ref name="roth profile" />


Around this time, he became involved with the ''[[London Labour Briefing]],'' where he was a contributor. Described by ''[[The Times]]'' in 1981 as "''Briefing''{{'}}s founder",<ref name="Walker1981">{{cite news |last1=Walker |first1=David |title=A briefing on 'Briefing': Left-wing activists unite in print |work=[[The Times]] |issue=61103 |date=9 December 1981 |location=London, England |page=2 |issn=0140-0460 |oclc=6967919 |quote={{sic|Iits}} guiding spirit is Mr Jeremy Corbyn, aged 31, ''Briefing''{{'}}s founder, an official of the National Union of Public Employees.}}</ref> ''[[The Economist]]'' in a 1982 article named Corbyn as "''Briefing''{{'}}s general secretary figure",<ref>{{cite news |title=Where Militant matters |newspaper=The Economist |issue=7231 |date=3 April 1982 |page=28 |quote=... Briefing's general secretary figure, Mr Jeremy Corbyn, will be Labour's candidate in Islington North.}}</ref> as did a profile on Corbyn compiled by parliamentary biographer [[Andrew Roth]] in 2004,<ref name="Ridge">{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSpMujhSQHE&spfreload=10.| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/NSpMujhSQHE| archive-date=28 October 2021|title=Jeremy Corbyn on the IRA and immigration: Full interview on #Ridge|last1=Ridge|first1=Sophie|date=21 May 2017|work=Sky News|access-date=21 May 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="CorbNI">{{cite news |title=FactCheck: Corbyn on Northern Ireland |url=https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/factcheck-corbyn-on-northern-ireland |access-date=23 August 2018 |work=Channel 4 News |archive-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823210349/https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/factcheck-corbyn-on-northern-ireland |url-status=live }}</ref> which states that he joined the editorial board as General Secretary in 1979.<ref name="roth profile"/> [[Michael Crick]] in his 2016 edition of ''Militant'' says Corbyn was "a member of the editorial board",{{sfn|Crick|2016|p=xvii}} as does Lansley, Goss and Wolmar's 1989 work, ''The Rise and Fall of the Municipal Left''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EKyvCwAAQBAJ&q=corbyn|title=Councils in Conflict: The Rise and Fall of the Municipal Left|last1=Lansley|first1=Stewart|last2=Goss|first2=Sue|last3=Wolmar|first3=Christian|date=1 October 1989|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781349202317|access-date=14 November 2020|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107172124/https://books.google.com/books?id=EKyvCwAAQBAJ&q=corbyn#v=snippet&q=corbyn&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Corbyn said these reports were inaccurate in 2017, telling [[Sophy Ridge]] "I read the magazine. I wrote for the magazine. I was not a member of the editorial board. I didn't agree with it."<ref name="Ridge" /><ref name="CorbNI"/>
Around this time, he became involved with the ''[[London Labour Briefing]]'', where he was a contributor. Described by ''[[The Times]]'' in 1981 as "''Briefing''{{'}}s founder",<ref name="Walker1981">{{cite news |last=Walker |first=David |title=A briefing on 'Briefing': Left-wing activists unite in print |work=[[The Times]] |issue=61103 |date=9 December 1981 |location=London |page=2 |issn=0140-0460 |oclc=6967919 |quote={{sic|Iits}} guiding spirit is Mr Jeremy Corbyn, aged 31, ''Briefing''{{'}}s founder, an official of the National Union of Public Employees.}}</ref> ''[[The Economist]]'' in a 1982 article named Corbyn as "''Briefing''{{'}}s general secretary figure",<ref>{{cite news |title=Where Militant matters |newspaper=The Economist |issue=7231 |date=3 April 1982 |page=28 |quote=... Briefing's general secretary figure, Mr Jeremy Corbyn, will be Labour's candidate in Islington North.}}</ref> as did a profile on Corbyn compiled by parliamentary biographer [[Andrew Roth]] in 2004,<ref name="Ridge">{{cite news |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSpMujhSQHE&spfreload=10. |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/NSpMujhSQHE |archive-date=28 October 2021 |title=Jeremy Corbyn on the IRA and immigration: Full interview on #Ridge|last=Ridge |first=Sophie|date=21 May 2017 |publisher=Sky News |access-date=21 May 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> which states that he joined the editorial board as General Secretary in 1979.<ref name="roth profile"/> [[Michael Crick]], in the 2016 edition of his book ''Militant'', says that Corbyn was "a member of the editorial board",{{sfn|Crick|2016|p=xvii}} as does Lansley, Goss and [[Christian Wolmar|Wolmar]]'s 1989 work ''The Rise and Fall of the Municipal Left''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lansley |first1=Stewart |last2=Goss |first2=Sue |last3=Wolmar |first3=Christian |author3-link=Christian Wolmar |title=Councils in Conflict: The Rise and Fall of the Municipal Left |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EKyvCwAAQBAJ&q=corbyn |url-status=live |publisher=Springer |date=1 October 1989 |access-date=14 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107172124/https://books.google.com/books?id=EKyvCwAAQBAJ&q=corbyn#v=snippet&q=corbyn&f=false |archive-date=7 November 2023 |isbn=9781349202317}}</ref> Corbyn said in 2017 that these reports were inaccurate, telling [[Sophy Ridge]]: "I read the magazine. I wrote for the magazine. I was not a member of the editorial board. I didn't agree with it."<ref name="Ridge" /><ref name=":0" />


He worked on Tony Benn's [[1981 Labour Party deputy leadership election|unsuccessful deputy leadership campaign in 1981]]. He was keen to allow former [[International Marxist Group]] member [[Tariq Ali]] to join the party, despite Labour's National Executive having declared him unacceptable, and declared that "so far as we are concerned ... he's a member of the party and he'll be issued with a card."<ref>{{cite news |title=Tariq Ali's triumph snatched from his grasp |last=Linton |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Linton |newspaper=The Guardian |date=18 December 1981 |page=24 |id={{ProQuest|186205704}}}}</ref> In May 1982, when Corbyn was chairman of the Constituency Labour Party, Ali was given a party card signed by Corbyn;<ref>{{cite news |title=Defiant Labour officials give Tariq Ali card |last=Linton |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Linton |newspaper=The Guardian |date=28 May 1982 |page=4 |id={{ProQuest|186328348}}}}</ref> in November the local party voted by 17 to 14 to insist on Ali's membership "up to and including the point of disbandment of the party".<ref>{{cite news |title=Hornsey Labour rebels back Tariq Ali's membership |newspaper=The Guardian |date=10 November 1982 |page=26 |id={{ProQuest|186401227}}}}</ref>
He worked on Tony Benn's [[1981 Labour Party deputy leadership election|unsuccessful deputy leadership campaign in 1981]]. Corbyn was keen to allow former [[International Marxist Group]] member [[Tariq Ali]] to join the party, despite Labour's National Executive having declared him unacceptable, and declared that "so far as we are concerned ... he's a member of the party and he'll be issued with a card."<ref>{{cite news |last=Linton |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Linton |title=Tariq Ali's triumph snatched from his grasp |newspaper=The Guardian |date=18 December 1981 |page=24 |id={{ProQuest|186205704}}}}</ref> In May 1982, when Corbyn was chairman of the Constituency Labour Party, Ali was given a party card signed by Corbyn;<ref>{{cite news |title=Defiant Labour officials give Tariq Ali card |last=Linton |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Linton |newspaper=The Guardian |date=28 May 1982 |page=4 |id={{ProQuest|186328348}}}}</ref> in November, the local party voted by 17 to 14 to insist on Ali's membership "up to and including the point of disbandment of the party".<ref>{{cite news |title=Hornsey Labour rebels back Tariq Ali's membership |newspaper=The Guardian |date=10 November 1982 |page=26 |id={{ProQuest|186401227}}}}</ref>


In the July 1982 edition of ''Briefing'', Corbyn opposed expulsions of the [[Trotskyist]] and [[Entryism|entryist]] group [[Militant (Trotskyist group)|Militant]], saying that "If expulsions are in order for Militant, they should apply to us too." In the same year, he was the "provisional convener" of "Defeat the Witch-Hunt Campaign", based at Corbyn's then address.{{sfn|Crick|2016|pp=xvii–xviii|ps=: "An article in the July 1982 edition of ''London Labour Briefing'' illustrated Corbyn's public stance: 'If expulsions are in order for Militant,' he wrote, 'they should apply to us too.' And Corbyn, a year before he became an MP, announced himself as 'provisional convenor' of the new 'Defeat the Witch-Hunt Campaign'. It was based at an address in Lausanne Road in Hornsey, north London, Corbyn's own home at that time."}} The [[Metropolitan Police]]'s [[Special Branch (Metropolitan Police)|Special Branch]] monitored Corbyn for two decades, until the early 2000s, as he was "deemed to be a subversive". According to the Labour Party, "The Security Services kept files on many peace and Labour movement campaigners at the time, including anti-Apartheid activists and trade unionists".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/06/exclusive-special-branch-monitored-jeremy-corbyn-20-years-amid/|title=Exclusive: Special Branch monitored Jeremy Corbyn for 20 years amid fears he was 'undermining democracy'|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609215719/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/06/exclusive-special-branch-monitored-jeremy-corbyn-20-years-amid/|archive-date=9 June 2017|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=6 June 2017|last1=Dixon|first1=Hayley|last2=McCann|first2=Kate}}</ref>
In the July 1982 edition of ''Briefing'', Corbyn opposed expulsions of the [[Trotskyist]] and [[entryist]] group [[Militant (Trotskyist group)|Militant]], saying that "If expulsions are in order for Militant, they should apply to us too." In the same year, he was the "provisional convener" of "Defeat the Witch-Hunt Campaign", based at Corbyn's then address.{{sfn|Crick|2016|pp=xvii–xviii|ps=: "An article in the July 1982 edition of ''London Labour Briefing'' illustrated Corbyn's public stance: 'If expulsions are in order for Militant,' he wrote, 'they should apply to us too.' And Corbyn, a year before he became an MP, announced himself as 'provisional convenor' of the new 'Defeat the Witch-Hunt Campaign'. It was based at an address in Lausanne Road in Hornsey, north London, Corbyn's own home at that time."}} The [[Metropolitan Police]]'s [[Special Branch (Metropolitan Police)|Special Branch]] monitored Corbyn for two decades, until the early 2000s, as he was "deemed to be a subversive". According to the Labour Party, "The Security Services kept files on many peace and Labour movement campaigners at the time, including anti-Apartheid activists and trade unionists".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dixon |first1=Hayley |last2=McCann |first2=Kate |title=Exclusive: Special Branch monitored Jeremy Corbyn for 20 years amid fears he was 'undermining democracy' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/06/exclusive-special-branch-monitored-jeremy-corbyn-20-years-amid/ |url-status=live |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=6 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609215719/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/06/exclusive-special-branch-monitored-jeremy-corbyn-20-years-amid/ |archive-date=9 June 2017}}</ref>


==Parliamentary backbencher (1983–2015)==
==Parliamentary backbencher (1983–2015)==

===Labour in opposition (1982–1997)===
===Labour in opposition (1982–1997)===
Corbyn was selected as the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] [[Prospective parliamentary candidate|candidate]] for the [[Electoral district|constituency]] of [[Islington North (UK Parliament constituency)|Islington North]], in February 1982,<ref name=beeb /><ref name="Criddle2005">{{citation|author=Byron Criddle|title=The Almanac of British Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LPsrwLbOs0C&pg=PA483|date=19 August 2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-49381-4|page=483}}</ref> winning the final ballot for selection by 39 votes against 35 for GLC councillor [[Paul Boateng]], who in 1987 became one of the first three Black British [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Members of Parliament]] (MP).<ref name="roth profile" /> At the [[1983 United Kingdom general election|1983 general election]] he was elected MP for the constituency,<ref name="beeb" /> defeating the [[Independent Labour]] incumbent [[Michael O'Halloran (British politician)|Michael O'Halloran]], and immediately joined the socialist <!-- Added 'Socialist' early in the New Labour era. -->[[Socialist Campaign Group|Campaign Group]], later becoming secretary of the group.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kinnock|first1=Neil|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/2016/07/neil-kinnock-when-corbyn-wanted-me-deposed-i-sought-nominations-mps|title=When Corbyn wanted me deposed, I sought nominations from MPs|work=New Statesman|date=12 July 2016|access-date=15 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512185537/http://www.newstatesman.com/2016/07/neil-kinnock-when-corbyn-wanted-me-deposed-i-sought-nominations-mps|archive-date=12 May 2017}}</ref><ref>[http://leftunity.org/jeremy-corbyn-thinking-the-unthinkable/ "Jeremy Corbyn: thinking the unthinkable"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923055930/http://leftunity.org/jeremy-corbyn-thinking-the-unthinkable/ |date=23 September 2015}}, leftunity.org; retrieved 22 September 2015</ref>
Corbyn was selected as the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] [[Prospective parliamentary candidate|candidate]] for the [[constituency]] of [[Islington North (UK Parliament constituency)|Islington North]], in February 1982,<ref name=beeb /><ref name="Criddle2005">{{citation|author=Byron Criddle|title=The Almanac of British Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LPsrwLbOs0C&pg=PA483|date=19 August 2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-49381-4|page=483}}</ref> winning the final ballot for selection by 39 votes against 35 for GLC councillor [[Paul Boateng]], who in 1987 became one of the first three Black British [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Members of Parliament]] (MP).<ref name="roth profile" /> At the [[1983 United Kingdom general election|1983 general election]] he was elected MP for the constituency,<ref name="beeb" /> defeating the [[Independent Labour]] incumbent [[Michael O'Halloran (British politician)|Michael O'Halloran]], and immediately joined the socialist<!-- Added 'Socialist' early in the New Labour era. --> [[Campaign Group]], later becoming secretary of the group.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kinnock|first1=Neil|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/2016/07/neil-kinnock-when-corbyn-wanted-me-deposed-i-sought-nominations-mps|title=When Corbyn wanted me deposed, I sought nominations from MPs|work=New Statesman|date=12 July 2016|access-date=15 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512185537/http://www.newstatesman.com/2016/07/neil-kinnock-when-corbyn-wanted-me-deposed-i-sought-nominations-mps|archive-date=12 May 2017}}</ref><ref>[http://leftunity.org/jeremy-corbyn-thinking-the-unthinkable/ "Jeremy Corbyn: thinking the unthinkable"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923055930/http://leftunity.org/jeremy-corbyn-thinking-the-unthinkable/ |date=23 September 2015}}, leftunity.org; retrieved 22 September 2015</ref>


Shortly after being elected to Parliament, he began writing a weekly column for the left-wing ''[[Morning Star (British newspaper)|Morning Star]]'' newspaper.<ref name=LusherIndy>{{cite news|last1=Lusher|first1=Adam|title=Jeremy Corbyn: In search of the man threatening to wrench Labour to the left|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/in-search-of-the-real-jeremy-corbyn--the-man-threatening-to-wrench-labour-to-the-left-10397997.html|access-date=21 September 2015|work=The Independent|date=17 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925171000/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/in-search-of-the-real-jeremy-corbyn--the-man-threatening-to-wrench-labour-to-the-left-10397997.html|archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> In May 2015, he said that "the ''Star'' is the most precious and only voice we have in the daily media".<ref>{{cite news |last=Greenslade |first=Roy |title=Morning Star opts for youth by appointing Ben Chacko as editor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2015/may/26/morning-star-opts-for-youth-by-appointing-ben-chacko-as-editor |access-date=22 April 2016 |work=The Guardian |date=26 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305054839/http://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2015/may/26/morning-star-opts-for-youth-by-appointing-ben-chacko-as-editor |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> In February 2017, the ''Morning Star'' said of Corbyn: "He has been bullied, betrayed and ridiculed, and yet he carries on with the same grace and care he always shows to others – however objectionable their behaviour and treatment of him might be."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rathor |first1=Skeena |last2=House |first2=Richard |title=The leadership myth: why Corbyn is a great leader |url=https://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/a-4602-The-leadership-myth-why-Corbyn-is-a-great-leader#.WQs7WUwrKUk |work=Morning Star |date=26 May 2015 |access-date=13 August 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814054720/https://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/a-4602-The-leadership-myth-why-Corbyn-is-a-great-leader#.WQs7WUwrKUk |archive-date=14 August 2017}}</ref>
Shortly after being elected to Parliament, he began writing a weekly column for the left-wing ''[[Morning Star (British newspaper)|Morning Star]]'' newspaper.<ref name=LusherIndy>{{cite news|last1=Lusher|first1=Adam|title=Jeremy Corbyn: In search of the man threatening to wrench Labour to the left|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/in-search-of-the-real-jeremy-corbyn--the-man-threatening-to-wrench-labour-to-the-left-10397997.html|access-date=21 September 2015|work=The Independent|date=17 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925171000/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/in-search-of-the-real-jeremy-corbyn--the-man-threatening-to-wrench-labour-to-the-left-10397997.html|archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> In May 2015, he said that "the ''Star'' is the most precious and only voice we have in the daily media".<ref>{{cite news |last=Greenslade |first=Roy |title=Morning Star opts for youth by appointing Ben Chacko as editor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2015/may/26/morning-star-opts-for-youth-by-appointing-ben-chacko-as-editor |access-date=22 April 2016 |work=The Guardian |date=26 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305054839/http://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2015/may/26/morning-star-opts-for-youth-by-appointing-ben-chacko-as-editor |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> In February 2017, the ''Morning Star'' said of Corbyn: "He has been bullied, betrayed and ridiculed, and yet he carries on with the same grace and care he always shows to others – however objectionable their behaviour and treatment of him might be."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rathor |first1=Skeena |last2=House |first2=Richard |title=The leadership myth: why Corbyn is a great leader |url=https://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/a-4602-The-leadership-myth-why-Corbyn-is-a-great-leader#.WQs7WUwrKUk |work=Morning Star |date=26 May 2015 |access-date=13 August 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814054720/https://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/a-4602-The-leadership-myth-why-Corbyn-is-a-great-leader#.WQs7WUwrKUk |archive-date=14 August 2017}}</ref>


In 1983, Corbyn spoke on a "no socialism without [[gay liberation]]" platform and continued to campaign for [[LGBT rights]].<ref name="bbcprofile2017">{{cite news|last=Wheeler|first=Brian|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2017-39807055|title=The Jeremy Corbyn story: Profile of Labour leader|work=[[BBC News]]|date=23 May 2017|access-date=13 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612223128/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2017-39807055|archive-date=12 June 2017}}</ref>
In 1983, Corbyn spoke on a "no socialism without [[gay liberation]]" platform and continued to campaign for [[LGBT rights in the United Kingdom|LGBT rights]].<ref name="bbcprofile2017">{{cite news|last=Wheeler|first=Brian|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2017-39807055|title=The Jeremy Corbyn story: Profile of Labour leader|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=23 May 2017|access-date=13 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612223128/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2017-39807055|archive-date=12 June 2017}}</ref>


He was a campaigner against [[apartheid]] in South Africa, serving on the National Executive of the [[Anti-Apartheid Movement]],<ref name="Proctor">{{cite news|url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/labour-mps-switch-andy-burnham-9433599 |title=Labour MPs switch from Andy Burnham to left-winger Jeremy Corbyn in leadership race |first=Kate |last=Proctor |date=13 June 2015 |work=[[Newcastle Evening Chronicle]] |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618164047/http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/labour-mps-switch-andy-burnham-9433599 |archive-date=18 June 2015 }}</ref> and was arrested in 1984 while demonstrating outside [[High Commission of South Africa, London|South Africa House]], leading, decades later, to a viral image of Corbyn being arrested circulated by supporters on social media.<ref name="Prince" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/sep/16/jeremy-corbyn-leadership-david-cameron-libya-labour|title=Jeremy Corbyn has been on the right side of history for 30 years. That's real leadership|last=Bennett|first=Ronan|date=16 September 2016|work=The Guardian|access-date=22 November 2017|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201131939/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/sep/16/jeremy-corbyn-leadership-david-cameron-libya-labour|url-status=live}}</ref> This was as a member of the City of London Anti-Apartheid Group (CLAAG) who carried out a "non-stop picket" for 1,408 days to campaign for [[Nelson Mandela]]'s release from prison. The Anti-Apartheid Movement did not support this protest, as they had agreed not to demonstrate within 30 feet of the embassy, and the picket failed to gain support from the London [[African National Congress|ANC]]; Mandela's failure to respond to CLAAG following his release from prison in 1990 is frequently described as a 'snub'.<ref>Zeffman, Henry (14 September 2018). [https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/news/mandela-snubbed-corbyn-s-anti-apartheid-group-b6zwpbmmp "Mandela snubbed Corbyn's anti-apartheid group"]. ''The Times''. Retrieved 14 September 2018. {{subscription required}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914131953/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/news/mandela-snubbed-corbyn-s-anti-apartheid-group-b6zwpbmmp |date=14 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>Plait, Martin (13 September 2018). [https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2018/09/no-nelson-mandela-did-not-snub-jeremy-corbyn "No, Nelson Mandela did not ""snub"" Jeremy Corbyn"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220085642/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2018/09/no-nelson-mandela-did-not-snub-jeremy-corbyn |date=20 December 2019 }}. ''New Statesman''. Retrieved 11 December 2019.</ref>
He was a campaigner against [[apartheid]] in South Africa, serving on the National Executive of the [[Anti-Apartheid Movement]],<ref name="Proctor">{{cite news|url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/labour-mps-switch-andy-burnham-9433599 |title=Labour MPs switch from Andy Burnham to left-winger Jeremy Corbyn in leadership race |first=Kate |last=Proctor |date=13 June 2015 |work=[[Newcastle Evening Chronicle]] |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618164047/http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/labour-mps-switch-andy-burnham-9433599 |archive-date=18 June 2015 }}</ref> and was arrested in 1984 while demonstrating outside [[South Africa House]], leading, decades later, to a viral image of Corbyn being arrested circulated by supporters on social media.<ref name="Prince" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/sep/16/jeremy-corbyn-leadership-david-cameron-libya-labour|title=Jeremy Corbyn has been on the right side of history for 30 years. That's real leadership|last=Bennett|first=Ronan|date=16 September 2016|work=The Guardian|access-date=22 November 2017|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201131939/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/sep/16/jeremy-corbyn-leadership-david-cameron-libya-labour|url-status=live}}</ref> This was as a member of the City of London Anti-Apartheid Group (CLAAG) who carried out a "non-stop picket" for 1,408 days to campaign for [[Nelson Mandela]]'s release from prison. The Anti-Apartheid Movement did not support this protest, as they had agreed not to demonstrate within 30 feet of the embassy, and the picket failed to gain support from the London [[ANC]]; Mandela's failure to respond to CLAAG following his release from prison in 1990 is frequently described as a 'snub'.<ref>Zeffman, Henry (14 September 2018). [https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/news/mandela-snubbed-corbyn-s-anti-apartheid-group-b6zwpbmmp "Mandela snubbed Corbyn's anti-apartheid group"]. ''The Times''. Retrieved 14 September 2018. {{subscription required}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914131953/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/news/mandela-snubbed-corbyn-s-anti-apartheid-group-b6zwpbmmp |date=14 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>Plait, Martin (13 September 2018). [https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2018/09/no-nelson-mandela-did-not-snub-jeremy-corbyn "No, Nelson Mandela did not ""snub"" Jeremy Corbyn"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220085642/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2018/09/no-nelson-mandela-did-not-snub-jeremy-corbyn |date=20 December 2019 }}. ''New Statesman''. Retrieved 11 December 2019.</ref>


He supported the [[UK miners' strike (1984–85)|1984–85 miners' strike]].<ref name="walesonline">{{cite news|last=Williamson|first=David|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/miners-hero-tyrone-osullivan-given-11666739|title=Miners' hero Tyrone O'Sullivan has given Jeremy Corbyn a thundering endorsement|location=Wales|work=[[Wales Online]]|date=27 July 2017|access-date=13 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814020104/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/miners-hero-tyrone-osullivan-given-11666739|archive-date=14 August 2017}}</ref> In 1985, he invited striking miners into the gallery of the House of Commons; they were expelled for shouting: "Coal not dole".<ref name="bbcprofile2017"/> At the end of the strike Corbyn was given a medallion by the miners in recognition of his help.<ref name="walesonline"/>
He supported the [[1984–85 miners' strike]].<ref name="walesonline">{{cite news|last=Williamson|first=David|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/miners-hero-tyrone-osullivan-given-11666739|title=Miners' hero Tyrone O'Sullivan has given Jeremy Corbyn a thundering endorsement|location=Wales|work=[[Wales Online]]|date=27 July 2017|access-date=13 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814020104/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/miners-hero-tyrone-osullivan-given-11666739|archive-date=14 August 2017}}</ref> In 1985, he invited striking miners into the gallery of the House of Commons; they were expelled for shouting: "Coal not dole".<ref name="bbcprofile2017"/> At the end of the strike Corbyn was given a medallion by the miners in recognition of his help.<ref name="walesonline"/>


In 1985, he was appointed national secretary of the newly launched [[Anti-Fascist Action]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tees.openrepository.com/tees/bitstream/10149/615958/2/615958.pdf|title=Copsey, Nigel. "Crossing Borders: Anti-Fascist Action (UK) and Transnational Anti-Fascist Militancy in the 1990s." Contemporary European History 25.4 (2016): 707–727.|access-date=28 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721091327/https://tees.openrepository.com/tees/bitstream/10149/615958/2/615958.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In 1985, he was appointed national secretary of the newly launched [[Anti-Fascist Action]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tees.openrepository.com/tees/bitstream/10149/615958/2/615958.pdf|title=Copsey, Nigel. "Crossing Borders: Anti-Fascist Action (UK) and Transnational Anti-Fascist Militancy in the 1990s." Contemporary European History 25.4 (2016): 707–727.|access-date=28 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721091327/https://tees.openrepository.com/tees/bitstream/10149/615958/2/615958.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>


During the BBC's ''[[Newsnight]]'' in 1984, Conservative MP [[Terry Dicks]] said that so-called Labour "scruffs" (such as Corbyn, who at this time was known for wearing an old polo-necked sweater to the Commons<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-34244370|title=Jeremy Corbyn and Islington|first=Josephine|last=McDermott|date=15 September 2015|work=BBC News|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425082322/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-34244370|url-status=live}}</ref>) should be banned from addressing the House of Commons unless they maintained higher standards. Corbyn responded, saying that: "It's not a fashion parade, it's not a gentleman's club, it's not a bankers' institute, it's a place where the people are represented."<ref>{{cite AV media|year=1984|title=Scruffy Jeremy Corbyn winds up Tories in 1984|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZsYvkTw4Rg|format=YouTube video|location=[[Houses of Parliament]], London, England|publisher=Newsnight|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912050123/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZsYvkTw4Rg|archive-date=12 September 2015}}</ref>
During the BBC's ''[[Newsnight]]'' in 1984, Conservative MP [[Terry Dicks]] said that so-called Labour "scruffs" (such as Corbyn, who at this time was known for wearing an old polo-necked sweater to the Commons<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-34244370|title=Jeremy Corbyn and Islington|first=Josephine|last=McDermott|date=15 September 2015|publisher=BBC News|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425082322/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-34244370|url-status=live}}</ref>) should be banned from addressing the House of Commons unless they maintained higher standards. Corbyn responded, saying that: "It's not a fashion parade, it's not a gentleman's club, it's not a bankers' institute, it's a place where the people are represented."<ref>{{cite AV media|year=1984|title=Scruffy Jeremy Corbyn winds up Tories in 1984|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZsYvkTw4Rg|format=YouTube video|location=[[Houses of Parliament]], London, England|publisher=Newsnight|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912050123/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZsYvkTw4Rg|archive-date=12 September 2015}}</ref>


In 1990, Corbyn opposed the [[Poll tax (Great Britain)|poll tax]] (formally known as the Community Charge)<ref name="Benn2013">{{cite book|last=Benn|first=Tony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LdCp8S5XK9wC&pg=PA624|title=The Benn Diaries: 1940–1990|publisher=Random House|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4464-9373-1|page=624}}</ref> and nearly went to jail for not paying the tax.<ref name="Prince">{{cite news|last=Prince|first=Rosa|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/labour/11710685/jeremy-corbyn-profile.html|title=Jeremy Corbyn: full story of the lefty candidate the Tories would love to see elected as Labour Leader|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=22 July 2015|access-date=14 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814041024/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/labour/11710685/jeremy-corbyn-profile.html|archive-date=14 August 2015}}</ref> He appeared in court the following year as a result.<ref name="BBCdivorce">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/341706.stm|title='Lack of choice' blamed for MP's marriage split|work=BBC News|date=13 May 1999|access-date=30 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914060921/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/341706.stm|archive-date=14 September 2015}}</ref>
In 1990, Corbyn opposed the [[Poll tax (Great Britain)|poll tax]] (formally known as the Community Charge)<ref name="Benn2013">{{cite book|last=Benn|first=Tony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LdCp8S5XK9wC&pg=PA624|title=The Benn Diaries: 1940–1990|publisher=Random House|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4464-9373-1|page=624}}</ref> and nearly went to jail for not paying the tax.<ref name="Prince">{{cite news|last=Prince|first=Rosa|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/labour/11710685/jeremy-corbyn-profile.html|title=Jeremy Corbyn: full story of the lefty candidate the Tories would love to see elected as Labour Leader|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=22 July 2015|access-date=14 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814041024/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/labour/11710685/jeremy-corbyn-profile.html|archive-date=14 August 2015}}</ref> He appeared in court the following year as a result.<ref name="BBCdivorce">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/341706.stm|title='Lack of choice' blamed for MP's marriage split|work=BBC News|date=13 May 1999|access-date=30 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914060921/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/341706.stm|archive-date=14 September 2015}}</ref>


Corbyn supported the campaign to overturn the convictions of Jawad Botmeh and Samar Alami for the [[1994 London Israeli Embassy attack|1994 bombing of the Israeli Embassy in London]] which argued that there was insufficient evidence to tie them to the act, along with [[Amnesty International]], [[Unison]] and a number of journalists and other MPs. Botmeh and Alami had admitted possessing explosives and guns but denied they were for use in Britain. The convictions were upheld by the [[Court of Appeal of England and Wales|High Court of Justice]] in 2001 and by the [[European Court of Human Rights]] in 2007.<ref name=DT2>{{cite news|last=Swinford|first=Steven|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/labour/11837454/Jeremy-Corbyn-campaigned-for-release-of-Embassy-bombers.html|title=Jeremy Corbyn campaigned for release of Embassy bombers|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London, UK|date=1 September 2015|access-date=2 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001044/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/labour/11837454/Jeremy-Corbyn-campaigned-for-release-of-Embassy-bombers.html|archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref>
Corbyn supported the campaign to overturn the convictions of Jawad Botmeh and Samar Alami for the [[1994 London Israeli Embassy attack|1994 bombing of the Israeli Embassy in London]] which argued that there was insufficient evidence to tie them to the act, along with [[Amnesty International]], [[Unison]] and a number of journalists and other MPs. Botmeh and Alami had admitted possessing explosives and guns but denied they were for use in Britain. The convictions were upheld by the [[Court of Appeal of England and Wales|High Court of Justice]] in 2001 and by the [[European Court of Human Rights]] in 2007.<ref name=DT2>{{cite news|last=Swinford|first=Steven|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/labour/11837454/Jeremy-Corbyn-campaigned-for-release-of-Embassy-bombers.html|title=Jeremy Corbyn campaigned for release of Embassy bombers|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=1 September 2015|access-date=2 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001044/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/labour/11837454/Jeremy-Corbyn-campaigned-for-release-of-Embassy-bombers.html|archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref>


Corbyn sat on the [[Department of Social Security (United Kingdom)|Social Security Select Committee]] from 1992 to 1997.<ref name="ParliamentBiography">[http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/jeremy-corbyn/185 "Jeremy Corbyn MP"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716154017/http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/Jeremy-Corbyn/185 |date=16 July 2015}}, parliament.uk; retrieved 22 September 2015.</ref>
Corbyn sat on the [[Department of Social Security (United Kingdom)|Social Security Select Committee]] from 1992 to 1997.<ref name="ParliamentBiography">[http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/jeremy-corbyn/185 "Jeremy Corbyn MP"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716154017/http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/Jeremy-Corbyn/185 |date=16 July 2015}}, parliament.uk; retrieved 22 September 2015.</ref>
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A longstanding supporter of a [[united Ireland]], in the 1980s Corbyn met [[Sinn Féin]] leader [[Gerry Adams]] a number of times.<ref name=":0"/> Corbyn consistently stated that he maintained links with Sinn Fein in order to work for a resolution to the armed conflict.<ref name=":0"/> According to ''[[The Sunday Times]]'', Corbyn was involved in over 72 events connected with Sinn Féin or other pro-republican groups during the period of the IRA's paramilitary campaign.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/election-2017/abbott-declared-support-for-ira-defeat-of-britain-rp79dvvmk|title=Abbott declared support for IRA defeat of Britain|last=Gilligan|first=Andrew|date=21 May 2017|work=The Sunday Times|access-date=21 May 2017|archive-date=21 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121125430/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-35371204|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref>
A longstanding supporter of a [[united Ireland]], in the 1980s Corbyn met [[Sinn Féin]] leader [[Gerry Adams]] a number of times.<ref name=":0"/> Corbyn consistently stated that he maintained links with Sinn Fein in order to work for a resolution to the armed conflict.<ref name=":0"/> According to ''[[The Sunday Times]]'', Corbyn was involved in over 72 events connected with Sinn Féin or other pro-republican groups during the period of the IRA's paramilitary campaign.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/election-2017/abbott-declared-support-for-ira-defeat-of-britain-rp79dvvmk|title=Abbott declared support for IRA defeat of Britain|last=Gilligan|first=Andrew|date=21 May 2017|work=The Sunday Times|access-date=21 May 2017|archive-date=21 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121125430/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-35371204|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref>


Corbyn met Adams at the 1983 and 1989 Labour conferences (facilitated by pro-[[Provisional Irish Republican Army|IRA]] [[Red Action]])<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gilligan |first1=Andrew |title=Police examined Jeremy Corbyn links to pro-IRA group Red Action |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/police-examined-jeremy-corbyn-links-to-pro-ira-group-red-action-f5vm32gc2 |access-date=11 November 2019 |work=The Sunday Times |date=19 August 2018 |archive-date=11 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111011003/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/police-examined-jeremy-corbyn-links-to-pro-ira-group-red-action-f5vm32gc2 |url-status=live }}</ref> and in 1983 at Westminster, along with a number of other Labour MPs.<ref>PhD Thesis: ‘Analysis of the Development of the British Labour Movement's Policies and Attitudes Towards the Northern Ireland Problem 1979–1997’ M. O'Donnell. University of Surrey, 1997. p90.</ref> In 1984, Corbyn and Ken Livingstone invited Adams, two convicted IRA volunteers and other members of Sinn Féin to Westminster.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/factcheck-corbyn-on-northern-ireland|title=Corbyn on Northern Ireland|last=Worrall|first=Patrick|date=30 May 2017|website=Channel 4|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=22 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222165024/https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/factcheck-corbyn-on-northern-ireland|url-status=live}}</ref>
Corbyn met Adams at the 1983 and 1989 Labour conferences (facilitated by pro-[[Provisional Irish Republican Army|IRA]] [[Red Action]])<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gilligan |first1=Andrew |title=Police examined Jeremy Corbyn links to pro-IRA group Red Action |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/police-examined-jeremy-corbyn-links-to-pro-ira-group-red-action-f5vm32gc2 |access-date=11 November 2019 |work=The Sunday Times |date=19 August 2018 |archive-date=11 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111011003/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/police-examined-jeremy-corbyn-links-to-pro-ira-group-red-action-f5vm32gc2 |url-status=live }}</ref> and in 1983 at Westminster, along with a number of other Labour MPs.<ref>PhD Thesis: 'Analysis of the Development of the British Labour Movement's Policies and Attitudes Towards the Northern Ireland Problem 1979–1997' M. O'Donnell. University of Surrey, 1997. p90.</ref> In 1984, Corbyn and Ken Livingstone invited Adams, two convicted IRA volunteers and other members of Sinn Féin to Westminster.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Worrall |first=Patrick |date=30 May 2017 |title=Corbyn on Northern Ireland |url=https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/factcheck-corbyn-on-northern-ireland |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222165024/https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/factcheck-corbyn-on-northern-ireland |archive-date=22 February 2018 |access-date=21 February 2018 |website=Channel 4 News}}</ref> He was criticised by the Labour Party leadership for the meeting, which took place two weeks after the IRA's [[Brighton hotel bombing|bombing]] of the Conservative Party leadership that killed five people.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/labour-frontrunner-corbyn-refuses-to-condemn-the-ira-31433660.html|title=Labour front-runner Corbyn refuses to condemn the IRA|newspaper=The Irish Independent|publisher=Independent News and Media|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811184325/http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/labour-frontrunner-corbyn-refuses-to-condemn-the-ira-31433660.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34184265|title=The Jeremy Corbyn Story: Profile of Labour leader|last1=Wheeler|first1=Brian|date=24 September 2016|work=BBC News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912194927/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34184265|archive-date=12 September 2015|quote=He incurred the wrath of the Labour leadership early on his career when he invited two former IRA prisoners to speak at Westminster, two weeks after the Brighton bomb that had nearly killed Margaret Thatcher and her cabinet.}}</ref>


During the 1980s, he campaigned on behalf of the [[Guildford Four]] and [[Birmingham Six]], who were wrongly convicted of responsibility for IRA bombings in England in the mid-70s.<ref>Paul Hill, Ronan Bennett, ''Stolen Years'', Doubleday, 1990, p. 219.</ref><ref>Hughie Callaghan, Sally Mulready, ''Cruel Fate: One Man's Triumph Over Injustice'', University of Massachusetts Press, 1993, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ahfr6gkGMOYC&pg=PA178 178], [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ahfr6gkGMOYC&pg=PA191 191]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/2041634.stm "Jeremy Corbyn"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306184134/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/2041634.stm |date=6 March 2016}}, BBC News, 22 October 2002.</ref><ref>Peter Gruner, [http://www.islingtontribune.com/news/2013/jun/he-reaches-30-year-milestone-islington-north-labour-mp-jeremy-corbyn-reflects-his-care "As he reaches 30-year milestone, Islington North Labour MP Jeremy Corbyn reflects on his career in politics"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306010203/http://www.islingtontribune.com/news/2013/jun/he-reaches-30-year-milestone-islington-north-labour-mp-jeremy-corbyn-reflects-his-care |date=6 March 2016}}, ''Islington Tribune'', 7 June 2013.</ref><ref name="BirmBT">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/11245150/The-Birmingham-bombings-40-years-on-what-can-we-learn-from-IRA-terror.html|title=The Birmingham bombings 40 years on: what can we learn from IRA terror?|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London, UK|access-date=3 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925165209/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/11245150/The-Birmingham-bombings-40-years-on-what-can-we-learn-from-IRA-terror.html|archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> In 1986, Corbyn was arrested with 15 demonstrators protesting against what they saw as weak evidence and poor treatment during the trial of a group of IRA members including [[Patrick Magee (Irish republican)|Patrick Magee]], who was convicted of the Brighton hotel bombing and other attacks. After refusing police requests to move from outside the court, Corbyn and the other protesters were arrested for obstruction and held for five hours before being released on bail, but were not charged.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gilligan|first=Andrew|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/news/jeremy-corbyn-was-arrested-at-ira-demo-brighton-bomber-solidarity-protest-old-bailey-labour-gd3tnhmrt|title=Jeremy Corbyn was arrested at IRA demo|work=The Sunday Times|date=14 May 2017|access-date=15 May 2017|archive-date=21 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121125430/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-35371204|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref>
During the 1980s he campaigned on behalf of the [[Guildford Four]] and [[Birmingham Six]], who were wrongly convicted of responsibility for IRA bombings in England in the mid-1970s.<ref>Paul Hill, Ronan Bennett, ''Stolen Years'', Doubleday, 1990, p. 219.</ref><ref>Hughie Callaghan, Sally Mulready, ''Cruel Fate: One Man's Triumph Over Injustice'', University of Massachusetts Press, 1993, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ahfr6gkGMOYC&pg=PA178 178], [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ahfr6gkGMOYC&pg=PA191 191]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/2041634.stm "Jeremy Corbyn"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306184134/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/2041634.stm |date=6 March 2016}}, BBC News, 22 October 2002.</ref><ref>Peter Gruner, [http://www.islingtontribune.com/news/2013/jun/he-reaches-30-year-milestone-islington-north-labour-mp-jeremy-corbyn-reflects-his-care "As he reaches 30-year milestone, Islington North Labour MP Jeremy Corbyn reflects on his career in politics"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306010203/http://www.islingtontribune.com/news/2013/jun/he-reaches-30-year-milestone-islington-north-labour-mp-jeremy-corbyn-reflects-his-care |date=6 March 2016}}, ''Islington Tribune'', 7 June 2013.</ref><ref name="BirmBT">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/11245150/The-Birmingham-bombings-40-years-on-what-can-we-learn-from-IRA-terror.html|title=The Birmingham bombings 40 years on: what can we learn from IRA terror?|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|access-date=3 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925165209/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/11245150/The-Birmingham-bombings-40-years-on-what-can-we-learn-from-IRA-terror.html|archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> In 1986, Corbyn was arrested with 15 demonstrators protesting against what they saw as weak evidence and poor treatment during the trial of a group of IRA members including [[Patrick Magee (Irish republican)|Patrick Magee]], who was convicted of the Brighton hotel bombing and other attacks. After refusing police requests to move from outside the court, Corbyn and the other protesters were arrested for obstruction and held for five hours before being released on bail, but were not charged.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gilligan|first=Andrew|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/news/jeremy-corbyn-was-arrested-at-ira-demo-brighton-bomber-solidarity-protest-old-bailey-labour-gd3tnhmrt|title=Jeremy Corbyn was arrested at IRA demo|work=The Sunday Times|date=14 May 2017|access-date=15 May 2017|archive-date=21 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121125430/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-35371204|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref>


In 1987, Corbyn attended a commemoration by the [[Wolfe Tone Societies|Wolfe Tone Society]] in London for eight IRA members who were killed by [[Special Air Service]] soldiers [[Loughgall ambush|while attacking]] a [[Royal Ulster Constabulary]] police station in [[Loughgall]], [[County Armagh]]. At the commemoration, he told his fellow attendees that "I'm happy to commemorate all those who died fighting for an independent Ireland" and attacked the British government's policies in Northern Ireland, calling for all British troops to be withdrawn from the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/night-jeremy-corbyn-stood-in-honour-of-dead-ira-terrorists-1-7008757|title=Night Jeremy Corbyn stood in honour of dead IRA terrorists|website=www.newsletter.co.uk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605192657/http://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/night-jeremy-corbyn-stood-in-honour-of-dead-ira-terrorists-1-7008757|archive-date=5 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/19/exclusive-mi5-opened-file-jeremy-corbyn-amid-concerns-ira-links/ |title=Exclusive: MI5 opened file on Jeremy Corbyn amid concerns over his IRA links |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520094724/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/19/exclusive-mi5-opened-file-jeremy-corbyn-amid-concerns-ira-links/ |archive-date=20 May 2017 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=19 May 2017 |last1=Newell |first1=Claire |last2=Dixon |first2=Hayley |last3=Heighton |first3=Luke |last4=Yorke |first4=Harry}}</ref> Corbyn subsequently said that he had attended the event, which included a [[minute of silence]] for the eight IRA members, to "call for a peace and dialogue process".<ref name=ft30517>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/9f833a98-452c-11e7-8519-9f94ee97d996 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/9f833a98-452c-11e7-8519-9f94ee97d996 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription|title=Spotlight falls on Jeremy Corbyn's links with Irish republicans|last=Wright|first=Robin|date=30 May 2017|access-date=14 November 2019|work=Financial times}}</ref>
In 1987, Corbyn attended a commemoration by the [[Wolfe Tone Society]] in London for eight IRA members who were killed by [[Special Air Service]] soldiers [[Loughgall ambush|while attacking]] a [[Royal Ulster Constabulary]] police station in [[Loughgall]], [[County Armagh]]. At the commemoration, he told his fellow attendees that "I'm happy to commemorate all those who died fighting for an independent Ireland" and attacked the British government's policies in Northern Ireland, calling for all British troops to be withdrawn from the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/night-jeremy-corbyn-stood-in-honour-of-dead-ira-terrorists-1-7008757|title=Night Jeremy Corbyn stood in honour of dead IRA terrorists|website=www.newsletter.co.uk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605192657/http://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/night-jeremy-corbyn-stood-in-honour-of-dead-ira-terrorists-1-7008757|archive-date=5 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="telegraph-mi5">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/19/exclusive-mi5-opened-file-jeremy-corbyn-amid-concerns-ira-links/ |title=Exclusive: MI5 opened file on Jeremy Corbyn amid concerns over his IRA links |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520094724/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/19/exclusive-mi5-opened-file-jeremy-corbyn-amid-concerns-ira-links/ |archive-date=20 May 2017 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=19 May 2017 |last1=Newell |first1=Claire |last2=Dixon |first2=Hayley |last3=Heighton |first3=Luke |last4=Yorke |first4=Harry}}</ref> Corbyn subsequently said that he had attended the event, which included a [[minute of silence]] for the eight IRA members, to "call for a peace and dialogue process".<ref name=ft30517>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/9f833a98-452c-11e7-8519-9f94ee97d996 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/9f833a98-452c-11e7-8519-9f94ee97d996 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription|title=Spotlight falls on Jeremy Corbyn's links with Irish republicans|last=Wright|first=Robin|date=30 May 2017|access-date=14 November 2019|work=Financial Times}}</ref>


He voted against the 1985 [[Anglo-Irish Agreement]], saying "We believe that the agreement strengthens rather than weakens the border between the six and the 26 counties, and those of us who wish to see a United Ireland oppose the agreement for that reason."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/factcheck-corbyn-on-northern-ireland|title=FactCheck: Corbyn on Northern Ireland|website=Channel 4 News|date=30 May 2017|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=22 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222165024/https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/factcheck-corbyn-on-northern-ireland|url-status=live}}</ref>
He voted against the 1985 [[Anglo-Irish Agreement]], saying "We believe that the agreement strengthens rather than weakens the border between the six and the 26 counties, and those of us who wish to see a United Ireland oppose the agreement for that reason."<ref name=":0" />


In the early 1990s, [[MI5]] opened a file on Corbyn to monitor his links to the IRA.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/19/exclusive-mi5-opened-file-jeremy-corbyn-amid-concerns-ira-links/|title=Exclusive: MI5 opened file on Jeremy Corbyn amid concerns over his IRA links|last1=Newell|first1=Claire|date=19 May 2017|newspaper=The Telegraph|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520094724/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/19/exclusive-mi5-opened-file-jeremy-corbyn-amid-concerns-ira-links/|archive-date=20 May 2017|last2=Dixon|first2=Hayley|last3=Heighton|first3=Luke|last4=Yorke|first4=Harry}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/mi5-jeremy-corbyn-files-kept-ira-sympathies-a7745966.html|title=MI5 'kept file on Jeremy Corbyn over his IRA sympathies'|date=20 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520052242/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/mi5-jeremy-corbyn-files-kept-ira-sympathies-a7745966.html|archive-date=20 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/mi5-had-file-on-jeremy-corbyn-over-ira-10885001|title=MI5 'had file on Jeremy Corbyn over IRA'|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621192504/https://news.sky.com/story/mi5-had-file-on-jeremy-corbyn-over-ira-10885001|archive-date=21 June 2017}}</ref>
In the early 1990s, [[MI5]] opened a file on Corbyn to monitor his links to the IRA.<ref name="telegraph-mi5"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/mi5-jeremy-corbyn-files-kept-ira-sympathies-a7745966.html|title=MI5 'kept file on Jeremy Corbyn over his IRA sympathies'|date=20 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520052242/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/mi5-jeremy-corbyn-files-kept-ira-sympathies-a7745966.html|archive-date=20 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/mi5-had-file-on-jeremy-corbyn-over-ira-10885001|title=MI5 'had file on Jeremy Corbyn over IRA'|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621192504/https://news.sky.com/story/mi5-had-file-on-jeremy-corbyn-over-ira-10885001|archive-date=21 June 2017}}</ref>


In 1994, Corbyn signed a Commons motion condemning the 1974 [[Birmingham pub bombings]], which killed 21 people.<ref name=ft30517 />
In 1994, Corbyn signed a Commons motion condemning the 1974 [[Birmingham pub bombings]], which killed 21 people.<ref name=ft30517 />


The meeting took place three weeks after the IRA's [[Brighton hotel bombing|bombing]] of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] leadership that killed five people.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/labour-frontrunner-corbyn-refuses-to-condemn-the-ira-31433660.html|title=Labour front-runner Corbyn refuses to condemn the IRA|newspaper=The Irish Independent|publisher=Independent News and Media|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811184325/http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/labour-frontrunner-corbyn-refuses-to-condemn-the-ira-31433660.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34184265|title=The Jeremy Corbyn Story: Profile of Labour leader|last1=Wheeler|first1=Brian|date=24 September 2016|work=BBC News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912194927/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34184265|archive-date=12 September 2015|quote=He incurred the wrath of the Labour leadership early on his career when he invited two former IRA prisoners to speak at Westminster, two weeks after the Brighton bomb that had nearly killed Margaret Thatcher and her cabinet.}}</ref> A short time after IRA plans to bomb London were foiled in 1996, Corbyn invited Adams to the House of Commons for a press conference to promote Adams' autobiography, ''Before the Dawn''. Shadow Northern Ireland Secretary [[Mo Mowlam]] and Labour leader [[Tony Blair]] condemned the invitation, with Mowlam arguing that it was detrimental to the peace process, and Blair threatening disciplinary action.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://archive.org/stream/NewsUK1996UKEnglish/Sep%2026%201996%2C%20The%20Times%2C%20%2365694%2C%20UK%20%28en%29#mode/2up|title=Blair threatens to expel MP over Adams visit|last1=Webster|first1=Philip|date=26 September 1996|work=The Times|access-date=11 November 2019|last2=Watt|first2=Nicholas|issue=65694|page=1|last3=Landale|first3=James}}</ref> Adams cancelled the event, to save further embarrassment to Corbyn and to avoid negative publicity.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/adams-cancels-commons-visit-as-labour-criticises-corbyn-1.89558|title=Adams cancels Commons visit as Labour criticises Corbyn|last1=Millar|first1=Frank|date=26 September 1996|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=11 November 2019|archive-date=24 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724024141/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/adams-cancels-commons-visit-as-labour-criticises-corbyn-1.89558|url-status=live}}</ref>
A short time after IRA plans to bomb London were foiled in 1996, Corbyn invited Adams to the House of Commons for a press conference to promote Adams' autobiography, ''Before the Dawn''. Shadow Northern Ireland Secretary [[Mo Mowlam]] and Labour leader [[Tony Blair]] condemned the invitation, with Mowlam arguing that it was detrimental to the peace process, and Blair threatening disciplinary action.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://archive.org/stream/NewsUK1996UKEnglish/Sep%2026%201996%2C%20The%20Times%2C%20%2365694%2C%20UK%20%28en%29#mode/2up|title=Blair threatens to expel MP over Adams visit|last1=Webster|first1=Philip|date=26 September 1996|work=The Times|access-date=11 November 2019|last2=Watt|first2=Nicholas|issue=65694|page=1|last3=Landale|first3=James}}</ref> Adams cancelled the event, to save further embarrassment to Corbyn and to avoid negative publicity.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/adams-cancels-commons-visit-as-labour-criticises-corbyn-1.89558|title=Adams cancels Commons visit as Labour criticises Corbyn|last1=Millar|first1=Frank|date=26 September 1996|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=11 November 2019|archive-date=24 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724024141/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/adams-cancels-commons-visit-as-labour-criticises-corbyn-1.89558|url-status=live}}</ref>


In 1998, he voted for the [[Good Friday Agreement]], saying he looked forward to "peace, hope and reconciliation in Ireland in the future."<ref name=":0" />
In 1998, he voted for the [[Good Friday Agreement]], saying he looked forward to "peace, hope and reconciliation in Ireland in the future."<ref name=":0" />
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===Labour in government (1997–2010)===
===Labour in government (1997–2010)===
[[File:Jeremy Corbyn, 2006.jpg|thumb|upright|Corbyn in 2006]]
[[File:Jeremy Corbyn, 2006.jpg|thumb|262x262px|Corbyn on the backbenches in 2006]]
Between 1997 and 2010, during the [[New Labour]] governments, Corbyn was the Labour MP who voted most often against the party whip, including [[three-line whip]] votes. In 2005 he was identified as the second most rebellious Labour MP of all time during the New Labour governments.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cowley |first=Philip |title=The Rebels: How Blair mislaid his majority |year=2005 |page=18 |isbn=1-84275-127-1 |publisher=Politico's Publishing |location=London}} The most rebellious was Dennis Skinner who, unlike Corbyn, was a member of Parliament during the Labour government of 1974–79.</ref> He was the most rebellious Labour MP in the 1997–2001 Parliament,<ref>{{cite book |last=Cowley |first=Philip |title=Revolts and Rebellions: Parliamentary voting under Blair |publisher=Politico's Publishing |year=2002 |location=London |page=91 |isbn=1-84275-029-1}}</ref> the 2001–2005 Parliament<ref>{{cite book |last=Cowley |first=Philip |title=The Rebels: How Blair mislaid his majority |year=2005 |page=53 |isbn=1-84275-127-1 |publisher=Politico's Publishing |location=London}}</ref> and the 2005–2010 Parliament, defying the whip 428 times while Labour was in power.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/jeremy-corbyn-nick-brown-rebellions-blair-brown-strength-of-character_uk_58049770e4b0ee3352127fdd|title=Jeremy Corbyn's Votes Against Blair And Brown Showed His 'Strength Of Character' – Labour Chief Whip|date=17 October 2016|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-date=25 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925165012/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/jeremy-corbyn-nick-brown-rebellions-blair-brown-strength-of-character_uk_58049770e4b0ee3352127fdd|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]'' described him as "a figure who for decades challenged them [Labour Party elites] from the backbench as one of the most rebellious left-wing members of parliament".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wainwright|first=Hilary|title=The Making of Jeremy Corbyn|journal=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]|date=March 2016|url=https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/03/tony-benn-corbyn-thatcher-labour-leadership/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513043111/https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/03/tony-benn-corbyn-thatcher-labour-leadership/|archive-date=13 May 2016}}</ref>


Corbyn has called for [[Tony Blair]] to be investigated for alleged [[Iraq War documents leak|war crimes during the Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Stone |first=Jon |date=23 May 2016 |title=Jeremy Corbyn 'still prepared to call for Tony Blair war crimes investigation' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-still-prepared-to-call-for-war-crimes-investigation-into-tony-blair-a7042926.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012173013/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-still-prepared-to-call-for-war-crimes-investigation-into-tony-blair-a7042926.html |archive-date=12 October 2016 |access-date=31 October 2020 |work=The Independent}}</ref> In July 2016, the [[Chilcot Report]] of the [[Iraq Inquiry]] was issued, criticising Blair for joining the United States in the war against Iraq. Subsequently, Corbyn – who had voted against military action against Iraq – gave a speech in Westminster commenting: "I now apologise sincerely on behalf of my party for the disastrous decision to go to war in Iraq in March 2003" which he called an "act of military aggression launched on a false pretext" something that has "long been regarded as illegal by the overwhelming weight of international opinion".<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=7 July 2016 |title=Tony Blair says world is better as a result of Iraq War |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-36733979 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707103321/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-36733979 |archive-date=7 July 2016 |access-date=7 July 2016 |work=BBC News |quote=He said the report proved the Iraq War had been an "act of military aggression launched on a false pretext", something he said which has "long been regarded as illegal by the overwhelming weight of international opinion"}}</ref> Corbyn specifically apologised to "the people of Iraq"; to the families of British soldiers who died in Iraq or returned injured; and to "the millions of British citizens who feel our democracy was traduced and undermined by the way in which the decision to go to war was taken on."<ref name="Corbyn">Andrew Grice, [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-chilcot-report-iraq-war-inquiry-apology-tony-blair-labour-party-a7123461.html Jeremy Corbyn apologises on behalf of Labour for 'disastrous decision' to join Iraq War] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706173518/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-chilcot-report-iraq-war-inquiry-apology-tony-blair-labour-party-a7123461.html|date=6 July 2016}}, ''The Independent'' (6 July 2016).</ref>
Between 1997 and 2010, during the most recent [[Labour Party (UK)#New Labour (1994–2010)|Labour Government]], Corbyn was the Labour MP who voted most often against the party whip, including [[Three line whip|three-line whip]] votes. In 2005 he was identified as the second most rebellious Labour MP of all time when the party was in government.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cowley |first=Philip |title=The Rebels: How Blair mislaid his majority |year=2005 |page=18 |isbn=1-84275-127-1 |publisher=Politico's Publishing |location=London}} The most rebellious was Dennis Skinner who, unlike Corbyn, was a member of Parliament during the Labour government of 1974–79.</ref> He was the most rebellious Labour MP in the 1997–2001 Parliament,<ref>{{cite book |last=Cowley |first=Philip |title=Revolts and Rebellions: Parliamentary voting under Blair |publisher=Politico's Publishing |year=2002 |location=London |page=91 |isbn=1-84275-029-1}}</ref> the 2001–2005 Parliament<ref>{{cite book |last=Cowley |first=Philip |title=The Rebels: How Blair mislaid his majority |year=2005 |page=53 |isbn=1-84275-127-1 |publisher=Politico's Publishing |location=London}}</ref> and the 2005–2010 Parliament, defying the whip 428 times while Labour was in power.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/jeremy-corbyn-nick-brown-rebellions-blair-brown-strength-of-character_uk_58049770e4b0ee3352127fdd|title=Jeremy Corbyn's Votes Against Blair And Brown Showed His 'Strength Of Character' – Labour Chief Whip|date=17 October 2016|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-date=25 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925165012/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/jeremy-corbyn-nick-brown-rebellions-blair-brown-strength-of-character_uk_58049770e4b0ee3352127fdd|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]'' described him as "a figure who for decades challenged them [Labour Party elites] from the backbench as one of the most rebellious left-wing members of parliament."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wainwright|first1=Hilary|title=The Making of Jeremy Corbyn|journal=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]|date=March 2016|url=https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/03/tony-benn-corbyn-thatcher-labour-leadership/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513043111/https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/03/tony-benn-corbyn-thatcher-labour-leadership/|archive-date=13 May 2016}}</ref>


Corbyn sat on the [[London Regional Select Committee]] from 2009 to 2010.<ref name="ParliamentBiography"/>
Corbyn sat on the [[London Regional Select Committee]] from 2009 to 2010.<ref name="ParliamentBiography"/>


==== Stop the War Coalition and anti-war activism ====
==== Stop the War Coalition and anti-war activism ====
[[File:Jeremy Corbyn MP speaks at anti-drones rally, 27 April 2013 (8689096394).jpg|thumb|upright|Corbyn speaking at an anti-[[drone strike]] rally organised by the [[Stop the War Coalition]] in 2013]]
[[File:Jeremy Corbyn MP speaks at anti-drones rally, 27 April 2013 (8689096394).jpg|thumb|Corbyn speaking at an anti-[[drone strike]] rally organised by the [[Stop the War Coalition]] in 2013|192x192px]]
In October 2001, Corbyn was elected to the steering committee of the [[Stop the War Coalition]], which was formed to oppose the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]] which started later that year. In 2002, Corbyn reported unrest : "there is disquiet...about issues of foreign policy" among some members of the Labour party. He cited "the deployment of troops to Afghanistan and the threat of bombing Iraq" as examples.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Johnson|first1=Edward|title=Labor [''sic''] Party plans challenge to Blair's leadership stance|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DzEzAAAAIBAJ&pg=6902%2C6043706|access-date=19 September 2015|work=[[The Free Lance-Star]]|agency=Associated Press|date=24 March 2002|archive-date=4 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004042822/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DzEzAAAAIBAJ&pg=6902%2C6043706|url-status=live}}</ref> He was vehemently opposed to the [[Iraq War]] in 2003, and spoke at dozens of anti-war rallies in Britain and overseas. He spoke at the [[February 15, 2003 anti-war protest|February anti-Iraq War protest]] which was said to be the largest such protest in British political history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/jeremy-corbyn-2003-anti-iraq-war-speech-labour-leader-ahead-of-his-time_uk_577bbbe8e4b0f7b55795fa0a|title=Jeremy Corbyn's Passionate 2003 Anti-Iraq War Speech Reminds Us Where He's Always Stood|date=5 July 2016|website=HuffPost UK|access-date=16 February 2019|archive-date=16 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216212142/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/jeremy-corbyn-2003-anti-iraq-war-speech-labour-leader-ahead-of-his-time_uk_577bbbe8e4b0f7b55795fa0a|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2006, Corbyn was one of 12 Labour MPs to support [[Plaid Cymru]] and the [[Scottish National Party]]'s call for a [[Iraq Inquiry|parliamentary inquiry into the Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/6104310.stm|title=Labour MPs who rebelled on Iraq|date=31 October 2006|access-date=31 October 2006|work=BBC News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630013226/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/6104310.stm|archive-date=30 June 2009}}</ref> He was elected chair of the coalition in succession to [[Andrew Murray (trade unionist)|Andrew Murray]] in September 2011, but resigned once he became [[Leader of the Labour Party (UK)|Leader of the Labour Party]] in September 2015.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nisbet|first=Robert|url=http://news.sky.com/story/1555714/corbyn-quits-anti-war-group-after-queen-poem|title=Corbyn Quits Anti-War Group After Queen Poem|publisher=Sky News|date=19 September 2015|access-date=20 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920190142/http://news.sky.com/story/1555714/corbyn-quits-anti-war-group-after-queen-poem|archive-date=20 September 2015}}</ref>
In October 2001, Corbyn was elected to the steering committee of the [[Stop the War Coalition]], which was formed to oppose the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]] which started later that year. In 2002, Corbyn reported unrest : "there is disquiet...about issues of foreign policy" among some members of the Labour party. He cited "the deployment of troops to Afghanistan and the threat of bombing Iraq" as examples.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Johnson|first1=Edward|title=Labor [''sic''] Party plans challenge to Blair's leadership stance|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DzEzAAAAIBAJ&pg=6902%2C6043706|access-date=19 September 2015|work=[[The Free Lance-Star]]|agency=Associated Press|date=24 March 2002|archive-date=4 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004042822/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DzEzAAAAIBAJ&pg=6902%2C6043706|url-status=live}}</ref> He was vehemently opposed to Britain's involvement in the [[Iraq War]] in 2003, and spoke at dozens of anti-war rallies in Britain and overseas. He spoke at the [[February 15, 2003 anti-war protest|February anti-Iraq War protest]] which was said to be the largest such protest in British political history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/jeremy-corbyn-2003-anti-iraq-war-speech-labour-leader-ahead-of-his-time_uk_577bbbe8e4b0f7b55795fa0a|title=Jeremy Corbyn's Passionate 2003 Anti-Iraq War Speech Reminds Us Where He's Always Stood|date=5 July 2016|website=HuffPost UK|access-date=16 February 2019|archive-date=16 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216212142/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/jeremy-corbyn-2003-anti-iraq-war-speech-labour-leader-ahead-of-his-time_uk_577bbbe8e4b0f7b55795fa0a|url-status=live}}</ref> At the same time, he expressed support for the Iraqi insurgency and the Palestinian intifada when he signed the second Cairo Declaration in December 2003, which said "The Iraqis themselves are now engaged in a titanic struggle to rid their country of occupying forces. The Palestinian intifada continues under the most difficult circumstances. The US administration threatens Iran and other countries on a daily basis. Now is the time to draw together the forces of resistance in the Arab world and from around the globe."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stopwar.org.uk/article.asp?id=250603|title=Call for the Second Cairo Conference Against US Aggression|date=25 July 2003|website=Stop the War Coalition|archive-date=6 August 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030806052448/http://www.stopwar.org.uk/article.asp?id=250603|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In 2006, Corbyn was one of 12 Labour MPs to support [[Plaid Cymru]] and the [[Scottish National Party]]'s call for a [[Iraq Inquiry|parliamentary inquiry into the Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/6104310.stm|title=Labour MPs who rebelled on Iraq|date=31 October 2006|access-date=31 October 2006|work=BBC News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630013226/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/6104310.stm|archive-date=30 June 2009}}</ref> He was elected chair of the coalition in succession to [[Andrew Murray (trade unionist)|Andrew Murray]] in September 2011, but resigned once he became [[Leader of the Labour Party (UK)|Leader of the Labour Party]] in September 2015.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nisbet|first=Robert|url=http://news.sky.com/story/1555714/corbyn-quits-anti-war-group-after-queen-poem|title=Corbyn Quits Anti-War Group After Queen Poem|publisher=Sky News|date=19 September 2015|access-date=20 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920190142/http://news.sky.com/story/1555714/corbyn-quits-anti-war-group-after-queen-poem|archive-date=20 September 2015}}</ref>


====Parliamentary groups and activism====
====Parliamentary groups and activism====
Corbyn is a member of a number of Parliamentary Trade Union Groups: he is sponsored by several trade unions, including [[Unison (trade union)|UNISON]], [[Unite the Union|Unite]] and the [[National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers]]. He is a supporter of the [[Unite Against Fascism]] pressure group. Corbyn was chair of the [[All-Party Parliamentary Group]] (APPG) on the [[Chagos Islands]], chair of the APPG on Mexico, Vice-Chair of the APPG on Latin America and vice-chair of the APPG on Human Rights. He has advocated for the rights of the forcibly removed [[Chagossians]] to return to the [[British Indian Ocean Territory]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Mullin|first1=Chris|title=What's next for Comrade Corbyn?|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/02/whats-next-for-comrade-corbyn/|access-date=4 April 2017|magazine=Spectator|date=20 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404222317/https://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/02/whats-next-for-comrade-corbyn/|archive-date=4 April 2017}}</ref>
Corbyn is a member of a number of Parliamentary Trade Union Groups: he is sponsored by several trade unions, including [[UNISON]], [[Unite the Union|Unite]] and the [[National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers]]. He is a supporter of the [[Unite Against Fascism]] pressure group. Corbyn was chair of the [[All-Party Parliamentary Group]] (APPG) on the [[Chagos Islands]], chair of the APPG on Mexico, Vice-Chair of the APPG on Latin America and vice-chair of the APPG on Human Rights. He has advocated for the rights of the forcibly removed [[Chagossians]] to return to the [[British Indian Ocean Territory]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Mullin|first1=Chris|title=What's next for Comrade Corbyn?|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/02/whats-next-for-comrade-corbyn/|access-date=4 April 2017|magazine=Spectator|date=20 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404222317/https://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/02/whats-next-for-comrade-corbyn/|archive-date=4 April 2017}}</ref>


[[File:The People's Assembly National Demonstration Jeremy Corbyn MP 21 June 2014 124.jpg|thumb|left|Corbyn addressing London's [[People's Assembly Against Austerity|People's Assembly]] Demonstration in June 2014]]
[[File:The People's Assembly National Demonstration Jeremy Corbyn MP 21 June 2014 124.jpg|thumb|left|Corbyn addressing London's [[People's Assembly Against Austerity|People's Assembly]] Demonstration in June 2014]]
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Corbyn sat on the [[Justice Select Committee]] from 2010 to 2015.<ref name="ParliamentBiography"/> Before becoming party leader Corbyn had been returned as member of Parliament for Islington North seven times, gaining 60.24% of the vote and a majority of 21,194 in the [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015 general election]].<ref>{{cite web|title = Jeremy Corbyn MP|url = http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/jeremy-corbyn/185|website = UK Parliament|access-date = 3 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150601032832/http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/Jeremy-Corbyn/185|archive-date = 1 June 2015|df = dmy-all}}</ref>
Corbyn sat on the [[Justice Select Committee]] from 2010 to 2015.<ref name="ParliamentBiography"/> Before becoming party leader Corbyn had been returned as member of Parliament for Islington North seven times, gaining 60.24% of the vote and a majority of 21,194 in the [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015 general election]].<ref>{{cite web|title = Jeremy Corbyn MP|url = http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/jeremy-corbyn/185|website = UK Parliament|access-date = 3 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150601032832/http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/Jeremy-Corbyn/185|archive-date = 1 June 2015|df = dmy-all}}</ref>


==Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020)==
=== Leadership elections ===
{{Main|Labour Party leadership of Jeremy Corbyn}}
{{Main|2015 Labour Party leadership election (UK)|Jeremy Corbyn 2015 Labour Party leadership campaign|2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)}}
[[File:Official portrait of Jeremy Corbyn crop 2.jpg|thumb|Official portrait, 2017]]
Following the Labour Party's defeat at the general election on 7 May 2015, [[Ed Miliband]] resigned as its party leader, triggering a [[2015 Labour Party leadership election (UK)|leadership election]]. Corbyn decided to stand as a candidate, having been disillusioned by the lack of a left-wing voice, and said to his local newspaper, ''The [[Islington Tribune]]'', that he would have a "clear anti-austerity platform". He also said he would vote to scrap the Trident nuclear weapons system and would "seek to withdraw from Nato". He suggested that Britain should establish a national investment bank to boost house-building and improve economic growth and lift wages in areas that had less investment in infrastructure. He would also aim to eliminate the current budget deficit over time and restore the 50p top rate of income tax.<ref name="Gn1508072">{{cite news |last=Watt |first=Nicholas |date=7 August 2015 |title=Jeremy Corbyn: 'We are not doing celebrity, personality or abusive politics – this is about hope' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/07/jeremy-corbyn-interview-we-are-not-doing-celebrity-personality-or-abusive-politics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407085709/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/07/jeremy-corbyn-interview-we-are-not-doing-celebrity-personality-or-abusive-politics |archive-date=7 April 2017 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> He added: "This decision is in response to an overwhelming call by Labour Party members who want to see a broader range of candidates and a thorough debate about the future of the party. I am standing to give Labour Party members a voice in this debate".<ref name="BBC News 3 June 20152">{{cite news |date=3 June 2015 |title=Labour leadership: Jeremy Corbyn enters race |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33000155 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603214622/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33000155 |archive-date=3 June 2015 |access-date=3 June 2015 |website=[[BBC News Online]]}}</ref> He indicated that, if he were elected, policies that he put forward would need to be approved by party members before being adopted and that he wanted to "implement the democratic will of our party".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Corbyn |first1=Jeremy |date=26 August 2015 |title=Labour must clean up the mess it made with PFI, and save the health service |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/aug/26/pfi-labour-nhs-health-service-private-finance-initiative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921153327/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/aug/26/pfi-labour-nhs-health-service-private-finance-initiative |archive-date=21 September 2016 |access-date=24 March 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> The other candidates were Shadow Home Secretary [[Yvette Cooper]], Shadow Health Secretary [[Andy Burnham]] and Shadow Care Minister [[Liz Kendall]].<ref>{{cite news |date=15 June 2015 |title=Labour leadership: Jeremy Corbyn completes the line-up |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33127323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901132337/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33127323 |archive-date=1 September 2015 |access-date=16 September 2015 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mason |first1=Rowena |last2=Halliday |first2=Josh |date=17 August 2015 |title=Ballots sent out in Labour leadership vote |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/17/ballots-sent-out-in-labour-leadership-vote |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914215537/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/17/ballots-sent-out-in-labour-leadership-vote |archive-date=14 September 2015 |access-date=16 September 2015 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Several who nominated Corbyn later said they had ensured he had enough votes to stand, more to widen the political debate within the party than because of a desire or expectation that he would win.<ref name="nominators2">{{cite web |last1=Cox |first1=Jo |last2=Coyle |first2=Neil |date=6 May 2016 |title=We nominated Jeremy Corbyn for the leadership. Now we regret it |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/may/06/jeremy-corbyn-leadership-labour-mps-elections |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520031532/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/may/06/jeremy-corbyn-leadership-labour-mps-elections |archive-date=20 May 2016 |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="Corbyn nominees opposed2">{{cite news |last1=Hope |first1=Christopher |date=22 July 2015 |title=Half of the Labour MPs who backed Jeremy Corbyn desert to rival candidates |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/labour/11756688/Half-of-the-Labour-MPs-who-backed-Jeremy-Corbyn-desert-him.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406203138/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/labour/11756688/Half-of-the-Labour-MPs-who-backed-Jeremy-Corbyn-desert-him.html |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=Daily Telegraph}}</ref>


At the Second Reading of the [[Welfare Reform and Work Bill]] in July 2015, Corbyn joined 47 Labour MPs to oppose the Bill, describing it as "rotten and indefensible", whilst the other three leadership candidates abstained under direction from interim leader Harriet Harman.<ref>{{cite web |last=Demianyk |first=Graeme |date=22 July 2015 |title=Jeremy Corbyn Voted Against Welfare Bill Because It Was 'Rotten And Indefensible' |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/07/22/jeremy-corbyn-welfare-bill-labour-leader_n_7849434.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924130002/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/07/22/jeremy-corbyn-welfare-bill-labour-leader_n_7849434.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |work=Huffington Post}}</ref> In August 2015, he called on [[Iain Duncan Smith]] to resign as [[Secretary of State for Work and Pensions]] after it was reported that thousands of disabled people had died after being found fit to work by [[Work Capability Assessment]]s (instituted in 2008) between 2011 and 2014, although this was challenged by the government and by FullFact who said that the figure included those who had died and therefore their claim had ended, rather than being found fit for work.<ref>{{cite news |last=Stone |first=Jon |date=28 August 2015 |title=Iain Duncan Smith 'should resign over disability benefit death figures', says Jeremy Corbyn |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/iain-duncan-smith-should-resign-over-disability-benefit-death-figures-says-jeremy-corbyn-10475017.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827151224/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/iain-duncan-smith-should-resign-over-disability-benefit-death-figures-says-jeremy-corbyn-10475017.html |archive-date=27 August 2015 |newspaper=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 August 2015 |title=Reporting on 'fit for work' deaths isn't fit for purpose |url=https://fullfact.org/economy/reporting-fit-work-deaths-isnt-fit-purpose/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219031358/https://fullfact.org/economy/reporting-fit-work-deaths-isnt-fit-purpose/ |archive-date=19 February 2018 |access-date=18 February 2018 |website=Full Fact}}</ref>
===Leadership election===
{{Main|2015 Labour Party leadership election (UK)}}
{{See also|2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign}}


Corbyn rapidly became the frontrunner among the candidates and was perceived to benefit from a large influx of new members. Hundreds of supporters turned out to hear him speak at the [[husting]]s across the nation and their enthusiastic reception and support for him was dubbed "Corbynmania" by the press.<ref name="LPP2">{{citation |last=Roe |first=Kevin |title=Leadership: Practice and Perspectives |pages=36–37 |year=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198777106}}</ref> Membership numbers continued to climb after the start of his leadership.<ref name="ibtimes"/><ref name="bbc-20150812">{{cite news |date=12 August 2015 |title=Labour leadership: Huge increase in party's electorate |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33892407 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929072843/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33892407 |archive-date=29 September 2015 |access-date=15 September 2015 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> In addition, following a rule change under Miliband, members of the public who supported Labour's aims and values could join the party as "registered supporters" for £3 and be entitled to vote in the election.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33849773 "How is Labour vetting new members?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831185202/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33849773|date=31 August 2015}}, bbc.co.uk; retrieved 20 September 2015.</ref> There was speculation that the rule change would lead to Corbyn being elected by registered supporters without majority support from ordinary members.<ref name="IndyIndy2">{{cite news |last1=Stone |first1=Jon |date=12 September 2015 |title=Jeremy Corbyn won a landslide with full Labour party members, not just £3 supporters |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-won-a-landslide-with-full-labour-party-members-not-just-3-supporters-10498221.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923031800/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-won-a-landslide-with-full-labour-party-members-not-just-3-supporters-10498221.html |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=20 September 2015 |work=The Independent}}</ref> He was elected party leader in a landslide victory on 12 September 2015 with 59.5% of first-preference votes in the first round of voting.<ref name="Mason2">{{cite news |last=Mason |first=Rowena |date=12 September 2015 |title=Labour leadership: Jeremy Corbyn elected with huge mandate |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/sep/12/jeremy-corbyn-wins-labour-party-leadership-election |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917033507/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/sep/12/jeremy-corbyn-wins-labour-party-leadership-election |archive-date=17 September 2015 |access-date=16 September 2015 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> He would have won in the first round with 51% of votes, even without "£3 registered supporters", having gained the support of 49.6% of full members and 57.6% of affiliated supporters.<ref name="IndyIndy2" /><ref>{{cite news |date=12 September 2015 |title=Labour leadership results in full |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34221155 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913022414/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34221155 |archive-date=13 September 2015 |website=BBC News}}</ref> His 40.5% majority was a larger proportional majority than that attained by Tony Blair in [[1994 Labour Party leadership election|1994]].<ref>{{cite news |date=12 September 2015 |title=Jeremy Corbyn wins Labour leadership contest |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34223157 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912024752/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34223157 |archive-date=12 September 2015 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="Mason2" /> His margin of victory was said to be "the largest mandate ever won by a party leader".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Eaton |first1=George |date=12 September 2015 |title=The epic challenges facing Jeremy Corbyn as Labour leader |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2015/09/epic-challenges-facing-jeremy-corbyn-labour-leader |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923085835/http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2015/09/epic-challenges-facing-jeremy-corbyn-labour-leader |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=20 September 2015 |work=New Statesman |quote=Jeremy Corbyn's landslide victory – the largest mandate ever won by a party leader – will at least come as no surprise to him.}}</ref>
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| caption = <div style="font-size:120%; text-align:center;">'''Labour Party membership under recent leaders'''</div>{{nowrap|{{color box|red|{{Spaces|6}}}} Labour Party full members (excluding affiliates and supporters)<ref>Data sources available at the [[c:File:Labour Party membership graph.svg|Wikimedia Commons version of this chart]]</ref>}}
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Following the Labour Party's defeat at the general election on 7 May 2015, Ed Miliband resigned as its party leader, triggering a [[2015 Labour Party leadership election (UK)|leadership election]]. Corbyn decided to stand as a candidate, having been disillusioned by the lack of a left-wing voice, and said to his local newspaper, ''The [[Islington Tribune]]'', that he would have a "clear anti-austerity platform". He also said he would vote to scrap the Trident nuclear weapons system and would "seek to withdraw from Nato". He suggested that Britain should establish a national investment bank to boost house-building and improve economic growth and lift wages in areas that had less investment in infrastructure. He would also aim to eliminate the current budget deficit over time and restore the 50p top rate of income tax.<ref name="Gn150807"/> He added: "This decision is in response to an overwhelming call by Labour Party members who want to see a broader range of candidates and a thorough debate about the future of the party. I am standing to give Labour Party members a voice in this debate".<ref name="BBC News 3 June 2015">{{cite news|title=Labour leadership: Jeremy Corbyn enters race|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33000155|date=3 June 2015|website=[[BBC News Online]]|access-date=3 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603214622/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33000155|archive-date=3 June 2015}}</ref> He indicated that, if he were elected, policies that he put forward would need to be approved by party members before being adopted and that he wanted to "implement the democratic will of our party".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Corbyn |first1=Jeremy |title=Labour must clean up the mess it made with PFI, and save the health service |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/aug/26/pfi-labour-nhs-health-service-private-finance-initiative |access-date=24 March 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=26 August 2015 |archive-date=21 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921153327/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/aug/26/pfi-labour-nhs-health-service-private-finance-initiative |url-status=live }}</ref> The other candidates were Shadow Home Secretary [[Yvette Cooper]], Shadow Health Secretary [[Andy Burnham]] and Shadow Care Minister [[Liz Kendall]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33127323|title=Labour leadership: Jeremy Corbyn completes the line-up|work=BBC News|date=15 June 2015|access-date=16 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901132337/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33127323|archive-date=1 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Rowena|last1=Mason|first2=Josh|last2=Halliday|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/17/ballots-sent-out-in-labour-leadership-vote|title=Ballots sent out in Labour leadership vote|newspaper=The Guardian|date=17 August 2015|access-date=16 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914215537/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/17/ballots-sent-out-in-labour-leadership-vote|archive-date=14 September 2015}}</ref> Several who nominated Corbyn later said they had ensured he had enough votes to stand, more to widen the political debate within the party than because of a desire or expectation that he would win.<ref name="nominators">{{cite web|last1=Cox|first1=Jo|last2=Coyle|first2=Neil|title=We nominated Jeremy Corbyn for the leadership. Now we regret it|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/may/06/jeremy-corbyn-leadership-labour-mps-elections|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=6 May 2016|access-date=21 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520031532/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/may/06/jeremy-corbyn-leadership-labour-mps-elections|archive-date=20 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Corbyn nominees opposed">{{cite news|last1=Hope|first1=Christopher|title=Half of the Labour MPs who backed Jeremy Corbyn desert to rival candidates|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/labour/11756688/Half-of-the-Labour-MPs-who-backed-Jeremy-Corbyn-desert-him.html|website=Daily Telegraph|access-date=21 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406203138/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/labour/11756688/Half-of-the-Labour-MPs-who-backed-Jeremy-Corbyn-desert-him.html|archive-date=6 April 2016|date=22 July 2015}}</ref>


An internal Labour Party report, entitled ''[[The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 2014–2019]]'', was leaked to the media in April 2020. The report stated that during the 2015 and 2016 leadership contests, staff members at Labour party headquarters looked for ways to exclude from voting members who they believed would vote for Corbyn. The staff members referred to this activity as "[[Trotskyism|trot]] busting", "bashing trots" and "trot spotting".<ref name="independent130420">{{cite news |last1=Stone |first1=Jon |date=13 April 2020 |title=Anti-Corbyn Labour officials worked to lose general election to oust leader, leaked dossier finds |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-leak-report-corbyn-election-whatsapp-antisemitism-tories-yougov-poll-a9462456.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-leak-report-corbyn-election-whatsapp-antisemitism-tories-yougov-poll-a9462456.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |access-date=3 September 2020 |work=The Independent}}</ref>
At the Second Reading of the [[Welfare Reform and Work Bill]] in July 2015, Corbyn joined 47 Labour MPs to oppose the Bill, describing it as "rotten and indefensible", whilst the other three leadership candidates abstained under direction from interim leader Harriet Harman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/07/22/jeremy-corbyn-welfare-bill-labour-leader_n_7849434.html|title=Jeremy Corbyn Voted Against Welfare Bill Because It Was 'Rotten And Indefensible'|work=Huffington Post|first=Graeme |last=Demianyk|date=22 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924130002/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/07/22/jeremy-corbyn-welfare-bill-labour-leader_n_7849434.html|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> In August 2015, he called on [[Iain Duncan Smith]] to resign as [[Secretary of State for Work and Pensions]] after it was reported that thousands of disabled people had died after being found fit to work by [[Work Capability Assessment]]s (instituted in 2008) between 2011 and 2014, although this was challenged by the government and by FullFact who said that the figure included those who had died and therefore their claim had ended, rather than being found fit for work.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/iain-duncan-smith-should-resign-over-disability-benefit-death-figures-says-jeremy-corbyn-10475017.html|title=Iain Duncan Smith 'should resign over disability benefit death figures', says Jeremy Corbyn|first=Jon|last= Stone|date=28 August 2015|newspaper=The Independent|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827151224/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/iain-duncan-smith-should-resign-over-disability-benefit-death-figures-says-jeremy-corbyn-10475017.html|archive-date=27 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://fullfact.org/economy/reporting-fit-work-deaths-isnt-fit-purpose/|title=Reporting on 'fit for work' deaths isn't fit for purpose|website=Full Fact|date=28 August 2015|access-date=18 February 2018|archive-date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219031358/https://fullfact.org/economy/reporting-fit-work-deaths-isnt-fit-purpose/|url-status=live}}</ref>


==== Corbynmania ====
Corbyn rapidly became the frontrunner among the candidates and was perceived to benefit from a large influx of new members. Hundreds of supporters turned out to hear him speak at the [[husting]]s across the nation and their enthusiastic reception and support for him was dubbed "Corbynmania" by the press.<ref name="LPP">{{citation |title=Leadership: Practice and Perspectives |first=Kevin |last=Roe |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=9780198777106 |pages=36–37}}</ref>
[[File:Jeremy_Corbyn_rally_2016.jpg|right|thumb|A rally in [[Bristol]] during Corbyn's [[Jeremy Corbyn 2015 Labour Party leadership campaign|leadership campaign in 2016]]. Corbyn returned to College Green in 2019 for an election rally but his reception was then less enthusiastic.<ref>{{citation |author=John Crace |title=Corbyn plays all the old favourites in Bristol but no one's dancing |date=9 December 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/dec/09/corbyn-plays-all-the-old-favourites-in-bristol-but-no-ones-dancing |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802042918/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/dec/09/corbyn-plays-all-the-old-favourites-in-bristol-but-no-ones-dancing |archive-date=2 August 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Membership numbers continued to climb after the start of his leadership.<ref name="ibtimes">{{cite news|last=Piggott|first=Mark|date=8 October 2015|title=Jeremy Corbyn: Membership of Labour party has doubled since 2015 general election|work=International Business Times|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/jeremy-corbyn-membership-labour-party-has-doubled-since-2015-general-election-1523171|access-date=11 October 2016|archive-date=5 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205131359/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/jeremy-corbyn-membership-labour-party-has-doubled-since-2015-general-election-1523171|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=bbc-20150812>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33892407 |title=Labour leadership: Huge increase in party's electorate |publisher=BBC |date=12 August 2015 |access-date=15 September 2015 |archive-date=29 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929072843/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33892407 |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, following a rule change under Miliband, members of the public who supported Labour's aims and values could join the party as "registered supporters" for £3 and be entitled to vote in the election.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33849773 "How is Labour vetting new members?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831185202/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33849773 |date=31 August 2015}}, bbc.co.uk; retrieved 20 September 2015.</ref> There was speculation that the rule change would lead to Corbyn being elected by registered supporters without majority support from ordinary members.<ref name=IndyIndy /> He was elected party leader in a landslide victory on 12 September 2015 with 59.5% of first-preference votes in the first round of voting.<ref name="Mason">{{cite news|first=Rowena|last=Mason|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/sep/12/jeremy-corbyn-wins-labour-party-leadership-election|title=Labour leadership: Jeremy Corbyn elected with huge mandate|newspaper=The Guardian|date=12 September 2015|access-date=16 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917033507/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/sep/12/jeremy-corbyn-wins-labour-party-leadership-election|archive-date=17 September 2015}}</ref> He would have won in the first round with 51% of votes, even without "£3 registered supporters", having gained the support of 49.6% of full members and 57.6% of affiliated supporters.<ref name=IndyIndy>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Jeremy Corbyn won a landslide with full Labour party members, not just £3 supporters|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-won-a-landslide-with-full-labour-party-members-not-just-3-supporters-10498221.html|access-date=20 September 2015|work=The Independent|date=12 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923031800/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-won-a-landslide-with-full-labour-party-members-not-just-3-supporters-10498221.html|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34221155|title=Labour leadership results in full|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913022414/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34221155|website=BBC News|date=12 September 2015|archive-date=13 September 2015}}</ref> His 40.5% majority was a larger proportional majority than that attained by Tony Blair in [[1994 Labour Party leadership election|1994]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Jeremy Corbyn wins Labour leadership contest|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34223157|access-date=12 September 2015|work=BBC News|date=12 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912024752/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34223157|archive-date=12 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Mason" /> His margin of victory was said to be "the largest mandate ever won by a party leader".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Eaton|first1=George|title=The epic challenges facing Jeremy Corbyn as Labour leader|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2015/09/epic-challenges-facing-jeremy-corbyn-labour-leader|access-date=20 September 2015|work=New Statesman|date=12 September 2015|quote=Jeremy Corbyn's landslide victory – the largest mandate ever won by a party leader – will at least come as no surprise to him.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923085835/http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2015/09/epic-challenges-facing-jeremy-corbyn-labour-leader|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref>
Corbyn was initially viewed as a [[Tokenism#In politics|token candidate]] for the left wing of the party and not expected to win. However, many new, young party members, who had joined after the membership fee had been reduced to £3, were attracted by what they saw as Corbyn's [[Authentic leadership|authentic]], informal style and radical policies.<ref>{{citation |last=Azhar |first=Mobeen |title=Where is Labour's 'Jeremy Corbyn mania' coming from? |date=13 August 2015 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33881104 |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106024125/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33881104 |archive-date=6 November 2018 |url-status=live |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Hundreds of supporters turned out to hear him speak at the [[husting]]s across the nation and their enthusiastic reception and support for him was dubbed "Corbynmania" by the press.<ref name="LPP2"/>


Jonathan Dean characterised Corbynmania as a political [[fandom]], comparable with the enthusiastic followings of popular media stars and other modern politicians such as [[Bernie Sanders]] and [[Justin Trudeau]]. Specific features included use of the #jezwecan [[hashtag]], attendance at rallies and the posting of pictures such as [[selfie]]s on social media. Artistic, merchandising and other activity consolidated and spread this fannish enthusiasm. This included a "Jeremy Corbyn for Prime Minister" (JC4PM) tour by celebrities such as [[Charlotte Church]], [[Jeremy Hardy]] and [[Maxine Peake]]; a Corbyn superhero comic book; mash-ups and videos. Many of Corbyn's supporters felt he possessed personal qualities such as earnestness and modesty leading them to develop a sense of emotional attachment to him as individual. These were seen as cultish by critics such as [[Margaret Beckett]] who said in 2016 that the Labour Party had been turned into the "Jeremy Corbyn Fan Club".<ref name="Dean">{{citation |last=Dean |first=Jonathan |title=Politicising Fandom |journal=British Journal of Politics and International Relations |volume=19 |number=2 |pages=408–424 |year=2017 |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/113409/3/DeanPoliticising%20Fandom.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124200441/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/113409/3/DeanPoliticising%20Fandom.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2021 |url-status=live |doi=10.1177/1369148117701754 |issn=1369-1481 |s2cid=219972166}}</ref>
An internal Labour Party report, entitled ''The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 2014–2019'', which was leaked to the media in April 2020, stated that, during the 2015 and 2016 leadership contests staff members at Labour party headquarters looked for ways to exclude from voting members who they believed would vote for Corbyn. The staff members referred to this activity as "[[Trotskyism|trot]] busting", "bashing trots" and "trot spotting".<ref name="independent130420"/>


A [[chant]] of "Oh, Jeremy Corbyn" was adopted as an anthem or chorus by his supporters. Sung in the style of a [[football chant]] to the tune of a [[riff]] from "[[Seven Nation Army#"Oh Jeremy Corbyn"|Seven Nation Army]]" by [[The White Stripes]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Harrison |first=Andrew |date=7 October 2017 |title='Oh, Jeremy Corbyn' – how Seven Nation Army inspired the political chant of a generation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/oct/07/oh-jeremy-corbyn-chant-white-stripes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907073807/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/oct/07/oh-jeremy-corbyn-chant-white-stripes |archive-date=7 September 2018 |access-date=31 October 2020 |work=The Observer |issn=0029-7712}}</ref> it attracted special attention at the [[Glastonbury Festival 2017]], where Corbyn appeared and spoke to the crowds.<ref name="G">{{citation |last=Shabi |first=Rachel |title=Corbynmania isn't dangerous – there's irony in those chants |date=20 July 2017 |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jul/20/jeremy-corbyn-corbynmania-dangerous-supporters-young-people-labour |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802022236/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jul/20/jeremy-corbyn-corbynmania-dangerous-supporters-young-people-labour |archive-date=2 August 2020 |url-status=live |author-link=Rachel Shabi}}</ref><ref name="T">{{citation |last1=Humphries |first1=Will |title=Corbynmania rocks the crowd at Glastonbury festival |date=24 June 2017 |newspaper=The Times |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/corbynmania-rocks-the-crowd-at-glastonbury-mz5mvlwr6 |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806060645/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/corbynmania-rocks-the-crowd-at-glastonbury-mz5mvlwr6 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |url-status=live |last2=Burgess |first2=Kaya}}</ref><ref name="E">{{citation |author=Bagehot |title=Sounding the death knell for Corbynmania |date=4 May 2018 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/bagehots-notebook/2018/05/04/sounding-the-death-knell-for-corbynmania |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524022547/https://www.economist.com/bagehots-notebook/2018/05/04/sounding-the-death-knell-for-corbynmania |archive-date=24 May 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Labour's weaker-than-expected performance in the [[2018 United Kingdom local elections|2018 local elections]] led to suggestions that Corbynmania had peaked.<ref name="E" /><ref>{{citation |last=Baxter |first=Sarah |title=Corbyn plays the patriotic card — but gets a red one |date=8 July 2018 |newspaper=The Sunday Times |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/corbyn-plays-the-patriotic-card-but-gets-a-red-one-3f6hr7clw |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806033052/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/corbyn-plays-the-patriotic-card-but-gets-a-red-one-3f6hr7clw |archive-date=6 August 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
===Corbynmania===
[[File:Jeremy Corbyn rally 2016.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|A rally in [[Bristol]] during Corbyn's [[2016 Labour Party (UK) leadership election|leadership campaign in 2016]]. Corbyn returned to College Green in 2019 for an election rally but his reception was then less enthusiastic.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/dec/09/corbyn-plays-all-the-old-favourites-in-bristol-but-no-ones-dancing |title=Corbyn plays all the old favourites in Bristol but no one's dancing |author=John Crace |newspaper=The Guardian |date=9 December 2019 |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802042918/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/dec/09/corbyn-plays-all-the-old-favourites-in-bristol-but-no-ones-dancing |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Corbynmania was the enthusiastic support for Jeremy Corbyn. Initially viewed as a token candidate for the left wing of the party and not expected to win, many new young members, who had joined after the membership fee had been reduced to £3, were attracted by what they saw as Corbyn's [[authentic leadership|authentic]], informal style and radical policies.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33881104 |publisher=BBC |title=Where is Labour's 'Jeremy Corbyn mania' coming from? |first=Mobeen |last=Azhar |date=13 August 2015 |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-date=6 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106024125/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33881104 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hundreds of supporters turned out to hear him speak at the [[husting]]s across the nation and their enthusiastic reception and support for him was dubbed "Corbynmania" by the press.<ref name="LPP"/>


==Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020)==
Jonathan Dean characterised Corbynmania as a political [[fandom]], comparable with the enthusiastic followings of popular media stars and other modern politicians such as [[Bernie Sanders]] and [[Justin Trudeau]]. Specific features included use of the #jezwecan [[hashtag]], attendance at rallies and the posting of pictures such as [[selfie]]s on social media. Artistic, merchandising and other activity consolidated and spread this fannish enthusiasm. This included a "Jeremy Corbyn for Prime Minister" (JC4PM) tour by celebrities such as [[Charlotte Church]], [[Jeremy Hardy]], and [[Maxine Peake]]; a Corbyn superhero comic book; mash-ups and videos. Many of Corbyn's supporters felt he possessed personal qualities such as earnestness and modesty leading them to develop a sense of emotional attachment to him as individual. These were seen as cultish by critics such as [[Margaret Beckett]] who said in 2016 that the Labour Party had been turned into the "Jeremy Corbyn Fan Club".<ref name=Dean>{{citation |last=Dean |first=Jonathan |year=2017 |title=Politicising Fandom |journal=British Journal of Politics and International Relations |volume=19 |number=2 |pages=408–424 |issn=1369-1481 |doi=10.1177/1369148117701754 |s2cid=219972166 |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/113409/3/DeanPoliticising%20Fandom.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124200441/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/113409/3/DeanPoliticising%20Fandom.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Main|Labour Party leadership of Jeremy Corbyn}}


=== First term as Leader of the Opposition (2015–2017) ===
A [[chant]] of "Oh, Jeremy Corbyn" was adopted as an anthem or chorus by his supporters. Sung in the style of a [[football chant]] to the tune of a [[riff]] from "[[Seven Nation Army#"Oh Jeremy Corbyn"|Seven Nation Army]]" by [[The White Stripes]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Harrison|first=Andrew|date=7 October 2017|title='Oh, Jeremy Corbyn' – how Seven Nation Army inspired the political chant of a generation|work=The Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/oct/07/oh-jeremy-corbyn-chant-white-stripes|access-date=31 October 2020|issn=0029-7712|archive-date=7 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907073807/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/oct/07/oh-jeremy-corbyn-chant-white-stripes|url-status=live}}</ref> it attracted special attention at the [[Glastonbury Festival 2017|Glastonbury Festival of 2017]], where Corbyn appeared and spoke to the crowds.<ref name="G">{{citation|last=Shabi|first=Rachel|title=Corbynmania isn't dangerous – there's irony in those chants|date=20 July 2017|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jul/20/jeremy-corbyn-corbynmania-dangerous-supporters-young-people-labour|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802022236/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jul/20/jeremy-corbyn-corbynmania-dangerous-supporters-young-people-labour|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="T">{{citation |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/corbynmania-rocks-the-crowd-at-glastonbury-mz5mvlwr6 |newspaper=The Times |title=Corbynmania rocks the crowd at Glastonbury festival |date=24 June 2017 |first1=Will |last1=Humphries |first2=Kaya |last2=Burgess |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806060645/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/corbynmania-rocks-the-crowd-at-glastonbury-mz5mvlwr6 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="E">{{citation|author=Bagehot|title=Sounding the death knell for Corbynmania|date=4 May 2018|url=https://www.economist.com/bagehots-notebook/2018/05/04/sounding-the-death-knell-for-corbynmania|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-date=24 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524022547/https://www.economist.com/bagehots-notebook/2018/05/04/sounding-the-death-knell-for-corbynmania|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Corbyn_trident.jpg|thumb|Corbyn speaking at the #StopTrident rally at [[Trafalgar Square]] on 27 February 2016]]
After being elected leader, Corbyn became [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Official Opposition]] and shortly thereafter his appointment to the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]] was announced.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 September 2015 |title=Reaction to Corbyn victory |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-politics-34205207 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912103046/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-politics-34205207 |archive-date=12 September 2015 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=16 September 2015 |title=Will Jeremy Corbyn kneel to The Queen at Privy Council ceremony? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-34275164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918224043/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-34275164 |archive-date=18 September 2015 |access-date=23 September 2015 |publisher=bbc.com}}</ref> In Corbyn's first [[Prime Minister's Questions]] session as leader, he broke with the traditional format by asking the Prime Minister six questions he had received from members of the public, the result of his invitation to Labour Party members to send suggestions, for which he received around 40,000 emails.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 September 2015 |title=Jeremy Corbyn asks David Cameron 'questions from public' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34264683 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916012622/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34264683 |archive-date=16 September 2015 |access-date=16 September 2015 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Corbyn stressed his desire to reduce the "theatrical" nature of the House of Commons, and his début was described in a ''[[The Guardian|Guardian]]'' editorial as "a good start" and a "long overdue" change to the tone of PMQs.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 September 2015 |title=The Guardian view on Jeremy Corbyn's PMQs debut: a very reasonable start |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/16/the-guardian-view-on-jeremy-corbyns-pmqs-debut-a-very-reasonable-start |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009023237/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/16/the-guardian-view-on-jeremy-corbyns-pmqs-debut-a-very-reasonable-start |archive-date=9 October 2015 |access-date=16 September 2015 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London}}</ref> He delivered his first Labour Party Conference address as leader on 29 September 2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 September 2015 |title=Jeremy Corbyn says Britain 'can and must change' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34385586 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929190702/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34385586 |archive-date=29 September 2015 |access-date=30 September 2015 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Party membership nearly doubled between the May 2015 election and October 2015, attributed largely to the election as leader of Corbyn.<ref name="ibtimes">{{cite news |last=Piggott |first=Mark |date=8 October 2015 |title=Jeremy Corbyn: Membership of Labour party has doubled since 2015 general election |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/jeremy-corbyn-membership-labour-party-has-doubled-since-2015-general-election-1523171 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205131359/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/jeremy-corbyn-membership-labour-party-has-doubled-since-2015-general-election-1523171 |archive-date=5 December 2016 |access-date=11 October 2016 |work=International Business Times}}</ref>


In September 2015 an unnamed senior serving general in the British Army stated that a mutiny by the Army could occur if a future Corbyn government moved to scrap Trident, pull out of Nato or reduce the size of the armed forces. The general said "the Army just wouldn't stand for it. The general staff would not allow a prime minister to jeopardise the security of this country and I think people would use whatever means possible, fair or foul to prevent that. You can't put a maverick in charge of a country's security".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mortimer |first1=Caroline |date=20 September 2015 |title=British Army 'could stage mutiny under Corbyn', says senior serving general |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/british-army-could-stage-mutiny-under-corbyn-says-senior-serving-general-10509742.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/british-army-could-stage-mutiny-under-corbyn-says-senior-serving-general-10509742.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |access-date=4 April 2019 |newspaper=The Independent}}</ref>
Labour's weaker than expected performance in the [[2018 United Kingdom local elections]] led to suggestions that Corbynmania had peaked.<ref name="E"/><ref>{{citation |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/corbyn-plays-the-patriotic-card-but-gets-a-red-one-3f6hr7clw |author=Sarah Baxter |date=8 July 2018 |title=Corbyn plays the patriotic card — but gets a red one |newspaper=Sunday Times |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806033052/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/corbyn-plays-the-patriotic-card-but-gets-a-red-one-3f6hr7clw |url-status=live }}</ref>


In July 2016, a study and analysis by academics from the [[London School of Economics]] of national newspaper articles about Corbyn in the first months of his leadership of Labour showed that 75% of them either distorted or failed to represent his actual views on subjects.<ref name="independent12">{{cite news |last=Stone |first=Jon |date=16 July 2016 |title=Three-quarters of newspaper stories about Jeremy Corbyn fail to accurately report his views, LSE study finds |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-media-bias-attacks-75-per-cent-three-quarters-fail-to-accurately-report-a7140681.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621102036/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-media-bias-attacks-75-per-cent-three-quarters-fail-to-accurately-report-a7140681.html |archive-date=21 June 2017 |access-date=29 May 2017 |newspaper=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref name="independent22">{{cite news |last=Cammaerts |first=Bart |date=19 July 2016 |title=Our report found that 75% of press coverage misrepresents Jeremy Corbyn – we can't ignore media bias anymore |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/jeremy-corbyn-media-bias-labour-mainstream-press-lse-study-misrepresentation-we-cant-ignore-bias-a7144381.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609044929/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/jeremy-corbyn-media-bias-labour-mainstream-press-lse-study-misrepresentation-we-cant-ignore-bias-a7144381.html |archive-date=9 June 2017 |access-date=29 May 2017 |newspaper=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>
===First term as Leader of the Opposition (2015–2017)===
[[File:Corbyn trident.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Corbyn speaking at the #StopTrident rally at [[Trafalgar Square]] on 27 February 2016]]


=== 2017 general election ===
After being elected leader, Corbyn became [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Official Opposition]] and shortly thereafter his appointment to the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]] was announced.<ref>{{cite news|title=Reaction to Corbyn victory|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-politics-34205207|access-date=12 September 2015|work=BBC News|date=12 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912103046/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-politics-34205207|archive-date=12 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-34275164|title=Will Jeremy Corbyn kneel to The Queen at Privy Council ceremony?|publisher=bbc.com|date=16 September 2015|access-date=23 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918224043/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-34275164|archive-date=18 September 2015}}</ref> In Corbyn's first [[Prime Minister's Questions]] session as leader, he broke with the traditional format by asking the Prime Minister six questions he had received from members of the public, the result of his invitation to Labour Party members to send suggestions, for which he received around 40,000 emails.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34264683|title=Jeremy Corbyn asks David Cameron 'questions from public'|work=BBC News|date=16 September 2015|access-date=16 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916012622/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34264683|archive-date=16 September 2015}}</ref> Corbyn stressed his desire to reduce the "theatrical" nature of the House of Commons, and his début was described in a ''[[The Guardian|Guardian]]'' editorial as "a good start" and a "long overdue" change to the tone of PMQs.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Guardian view on Jeremy Corbyn's PMQs debut: a very reasonable start|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/16/the-guardian-view-on-jeremy-corbyns-pmqs-debut-a-very-reasonable-start|access-date=16 September 2015|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|date=16 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009023237/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/16/the-guardian-view-on-jeremy-corbyns-pmqs-debut-a-very-reasonable-start|archive-date=9 October 2015}}</ref> He delivered his first Labour Party Conference address as leader on 29 September 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34385586|title=Jeremy Corbyn says Britain 'can and must change'|work=BBC News|date=29 September 2015|access-date=30 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929190702/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34385586|archive-date=29 September 2015}}</ref> Party membership nearly doubled between the May 2015 election and October 2015, attributed largely to the election as leader of Corbyn.<ref name="ibtimes"/>
[[File:Labour_Party_General_Election_Launch_2017.jpg|thumb|Corbyn with members of his [[Shadow Cabinet]] in [[EventCity]], Greater Manchester, at the Labour Party 2017 General Election Launch]]
The Labour campaign in the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 general election]] focused on social issues such as health care, education and ending austerity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bell |first1=Emma |date=11 July 2018 |title=The 2017 Labour General Election Campaign: Ushering in a 'New Politics'? |url=https://journals.openedition.org/rfcb/2029#tocto2n7 |url-status=live |journal=Revue française de civilisation britannique |volume=23 |issue=2 |page=38 |doi=10.4000/rfcb.2029 |issn=2429-4373 |s2cid=158258323 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815215141/https://journals.openedition.org/rfcb/2029#tocto2n7 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=15 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Corbyn's election campaign was run under the slogan "For the Many, Not the Few"<ref>{{cite news |last1=Frankel |first1=Alex |date=7 June 2016 |title='For the many, not the few' asks voters to see the world differently. It could work |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jun/07/for-the-many-not-the-few-asks-voters-to-see-the-world-differently-it-could-work |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324111856/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jun/07/for-the-many-not-the-few-asks-voters-to-see-the-world-differently-it-could-work |archive-date=24 March 2019 |access-date=24 March 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> and featured rallies with a large audience and connected with a [[grassroots]] following for the party, including appearing on stage in front of a crowd of 20,000 at the Wirral Live Festival in [[Prenton Park]].<ref>{{cite news |date=21 May 2017 |title=Jeremy Corbyn takes to the stage as warm up act for the Libertines |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/21/jeremy-corbyn-takes-stage-warm-act-libertines/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522034503/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/21/jeremy-corbyn-takes-stage-warm-act-libertines/ |archive-date=22 May 2017 |access-date=14 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 May 2017 |title=Jeremy Corbyn Gatecrashes Wirral Live Music Festival Headlined By The Libertines |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/jeremy-corbyn-wirral-live-libertines_uk_5921ab9de4b034684b0d091f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616103158/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/jeremy-corbyn-wirral-live-libertines_uk_5921ab9de4b034684b0d091f |archive-date=16 June 2017 |access-date=14 June 2017 |work=Huffington Post}}</ref>


Although Labour started the campaign as far as 20 points behind, and again finished as the second largest party in parliament, it increased its share of the popular vote to 40%, resulting in a net gain of 30 seats and a hung parliament. This was its greatest vote share since [[2001 United Kingdom general election|2001]]. It was the first time Labour had made a net gain of seats since 1997, and the party's 9.6% increase in vote share was its largest in a single general election since 1945.<ref name="ftge20172">{{cite news |last1=Pickard |first1=Jim |date=9 June 2017 |title=Jeremy Corbyn confounds critics with 'gobsmacking' gain |url=https://www.ft.com/content/907f0208-4c92-11e7-919a-1e14ce4af89b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611053334/https://www.ft.com/content/907f0208-4c92-11e7-919a-1e14ce4af89b |archive-date=11 June 2017 |access-date=9 June 2017 |publisher=FT}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=9 June 2017 |title=UK election 2017: Conservatives 'to fall short of majority' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/election-2017-40209282 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609030540/http://www.bbc.com/news/election-2017-40209282 |archive-date=9 June 2017 |access-date=9 June 2017 |work=BBC News}}</ref> This was partly attributed to the popularity of its 2017 Manifesto that promised to scrap tuition fees, address public sector pay, make housing more affordable, end austerity, nationalise the railways and provide school students with free lunches.<ref>{{cite web |last=Travis |first=Alan, and Phillip Inman |date=1 June 2017 |title=Labour manifesto 2017: the key points, pledges and analysis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/may/16/labour-manifesto-analysis-key-points-pledges |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224061843/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/may/16/labour-manifesto-analysis-key-points-pledges |archive-date=24 December 2019 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Stewart |first=Heather |date=22 September 2017 |title=The inside story of Labour's election shock |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/sep/22/the-inside-story-of-labours-election-shock-jeremy-corbyn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703145912/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/sep/22/the-inside-story-of-labours-election-shock-jeremy-corbyn |archive-date=3 July 2019 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Matthew |date=11 July 2017 |title=Why people voted Labour or Conservative at the 2017 general election |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2017/07/11/why-people-voted-labour-or-conservative-2017-gener |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926214651/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2017/07/11/why-people-voted-labour-or-conservative-2017-gener |archive-date=26 September 2019 |website=YouGov}}</ref>
In September 2015 an unnamed senior serving general in the British Army stated that a mutiny by the Army could occur if a future Corbyn government moved to scrap Trident, pull out of Nato or reduce the size of the armed forces. The general said "the Army just wouldn't stand for it. The general staff would not allow a prime minister to jeopardise the security of this country and I think people would use whatever means possible, fair or foul to prevent that. You can't put a maverick in charge of a country's security".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mortimer |first1=Caroline |title=British Army 'could stage mutiny under Corbyn', says senior serving general |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/british-army-could-stage-mutiny-under-corbyn-says-senior-serving-general-10509742.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/british-army-could-stage-mutiny-under-corbyn-says-senior-serving-general-10509742.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2019 |newspaper=The Independent |date=20 September 2015}}</ref>


=== 2019 general election and resignation ===
In July 2016, a study and analysis by academics from the [[London School of Economics]] of months of eight national newspaper articles about Corbyn in the first months of his leadership of Labour showed that 75% of them either distorted or failed to represent his actual views on subjects.<ref name="independent1">{{cite news|last=Stone|first=Jon|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-media-bias-attacks-75-per-cent-three-quarters-fail-to-accurately-report-a7140681.html|title=Three-quarters of newspaper stories about Jeremy Corbyn fail to accurately report his views, LSE study finds|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=16 July 2016|access-date=29 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621102036/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-media-bias-attacks-75-per-cent-three-quarters-fail-to-accurately-report-a7140681.html|archive-date=21 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="independent2">{{cite news|last=Cammaerts|first=Bart|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/jeremy-corbyn-media-bias-labour-mainstream-press-lse-study-misrepresentation-we-cant-ignore-bias-a7144381.html|title=Our report found that 75% of press coverage misrepresents Jeremy Corbyn – we can't ignore media bias anymore|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=19 July 2016|access-date=29 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609044929/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/jeremy-corbyn-media-bias-labour-mainstream-press-lse-study-misrepresentation-we-cant-ignore-bias-a7144381.html|archive-date=9 June 2017}}</ref>

====First Shadow Cabinet and other appointments====
{{Main|Shadow Cabinet of Jeremy Corbyn}}

On 13 September 2015, Corbyn unveiled his [[Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (United Kingdom)|Shadow Cabinet]]. He appointed his leadership campaign manager and long-standing political ally [[John McDonnell]] as [[Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer|Shadow Chancellor]], leadership opponent Andy Burnham as [[Shadow Home Secretary]], and [[Angela Eagle]] as [[First Secretary of State|Shadow First Secretary of State]] to deputise for him in the House of Commons. Corbyn promoted a number of female [[Backbencher|backbench MPs]] to Shadow Cabinet roles, including Diane Abbott, [[Heidi Alexander]] and [[Lisa Nandy]], making his the first Shadow Cabinet with more women than men, although the most senior roles went to men.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kuenssberg|first=Laura|date=12 September 2015|title=Jeremy Corbyn unveils 'unifying' Shadow Cabinet team|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34240869|url-status=live|access-date=16 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916011555/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34240869|archive-date=16 September 2015}}</ref> In October 2015, Corbyn appointed [[The Guardian|The ''Guardian'']] journalist [[Seumas Milne]] as the Labour Party's Executive Director of Strategy and Communications.<ref>{{cite news|last=Patrikarakos|first=David|url=http://www.politico.eu/article/stalinist-voice-of-labour-seumas-milne-jeremy-corbyn-putin/|title=Corbyn's new Stalinist voice|publisher=Politico Europe|date=25 October 2015|access-date=18 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012195809/http://www.politico.eu/article/stalinist-voice-of-labour-seumas-milne-jeremy-corbyn-putin/|archive-date=12 October 2016}}</ref>

====Military intervention in Syria====
After members of [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]] carried out [[November 2015 Paris attacks|terrorist attacks in Paris]] in November 2015, Corbyn agreed with [[David Cameron]] that a political settlement between the [[Syrian Government]] and the [[Syrian opposition|rebels]] should be aimed at resolving the [[Syrian civil war]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Wilkinson |first=Michael |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11998049/French-air-strikes-will-make-little-difference-warns-Jeremy-Corbyn.html |title=French air strikes will make little difference, warns Jeremy Corbyn |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=16 November 2015 |access-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127023745/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11998049/French-air-strikes-will-make-little-difference-warns-Jeremy-Corbyn.html |archive-date=27 November 2015}}</ref> Prime Minister David Cameron sought to build political consensus for UK military intervention against IS targets in Syria in the days after the attacks. Corbyn warned against "external intervention" in Syria but told delegates that Labour would "consider the proposals the Government brings forward".<ref>{{cite news |last=Shahrestani |first=Vin |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/Jeremy_Corbyn/12009862/Jeremy-Corbyn-on-military-action-against-the-Islamic-State-in-the-wake-of-recent-attacks.html |title=Jeremy Corbyn on military action against the Islamic State in the wake of recent attacks |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=21 November 2015 |access-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130190332/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/Jeremy_Corbyn/12009862/Jeremy-Corbyn-on-military-action-against-the-Islamic-State-in-the-wake-of-recent-attacks.html |archive-date=30 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Tom |last=McTague |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/david-cameron-to-unveil-plan-for-air-strikes-on-isis-in-syria-within-days-a6743726.html |title=David Cameron to unveil plan for air strikes on Isis in Syria within days |publisher=Independent Print Limited |newspaper=The Independent |date=21 November 2015 |access-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124204214/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/david-cameron-to-unveil-plan-for-air-strikes-on-isis-in-syria-within-days-a6743726.html |archive-date=24 November 2015}}</ref>

After [[David Cameron|Cameron]] set out his case for military intervention to Parliament,<ref name=BBC-2015-11-26>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34939109 |title=Jeremy Corbyn 'cannot support UK air strikes in Syria' |work=BBC News |date=26 November 2015 |access-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127025540/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34939109 |archive-date=27 November 2015}}</ref> Corbyn held a Shadow Cabinet meeting, in which he said he would continue with efforts "to reach a common view" on Syria, while [[Shadow Foreign Secretary]] [[Hilary Benn]] suggested the case for air strikes was "compelling".<ref>{{cite news |first1=Nicholas |last1=Watt |first2=Patrick |last2=Wintour |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/nov/26/jeremy-corbyn-labour-mps-airstrikes-syria-isis |title=Labour leadership at odds over Syrian airstrikes |newspaper=The Guardian |date=26 November 2015 |access-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208071512/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/nov/26/jeremy-corbyn-labour-mps-airstrikes-syria-isis |archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> Corbyn sent a letter to Labour MPs saying that he could not support military action against Islamic State: "The issue [is] whether what the Prime Minister is proposing strengthens, or undermines, our national security...I do not believe the current proposal for air strikes in Syria will protect our security and therefore cannot support it."<ref name=BBC-2015-11-26 /> Amid widespread reports of division in the Parliamentary Labour Party, Corbyn insisted that the final decision on whether the Labour Party would oppose air strikes rested with him.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Eleftheriou-Smith|first1=Loulla-Mae|title=Jeremy Corbyn insists 'I'm not going anywhere' and says he has final say on Labour vote over Syria air strikes|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-insists-i-m-not-going-anywhere-and-says-he-has-final-say-on-labour-vote-over-syria-air-a6753346.html|access-date=1 December 2015|newspaper=Independent|date=29 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130144920/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-insists-i-m-not-going-anywhere-and-says-he-has-final-say-on-labour-vote-over-syria-air-a6753346.html|archive-date=30 November 2015}}</ref> Corbyn eventually agreed that Labour MPs would be given a [[Conscience vote|free vote]] on air strikes when the issue was voted on. 66 Labour MPs voted for the Syrian air strikes, including Hilary Benn and [[Deputy Leader of the Labour Party (UK)|Deputy Labour Leader]] [[Tom Watson (Labour politician)|Tom Watson]], while Corbyn and the majority of Labour MPs voted against.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34967024 |title=Labour MPs to get free vote on Syria |work=BBC News |date=30 November 2015 |access-date=30 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130152705/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34967024 |archive-date=30 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kuenssberg|first=Laura|author-link=Laura Kuenssberg|date=3 December 2015|title=Syria air strikes: MPs authorise UK action against Islamic State|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-34989302|url-status=live|access-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326005412/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-34989302|archive-date=26 March 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Barack Obama and Opposition leader Jeremy Corbyn.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Corbyn and [[Hilary Benn]] meet with President [[Barack Obama|Obama]] in April 2016]]

====January 2016 Shadow Cabinet reshuffle====
There was widespread speculation following the vote that Corbyn would reshuffle his Shadow Cabinet to remove Hilary Benn, but Corbyn's January reshuffle retained Benn in the same position.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wheeler|first=Brian|date=6 January 2016|title=Jeremy Corbyn keeps Hilary Benn in post, amid reshuffle sackings|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-35239232|url-status=live|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106081635/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-35239232|archive-date=6 January 2016}}</ref> The reshuffle prompted the resignations of three junior shadow ministers who were unhappy that Corbyn had sacked or moved shadow ministers who disagreed with his position on Syria and Trident.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Frances |last1=Perraudin |first2=Rowena |last2=Mason |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jan/06/shadow-rail-minister-jonathan-reynolds-resigns-labour-reshuffle |title=Three shadow ministers resign over Corbyn's 'dishonest' reshuffle |newspaper=The Guardian |date=6 January 2016 |access-date=7 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106141542/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jan/06/shadow-rail-minister-jonathan-reynolds-resigns-labour-reshuffle |archive-date=6 January 2016}}</ref>

On 6 January 2016, Corbyn replaced Shadow Culture Secretary [[Michael Dugher]] with Shadow Defence Secretary [[Maria Eagle]] (who was in turn replaced by Shadow Employment Minister [[Emily Thornberry]]).<ref name=guardian06012016>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jan/06/labour-reshuffle-thornberry-replaces-eagle-for-defence-mcfadden-sacked-and-benn-stays |title=Labour reshuffle: Thornberry replaces Eagle for defence, McFadden sacked and Benn stays |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614102028/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jan/06/labour-reshuffle-thornberry-replaces-eagle-for-defence-mcfadden-sacked-and-benn-stays |archive-date=14 June 2016}}</ref> Thornberry, unlike Maria Eagle, is an opponent of nuclear weapons and British involvement in Syria. Corbyn also replaced Shadow Europe Minister (not attending Shadow Cabinet) Pat McFadden with [[Pat Glass]].<ref name=guardian06012016/> On 11 January 2016, Shadow Attorney General [[Catherine McKinnell]] resigned, citing party infighting, family reasons and the ability to speak in Parliament beyond her legal portfolio. She was replaced by [[Karl Turner (British politician)|Karl Turner]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Perraudin |first=Frances |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-35281203 |title=Labour's Catherine McKinnell quits shadow cabinet |work=BBC News |date=11 January 2016 |access-date=11 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111181501/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-35281203 |archive-date=11 January 2016}}</ref>

====May 2016 local elections====
In the [[2016 United Kingdom local elections|2016 local elections]], Labour had a net loss of 18 local council seats and controlled as many councils as before (gaining control of [[Bristol City Council|Bristol]] but losing [[Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council|Dudley]]). There were also Westminster by-elections in two Labour safe seats, which Labour retained: [[2016 Ogmore by-election|Ogmore]] and [[2016 Sheffield Brightside and Hillsborough by-election|Sheffield Brightside and Hillsborough]]. The BBC's Projected National Vote Share was 31% for Labour, 30% for the Conservatives, 15% for the Liberal Democrats and 12% for UKIP.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2016-36192606 |title=Key points of 2016 elections: At-a-glance summary |access-date=23 August 2016 |work=BBC News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811071234/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2016-36192606 |archive-date=11 August 2016}}</ref> Labour candidate [[Sadiq Khan]] won the London mayorship from the Conservatives. Labour's misfortunes in Scotland continued, where they fell into third place behind the [[Scottish Conservatives|Conservatives]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2016-36192606|title=Key points of 2016 elections: At-a-glance summary|date=9 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811071234/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2016-36192606 |archive-date=11 August 2016|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/may/06/local-elections-2016-winners-losers-labour-conservatives-snp|title=Local elections 2016: our writers on the night's winners and losers |first1=Matthew |last1=d'Ancona |first2=Owen |last2=Jones|first3=Joseph|last3=Harker|first4=Gaby|last4=Hinsliff|first5=Martin|last5=Kettle|first6=Abi|last6=Wilkinson|date=6 May 2016|newspaper=The Guardian |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420113329/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/may/06/local-elections-2016-winners-losers-labour-conservatives-snp|archive-date=20 April 2017}}</ref> They retained government in Wales whilst suffering some small losses.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/may/06/welsh-labour-electoral-welsh-voters|title=How Welsh Labour became the UK's most invincible electoral machine|first=Richard Wyn|last=Jones|newspaper=The Guardian|date=6 May 2016|access-date=10 August 2019|archive-date=31 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731195624/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/may/06/welsh-labour-electoral-welsh-voters|url-status=live}}</ref>

====EU referendum====
{{See|Jeremy Corbyn#European Union|l1=European Union}}

Following the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|2016 United Kingdom European Union (EU) membership referendum]], Corbyn was accused of "lukewarm" campaigning for Britain to remain and showing a "lack of leadership" on the issue by several party figures.<ref name="theguardian1">{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jul/04/evidence-blame-jeremy-corbyn-brexit-remain-labour-conservative | title=Where's the evidence that Jeremy Corbyn is to blame for Brexit? | website=[[TheGuardian.com]] | access-date=13 July 2016 | date=13 July 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705142719/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jul/04/evidence-blame-jeremy-corbyn-brexit-remain-labour-conservative | archive-date=5 July 2016 | df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Riley-Smith |first=Ben |date=24 June 2016 |title=Jeremy Corbyn could face leadership challenge within days as Labour MPs submit no confidence motion after Brexit |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/24/jeremy-corbyn-calls-for-brexit-process-to-begin-urgently-as-labo/ |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=London, UK |access-date=4 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629173833/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/24/jeremy-corbyn-calls-for-brexit-process-to-begin-urgently-as-labo/ |archive-date=29 June 2016}}</ref> [[Alan Johnson]], who headed up the [[Labour In for Britain]] campaign said "at times" it felt as if Corbyn's office was "working against the rest of the party and had conflicting objectives". Corbyn's decision to go on holiday during the campaign was also criticised by Phil Wilson, the chair of Labour in for Britain.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Asthana|first1=Anuska|title=Labour In For Britain chair criticises Jeremy Corbyn's campaign involvement|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/26/corbyn-labour-in-for-britain-chair-phil-wilson-eu-referendum|access-date=26 July 2016|newspaper=Guardian|date=26 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731004049/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/26/corbyn-labour-in-for-britain-chair-phil-wilson-eu-referendum|archive-date=31 July 2016}}</ref> In September 2016, Corbyn's spokesman said Corbyn wanted access to the [[European Single Market]], but there were "aspects" of EU membership related to privatisation "which Jeremy campaigned against in the referendum campaign."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/sep/07/jeremy-corbyn-says-uk-should-reject-key-aspects-of-single-market-after-brexit |title=Jeremy Corbyn says UK should reject key aspects of single market after Brexit |newspaper=Guardian |first=Heather |last=Stewart |date=7 September 2016 |access-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910225058/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/sep/07/jeremy-corbyn-says-uk-should-reject-key-aspects-of-single-market-after-brexit |archive-date=10 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-eu-single-market-membership-labour-internal-row-brexit-a7230866.html |title=Jeremy Corbyn fans flames of Labour's internal row by failing to back EU single market membership |first=Joe |last=Watts |newspaper=Independent |date=7 September 2016 |access-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910224837/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-eu-single-market-membership-labour-internal-row-brexit-a7230866.html |archive-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> Diane Abbott, one of Corbyn's key allies, later said "Jeremy in his heart of hearts is a Brexiter". She said
Corbyn was hostile to the European Union, which he considered it "a conspiracy of business people".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/jeremy-corbyn-diane-abbott-labour-tony-benn-brexiteer-b2283014.html | title=Jeremy Corbyn is 'in his heart of hearts a Brexiter', says Diane Abbott | website=[[Independent.co.uk]] | date=15 February 2023 | access-date=15 February 2023 | archive-date=15 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215220332/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/jeremy-corbyn-diane-abbott-labour-tony-benn-brexiteer-b2283014.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

====Shadow Cabinet resignations and vote of no confidence====
{{Main|June 2016 British shadow cabinet resignations}}
[[File:Jeremy Corbyn, Tolpuddle 2016, 1 crop.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|left|Corbyn at the 2016 [[Tolpuddle Martyrs' Festival]]]]

Three days after the EU referendum, on 26 June, Hilary Benn was sacked after it was disclosed that he had been organising a mass resignation of Shadow Cabinet members to force Corbyn to stand down.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-36632539 |title=Brexit: Hilary Benn sacked as Corbyn faces 'no confidence' pressure |date=24 July 2016 |access-date=24 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721022342/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-36632539 | archive-date=21 July 2016 | df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/26/eu-referendum-jeremy-corbyn-sacks-hilary-benn-from-shadow-cabine/|title=EU referendum: Jeremy Corbyn sacks Hilary Benn from shadow cabinet|date=26 June 2015|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=4 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802194944/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/26/eu-referendum-jeremy-corbyn-sacks-hilary-benn-from-shadow-cabine/|archive-date=2 August 2016}}</ref> Several other Shadow Cabinet members resigned in solidarity with Benn and by the following day, 23 of the 31 Shadow Cabinet members had resigned their roles, as did seven parliamentary private secretaries. On the same day, 27 June, Corbyn announced changes to his Shadow Cabinet, moving Emily Thornberry (to Shadow Foreign Secretary), Diane Abbott (to Shadow Health Secretary), and appointing Pat Glass, [[Andy McDonald (politician)|Andy McDonald]], [[Clive Lewis (politician)|Clive Lewis]], [[Rebecca Long-Bailey]], [[Kate Osamor]], [[Rachael Maskell]], [[Cat Smith]] and [[David Anderson (British politician)|Dave Anderson]] to his Shadow Cabinet. Just two days later one of the newly appointed members, Pat Glass, resigned, saying "the situation is untenable".<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-politics-36570120|title=Brexit, Prime Minister's Questions and Labour and Conservative leadership latest|work=BBC News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630001335/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-politics-36570120|archive-date=30 June 2016}}</ref>

A motion of no confidence in Corbyn as Labour leader was tabled by MPs [[Margaret Hodge]] and [[Ann Coffey]] on 24 June 2016.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-36621777 "MPs submit Corbyn no confidence motion"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624133144/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-36621777 |date=24 June 2016}}, [[BBC News Online|BBC News website]], 24 June 2016, accessed 24 June 2016.</ref> Hodge said: "This has been a tumultuous referendum which has been a test of leadership ... Jeremy has failed that test". Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell and union leaders including [[Len McCluskey]] condemned the motion.<ref>Anushka Asthana and Rajeev Syal, [https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/24/jeremy-corbyn-faces-no-confidence-motion-after-brexit-vote Jeremy Corbyn faces no-confidence motion after Britain votes to leave EU] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222085645/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/24/jeremy-corbyn-faces-no-confidence-motion-after-brexit-vote |date=22 December 2016}}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 24 June 2016, accessed 25 June 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jun/26/labour-mutineers-betraying-national-interest| title=Labour mutineers are betraying our national interest| work=The Guardian| date=26 June 2016| access-date=26 June 2016| author=McCluskey Len| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626152728/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jun/26/labour-mutineers-betraying-national-interest| archive-date=26 June 2016| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 28 June, he lost the vote of confidence by Labour Party MPs by 172–40.<ref name="BBC280616">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-36647458|title=Labour MPs pass Corbyn no-confidence motion|work=BBC News|date=28 June 2016|access-date=28 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628021029/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-36647458|archive-date=28 June 2016}}</ref> He responded with a statement that the motion had no "constitutional legitimacy" and that he intended to continue as the elected leader. The vote did not require the party to call a leadership election, but was expected to lead to a leadership challenge.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-wrapup-idUSKCN0ZE11Y |title=EU leaders tell Britain to exit swiftly, market rout halts |last1=Holden |first1=Michael |last2=Piper |first2=Elizabeth |date=28 June 2016 |website=Reuters |publisher=reuters |access-date=28 June 2016 |quote=the confidence vote does not automatically trigger a leadership election and Corbyn, who says he enjoys strong grassroots support, refused to quit. 'I was democratically elected leader of our party for a new kind of politics by 60 percent of Labour members and supporters, and I will not betray them by resigning,' he said. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628113741/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-wrapup-idUSKCN0ZE11Y |archive-date=28 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Asthana |first=Anushka |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/28/jeremy-corbyn-loses-labour-mps-confidence-vote |title=Jeremy Corbyn suffers heavy loss in Labour MPs confidence vote |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London, UK |date=28 June 2016 |access-date=28 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628171010/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/28/jeremy-corbyn-loses-labour-mps-confidence-vote |archive-date=28 June 2016}}</ref> Corbyn was encouraged to resign by Tom Watson and senior Labour politicians including his predecessor, Ed Miliband.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wilkinson |first=Michael |date=29 June 2016 |title=David Cameron and Ed Miliband tell Jeremy Corbyn to resign as Tom Watson says he will not contest Labour leadership leaving Angela Eagle as the unity candidate |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/29/jeremy-corbyn-pmqs-labour-angela-eagle-david-cameron-eu-brexit/ |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |access-date=29 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629095800/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/29/jeremy-corbyn-pmqs-labour-angela-eagle-david-cameron-eu-brexit/ |archive-date=29 June 2016}}</ref> Several union leaders (from [[GMB (trade union)|GMB]], [[UCATT]], the [[Communication Workers Union (UK)|CWU]], the [[Transport Salaried Staffs' Association|TSSA]], [[ASLEF]], the [[Fire Brigades Union|FBU]], the [[Bakers, Food and Allied Workers' Union|BFWAU]] and the [[National Union of Mineworkers (Great Britain)|NUM]]) issued a joint statement saying that Corbyn was "the democratically-elected leader of Labour and his position should not be challenged except through the proper democratic procedures provided for in the party's constitution" and that a leadership election would be an "unnecessary distraction".<ref name="theguardian.com">The Guardian: [https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/28/diane-abbott-leadership-must-be-decided-by-party-members-not-mps a corridor coup] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222091132/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/28/diane-abbott-leadership-must-be-decided-by-party-members-not-mps |date=22 December 2016}}, accessdate: 30 June 2016</ref>

====2016 leadership challenge and election====
{{Main|2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)}}

The division between Corbyn and the Labour parliamentary party continued.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/07/04/jeremy-corbyn-issues-plea-for-labour-to-come-together-as-angela/ | title=Jeremy Corbyn issues plea for Labour to 'come together' as Angela Eagle gives leadership ultimatum | work=The Daily Telegraph | date=4 July 2016 | access-date=5 July 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704205036/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/07/04/jeremy-corbyn-issues-plea-for-labour-to-come-together-as-angela/ | archive-date=4 July 2016 | df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="independent.co.uk">{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-labour-leadership-latest-angela-eagle-challenge-twitter-mugscroll-video-defiant-message-a7119661.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-labour-leadership-latest-angela-eagle-challenge-twitter-mugscroll-video-defiant-message-a7119661.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | title=Labour leader issues defiant message as pro-Corbyn organisation doubles its membership in a week | work=The Independent | date=4 July 2016 | access-date=5 July 2016 | df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 11 July 2016, Angela Eagle, who had recently resigned from his Shadow Cabinet, formally launched her leadership campaign.<ref>{{cite news|title=Labour leadership: Angela Eagle says she can unite the party|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-36761370|access-date=11 July 2016|publisher=BBC|date=11 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711040722/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-36761370|archive-date=11 July 2016}}</ref>
After news reports that Eagle's office had been vandalised, and threats and abuse to other MPs, including death threats to himself, Corbyn said: "It is extremely concerning that Angela Eagle has been the victim of a threatening act" and called for "respect and dignity, even where there is disagreement."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-36770627 |title=Labour's NEC to decide on Jeremy Corbyn ballot rules |work=BBC News |date=5 July 2016 |access-date=12 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712040539/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-36770627 |archive-date=12 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-36770627 |title=Jeremy Corbyn appeals for Labour 'calm' after death threats |date=12 July 2016 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |access-date=12 July 2016 |quote=Jeremy Corbyn has called for "calm" and "dignity" from Labour members after leadership challenger Angela Eagle's constituency office was vandalised. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712113107/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-36770627 |archive-date=12 July 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Jeremy Corbyn leadership election rally August 2016.jpg|thumb|Corbyn at a leadership election rally in August 2016]]

On 12 July 2016, following a dispute as to whether the elected leader would need nominations in an election as a "challenger" to their own leadership, Labour's [[National Executive Committee of the Labour Party|National Executive Committee]] (NEC) resolved that Corbyn, as the incumbent leader, had an automatic right to be on the ballot,<ref>{{cite news |last=McSmith |first=Andy |date=12 July 2016 |title=Jeremy Corbyn wins NEC vote over right to stand again for Labour leadership |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-latest-news-labour-leadership-nec-what-a7133336.html |newspaper=The Independent |location=London, UK |access-date=12 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713161916/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-latest-news-labour-leadership-nec-what-a7133336.html |archive-date=13 July 2016}}</ref> and also decided that members needed to have been a member for more than six months to be eligible to vote, meaning that many members who had joined recently would not be able to vote. The NEC's decision was that "registered supporters" would be entitled to vote if they paid a one off fee of £25. 184,541 people subsequently paid the one-off fee to become "registered supporters" of the party during the two-day window in July, meaning that over 700,000 people had a vote in the leadership election.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://next.ft.com/content/77e1ac44-4eac-11e6-88c5-db83e98a590a | title=180,000 people each paid £25 to vote for its next leader. | access-date=21 July 2016 | date=21 July 2016 | archive-date=7 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107172048/https://www.ft.com/content/77e1ac44-4eac-11e6-88c5-db83e98a590a | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=independent-20150910>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-leadership-contest-after-88-days-of-campaigning-how-did-labours-candidates-do-10495726.html |title=Labour leadership contest: After 88 days of campaigning, how did Labour's candidates do? |author=Oliver Wright |newspaper=The Independent |date=10 September 2015 |access-date=11 September 2015 |quote=the electorate is divided into three groups: 292,000 members, 148,000 union "affiliates" and 112,000 registered supporters who each paid £3 to take part |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914020112/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-leadership-contest-after-88-days-of-campaigning-how-did-labours-candidates-do-10495726.html |archive-date=14 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-party-183000-membership-applications-in-48-hours-a7146976.html | title=Labour Party receives more than 183,000 membership applications in 48 hours | newspaper=The Independent | access-date=21 July 2016 | date=21 July 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721123309/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-party-183000-membership-applications-in-48-hours-a7146976.html | archive-date=21 July 2016 | df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jul/20/labour-stops-crowd-funding-bid-to-help-supporters-pay-for-vote | title=Labour signs up more than 180,000 supporters to vote in leadership contest | newspaper=The Guardian | access-date=21 July 2016 | date=21 July 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721043659/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jul/20/labour-stops-crowd-funding-bid-to-help-supporters-pay-for-vote | archive-date=21 July 2016 | df=dmy-all}}</ref>
The decision to retain Corbyn on the ballot was contested unsuccessfully in a [[High Court of Justice|High Court]] action brought by Labour donor [[Michael Foster (agent)|Michael Foster]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jul/28/jeremy-corbyn-fights-off-court-challenge-labour-leadership-ballot|title=Jeremy Corbyn fights off court challenge over Labour leadership ballot|work=[[The Guardian]]|last1=Walker|first1=Peter|last2=Syal|first2=Rajeev|last3=Mason|first3=Rowena|date=28 July 2016|access-date=29 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728193525/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jul/28/jeremy-corbyn-fights-off-court-challenge-labour-leadership-ballot|archive-date=28 July 2016}}</ref>

On 13 July, [[Owen Smith]] entered the Labour Party leadership race.<ref name="OSbbc.co.uk">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-36780715 |title=Labour leadership: Owen Smith to enter contest |date=13 July 2016 |access-date=13 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160713061530/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-36780715|archive-date =13 July 2016|df =dmy-all}}</ref> Subsequently, on 19 July, Angela Eagle withdrew and offered her endorsement to Smith.<ref>{{cite news |title=Labour leadership election: Angela Eagle pulls out of contest to allow Owen Smith straight run at Jeremy Corbyn |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/angela-eagle-pulls-out-labour-leadership-election-owen-smith-jeremy-corbyn-a7145021.html |newspaper=The Independent |location=London, UK |access-date=19 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720185705/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/angela-eagle-pulls-out-labour-leadership-election-owen-smith-jeremy-corbyn-a7145021.html |archive-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>
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| image1=Jeremy Corbyn and John McDonnell, 2016 Labour Party Conference.jpg|width1=217|caption1=Corbyn with his Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer [[John McDonnell]] at the [[Labour Party (UK) Conference#2016 Liverpool|2016 Labour Party Conference]]|image2=Tom Watson and Jeremy Corbyn, 2016 Labour Party Conference.jpg|width2=217|caption2=Corbyn with Deputy Leader of the Labour Party [[Tom Watson (Labour politician)|Tom Watson]] following re-election in 2016}}

A survey of the public on 14 July found that 66% of those surveyed believed that the Labour Party needed a new leader before the 2020 elections and only 23 per cent believed that Corbyn would make a good Prime Minister while [[Theresa May]] had an approval rating of 55 per cent.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/3762/Two-in-three-say-Labour-should-change-leader-before-next-General-Election.aspx |title=Two in three say Labour should change leader before next General Election |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=14 July 2016 |website=Ipsos MORI |publisher=Ipsos MORI |access-date=18 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920200435/https://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/3762/Two-in-three-say-Labour-should-change-leader-before-next-General-Election.aspx |archive-date=20 September 2016}}</ref> A later poll on 23 July found that among those who said they backed Labour, 54% supported Corbyn against just 22% who would prefer Smith. When voters were asked who they thought would be the best prime minister – Corbyn or Theresa May – among Labour supporters 48% said Corbyn and 22% May, among all UK voters 52% chose May and just 16% were for Corbyn.<ref>{{cite news|last=Helm|first=Toby|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jul/23/labour-leadership-jeremy-corbyn-more-double-support-owen-smith|title=Jeremy Corbyn has more than double the support of Owen Smith, poll shows|work=The Observer|date=23 July 2016|access-date=24 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724162812/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jul/23/labour-leadership-jeremy-corbyn-more-double-support-owen-smith|archive-date=24 July 2016}}</ref>

More than 40 female Labour MPs, in an open letter during the campaign in July 2016, called on Corbyn to deal with issues relating to online abuse, and criticised him for his allegedly unsatisfactory responses and inaction.<ref>{{cite news|last=Walker|first=Peter|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jul/22/female-labour-mps-call-on-jeremy-corbyn-to-act-over-escalating-abuse|title=Female Labour MPs call on Jeremy Corbyn to act over 'escalating abuse'|work=The Guardian|date=22 July 2016|access-date=6 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905160856/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jul/22/female-labour-mps-call-on-jeremy-corbyn-to-act-over-escalating-abuse|archive-date=5 September 2016}}</ref> Speaking at the launch of policies intending to democratise the internet in late August, Corbyn described such abuse as "appalling". He continued: "I have set up a code of conduct on this. The Labour party has a code of conduct on this, and it does have to be dealt with".<ref>{{cite news|last=Walker|first=Peter|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/aug/30/corbyn-leadership-team-is-stopping-online-abuse-of-opponents|title=Corbyn: leadership team is stopping online abuse of opponents|work=The Guardian|date=30 August 2016|access-date=6 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906101000/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/aug/30/corbyn-leadership-team-is-stopping-online-abuse-of-opponents|archive-date=6 September 2016}}</ref>

On 16 August 2016, Corbyn released a video of himself sitting on the floor of a [[Virgin Trains East Coast]] train while travelling to a leadership hustings in [[Gateshead]]. Corbyn said the train was "ram-packed" and used this to support his policy to reverse the 1990s [[Impact of the privatisation of British Rail|privatisation of the railways of Great Britain]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/aug/16/jeremy-corbyn-floor-three-hour-train-journey-london-newcastle|title=Corbyn joins seatless commuters on floor for three-hour train journey|last1=Anthony|first1=Charles B.|date=16 August 2016|last2=McVeigh|first2=Karen|newspaper=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077|access-date=5 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005191026/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/aug/16/jeremy-corbyn-floor-three-hour-train-journey-london-newcastle|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> A dispute, nicknamed [[Traingate]] in the media, developed a week later when Virgin released CCTV images appearing to show that Corbyn had walked past some available seats on the train before recording his video.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/jeremy-corbyn-virgin-trains-row-traingate-timeline-what-happened-labour-leadership-election-a7206936.html|title=A timeline revealing exactly what happened in Jeremy Corbyn's 'traingate' row|date=24 August 2016|website=The Independent|access-date=5 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929190318/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/jeremy-corbyn-virgin-trains-row-traingate-timeline-what-happened-labour-leadership-election-a7206936.html|archive-date=29 September 2016}}</ref> Corbyn subsequently said that there had not been room for all his team to sit together, but that a train manager later found seats for him and his team, including his wife, by upgrading other passengers.<ref name="Guardtrain">{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/aug/24/owen-smith-cctv-shows-jeremy-corbyn-chose-to-sit-on-train-floor | title=Angry Jeremy Corbyn reminds Branson of rail nationalisation plans | work=The Guardian | date=24 August 2016 | access-date=19 September 2016 | author1=Stewart, Heather | author2=Gayle, Damien | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914143822/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/aug/24/owen-smith-cctv-shows-jeremy-corbyn-chose-to-sit-on-train-floor | archive-date=14 September 2016 | df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The [[Psephology|psephologist]] [[John Curtice]] wrote just before Corbyn's second leadership win: "There is evidently a section of the British public, to be found particularly among younger voters, for whom the Labour leader does have an appeal; it just does not look like a section that is big enough, on its own at least, to enable Labour to win a general election".<ref>{{cite news|last=Curtice|first=John|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/sep/22/jeremy-corbyn-not-unpopular-but-divisive|title=Jeremy Corbyn is not unpopular – but he is divisive|work=The Guardian|date=22 September 2016|access-date=24 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923184116/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/sep/22/jeremy-corbyn-not-unpopular-but-divisive|archive-date=23 September 2016}}</ref> Meanwhile, on 23 September, a poll for ''[[The Independent]]'' by BMG Research suggested that working class voters were more likely to consider Corbyn "incompetent" than those from the middle class, and a higher proportion thought he was also "out of touch".<ref>{{cite news|last=Watts|first=Joe|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-leadership-results-live-jeremy-corbyn-owen-smith-poll-incompetent-working-class-voters-a7326486.html|title=Jeremy Corbyn is 'out of touch' and an 'election loser' among working class voters, poll finds|work=The Independent|date=23 September 2016|access-date=24 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924002604/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-leadership-results-live-jeremy-corbyn-owen-smith-poll-incompetent-working-class-voters-a7326486.html|archive-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> [[Martin Kettle]] of ''The Guardian'' wrote that "many Labour MPs, even some who face defeat, want an early election" to prove decisively that Corbyn's Labour is unelectable as a government,<ref name="Kettle">{{cite news|last=Kettle|first=Martin|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/sep/22/general-election-labour-crisis-jeremy-corbyn|title=It'll take a general election for Labour to face up to its crisis|work=The Guardian|date=23 September 2016|access-date=24 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923174751/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/sep/22/general-election-labour-crisis-jeremy-corbyn|archive-date=23 September 2016}}</ref> stating that "If there is hope for Labour it lies with the voters. Only they can change the party".<ref name="Kettle"/>

Corbyn was re-elected as Labour leader on 24 September, with 313,209 votes (61.8%) compared to 193,229 (38.2%) for Owen Smith – a slightly increased share of the vote compared to his election in 2015, when he won 59%. On a turnout of 77.6%, Corbyn won the support of 59% of party members, 70% of registered supporters and 60% of affiliated supporters. In his acceptance speech, Corbyn called on the "Labour family" to end their divisions and to "wipe that slate clean from today and get on with the work we've got to do as a party".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stewart|first1=Heather|last2=Mason|first2=Rowena|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/sep/24/labour-leadership-jeremy-corbyn-wins-landslide-victory-party|title=Labour leadership: Jeremy Corbyn wins convincing victory over Owen Smith|work=The Guardian|date=24 September 2016|access-date=24 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924115925/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/sep/24/labour-leadership-jeremy-corbyn-wins-landslide-victory-party|archive-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> He continued: "Together, arguing for the real change this country needs, I have no doubt this party can win the next election whenever the Prime Minister decides to call it and form the next government."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.itv.com/news/2016-09-24/jeremy-corbyns-full-leadership-acceptance-speech/|title=Jeremy Corbyn's full leadership acceptance speech|publisher=ITV News|date=24 September 2016|access-date=24 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924131041/http://www.itv.com/news/2016-09-24/jeremy-corbyns-full-leadership-acceptance-speech/|archive-date=24 September 2016}}</ref>

====Article 50====
In January 2017, Corbyn announced that he would impose a three-line whip to force Labour MPs to vote in favour of [[United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union|triggering Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union]] to initiate the [[Brexit|withdrawal of the UK from the EU]]. In response, two Labour whips said they would vote against the bill. [[Tulip Siddiq]], the shadow minister for early years, and [[Jo Stevens]], the Shadow Welsh Secretary resigned in protest.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jan/27/jeremy-corbyn-article-50-vote-two-labour-whips-refuse |title=Two Labour whips defy Jeremy Corbyn on article 50 vote |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=27 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127114907/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jan/27/jeremy-corbyn-article-50-vote-two-labour-whips-refuse |archive-date=27 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Labour MP Jo Stevens quits shadow cabinet over article 50 vote|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jan/27/labour-mp-jo-stevens-quits-shadow-cabinet-over-article-50-vote?CMP=twt_gu|website=The Guardian|date = 27 January 2017|access-date=27 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202125816/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jan/27/labour-mp-jo-stevens-quits-shadow-cabinet-over-article-50-vote?CMP=twt_gu|archive-date=2 February 2017}}</ref> On 1 February, forty seven Labour MPs defied Corbyn's whip on the second reading of the bill.<ref>{{cite news|title=Which Labour MPs rebelled and voted against Brexit Bill?|url=http://www.itv.com/news/2017-02-01/which-labour-mps-rebelled-and-voted-against-brexit-bill/|agency=ITV|date=1 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203144215/http://www.itv.com/news/2017-02-01/which-labour-mps-rebelled-and-voted-against-brexit-bill/|archive-date=3 February 2017}}</ref>

====May 2017 local elections====
At the [[2017 United Kingdom local elections|2017 local elections]], Labour lost nearly 400 councillors and control of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire county councils.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/may/05/local-elections-tories-profit-from-ukip-collapse-amid-labour-losses|title=Local elections: Tories gain over 550 seats as Labour and Ukip votes plunge|last1=Asthana|first1=Anushka|date=5 May 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=23 November 2017|last2=Stewart|first2=Heather|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081717/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/may/05/local-elections-tories-profit-from-ukip-collapse-amid-labour-losses|url-status=live}}</ref> The BBC's Projected National Vote Share was 38% for the&nbsp;Conservatives, 27% for&nbsp;Labour, 18% for the&nbsp;[[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]]&nbsp;and 5% for&nbsp;[[UKIP]], with others on around 12%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/StephenDFisher/status/860487311448039425|title=Steve Fisher on Twitter|access-date=6 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818234207/https://twitter.com/StephenDFisher/status/860487311448039425|archive-date=18 August 2017}}</ref>

===2017 general election===
{{Main|2017 United Kingdom general election}}

[[File:Labour Party General Election Launch 2017.jpg|thumb|Corbyn with members of his [[Shadow Cabinet]] in [[EventCity]], Greater Manchester, at the Labour Party 2017 General Election Launch]]

Corbyn said he welcomed Prime Minister Theresa May's proposal to seek an early general election in 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.sky.com/story/corbyn-welcomes-pms-election-move-10842125|title=Corbyn welcomes PM's election move|publisher=Sky News|date=18 April 2017|access-date=18 April 2017|archive-date=15 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215114356/https://news.sky.com/story/corbyn-welcomes-pms-election-move-10842125|url-status=live}}</ref> He said his party should support the government's move in the parliamentary vote.<ref>{{cite news |last=Stone |first=Jon |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-early-general-election-2017-theresa-may-response-statement-june-8-date-a7688566.html |title=Jeremy Corbyn welcomes Theresa May's announcement of an early election|work=The Independent|date=18 April 2017|access-date=18 April 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419003131/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-early-general-election-2017-theresa-may-response-statement-june-8-date-a7688566.html|archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> The Labour campaign focused on social issues like health care, education and ending austerity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bell |first1=Emma |title=The 2017 Labour General Election Campaign: Ushering in a 'New Politics'? |journal=Revue française de civilisation britannique |date=11 July 2018 |volume=23 |issue=2 |page=38 |doi=10.4000/rfcb.2029 |s2cid=158258323 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/rfcb/2029#tocto2n7 |access-date=15 August 2022 |issn=2429-4373 |doi-access=free |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815215141/https://journals.openedition.org/rfcb/2029#tocto2n7 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Earlier in the year, Corbyn had become the first opposition party leader since 1982 to [[2017 Copeland by-election|lose a by-election]] to an incumbent government,<ref>{{cite news|title=Tories take Copeland seat from Labour in first gain for a government in a by-election since 1982|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/24/tories-take-seat-labour-copeland-first-gain-government-by-election/|access-date=9 June 2017|agency=Press Association|newspaper=Telegraph|date=24 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501204049/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/24/tories-take-seat-labour-copeland-first-gain-government-by-election/|archive-date=1 May 2017}}</ref> and at the time May called the election Labour trailed the Conservative Party by up to 25 points in some [[Opinion polling for the 2017 United Kingdom general election|opinion polls]].<ref name="ftge2017"/> A large Conservative majority was widely predicted. Following the short campaign, Labour again finished as the second largest party in parliament but surprised many pundits by increasing their share of the popular vote to 40%, resulting in a net gain of 30 seats and a hung parliament. Although Labour started the campaign as far as 20 points behind, it defied expectations by gaining 40% of the vote, its greatest share since [[2001 United Kingdom general election|2001]]. It was the first time Labour had made a net gain of seats since 1997, and the party's 9.6% increase in vote share was its largest in a single general election since 1945.<ref name="ftge2017"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/election-2017-40209282|title=UK election 2017: Conservatives 'to fall short of majority'|work=BBC News|date=9 June 2017|access-date=9 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609030540/http://www.bbc.com/news/election-2017-40209282|archive-date=9 June 2017}}</ref> This has partly been attributed to the popularity of its 2017 Manifesto that promised to scrap tuition fees, address public sector pay, make housing more affordable, end austerity, nationalise the railways and provide school students with free lunches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/may/16/labour-manifesto-analysis-key-points-pledges|title=Labour manifesto 2017: the key points, pledges and analysis|last=Travis|first=Alan, and Phillip Inman|date=1 June 2017|website=The Guardian|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224061843/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/may/16/labour-manifesto-analysis-key-points-pledges|archive-date=24 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/sep/22/the-inside-story-of-labours-election-shock-jeremy-corbyn|title=The inside story of Labour's election shock|last=Stewart|first=Heather|date=22 September 2017|website=The Guardian|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703145912/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/sep/22/the-inside-story-of-labours-election-shock-jeremy-corbyn|archive-date=3 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2017/07/11/why-people-voted-labour-or-conservative-2017-gener|title=Why people voted Labour or Conservative at the 2017 general election|last=Smith|first=Matthew|date=11 July 2017|website=YouGov|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926214651/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2017/07/11/why-people-voted-labour-or-conservative-2017-gener|archive-date=26 September 2019}}</ref>

Corbyn's election campaign was run under the slogan "For the Many, Not the Few"<ref>{{cite news |last1=Frankel |first1=Alex |title='For the many, not the few' asks voters to see the world differently. It could work |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jun/07/for-the-many-not-the-few-asks-voters-to-see-the-world-differently-it-could-work |access-date=24 March 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=7 June 2016 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324111856/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jun/07/for-the-many-not-the-few-asks-voters-to-see-the-world-differently-it-could-work |url-status=live }}</ref> and featured rallies with a large audience and connected with a [[grassroots]] following for the party, including appearing on stage in front of a crowd of 20,000 at the Wirral Live Festival in [[Prenton Park]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/21/jeremy-corbyn-takes-stage-warm-act-libertines/|title=Jeremy Corbyn takes to the stage as warm up act for the Libertines|date=21 May 2017|access-date=14 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522034503/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/21/jeremy-corbyn-takes-stage-warm-act-libertines/|archive-date=22 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/jeremy-corbyn-wirral-live-libertines_uk_5921ab9de4b034684b0d091f|title=Jeremy Corbyn Gatecrashes Wirral Live Music Festival Headlined By The Libertines|work=Huffington Post|date=22 May 2017|access-date=14 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616103158/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/jeremy-corbyn-wirral-live-libertines_uk_5921ab9de4b034684b0d091f|archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> He chose to take part in television debates and dressed more professionally than usual, wearing a business suit and tie.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2017-40219339|title=Election results 2017: The Jeremy Corbyn factor|work=BBC News|date=9 June 2017|access-date=14 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612112232/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2017-40219339|archive-date=12 June 2017}}</ref> He said the result was a public call for the end of "austerity politics" and suggested May should step down as Prime Minister.<ref name="ftge2017">{{cite news|last1=Pickard|first1=Jim|title=Jeremy Corbyn confounds critics with 'gobsmacking' gain|url=https://www.ft.com/content/907f0208-4c92-11e7-919a-1e14ce4af89b|access-date=9 June 2017|publisher=FT|date=9 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611053334/https://www.ft.com/content/907f0208-4c92-11e7-919a-1e14ce4af89b|archive-date=11 June 2017}}</ref> Corbyn said that he had received the largest vote for a winning candidate in the history of his borough.<ref name="independent">{{cite news|last=Bulman|first=May|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/News/uk/politics/general-election-2017-jeremy-corbyn-speech-in-full-transcript-islington-north-win-labour-leader-a7780916.html|title=General Election 2017: Jeremy Corbyn's speech in full|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=9 June 2017|access-date=10 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609213804/http://www.independent.co.uk/News/uk/politics/general-election-2017-jeremy-corbyn-speech-in-full-transcript-islington-north-win-labour-leader-a7780916.html|archive-date=9 June 2017}}</ref>

====Leaked Labour Party report on antisemitism====

In April 2020, an internal Labour Party [[The Labour Party dossier into the handling of antisemitism|report]], entitled ''The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 2014–2019'', was leaked to the media.<ref name="sky120420">{{cite news|last=Reyner|first=Tom|date=12 April 2020|url=https://news.sky.com/story/labour-antisemitism-investigation-will-not-be-sent-to-equality-commission-11972071|title=Labour antisemitism investigation will not be sent to equality commission|agency=Sky News|access-date=15 April 2020|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830004639/https://news.sky.com/story/labour-antisemitism-investigation-will-not-be-sent-to-equality-commission-11972071|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="independent130420">{{cite news |last1=Stone |first1=Jon |title=Anti-Corbyn Labour officials worked to lose general election to oust leader, leaked dossier finds |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-leak-report-corbyn-election-whatsapp-antisemitism-tories-yougov-poll-a9462456.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-leak-report-corbyn-election-whatsapp-antisemitism-tories-yougov-poll-a9462456.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=3 September 2020 |work=The Independent |date=13 April 2020}}</ref> The report was completed in the last months of Corbyn's leadership and was meant to form part of the Labour Party's submission to the [[Equality and Human Rights Commission]] (EHRC) inquiry into Labour's approach to dealing with antisemitism.<ref name="guardian120420">{{cite news |last1=Mason |first1=Rowena |title='Hostility to Corbyn' curbed Labour efforts to tackle antisemitism, says leaked report |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/apr/12/hostility-to-corbyn-curbed-labour-efforts-to-tackle-antisemitism-says-leaked-report |access-date=2 September 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=12 April 2020 |archive-date=18 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818231345/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/apr/12/hostility-to-corbyn-curbed-labour-efforts-to-tackle-antisemitism-says-leaked-report |url-status=live }}</ref> It included 10,000 emails and thousands of private [[WhatsApp]] communications between former senior party officials.<ref name="sky120420"/> The Labour Party had, after the intervention of party lawyers, decided not to submit the report to the EHRC.<ref name="sky120420"/>

According to the report there was "an abnormal intensity of factional opposition" to Corbyn which had "inhibited the proper functioning of the Labour Party bureaucracy".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stone |first1=Jon |title=Labour leader Keir Starmer announces 'urgent investigation' into leaked party antisemitism report |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-report-leak-keir-starmer-investigation-angela-rayner-antisemitism-a9462881.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-report-leak-keir-starmer-investigation-angela-rayner-antisemitism-a9462881.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=17 April 2020 |work=The Independent |date=14 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Socialists call for transparency over anti-semitism investigation that risks being 'suppressed' |url=https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/socialists-call-transparency-over-anti-semitism-investigation-risks-being-suppressed |access-date=17 April 2020 |publisher=Morning Star |date=12 April 2020 |archive-date=16 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416161947/https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/socialists-call-transparency-over-anti-semitism-investigation-risks-being-suppressed |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bastani |first1=Aaron |title='It's going to be a long night' – How Members of Labour's Senior Management Team Campaigned to Lose |url=https://novaramedia.com/2020/04/12/its-going-to-be-a-long-night-how-members-of-labours-senior-management-campaigned-to-lose/ |access-date=17 April 2020 |publisher=NovaraMedia |date=12 April 2020 |archive-date=19 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419031456/https://novaramedia.com/2020/04/12/its-going-to-be-a-long-night-how-members-of-labours-senior-management-campaigned-to-lose/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The report included what it alleges were examples of how senior Labour Party officials including former party general secretary [[Iain McNicol]] worked to undermine Labour's campaign in the 2017 general election in order to force a change of leader. The report revealed that senior party officials sent insulting WhatsApp messages about leftwing MPs, including [[Diane Abbott]], and officials in Corbyn's office.<ref name="independent130420"/><ref name="Rayner 2020">{{cite web | last=Rayner | first=Tom | title=Labour antisemitism investigation will not be sent to equality commission | website=Sky News | date=11 April 2020 | url=https://news.sky.com/story/labour-antisemitism-investigation-will-not-be-sent-to-equality-commission-11972071 | access-date=7 May 2020 | archive-date=30 August 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830004639/https://news.sky.com/story/labour-antisemitism-investigation-will-not-be-sent-to-equality-commission-11972071 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="The Guardian 2020 leaked">{{cite web|last1=Stewart|first1=Heather|last2=Walker|first2=Peter|date=15 April 2020|title=Labour's Iain McNicol steps down from Lords role after report leak|url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/apr/15/labour-must-turn-its-back-on-factionalism-says-keir-starmer|access-date=7 May 2020|website=The Guardian|archive-date=3 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503202800/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/apr/15/labour-must-turn-its-back-on-factionalism-says-keir-starmer|url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to the 2017 election, officials discussed using party resources to assist candidates critical of Corbyn, such as deputy leader [[Tom Watson (Labour politician)|Tom Watson]]. The report stated that officials operated a "secret key seats team from where a parallel general election campaign was run to support MPs associated with the right wing of the party".<ref name="independent130420"/> The officials expressed dismay over the party's unexpectedly strong results in the 2017 general election.<ref name="independent130420"/><ref name="Rayner 2020"/><ref name="The Guardian 2020 leaked"/> In response to the report, Labour MP [[Kate Osamor]] called for the expulsion of those involved.<ref>{{cite news|last=Child|first=David|date=13 April 2020|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/uk-labour-party-orders-probe-leaked-anti-semitism-report-200413195941724.html|title=UK Labour Party orders probe into leaked anti-Semitism report|agency=Al Jazeera|access-date=15 April 2020|archive-date=14 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414051218/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/uk-labour-party-orders-probe-leaked-anti-semitism-report-200413195941724.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Stephen Bush wrote in the ''[[New Statesman]]'' that the "report's summary writes a cheque that its findings cannot cash".<ref>{{cite web|last=Bush|first=Stephen|date=13 April 2020|title=Why Keir Starmer's response to a leaked party report into anti-Semitism is the right one|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/staggers/2020/04/why-keir-starmers-response-leaked-party-report-anti-semitism-right-one|website=NewStatesman|access-date=15 June 2020|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610030438/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/staggers/2020/04/why-keir-starmers-response-leaked-party-report-anti-semitism-right-one|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2020, the Labour Party [[National Executive Committee of the Labour Party|National Executive Committee]] (NEC) appointed barrister Martin Forde to chair an investigation into the leaked report on antisemitism.<ref name="ind010520">{{cite news |last1=Cowburn |first1=Ashley |title=Windrush adviser to chair investigation into Labour's leaked antisemitism report |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-report-leak-antisemitism-nec-martin-forde-windrush-scandal-a9494556.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-report-leak-antisemitism-nec-martin-forde-windrush-scandal-a9494556.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=3 September 2020 |work=The Independent |date=1 May 2020}}</ref> The inquiry was set up to examine the contents of the report as well as how it was authored and leaked. It was expected to release its findings in 2021,<ref name="guardian070820"/> but was delayed indefinitely over concerns it could prejudice an investigation by the information commissioner into the leak,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Elgot |first1=Jessica |title=Labour to delay publication of antisemitism inquiry findings |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/feb/11/labour-to-delay-publication-of-antisemitism-inquiry-findings |website=The Guardian |access-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024131609/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/feb/11/labour-to-delay-publication-of-antisemitism-inquiry-findings |archive-date=24 October 2022 |date=11 February 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> eventually being published in July 2022. In Corbyn's submission to the Forde inquiry, submitted jointly with eight other colleagues, he was reported to have accused officials of sabotage and said their diversion of funds could constitute fraud.<ref>{{cite news|last=Walker|first=Peter|date=7 August 2020|title=Jeremy Corbyn accuses Labour officials of sabotaging election campaign|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/aug/07/jeremy-corbyn-accuses-labour-officials-of-sabotaging-election-campaign|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=6 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906120052/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/aug/07/jeremy-corbyn-accuses-labour-officials-of-sabotaging-election-campaign|url-status=live}}</ref> The diverted funds refer to the "Bespoke Materials Service" (sometimes referred to as the 'Ergon House Project'), which represented 1.2 per cent of Labour's total election spend and was focused towards certain Labour-held seats rather than offensive targets. BMS was apparently not disclosed to Corbyn's office. Officials said their targeting was due to fears Labour would lose seats, based on its poor polling position at the start of the campaign, and that three of the seats supported by BMS were less than 500 votes away from being lost to the Conservatives.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ware|first=John|date=26 August 2020|title=The anti-Corbyn plot that never was|url=https://thecritic.co.uk/issues/september-2020/the-anti-corbyn-plot-that-never-was/|website=The Critic Magazine|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=1 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901183550/https://thecritic.co.uk/issues/september-2020/the-anti-corbyn-plot-that-never-was/|url-status=live}}</ref> The 2017 campaigns chief, Patrick Heneghan also stated that Corbyn's office had demanded he divert funds towards a list of Labour-held seats, some with majorities of over 10,000, to help MPs were considered allies of Corbyn, including [[Ian Lavery]] and [[Jon Trickett]]. Heneghan said the use of funds in BMS was legal, as it had been authorised by the General Secretary, and stated it had been kept from Corbyn's office because staffers believed they were "in a bind" and "felt it was pointless to try and discuss this sensibly with Jeremy's staff".{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

''[[The Guardian]]'' reported that "[w]hile the leaked report does show hostility to Corbyn during the 2017 election, and even dismay among some officials when he did better than expected, there is seemingly no proof of active obstruction" by Labour officials and that there was "an argument that any evidence of election-scuppering is circumstantial rather than a smoking gun".<ref name="guardian070820">{{cite web|last=Walker|first=Peter|date=7 August 2020|title=Where the battle lines are being drawn over leaked Labour report|url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/aug/07/where-the-battle-lines-are-being-drawn-over-leaked-labour-report|website=The Guardian|access-date=29 October 2020|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101072331/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/aug/07/where-the-battle-lines-are-being-drawn-over-leaked-labour-report|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2022, the Forde Report concluded that while the leader's office and party staff "were trying to win in different ways", it was "highly unlikely" this cost Labour the 2017 election (see [[#Publication of the Forde Report|Publication of Forde Report]]).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jul/19/antisemitism-factional-weapon-labour-party-forde-report-finds | title=Antisemitism issue used as 'factional weapon' in Labour, report finds | website=[[TheGuardian.com]] | date=19 July 2022 | access-date=26 July 2022 | archive-date=26 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726161518/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jul/19/antisemitism-factional-weapon-labour-party-forde-report-finds | url-status=live }}</ref>

====Opinion polling====
{{Main|Opinion polling for the 2017 United Kingdom general election#Preferred Prime Minister polling|Leadership approval opinion polling for the 2019 United Kingdom general election}}

Opinion polls during the first few months of his leadership gave Corbyn lower personal approval ratings than any previous Labour leader in the early stages of their leadership amongst the general public.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hughes|first1=Laura|title=Jeremy Corbyn receives the worst ratings for a Labour leader in 60 years|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/Jeremy_Corbyn/11906103/Jeremy-Corbyn-receives-the-worst-ratings-for-a-Labour-leader-in-60-years.html|access-date=29 January 2016|newspaper=Telegraph|date=2 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221012906/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/Jeremy_Corbyn/11906103/Jeremy-Corbyn-receives-the-worst-ratings-for-a-Labour-leader-in-60-years.html|archive-date=21 February 2016}}</ref> His approval amongst party members was initially strong reaching a net approval of +45 in May 2016, though this fell back sharply to just +3 by the end of the next month following criticism of Corbyn's handling of the EU referendum and a string of Shadow Cabinet resignations.<ref>{{cite web|last=Curtis|first=Chris|date=30 June 2016|title=Corbyn loses support among Labour party membership|url=https://yougov.co.uk/news/2016/06/30/labour-members-corbyn-post-brexit/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717183053/https://yougov.co.uk/news/2016/06/30/labour-members-corbyn-post-brexit/|archive-date=17 July 2016|access-date=18 July 2016|website=YouGov}}</ref>

A poll by Election Data in February 2017 found that 50% of Labour voters wanted Corbyn to stand down by the next election, while 44% wanted him to stay. In the same month, [[YouGov]] found party members' net approval rating of Corbyn was 17%, whereas a year earlier the result found by the same pollsters had been 55%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chakelian|first=Anoosh|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/03/yes-support-jeremy-corbyn-falling-he-would-still-win-third-labour-leadership|title=Yes, support for Jeremy Corbyn is falling, but he would still win a third Labour leadership election|work=New Statesman|date=6 March 2017|access-date=11 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306164329/http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/03/yes-support-jeremy-corbyn-falling-he-would-still-win-third-labour-leadership|archive-date=6 March 2017}}</ref> Also during February 2017, [[Ipsos MORI]] found Corbyn's satisfaction rating among the electorate as a whole was minus 38%; among Labour voters it was minus 9%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cecil|first=Nicholas|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/jeremy-corbyn-left-standing-as-theresa-may-is-handed-poll-boost-a3468351.html|title=Theresa May's popularity ratings surge as Jeremy Corbyn reels after rebellion|work=London Evening Standard|date=16 February 2017|access-date=11 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216131034/http://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/jeremy-corbyn-left-standing-as-theresa-may-is-handed-poll-boost-a3468351.html|archive-date=16 February 2017}}</ref>

Polling by the end of the first week of campaigning during the 2017 general election was suggesting a defeat for Labour with the parliamentary party much reduced and a landslide victory for the Conservatives with a majority of perhaps 150 MPs. An [[ITV Wales & West|ITV Wales]]/YouGov poll at this time placed the Conservatives on 40% in Wales against Labour's 30%; Labour MPs have formed a majority in Wales since the [[1922 United Kingdom general election|1922 election]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rayner|first1=Gordon|last2=Swinford|first2=Stephen|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/24/labour-facing-election-wipeout-polls-suggest-tory-majority-150/|title=Labour facing election wipeout as polls suggest Tory majority of up to 150|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=25 April 2017|access-date=25 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425000401/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/24/labour-facing-election-wipeout-polls-suggest-tory-majority-150/|archive-date=25 April 2017}}</ref> An opinion poll published on 22 May suggested that the position had been reversed, with Labour now polling 44% in Wales and the Conservatives 34%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Poll shows Labour reclaiming lead in Wales|url=http://www.itv.com/news/wales/2017-05-22/poll-shows-labour-reclaiming-lead-in-wales/|website=ITV.com|date=22 May 2017|access-date=22 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523072534/http://www.itv.com/news/wales/2017-05-22/poll-shows-labour-reclaiming-lead-in-wales/|archive-date=23 May 2017}}</ref> Polls following the publication of the Labour and Conservative manifestos suggested that nationally, Labour was narrowing the Conservative lead to nine points, with YouGov putting the party on 35% of the vote.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sharman|first=Jon|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/election-2017-labour-voting-share-tony-blair-2005-win-polls-majority-jeremy-corbyn-party-leader-a7748566.html|title=Election 2017: Labour on similar voting share to Tony Blair's in 2005 election win|work=The Independent|date=22 May 2017|access-date=22 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619180340/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/election-2017-labour-voting-share-tony-blair-2005-win-polls-majority-jeremy-corbyn-party-leader-a7748566.html|archive-date=19 June 2017}}</ref> The final election polls predicted an increased majority for the Tories.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/election-2017-40265714|title=How wrong was the election polling?|first=Peter|last=Barnes|work=BBC News|date=13 June 2017|access-date=21 November 2019|archive-date=14 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114021812/https://www.bbc.com/news/election-2017-40265714|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Second term as Leader of the Opposition (2017–2019)===
[[File:Jeremy Corbyn in his native Shropshire 2017, meeting local councillor Beryl Mason and former MEP, David Hallam.png|thumb|upright|Corbyn in Shropshire in 2017, meeting local councillor Beryl Mason and former MEP [[David Hallam]]]]

====June 2017 Shadow Cabinet dismissals====
Corbyn sacked three Shadow Cabinet members and a fourth resigned<ref name="out2017">{{cite web|date=29 June 2017|title=Government's Queen's Speech clears Commons|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-40448814|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629170718/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-40448814|archive-date=29 June 2017|access-date=28 June 2017|website=BBC News|publisher=BBC}}</ref> after they rebelled against party orders to abstain on a motion aimed at keeping the UK in the EU single market, which was put forward by Labour MP [[Chuka Umunna]].<ref name="out2017" />

====Salisbury poisoning response====
On 15 March 2018, Corbyn wrote in ''[[The Guardian]]'' that "to rush way ahead of the evidence" about Russia's involvement in the [[Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal|Salisbury poisoning]] "serves neither justice nor our national security" and that responsibility for the attack "is a matter for police and security professionals to determine". However, he also said that Theresa May was right "to identify two possibilities for the source of the attack in Salisbury [...] Either this was a crime authored by the Russian state; or that state has allowed these deadly toxins to slip out of the control it has an obligation to exercise."<ref name="guardian150318">{{cite news |last=Corbyn |first=Jeremy |title=The Salisbury attack was appalling. But we must avoid a drift to conflict |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/mar/15/salisbury-attack-conflict-britain-cold-war |access-date=28 July 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=15 March 2018 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802002950/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/mar/15/salisbury-attack-conflict-britain-cold-war |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/mar/15/corbyn-defies-critics-calls-for-calm-over-russia-nerve-agent-attack|title=Jeremy Corbyn defies critics and calls for calm over Russia|first1=Heather|last1=Stewart|first2=Larry|last2=Elliott|newspaper=The Guardian|date=15 March 2018|access-date=26 July 2020|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726082036/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/mar/15/corbyn-defies-critics-calls-for-calm-over-russia-nerve-agent-attack|url-status=live}}</ref> This sparked a row within the Labour Party, with more than 30 backbenchers signing an Early Day Motion "unequivocally" blaming Russia for the attack and several frontbenchers, including shadow foreign secretary [[Emily Thornberry]], shadow defence secretary [[Nia Griffith]] and shadow Brexit secretary Sir Keir Starmer, stating that Russia was to blame.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-43424867|title=Russian spy: Labour row over Jeremy Corbyn's position|work=BBC News|date=16 March 2018|access-date=26 July 2020|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726074315/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-43424867|url-status=live}}</ref> A poll on 17 March found only 16% of voters believed Corbyn would be the best person to deal with the UK's relations with Russia, compared to 39% saying Theresa May.<ref>{{cite news|last=Helm|first=Toby|date=17 March 2018|title=Britons back May over Corbyn to handle Russia row, poll finds|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/mar/17/britons-back-may-over-corbyn-to-handle-russia-row-poll-finds|access-date=26 July 2020|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726102756/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/mar/17/britons-back-may-over-corbyn-to-handle-russia-row-poll-finds|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 20 March, Corbyn called for the British authorities to send a sample of the nerve agent involved in the poisoning to Russia, so they could "say categorically one way or the other" where it came from.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/article/jeremy-corbyn-russia-must-be-given-nerve-agent-sample-so-they-can-say-if-it-is-theirs|title=Jeremy Corbyn: Russia must be given nerve agent sample so they can say if it is theirs|date=25 February 2020|website=Politics Home|access-date=26 July 2020|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726110543/https://www.politicshome.com/news/article/jeremy-corbyn-russia-must-be-given-nerve-agent-sample-so-they-can-say-if-it-is-theirs|url-status=live}}</ref> A few days later, Corbyn was satisfied that the evidence pointed to Russia.<ref>BBC, '[https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/jeremy-corbyn-sergei-skripal-theresa-may-novichok-russia-spy-poisoning-moscow-a8288826.html Jeremy Corbyn was right to be cautious about blaming Moscow for the Skripal poisoning'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819230912/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/jeremy-corbyn-sergei-skripal-theresa-may-novichok-russia-spy-poisoning-moscow-a8288826.html |date=19 August 2021 }}' (15 March 2018)</ref> Polling between 10–13 April found only 23% of voters believed Corbyn had handled the situation well, with 44% (including 28% of 2017 Labour voters) believing he had handled it badly.<ref>{{cite news|last=Watts|first=Joe|date=14 April 2018|title=Half of Britons back Theresa May's handling of Salisbury novichok incident, poll shows|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/theresa-may-salisbury-novichok-skripal-corbyn-a8304926.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/theresa-may-salisbury-novichok-skripal-corbyn-a8304926.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|website=The Independent}}</ref>

Corbyn advisor [[Andrew Murray (trade unionist)|Andrew Murray]] later said that the Salisbury attack was "something we got wrong", saying "evidence that's emerged since is overwhelming". Murray said that at the time Corbyn and his team "just didn't think the Russian state would be so stupid and brazen as to [...] carry out a poisoning attack on British soil", although he admitted "given the Litvinenko precedent perhaps we should have done". Murray also suggested the response was the turning point for Corbyn's leadership, as it "started bringing all the doubts about Jeremy and the leader's office to the surface again".<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Maguire|first1=Patrick|last2=Pogrund|first2=Gabriel|date=25 August 2020|title=Jeremy Corbyn's stance on Skripals was political poison at the polls|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/jeremy-corbyns-stance-on-skripals-was-political-poison-at-the-polls-3hnbj7hpb|website=The Times|access-date=25 August 2020|archive-date=25 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825194435/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/jeremy-corbyns-stance-on-skripals-was-political-poison-at-the-polls-3hnbj7hpb|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Developments of the Labour Party's Brexit policies====
Following the 2017 general election, the party faced internal pressure to shift its Brexit policy away from a soft Brexit and towards a second referendum, a position widely supported among the party membership. In response, Corbyn said at the 2018 Labour Party conference that he did not support a second referendum but would abide by the decision of members at the conference.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/dec/27/labour-voters-could-abandon-party-over-brexit-stance-poll-finds|title=Labour voters could abandon party over Brexit stance, poll finds|last=Wintour|first=Patrick, and Rowena Mason|date=27 December 2017|website=The Guardian|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216032045/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/dec/27/labour-voters-could-abandon-party-over-brexit-stance-poll-finds|archive-date=16 December 2019}}</ref><ref name = "nyt230918">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/23/world/europe/uk-labour-party.html|title=Jeremy Corbyn, at Labour Party Conference, Faces Pressure on New Brexit Vote|last=Castle|first=Stephen|date=23 September 2018|website=The New York Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206134404/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/23/world/europe/uk-labour-party.html|archive-date=6 December 2019}}</ref> The party conference decided to support a Brexit deal either negotiated by the Conservatives and meeting certain conditions or negotiated by Labour in government. The conference agreed to use all means to stop an unacceptable Brexit deal, including another referendum including an option to remain in the EU, as a last resort.<ref name="Chappell Davies Neame 2021">{{cite web | last1=Chappell | first1=Elliot | last2=Davies | first2=Will | last3=Neame | first3=Katie | title=Labour's Brexit composite motion in full – LabourList | website=LabourList | date=9 December 2021 | url=https://labourlist.org/2018/09/labours-brexit-composite-motion-in-full/ | access-date=10 August 2022 | archive-date=10 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810142013/https://labourlist.org/2018/09/labours-brexit-composite-motion-in-full/ | url-status=live }}</ref> A week after seven Labour MPs left the party in February 2019 to form [[The Independent Group]], partly in protest over Labour's Brexit position, the Labour leadership said it would support another referendum "as a final resort in order to stop a damaging Tory Brexit being forced on the country".<ref>{{cite news|last=Elgot|first=Jessica|date=26 February 2019|title=Jeremy Corbyn: we'll back a second referendum to stop Tory no-deal Brexit|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/feb/25/labour-to-back-moves-for-second-brexit-referendum|url-status=live|access-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225180807/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/feb/25/labour-to-back-moves-for-second-brexit-referendum|archive-date=25 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Sparrow|first1=Andrew|last2=Rawlinson|first2=Kevin|date=25 February 2019|title=Brexit: Labour will back amendment for second referendum, says Corbyn – as it happened|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/live/2019/feb/25/brexit-latest-news-developments-theresa-may-increasingly-likely-to-accept-article-50-extension-minister-suggests-politics-live|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206134404/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/live/2019/feb/25/brexit-latest-news-developments-theresa-may-increasingly-likely-to-accept-article-50-extension-minister-suggests-politics-live|archive-date=6 December 2019|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Following an exodus of Remain voters from Labour at the [[2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom|2019 European Parliament elections]], Corbyn said he was "listening very carefully" after key members of his Shadow Cabinet including John McDonnell said publicly Labour should back a second referendum under any circumstances.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/may/27/jeremy-corbyn-signals-more-support-for-second-referendum-after-voter-exodus|title=Corbyn backs referendum on Brexit deal after EU election exodus|first1=Rowena|last1=Mason|first2=Jessica|last2=Elgot|newspaper=The Guardian|date=28 May 2019|access-date=9 October 2019|archive-date=11 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911092808/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/may/27/jeremy-corbyn-signals-more-support-for-second-referendum-after-voter-exodus|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2019, Corbyn announced Labour's policy was now that there must be a referendum on any Brexit deal, including the deal Labour would attempt to negotiate if it entered government, and that the party would campaign for Remain against any Tory Brexit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/breaking-labour-brexit-policy-confirmed-17692444|title=Labour Brexit policy confirmed as party backs Remain in a second referendum|first=Dan|last=Bloom|date=9 July 2019|website=mirror|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023005544/https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/breaking-labour-brexit-policy-confirmed-17692444|url-status=live}}</ref> During the 2019 election Corbyn would promise to take a "neutral stance" during the referendum on any Brexit deal his government would negotiate.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/nov/22/jeremy-corbyn-labour-neutral-second-brexit-vote|title=Corbyn 'neutral' on Brexit as Johnson attacked on trust|first1=Heather|last1=Stewart|first2=Peter|last2=Walker|newspaper=The Guardian|date=22 November 2019|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=8 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908200127/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/nov/22/jeremy-corbyn-labour-neutral-second-brexit-vote|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Breakaway group of Labour MPs====
In February 2019, seven MPs – Chuka Umunna, [[Luciana Berger]], [[Chris Leslie]], [[Angela Smith (South Yorkshire politician)|Angela Smith]], [[Mike Gapes]], [[Gavin Shuker]] and Ann Coffey – resigned from the Labour Party to form [[The Independent Group]], citing Corbyn's handling of Brexit and of allegations of [[Antisemitism in the UK Labour Party|antisemitism]].<ref name=resign>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-47278902|title=Seven MPs leave Labour Party in protest at Jeremy Corbyn's leadership|date=18 February 2019|work=BBC News|access-date=18 February 2019|archive-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301061322/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-47278902|url-status=live}}</ref> They were soon joined by [[Joan Ryan (politician)|Joan Ryan]], while [[Ian Austin]] resigned to sit as an independent.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |title=MP Joan Ryan quits Labour for Independent Group |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-47300832 |work=BBC News |access-date=20 February 2019 |date=20 February 2019 |archive-date=19 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219222328/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-47300832 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/feb/22/labour-mp-ian-austin-quits-the-party|title=Labour MP Ian Austin quits the party over 'culture of antisemitism'|first=Dan |last=Sabbagh|author-link=Dan Sabbagh|newspaper=The Guardian|date=22 February 2019|access-date=13 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910172842/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/feb/22/labour-mp-ian-austin-quits-the-party|archive-date=10 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> TIG later rebranded as [[Change UK]], and all of the defecting MPs left Parliament at the 2019 general election, with some losing their seats, others not seeking re-election, and some standing and losing in different constituencies from the ones that they had previously held.<ref>{{cite web|last=York|first=Chris|date=13 December 2020|title=Every MP Who Defected From Labour Or Tories Has Lost Their Seat|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/change-uk-labour-tories-defections-lose-seats_uk_5df2d024e4b04bcba1812246|access-date=30 October 2020|website=[[HuffPost]]|archive-date=31 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531054133/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/change-uk-labour-tories-defections-lose-seats_uk_5df2d024e4b04bcba1812246|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Other events====
In 2018, Conservative MP [[Ben Bradley (politician)|Ben Bradley]] posted a tweet saying that Jeremy Corbyn had passed British secrets to a spy from communist Czechoslovakia. Corbyn threatened legal action against Bradley, which resulted in Bradley deleting the tweet, apologising for his comments which he accepted were "untrue and false", and agreeing to pay Corbyn's legal costs and to donate to a charity of Corbyn's choice.<ref name="ben bradley apology">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-43183344|title=MP Ben Bradley apologises for Corbyn tweet|work=BBC News|date=25 February 2018|access-date=25 July 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725112543/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-43183344|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2019, Corbyn was assaulted by a Brexit supporter outside a mosque in [[Finsbury Park]], [[North London]]. His attacker was sentenced to 28 days in jail.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baynes |first1=Chris |title=Brexit supporter who hit Jeremy Corbyn with egg is jailed |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/corbyn-egg-attack-brexit-assault-court-trial-prison-john-murphy-a8838911.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/corbyn-egg-attack-brexit-assault-court-trial-prison-john-murphy-a8838911.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2019 |newspaper=The Independent |date=25 March 2019}}</ref>

A video of soldiers from the [[3rd Battalion, Parachute Regiment]], stationed in Afghanistan using an image of Corbyn for target practice was posted on social media in April 2019. [[Momentum (organisation)|Momentum]] said the video was a consequence of the "radicalising effect the rightwing press". ''The Independent'' expressed the view that Corbyn was "unpopular in parts of the military because of his past policies on [[Northern Ireland]], [[Trident (UK nuclear programme)|Trident]] and [[opposition to the Iraq War]] and other foreign interventions".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sabbagh |first1=Dan |last2=Weaver |first2=Matthew |title=Video shows British troops firing at Jeremy Corbyn poster |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/apr/03/video-british-troops-firing-jeremy-corbyn-poster |access-date=4 April 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=3 April 2019 |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107172046/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/apr/03/video-british-troops-firing-jeremy-corbyn-poster |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dearden |first1=Lizzie |title=British soldiers shown shooting Jeremy Corbyn target prompts army investigation |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/soldiers-corbyn-shoot-target-practice-army-mod-kabul-a8852156.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/soldiers-corbyn-shoot-target-practice-army-mod-kabul-a8852156.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2019 |newspaper=The Independent |date=3 April 2019}}</ref> In July 2019, the soldiers involved received reprimands, with two being demoted.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-essex-48868071|title=Jeremy Corbyn target practice film soldiers disciplined|date=4 July 2019|access-date=4 July 2019|work=BBC News|archive-date=5 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705151819/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-essex-48868071|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, Corbyn refused an invitation to attend a state banquet for [[Donald Trump]], hosted by [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] during the president's June visit to the UK.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bienkov |first1=Adam |title=Jeremy Corbyn refuses invite from the Queen to attend banquet with 'racist and misogynistic' Donald Trump |url=https://www.businessinsider.com.au/jeremy-corbyn-refuses-invite-queen-to-attend-state-banquet-with-donald-trump-2019-4?r=US&IR=T |access-date=11 June 2019 |website=Business Insider |date=27 April 2019 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802000342/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/jeremy-corbyn-refuses-invite-queen-to-attend-state-banquet-with-donald-trump-2019-4?r=US&IR=T |url-status=live }}</ref> Corbyn then attended a London protest outside Trump and May's joint press conference<ref name="guardian090619">{{cite news |last1=Mason |first1=Rowena |last2=Stewart |first2=Heather |title=Mike Pompeo tells Jewish leaders he would 'push back' against Corbyn |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jun/09/mike-pompeo-leaked-recording-corbyn-labour-jewish-leaders |access-date=11 June 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=9 June 2019 |archive-date=10 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610192000/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jun/09/mike-pompeo-leaked-recording-corbyn-labour-jewish-leaders |url-status=live }}</ref> and requested a meeting with Trump to discuss issues such as the "climate emergency, threats to peace and the refugee crisis". Trump rejected the request, saying that Corbyn was a "negative force".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Allegretti |first1=Aubrey |last2=Gillespie |first2=Tom |last3=Mercer |first3=David |title=Donald Trump rejects meeting with 'negative force' Jeremy Corbyn during state visit |url=https://news.sky.com/story/donald-trump-refused-corbyn-meeting-in-attack-on-negative-force-11734623 |access-date=11 June 2019 |publisher=Sky News |date=4 June 2019 |archive-date=8 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608092501/https://news.sky.com/story/donald-trump-refused-corbyn-meeting-in-attack-on-negative-force-11734623 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2019 general election and resignation===
{{Main|2019 United Kingdom general election}}
{{Main|2019 United Kingdom general election}}
[[File:Launching the 2019 General Election campaign (49013452132).jpg|thumb|Corbyn launching the Labour Party's 2019 general election campaign]]
[[File:Launching_the_2019_General_Election_campaign_(49013452132).jpg|thumb|Corbyn launching the Labour Party's [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]] campaign]]
In May 2019, Theresa May announced her resignation and stood down as Prime Minister in July, following the election of her replacement, former [[Foreign Secretary]] Boris Johnson.<ref name="bbc pm announcement">{{cite news |title=UK waits for prime minister announcement |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-politics-49073992 |access-date=23 July 2019 |work=BBC News |date=23 July 2019 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929123230/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-politics-49073992 |url-status=live }}</ref> Corbyn said that Labour was ready to fight an election against Johnson.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/28/corbyn-worried-boris-johnson-election-labour-brexit|title=Corbyn: I'm ready to fight Boris Johnson in a general election|first=Rowena|last=Mason|newspaper=The Guardian|date=28 July 2019|access-date=10 August 2019|archive-date=10 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810185835/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/28/corbyn-worried-boris-johnson-election-labour-brexit|url-status=live}}</ref>
In May 2019, [[Theresa May]] announced her resignation and stood down as prime minister in July, following the election of her replacement, former [[Foreign Secretary]] [[Boris Johnson]].<ref name="bbc pm announcement">{{cite news |date=23 July 2019 |title=UK waits for prime minister announcement |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-politics-49073992 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929123230/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-politics-49073992 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=23 July 2019 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Corbyn said that Labour was ready to fight an election against Johnson.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mason |first=Rowena |date=28 July 2019 |title=Corbyn: I'm ready to fight Boris Johnson in a general election |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/28/corbyn-worried-boris-johnson-election-labour-brexit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810185835/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/28/corbyn-worried-boris-johnson-election-labour-brexit |archive-date=10 August 2019 |access-date=10 August 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>
[[File:Jeremy_Corbyn_at_Nottingham_Castle_(49168555938).jpg|thumb|Corbyn campaigning in the 2019 general election at [[Nottingham Castle]]]]

The 2019 Labour Party Manifesto included policies to increase funding for health, negotiate a Brexit deal and hold a referendum giving a choice between the deal and remain, raise the minimum wage, stop the age pension age increase, nationalise key industries, and replace [[universal credit]].<ref>{{cite news |date=21 November 2019 |title=Labour Party manifesto 2019: 12 key policies explained |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2019-50501411 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127201836/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2019-50501411 |archive-date=27 November 2019 |access-date=20 December 2019 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Due to the plans to nationalise the "big six" energy firms, the National Grid, the water industry, Royal Mail, the railways and the broadband arm of BT, the 2019 manifesto was widely considered as the most radical in several decades, more closely resembling Labour's politics of the 1970s than subsequent decades.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mason |first=Paul |date=15 August 2016 |title=The parallels between Jeremy Corbyn and Michael Foot are almost all false |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/commentisfree/2016/aug/15/the-parallels-between-jeremy-corbyn-and-michael-foot-are-almost-all-false |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403204612/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/commentisfree/2016/aug/15/the-parallels-between-jeremy-corbyn-and-michael-foot-are-almost-all-false |archive-date=3 April 2019 |access-date=20 December 2019 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
[[File:Jeremy Corbyn at Nottingham Castle (49168555938).jpg|thumb|Corbyn campaigning in the December 2019 general election at [[Nottingham Castle]]]]
The 2019 Labour Party Manifesto included policies to increase funding for health, negotiate a Brexit deal and hold a referendum giving a choice between the deal and remain, raise the minimum wage, stop the age pension age increase, nationalise key industries, and replace [[universal credit]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2019-50501411|title=Labour Party manifesto 2019: 12 key policies explained|work=BBC News|date=21 November 2019|access-date=20 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127201836/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2019-50501411|archive-date=27 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the plans to nationalise the "big six" energy firms, the National Grid, the water industry, Royal Mail, the railways and the broadband arm of BT, the 2019 manifesto was widely considered as the most radical in several decades, more closely resembling Labour's politics of the 1970s than subsequent decades.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/commentisfree/2016/aug/15/the-parallels-between-jeremy-corbyn-and-michael-foot-are-almost-all-false|title=The parallels between Jeremy Corbyn and Michael Foot are almost all false|last=Mason|first=Paul|work=The Guardian|date=15 August 2016|access-date=20 December 2019|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403204612/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/commentisfree/2016/aug/15/the-parallels-between-jeremy-corbyn-and-michael-foot-are-almost-all-false|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]] was the worst defeat in seats for Labour since 1935, with Labour winning just 202 out of 650 seats, their fourth successive election defeat.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2019-50787431|title=General election 2019: Does Labour need a new direction after Corbyn?|website=[[BBC News]]|first=Iain|last=Watson|date=13 December 2019|access-date=14 December 2019|archive-date=6 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406071752/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2019-50787431|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/election-2019-50784811|title=Jeremy Corbyn: 'I did everything I could to lead Labour'|work=BBC News|date=13 December 2019|access-date=20 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218143311/https://www.bbc.com/news/election-2019-50784811|archive-date=18 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> At 32.2%, Labour's share of the vote was down around eight points on the 2017 general election and is lower than that achieved by Neil Kinnock in 1992, although it was higher than in 2010 and 2015. In the aftermath, opinions differed to why the Labour Party was defeated to the extent it was. The Shadow Chancellor [[John McDonnell]] largely blamed [[Brexit]] and the [[Media bias|media representation]] of the party.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-leadership-contest-corbyn-rebecca-long-bailey-emily-thornberry-a9247966.html|title=Labour leadership race threatens party civil war as MPs fear 'continuity Corbyn' figure|work=The Independent|date=15 December 2019|access-date=20 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217040329/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-leadership-contest-corbyn-rebecca-long-bailey-emily-thornberry-a9247966.html|archive-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tony Blair]] argued that the party's unclear position on Brexit and the economic policy pursued by the Corbyn leadership were to blame.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/election-2019-50829352|title=General election 2019: Blair attacks Corbyn's 'comic indecision' on Brexit|work=BBC News|date=18 December 2019|access-date=29 December 2019|archive-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228223454/https://www.bbc.com/news/election-2019-50829352|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-politics-50834895/blair-2019-general-election-result-brought-shame-on-us|title=Blair: 2019 general election result 'brought shame on us'|work=BBC News|access-date=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219132205/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-politics-50834895/blair-2019-general-election-result-brought-shame-on-us|archive-date=19 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the Labour Party's unsuccessful performance in the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]], Corbyn [[Concession (politics)|conceded defeat]] and stated that he intended to step down as leader following the election of a successor and that he would not lead the party into the next election.<ref name="Reflection">{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/jeremy-corbyn-resigns-as-labour-party-leader-after-election-defeat-2019-12|title=Jeremy Corbyn announces he will resign as Labour Party leader|author=Thomas Colson and Adam Bienkov|date=12 December 2019|access-date=13 December 2019|website=[[Business Insider]]|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326034336/https://www.businessinsider.com/jeremy-corbyn-resigns-as-labour-party-leader-after-election-defeat-2019-12|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date= 13 December 2019 |title= Jeremy Corbyn: 'I will not lead Labour at next election' |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2019-50766114 |work= BBC News |access-date= 4 April 2020 |archive-date= 14 December 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191214155812/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2019-50766114 |url-status= live }}</ref> Corbyn himself was re-elected for Islington North with 64.3% of the vote share and a majority of 26,188 votes over the runner-up candidate representing the Liberal Democrats, with Labour's share of the vote falling by 8.7%.<ref>{{cite news |title=Islington North Parliamentary constituency |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/politics/constituencies/E14000763 |website=BBC |access-date=23 December 2019 |archive-date=1 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201071705/https://www.bbc.com/news/politics/constituencies/E14000763 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' described the results as a "realignment" of UK politics as the Conservative landslide took many traditionally Labour seats in England and Wales.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/dec/13/election-result-signifies-realignment-of-uk-politics|title=Election result signifies realignment of UK politics|website=[[The Guardian]]|first=Dan|last=Sabbagh|date=13 December 2019|access-date=14 December 2019|archive-date=13 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213165737/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/dec/13/election-result-signifies-realignment-of-uk-politics|url-status=live}}</ref> Corbyn insisted that he had "pride in the manifesto" that Labour put forward and blamed the defeat on Brexit.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/dec/13/jeremy-corbyn-very-sad-at-election-defeat-but-feels-proud-of-manifesto|title=Jeremy Corbyn 'very sad' at election defeat but feels proud of manifesto|website=[[The Guardian]]|first1=Rowena|last1=Mason|first2=Peter|last2=Walker|date=13 December 2019|access-date=14 December 2019|archive-date=13 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213151002/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/dec/13/jeremy-corbyn-very-sad-at-election-defeat-but-feels-proud-of-manifesto|url-status=live}}</ref> According to polling by [[Lord Ashcroft]], Corbyn was himself a major contribution to the party's defeat.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ash|first1=Sebastien|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-51457739|title=Poll fuels debate on why Labour lost election|date=11 February 2020|work=BBC News|access-date=26 February 2020|last2=Stamp|first2=Gavin|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226050843/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-51457739|url-status=live}}</ref>


During the campaign for the upcoming general elections, Corbyn was accused by the [[Hindu Council UK]] of promoting [[anti-Hindu sentiment]]s<ref>{{cite web |date=27 November 2019 |title=Fresh blow for Labour as Hindu Council claims party discriminates against community |url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/labour-party/jeremy-corbyn/news/108229/fresh-blow-labour-hindu-council |access-date=1 December 2019 |website=Politics Home}}</ref> following his disparaging comments on the [[Caste system in India|caste system]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ehsaan |first=Rakib |date=17 May 2017 |title=How the Conservatives stole the British Indian vote from Labour |url=https://theconversation.com/how-the-conservatives-stole-the-british-indian-vote-from-labour-77275 |work=The Conversation |quote=Corbyn’s opposition to the caste system also puts him at odds with those British Hindus and Sikhs who object to politicians intervening on culturally sensitive issues.}}</ref> & his condemnation of the [[Hindutva|Hindu-right]] wing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] led Indian government's [[revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web |date=12 November 2019 |title=General election 2019: Labour seeks to calm Hindu voters' anger |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/election-2019-50382791 |access-date=1 December 2019 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Many [[Hinduism in the United Kingdom|Hindus living in the UK]] saw Corbyn's attitude towards Hindus to be heavily influenced by [[British Pakistanis|Pakistani]] [[Islam in the United Kingdom|Muslim]] leaders of his party,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Amit |date=13 December 2019 |title=Indians punish Corbyn over Kashmir |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/world/indians-punish-corbyn-over-kashmir/cid/1726627 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> with whom he shared a common pro-Palestinian stance.
On 4 April 2020, the results of the [[2020 Labour Party leadership election (UK)|2020 Labour Party leadership election]] were announced, with Sir Keir Starmer winning the election and succeeding Corbyn as the leader of the Labour Party.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 April 2020 |title=New Labour leader Keir Starmer vows to lead party into 'new era' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-52164589 |work=BBC News |access-date=4 April 2020 |archive-date=25 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425080229/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-52164589 |url-status=live }}</ref>


The [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]] was the worst defeat in seats for Labour since 1935, with Labour winning just 202 out of 650 seats, their fourth successive election defeat.<ref>{{cite news |last=Watson |first=Iain |date=13 December 2019 |title=General election 2019: Does Labour need a new direction after Corbyn? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2019-50787431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406071752/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2019-50787431 |archive-date=6 April 2020 |access-date=14 December 2019 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=13 December 2019 |title=Jeremy Corbyn: 'I did everything I could to lead Labour' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/election-2019-50784811 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218143311/https://www.bbc.com/news/election-2019-50784811 |archive-date=18 December 2019 |access-date=20 December 2019 |work=BBC News}}</ref> At 32.2%, Labour's share of the vote was down around eight points on the 2017 general election and is lower than that achieved by Neil Kinnock in 1992, although it was higher than in 2010 and 2015. In the aftermath, opinions differed to why the Labour Party was defeated to the extent it was. The Shadow Chancellor [[John McDonnell]] largely blamed [[Brexit]] and the [[Media bias|media representation]] of the party.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 December 2019 |title=Labour leadership race threatens party civil war as MPs fear 'continuity Corbyn' figure |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-leadership-contest-corbyn-rebecca-long-bailey-emily-thornberry-a9247966.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217040329/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-leadership-contest-corbyn-rebecca-long-bailey-emily-thornberry-a9247966.html |archive-date=17 December 2019 |access-date=20 December 2019 |work=The Independent}}</ref> [[Tony Blair]] argued that the party's unclear position on Brexit and the economic policy pursued by the Corbyn leadership were to blame.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 December 2019 |title=General election 2019: Blair attacks Corbyn's 'comic indecision' on Brexit |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/election-2019-50829352 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228223454/https://www.bbc.com/news/election-2019-50829352 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |access-date=29 December 2019 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Blair: 2019 general election result 'brought shame on us' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-politics-50834895/blair-2019-general-election-result-brought-shame-on-us |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219132205/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-politics-50834895/blair-2019-general-election-result-brought-shame-on-us |archive-date=19 December 2019 |access-date=29 December 2019 |work=BBC News}}</ref>
==== Opinion polling ====
In the months following the 2017 election, Labour consistently had a small lead in [[Opinion polling for the next United Kingdom general election|opinion polling]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/09/29/labour-has-nudged-ahead-polls-since-election-brexit-could/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/09/29/labour-has-nudged-ahead-polls-since-election-brexit-could/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Labour has nudged ahead in the polls since the election – but Brexit could save the Tories |first=Ashley|last=Kirk|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=29 September 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> After [[Boris Johnson]] became Prime Minister in July 2019, he gained double-digit leads over Corbyn on the "Best PM" question,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/elections/2019/07/what-do-polls-say-so-far-about-boris-johnson-and-his-electoral-coalition|title=What do the polls say so far about Boris Johnson and his electoral coalition?|newspaper=New Statesman|date=7 June 2021|last1=Bush|first1=Stephen|access-date=10 August 2019|archive-date=31 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731195725/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/elections/2019/07/what-do-polls-say-so-far-about-boris-johnson-and-his-electoral-coalition|url-status=live}}</ref> although Corbyn was seen to be "more in touch" with ordinary people than Johnson.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/27/boris-bounce-lifts-tories-at-expense-of-brexit-party-poll-shows|title='Boris bounce' lifts Tories at expense of Brexit party, poll shows|first=David|last=Connett|newspaper=The Guardian|date=27 July 2019|access-date=10 August 2019|archive-date=14 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814203247/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/27/boris-bounce-lifts-tories-at-expense-of-brexit-party-poll-shows|url-status=live}}</ref> Labour fell behind the Tories, partly because it lost some of its pro-Remain support to the Liberal Democrats.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/oct/15/labour-mps-lukewarm-over-prospect-of-snap-election-this-year |title=Labour MPs lukewarm over prospect of snap election this year |first1=Rowena |last1=Mason |first2=Kate |last2=Proctor |newspaper=The Guardian |date=15 October 2019 |access-date=19 October 2019 |archive-date=19 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019163212/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/oct/15/labour-mps-lukewarm-over-prospect-of-snap-election-this-year |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/10/01/765968528/why-boris-johnsons-party-leads-opinion-polls-ahead-of-u-k-elections|title=Why Boris Johnson's Party Leads Opinion Polls Ahead Of U.K. Elections|website=NPR.org|access-date=19 October 2019|archive-date=19 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019163223/https://www.npr.org/2019/10/01/765968528/why-boris-johnsons-party-leads-opinion-polls-ahead-of-u-k-elections|url-status=live}}</ref>


Following the Labour Party's unsuccessful performance in the 2019 general election, Corbyn [[Concession (politics)|conceded defeat]] and stated that he intended to step down as leader following the election of a successor and that he would not lead the party into the next election.<ref name="Reflection">{{cite web |author=Thomas Colson and Adam Bienkov |date=12 December 2019 |title=Jeremy Corbyn announces he will resign as Labour Party leader |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/jeremy-corbyn-resigns-as-labour-party-leader-after-election-defeat-2019-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326034336/https://www.businessinsider.com/jeremy-corbyn-resigns-as-labour-party-leader-after-election-defeat-2019-12 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=13 December 2019 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=13 December 2019 |title=Jeremy Corbyn: 'I will not lead Labour at next election' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2019-50766114 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214155812/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2019-50766114 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |access-date=4 April 2020 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Corbyn himself was re-elected for Islington North with 64.3% of the vote share and a majority of 26,188 votes over the runner-up candidate representing the Liberal Democrats, with Labour's share of the vote falling by 8.7%.<ref>{{cite news |title=Islington North Parliamentary constituency |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/politics/constituencies/E14000763 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201071705/https://www.bbc.com/news/politics/constituencies/E14000763 |archive-date=1 December 2019 |access-date=23 December 2019 |website=BBC}}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' described the results as a "realignment" of UK politics as the Conservative landslide took many traditionally Labour seats in England and Wales.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sabbagh |first=Dan |date=13 December 2019 |title=Election result signifies realignment of UK politics |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/dec/13/election-result-signifies-realignment-of-uk-politics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213165737/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/dec/13/election-result-signifies-realignment-of-uk-politics |archive-date=13 December 2019 |access-date=14 December 2019 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Corbyn insisted that he had "pride in the manifesto" that Labour put forward and blamed the defeat on Brexit.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mason |first1=Rowena |last2=Walker |first2=Peter |date=13 December 2019 |title=Jeremy Corbyn 'very sad' at election defeat but feels proud of manifesto |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/dec/13/jeremy-corbyn-very-sad-at-election-defeat-but-feels-proud-of-manifesto |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213151002/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/dec/13/jeremy-corbyn-very-sad-at-election-defeat-but-feels-proud-of-manifesto |archive-date=13 December 2019 |access-date=14 December 2019 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> According to polling by [[Lord Ashcroft]], Corbyn was himself a major contribution to the party's defeat.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ash |first1=Sebastien |last2=Stamp |first2=Gavin |date=11 February 2020 |title=Poll fuels debate on why Labour lost election |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-51457739 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226050843/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-51457739 |archive-date=26 February 2020 |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Corbyn remained Labour leader for four months while the [[2020 Labour Party leadership election (UK)|leadership election]] to replace him took place. His resignation as Labour leader formally took effect in April 2020 following the election of [[Keir Starmer]].
== Post-leadership ==
[[File:Jeremy Corbyn, 2019 Labour South West Regional Conference, seated.jpg|thumb|upright|Corbyn in 2020]]


== Post-leadership ==
=== EHRC report and suspension ===
=== EHRC report and suspension ===
[[File:PMQs 22.04.2020 - Rt Hon Jeremy Corbyn MP (Islington North).jpg|thumb|Corbyn sits on the [[Backbencher|backbenches]] in his first [[Prime Minister's Questions]] since his resignation as Labour leader, 22 April 2020]]
On 29 October 2020, a report by the [[Equality and Human Rights Commission|Equalities and Human Rights Commission]] into [[anti-Semitism in the Labour party]] was published, finding that the party was responsible for unlawful acts of harassment and discrimination.<ref>{{cite web |title=EHRC Response |url=https://labour.org.uk/antisemitism/ehrc-report/ |access-date=13 October 2021 |website=The Labour Party |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027175739/https://labour.org.uk/antisemitism/ehrc-report/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-54730425 |title=Labour suspends Jeremy Corbyn over reaction to anti-Semitism report |work=BBC News |date=29 October 2020 }}</ref> In response to the report, Corbyn said that while antisemitism was "absolutely abhorrent" and that "one anti-Semite [in the Labour Party] is one too many", he alleged that "the scale of the problem was also dramatically overstated for political reasons by our opponents inside and outside the party, as well as by much of the media".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walker |first1=Peter |last2=Elgot |first2=Jessica |title=Jeremy Corbyn rejects overall findings of EHRC report on antisemitism in Labour |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/oct/29/jeremy-corbyn-rejects-findings-of-report-on-antisemitism-in-labour |website=The Guardian |date=29 October 2020 |access-date=29 March 2023}}</ref> He further claimed that "the public perception in an opinion poll last year was that one third of all Labour party members were somehow or other under suspicion of antisemitism. The reality is, it was 0.3 per cent of party members had a case against them which had to be put through the process."<ref name=leefactcheck>{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Georgina |title=FactCheck: Corbyn's claim that Labour antisemitism numbers are 'exaggerated' |url=https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/factcheck-corbyns-claim-that-labour-antisemitism-numbers-are-exaggerated |website=Channel 4 News |date=31 October 2020 |access-date=29 March 2023}}</ref> A [[fact check]] by ''[[Channel 4 News]]'' noted that Corbyn's "0.3 per cent" claim was likely based on an estimate provided by Labour General Secretary [[Jennie Formby]] during her investigation and first published in a 2019 study co-authored by media scholar Greg Philo.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Georgina |title=FactCheck: Corbyn's claim that Labour antisemitism numbers are 'exaggerated' |url=https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/factcheck-corbyns-claim-that-labour-antisemitism-numbers-are-exaggerated |website=Channel 4 News |date=31 October 2020 |access-date=29 March 2023}}</ref><ref>Philo, Greg & Berry, Mike & Schlosberg, Justin & Lerman, Antony & Miller, David. (2019). ''Bad News for Labour: Antisemitism, the Party and Public Belief''. p. 52. 10.2307/j.ctvpbnn3r. </ref> Corbyn's claim that "one-third" of party members were believed to be involved in antisemitism complaints by the public likely originated in a [[Survation]] poll of 1,009 people conducted in 2019, in which the average perception of respondents familiar with the issue was that 34% of party members were involved in antisemitism complaints; this number is over 300 times the estimate arrived at by Formby's actual investigation.<ref>Philo, Greg & Berry, Mike & Schlosberg, Justin & Lerman, Antony & Miller, David. (2019). ''Bad News for Labour: Antisemitism, the Party and Public Belief''. 10.2307/j.ctvpbnn3r.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Broder |first1=David |title=How Labour Became "Antisemitic" |url=https://jacobin.com/2019/10/labour-party-antisemitism-claims-jeremy-corbyn |website=Jacobin |access-date=29 March 2023}}</ref>
Allegations of antisemitism within the party grew during Corbyn's leadership. Incidents involving [[Naz Shah]] in 2014 and [[Ken Livingstone]] in 2016 resulted in their suspension from party membership pending investigation. In response, Corbyn established the [[Chakrabarti Inquiry]], which concluded that while the party was not "overrun by anti-Semitism or other forms of racism," there was an "occasionally toxic atmosphere" and "clear evidence of ignorant attitudes."<ref>{{cite book |last=Seymour |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Seymour (21st-century writer) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zSFaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA186 |title=Corbyn: The Strange Rebirth of Radical Politics |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-786-63299-9 |page=186 |access-date=28 June 2024 |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709030116/https://books.google.com/books?id=zSFaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA186#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>*{{Cite news |last=Lerman |first=Antony |author-link=Antony Lerman |date=22 March 2019a |title=The Labour Party, 'institutional antisemitism' and irresponsible politics |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/opendemocracyuk/the-labour-party-institutional-antisemitism-and-irresponsible-politics/ |work=[[openDemocracy]] |access-date=28 June 2024 |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426120850/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/opendemocracyuk/the-labour-party-institutional-antisemitism-and-irresponsible-politics/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


In 2017, Labour Party rules were amended to categorize [[hate speech]], including antisemitism, as a disciplinary matter. In 2018, Corbyn faced scrutiny for his response in 2012 to an allegedly antisemitic mural and for his association with Facebook groups, mainly pro-Palestinian, containing antisemitic posts. Labour's [[National Executive Committee of the Labour Party|National Executive Committee]] (NEC) adopted a definition of antisemitism, for disciplinary purposes, in July of that year, aligning with the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]] (IHRA) [[Working Definition of Antisemitism|Working Definition]], with modified examples related to criticism of Israel.<ref name="bbcihra">{{cite web |date=17 July 2018 |title=New Labour anti-Semitism code criticised |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-44863606 |work=BBC News |access-date=28 June 2024 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205191650/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-44863606 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Klug |first=Brian |date=17 July 2018 |title=The Code of Conduct for Antisemitism: a tale of two texts |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/uk/brian-klug/code-of-conduct-for-antisemitism-tale-of-two-texts |access-date=21 July 2018 |work=[[openDemocracy]] |archive-date=26 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726044327/https://www.opendemocracy.net/uk/brian-klug/code-of-conduct-for-antisemitism-tale-of-two-texts |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2018, the NEC incorporated all 11 IHRA examples, unamended, into the party's code of conduct.<ref name="SabSep18">{{cite news |last1=Sabbagh |first1=Dan |date=4 September 2018 |title=Labour adopts IHRA antisemitism definition in full |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/sep/04/labour-adopts-ihra-antisemitism-definition-in-full |access-date=10 September 2018 |work=The Guardian |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906025050/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/sep/04/labour-adopts-ihra-antisemitism-definition-in-full |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2019, the [[Equality and Human Rights Commission]] (EHRC) launched an inquiry into whether Labour had "unlawfully discriminated against, harassed or victimised people because they are Jewish." After asserting that the scale of antisemitism had been overstated for political reasons, Corbyn was suspended from the party in 2020.
In his press conference around half an hour after Corbyn's statement, Starmer said that anyone who thought the problems were "exaggerated" or were a "factional attack" were "part of the problem and... should be nowhere near the Labour Party". Corbyn defended his comments in a TV interview later that day; shortly after it aired, the Labour Party announced that it had suspended Corbyn pending an investigation.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Scott|first=Jennifer|date=30 October 2020|title=Why was Jeremy Corbyn suspended from the Labour Party?|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-54746452|access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> Corbyn's suspension was welcomed by Labour figures including [[Margaret Hodge]],<ref name="BBC-suspension" /> and [[Harriet Harman]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Harman|first=Harriet|date=29 October 2020|title=This is the right thing to do. If you say that AS exaggerated for factional reasons you minimise it & are, as @Keir_Starmer says, part of the problem.|url=https://twitter.com/harrietharman/status/1321802143410593797|access-date=29 October 2020|website=Twitter|language=en}}</ref> as well as by the [[Board of Deputies of British Jews]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Corbyn suspended from British Labor Party over human rights report|url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2020/10/29/Corbyn-suspended-from-British-Labor-Party-over-human-rights-report/7891603980281/|access-date=29 October 2020|website=UPI|language=en}}</ref> Corbyn stated he would "strongly contest" his suspension.<ref name="Guardian-corbynallies">{{Cite news|last=Elgot|first=Jessica|date=29 October 2020|title=Labour in turmoil as Corbyn's allies call for suspension to be lifted|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/oct/29/turmoil-in-labour-as-corbyns-allies-strongly-object-to-suspension|access-date=29 October 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> [[John McDonnell]], Unite leader [[Len McCluskey]], and [[Momentum (organisation)|Momentum]] expressed opposition to Corbyn's suspension.<ref name="Guardian-corbynallies" />


The Forde Report, written by lawyer Martin Forde in response to the dossier that was leaked in April 2020 (''[[The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 2014–2019]]''), was released on 19 July 2022, stating that: "[R]ather than confront the paramount need to deal with the profoundly serious issue of anti-Semitism in the party, both factions treated it as a factional weapon."<ref>{{cite news |last=Zeffman |first=Henry |date=20 July 2022 |title=Antisemitism 'used as weapon' by Jeremy Corbyn's friends and foes |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/antisemitism-used-as-weapon-by-jeremy-corbyns-friends-and-foes-jxzv80qtk |url-access=subscription |access-date=20 July 2022 |work=[[The Times]] |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220720071845/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/antisemitism-used-as-weapon-by-jeremy-corbyns-friends-and-foes-jxzv80qtk |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=19 July 2022 |title=Anti-Semitism used as factional weapon within Labour, says report |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-62226042 |access-date=20 July 2022 |publisher=BBC News |archive-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719230622/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-62226042 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Stone |first=Jon |date=19 July 2022 |title=Anti-Corbyn Labour officials covertly diverted election cash to allies, inquiry finds |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/forde-report-labour-jeremy-corbyn-2017-election-b2126500.html |access-date=19 July 2022 |work=The Independent |archive-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719124720/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/forde-report-labour-jeremy-corbyn-2017-election-b2126500.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It also described senior Labour staff as having displayed "deplorably factional and insensitive, and at times discriminatory, attitudes" towards Corbyn and his supporters,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Elgot |first1=Jessica |last2=Walker |first2=Peter |date=19 July 2022 |title=Antisemitism issue used as 'factional weapon' in Labour, report finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jul/19/antisemitism-factional-weapon-labour-party-forde-report-finds |access-date=19 July 2022 |work=The Guardian |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726161518/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jul/19/antisemitism-factional-weapon-labour-party-forde-report-finds |url-status=live }}</ref> and detailed concerns by some staff about a "hierarchy of racism" in the party which ignored Black people.<ref>{{cite news |last=White |first=Nadine |date=19 July 2022 |title=Black Labour staff suffer under party's 'hierarchy of racism', Forde report finds |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/forde-report-labour-party-racism-b2126627.html |access-date=20 July 2022 |work=The Independent |archive-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719180212/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/forde-report-labour-party-racism-b2126627.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The report also expressed regret that Corbyn himself did not engage with the authors' request to interview him.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stewart |first1=Heather |last2=Elgot |first2=Jessica |date=19 July 2022 |title=Key takeaways from the Forde report on Labour factionalism |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jul/19/key-takeaways-forde-report-labour-factionalism |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=19 February 2023 |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709030108/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jul/19/key-takeaways-forde-report-labour-factionalism |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 17 November 2020, a panel drawn from the party's national executive committee decided to readmit Corbyn to the Labour Party.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rodgers |first1=Sienna|last2=Chappell|first2=Elliot|date=17 October 2020|title=Labour NEC panel readmits Jeremy Corbyn to party after suspension |url=https://labourlist.org/2020/11/labour-party-readmits-jeremy-corbyn/|access-date=13 October 2021|website=LabourList}}</ref> However, Starmer did not restore the Labour whip to Corbyn, effectively denying him readmission to the parliamentary party, saying that he would "keep this situation under review".<ref>{{cite web |title=Jeremy Corbyn will not return as Labour MP, says Sir Keir Starmer |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-54986916 |website=[[BBC News]] |access-date=27 February 2022 |date=18 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|date=26 November 2021|title=Jeremy Corbyn knows what he must do to rejoin Labour, says Keir Starmer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/nov/26/jeremy-corbyn-knows-what-he-must-do-to-rejoin-labour-says-keir-starmer|access-date=26 November 2021 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> On 23 November 2020, the [[Chief Whip of the Labour Party|Labour chief whip]] [[Nick Brown]] wrote to Corbyn asking him to "unequivocally, unambiguously and without reservation apologise for your comments".<ref name="20201123-bbcnews">{{cite web |title=Labour chief whip demands apology from Jeremy Corbyn |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-55051850 |website=[[BBC News]] |access-date=27 February 2022 |date=23 November 2020}}</ref> In November 2021, Starmer said Corbyn "knows what he must do in order to move this forward" and that it was "his choice". He also stated that Corbyn might not be allowed to stand as a Labour candidate in Islington North unless the whip was restored.<ref name=":2" /> Corbyn believes his dismissal was unfair and has threatened legal action.<ref name=":2" />


Responding to this, Corbyn's former advisor [[Andrew Fisher (political activist)|Andrew Fisher]] wrote: "Forde confirms that reflection is necessary. Cultural change requires painstaking work, not glib assertions of change."<ref>{{cite news |last=Fisher |first=Andrew |date=19 July 2022 |title=The Labour Party is making a terrible mistake if it ignores the Forde report |url=https://inews.co.uk/opinion/forde-report-labour-party-mistake-1750876 |url-access=subscription |access-date=20 July 2022 |work=i |archive-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719164227/https://inews.co.uk/opinion/forde-report-labour-party-mistake-1750876 |url-status=live }}</ref> Corbyn himself stated that report "calls into question the behaviour of senior officials in the party, in particular during the 2017 election" and that "wrongs must be righted."<ref>{{cite web |date=12 August 2022 |title=Jeremy Corbyn on the Report Mainstream Media Doesn't Want You To Know About |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tglgldqEHpE |access-date=15 August 2022 |website=Double Down News |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815234447/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tglgldqEHpE |url-status=live }}</ref>
In March 2023, Labour's national executive committee resolved not to endorse Corbyn in the next general election, preventing him from seeking re-election as a Labour candidate.<ref name="jones-2023"/> A [[YouGov]] opinion poll that month found that 41% of Labour voters thought this was the wrong decision compared to 36% who thought this was the right decision, though amongst all voters 48% agreed with the decision compared to 27% who disagreed.<ref name=yougov-20230404>{{cite web |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2023/04/04/three-years-what-do-britons-make-keir-starmers-tim |title=Three years on, what do Britons make of Keir Starmer's time as Labour leader? |last=Knowles |first=Frazer |website=YouGov |date=4 April 2023 |access-date=1 August 2023}}</ref>


===Peace and Justice Project===
===Peace and Justice Project===
{{main|Peace and Justice Project}}
{{main|Peace and Justice Project}}

On 13 December 2020, Corbyn announced the Project for Peace and Justice. Corbyn launched the project on 17 January 2021, and its affiliates include [[Christine Blower]], [[Len McCluskey]] and [[Zarah Sultana]]. [[Rafael Correa]] said that he "welcome[d] the creation" of the project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jeremy Corbyn Has A New Project |date=13 December 2020 |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/jeremy-corbyn-has-a-new-project_uk_5fd6261ac5b62f31c1fe0b73 |publisher=Huffington Post |access-date=13 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Davis|first=Barney|date=13 December 2020|title=Corbyn announces launch of Peace and Justice Project|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/jeremy-corbyn-peace-and-justice-project-b293495.html|access-date=1 January 2021 |website=www.standard.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=13 December 2020|title=Jeremy Corbyn to start global social justice project 'for the many' |url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/dec/13/jeremy-corbyn-to-start-global-social-justice-project-for-the-many|access-date=1 January 2021|website=The Guardian }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jeremy Corbyn: Why I'm Launching a Project for Peace and Justice|url=https://jacobinmag.com/2020/12/jeremy-corbyn-project-for-peace-and-justice-launch|access-date=1 January 2021|website=jacobinmag.com}}</ref>
On 13 December 2020, Corbyn announced the Project for Peace and Justice. Corbyn launched the project on 17 January 2021, and its affiliates include [[Christine Blower]], [[Len McCluskey]] and [[Zarah Sultana]]. [[Rafael Correa]] said that he "welcome[d] the creation" of the project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jeremy Corbyn Has A New Project |date=13 December 2020 |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/jeremy-corbyn-has-a-new-project_uk_5fd6261ac5b62f31c1fe0b73 |publisher=Huffington Post |access-date=13 December 2020 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516144215/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/jeremy-corbyn-has-a-new-project_uk_5fd6261ac5b62f31c1fe0b73 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Davis |first=Barney |date=13 December 2020 |title=Corbyn announces launch of Peace and Justice Project |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/jeremy-corbyn-peace-and-justice-project-b293495.html |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=Evening Standard |archive-date=13 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213205443/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/jeremy-corbyn-peace-and-justice-project-b293495.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 December 2020 |title=Jeremy Corbyn to start global social justice project 'for the many' |url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/dec/13/jeremy-corbyn-to-start-global-social-justice-project-for-the-many |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=The Guardian |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709030046/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/dec/13/jeremy-corbyn-to-start-global-social-justice-project-for-the-many |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jeremy Corbyn: Why I'm Launching a Project for Peace and Justice |url=https://jacobinmag.com/2020/12/jeremy-corbyn-project-for-peace-and-justice-launch |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=jacobinmag.com |archive-date=10 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110111419/https://www.jacobinmag.com/2020/12/jeremy-corbyn-project-for-peace-and-justice-launch |url-status=live }}</ref>


===Stop the War Coalition statement on Ukraine crisis===
===Stop the War Coalition statement on Ukraine crisis===
[[File:Jeremy Corbyn - Stand Up To Racism (51952400403) (cropped 2).jpg|thumb|Corbyn addresses the March Against Racism in [[Parliament Square]], March 2022]]
[[File:Jeremy Corbyn - Stand Up To Racism (51952400403) (cropped 2).jpg|thumb|Corbyn addresses the March Against Racism in [[Parliament Square]], March 2022]]
On 18 February 2022, in the week before the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Corbyn alongside 11 Labour MPs cosigned a statement from the [[Stop the War Coalition]] opposing any war in Ukraine.<ref name="20220224guardian">{{cite web |last1=Walker |first1=Peter |title=Labour MPs drop backing for statement criticising Nato after Starmer warning |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/feb/24/labour-mps-drop-backing-for-statement-criticising-nato-after-starmer-warning |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=27 February 2022 |date=24 February 2022}}</ref> The statement said that "the crisis should be settled on a basis which recognises the right of the Ukrainian people to self-determination and addresses Russia's security concerns", that NATO "should call a halt to its eastward expansion", and that the British government's sending of arms to Ukraine and troops to eastern Europe served "no purpose other than inflaming tensions and indicating disdain for Russian concerns".<ref name="20220218-stwc">{{cite web |title=List of signatories: Stop the War statement on the crisis over Ukraine |url=https://www.stopwar.org.uk/article/list-of-signatories-stop-the-war-statement-on-the-crisis-over-ukraine/ |website=Stop the War Coalition |access-date=27 February 2022 |date=18 February 2022}}</ref> The statement's authors also said that they "refute [sic] the idea that NATO is a defensive alliance".<ref name="20220218-stwc" />
On 18 February 2022, in the week before the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Corbyn alongside 11 Labour MPs cosigned a statement from the [[Stop the War Coalition]] opposing any war in Ukraine.<ref name="20220224guardian">{{cite web |last1=Walker |first1=Peter |title=Labour MPs drop backing for statement criticising Nato after Starmer warning |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/feb/24/labour-mps-drop-backing-for-statement-criticising-nato-after-starmer-warning |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=27 February 2022 |date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301074659/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/feb/24/labour-mps-drop-backing-for-statement-criticising-nato-after-starmer-warning |url-status=live }}</ref> The statement said that "the crisis should be settled on a basis which recognises the right of the Ukrainian people to self-determination and addresses Russia's security concerns", that NATO "should call a halt to its eastward expansion", and that the British government's sending of arms to Ukraine and troops to eastern Europe served "no purpose other than inflaming tensions and indicating disdain for Russian concerns".<ref name="20220218-stwc">{{cite web |title=List of signatories: Stop the War statement on the crisis over Ukraine |url=https://www.stopwar.org.uk/article/list-of-signatories-stop-the-war-statement-on-the-crisis-over-ukraine/ |website=Stop the War Coalition |access-date=27 February 2022 |date=18 February 2022 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226095549/https://www.stopwar.org.uk/article/list-of-signatories-stop-the-war-statement-on-the-crisis-over-ukraine/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The statement's authors also said that they "refute [sic] the idea that NATO is a defensive alliance".<ref name="20220218-stwc" />


On the evening of 24 February, the first day of the invasion, Labour chief whip [[Alan Campbell (politician)|Alan Campbell]] wrote to all 11 Labour MPs who had signed the statement, requesting that they withdraw their signatures.<ref name="20220224guardian" /><ref name="20200225-independent">{{cite news |last1=Cowburn |first1=Ashley |last2=Scott |first2=Geraldine |title=Labour MPs withdraw from anti-Nato statement after threat to lose whip |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-labour-mps-mps-stop-the-war-coalition-claudia-webbe-b2022770.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-labour-mps-mps-stop-the-war-coalition-claudia-webbe-b2022770.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=[[The Independent]] |access-date=27 February 2022 |date=25 February 2022}}</ref> All 11 agreed to do so the same evening.<ref name="20220224guardian" /><ref name="20200225-independent" /> Corbyn and fellow former Labour independent MP [[Claudia Webbe]] did not withdraw their signatures from the statement, though Labour shadow foreign secretary David Lammy urged Corbyn to do so.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chappell |first1=Elliot |title=David Lammy: Labour has no plans to reinstate Jeremy Corbyn as Labour MP |url=https://labourlist.org/2022/02/david-lammy-labour-has-no-plans-to-reinstate-jeremy-corbyn-as-labour-mp/ |website=Labour List |access-date=27 February 2022 |date=27 February 2022}}</ref>
On the evening of 24 February, the first day of the invasion, Labour chief whip [[Alan Campbell (politician)|Alan Campbell]] wrote to all 11 Labour MPs who had signed the statement, requesting that they withdraw their signatures.<ref name="20220224guardian" /><ref name="20200225-independent">{{cite news |last1=Cowburn |first1=Ashley |last2=Scott |first2=Geraldine |title=Labour MPs withdraw from anti-Nato statement after threat to lose whip |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-labour-mps-mps-stop-the-war-coalition-claudia-webbe-b2022770.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-labour-mps-mps-stop-the-war-coalition-claudia-webbe-b2022770.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=[[The Independent]] |access-date=27 February 2022 |date=25 February 2022}}</ref> All 11 agreed to do so the same evening.<ref name="20220224guardian" /><ref name="20200225-independent" /> Corbyn and fellow former Labour independent MP [[Claudia Webbe]] did not withdraw their signatures from the statement, though [[David Lammy]] urged Corbyn to do so.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chappell |first1=Elliot |title=David Lammy: Labour has no plans to reinstate Jeremy Corbyn as Labour MP |url=https://labourlist.org/2022/02/david-lammy-labour-has-no-plans-to-reinstate-jeremy-corbyn-as-labour-mp/ |website=Labour List |access-date=27 February 2022 |date=27 February 2022 |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709030202/https://labourlist.org/2022/02/david-lammy-labour-has-no-plans-to-reinstate-jeremy-corbyn-as-labour-mp/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


===Expulsion from the Labour Party and 2024 general election===
===Publication of the Forde Report===
{{Main|Islington North in the 2024 United Kingdom general election}}
The Forde Report, written by lawyer Martin Forde in response to the dossier that was leaked in April 2020 (''[[The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 2014–2019]]''), was released on 19 July 2022, stating that: "[R]ather than confront the paramount need to deal with the profoundly serious issue of anti-Semitism in the party, both factions treated it as a factional weapon."<ref>{{cite news |last=Zeffman |first=Henry |date=20 July 2022 |title=Antisemitism 'used as weapon' by Jeremy Corbyn's friends and foes |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/antisemitism-used-as-weapon-by-jeremy-corbyns-friends-and-foes-jxzv80qtk |access-date=20 July 2022 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=19 July 2022 |title=Anti-Semitism used as factional weapon within Labour, says report |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-62226042 |access-date=20 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/forde-report-labour-jeremy-corbyn-2017-election-b2126500.html|title=Anti-Corbyn Labour officials covertly diverted election cash to allies, inquiry finds|last=Stone|first=Jon|date=19 July 2022|work=The Independent|access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref> It also described senior Labour staff as having displayed "deplorably factional and insensitive, and at times discriminatory, attitudes" towards Corbyn and his supporters,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jul/19/antisemitism-factional-weapon-labour-party-forde-report-finds|title=Antisemitism issue used as 'factional weapon' in Labour, report finds|last1=Elgot|first1=Jessica|last2=Walker|first2=Peter|date=19 July 2022|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref> and detailed concerns by some staff about a "hierarchy of racism" in the party which ignored Black people.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/forde-report-labour-party-racism-b2126627.html|title=Black Labour staff suffer under party's 'hierarchy of racism', Forde report finds|last=White|first=Nadine|date=19 July 2022|work=The Independent|accessdate=20 July 2022}}</ref> The report also expressed regret that Corbyn himself did not engage with the authors' request to interview him.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jul/19/key-takeaways-forde-report-labour-factionalism | title=Key takeaways from the Forde report on Labour factionalism | newspaper=The Guardian | date=19 July 2022 | last1=Stewart | first1=Heather | last2=Elgot | first2=Jessica }}</ref>


Media speculation that Corbyn would contest the [[2024 United Kingdom general election|2024 general election]] as an Independent was reported in October 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last=Adams |first=Tim |date=7 October 2023 |title=Will Jeremy Corbyn take on Labour for his Islington seat – and will he win? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/oct/07/will-jeremy-corbyn-take-on-labour-for-his-islington-seat-will-he-win |access-date=25 February 2024 |work=The Observer |language=en-GB |issn=0029-7712 |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709030046/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/oct/07/will-jeremy-corbyn-take-on-labour-for-his-islington-seat-will-he-win |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Maguire |first=Patrick |date=25 February 2024 |title=Jeremy Corbyn to run against Labour as an independent, say allies |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/keir-starmer-to-block-jeremy-corbyn-from-standing-as-labour-mp-w6nm9kr9p |access-date=25 February 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |issn=0140-0460 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225103555/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/keir-starmer-to-block-jeremy-corbyn-from-standing-as-labour-mp-w6nm9kr9p |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite "unanimous support" from his [[Constituency Labour Party]] (CLP),<ref>{{cite news |last=Allegretti |first=Aubrey |date=18 May 2023 |title=Jeremy Corbyn tells local Labour party he wants to carry on as their MP |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/may/18/jeremy-corbyn-tells-local-labour-party-he-wants-to-carry-on-as-their-mp |access-date=25 February 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709030657/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/may/18/jeremy-corbyn-tells-local-labour-party-he-wants-to-carry-on-as-their-mp |url-status=live }}</ref> Corbyn was not permitted to stand as a Labour parliamentary candidate. After announcing on 24 May 2024 that he would stand as an independent parliamentary candidate for Islington North, he was fully expelled from the Labour Party.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jeremy Corbyn confirms he will stand against Labour in Islington |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c288xxvrdz7o |access-date=24 May 2024 |publisher=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=25 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525020639/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c288xxvrdz7o |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jeremy Corbyn expelled from Labour Party after confirming he will stand as independent in general election |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-islington-general-candidate-mp-b2550779.html |access-date=24 May 2024 |newspaper=The Independent |date=24 May 2024 |language=en-GB |last=Rkaina |first=Sam |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526195757/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-islington-general-candidate-mp-b2550779.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was endorsed by [[Mick Lynch (trade unionist)|Mick Lynch]] of the [[National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers]].<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2024 |title=RMT leader Mick Lynch gives Jeremy Corbyn general election backing |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-68393822 |access-date=25 February 2024 |publisher=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225000751/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-68393822 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Responding to this, Corbyn's former advisor [[Andrew Fisher (political activist)|Andrew Fisher]] wrote: "Forde confirms that reflection is necessary. Cultural change requires painstaking work, not glib assertions of change."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://inews.co.uk/opinion/forde-report-labour-party-mistake-1750876|title=The Labour Party is making a terrible mistake if it ignores the Forde report|last=Fisher|first=Andrew|date=19 July 2022|work=i|access-date=20 July 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Corbyn himself stated that report "calls into question the behaviour of senior officials in the party, in particular during the 2017 election" and that "wrongs must be righted."<ref>{{cite web |title=Jeremy Corbyn on the Report Mainstream Media Doesn't Want You To Know About |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tglgldqEHpE |website=Double Down News |access-date=15 August 2022 |date=12 August 2022}}</ref>


Corbyn responded to Keir Starmer's claim of knowing the party would lose the 2019 election by saying "Well, he never said that to me, at any time. And so I just think rewriting history is no help. It shows double standards, shall we say, that he now says he always thought that but he never said it at the time or anything about it. He was part of the campaign. He and I spoke together at events and I find it actually quite sad."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-13 |title=Jeremy Corbyn accuses Keir Starmer of rewriting history |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn008x70kr6o |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=5 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705022820/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn008x70kr6o |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Policies and views==
{{Main|Political positions of Jeremy Corbyn}}


A poll released just over two weeks before the election showed Corbyn in second behind Labour candidate Praful Nargund.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shock Poll Shows It's Down to the Wire for Corbyn in Islington North |url=https://novaramedia.com/2024/06/25/shock-poll-shows-its-down-to-the-wire-for-corbyn-in-islington-north/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=Novara Media |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625170630/https://novaramedia.com/2024/06/25/shock-poll-shows-its-down-to-the-wire-for-corbyn-in-islington-north/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Leading members of the Islington North CLP resigned in order to support Corbyn, while also criticising the manner in which Nargund was selected as Islington North's candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islington: Local Labour members resign to campaign for Corbyn |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crgejv0xxg2o |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709030552/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crgejv0xxg2o |url-status=live }}</ref> Corbyn was comfortably re-elected as an independent, even as Labour won a landslide victory in the general election. His majority over Nargund was over 7,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tahir |first=Tariq |date=2024-07-05 |title=Jeremy Corbyn re-elected: Chants of 'Free Palestine' as former leader beats Labour |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/uk/2024/07/05/jeremy-corbyn-re-elected-chants-of-free-palestine-as-former-leader-beats-labour/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=The National |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706021928/https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/uk/2024/07/05/jeremy-corbyn-re-elected-chants-of-free-palestine-as-former-leader-beats-labour/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 1997 the political scientists [[David Butler (psephologist)|David Butler]] and [[Dennis Kavanagh]] described Corbyn's political stance as "far-left".<ref>{{cite book |title=The British General Election of 1997 |first1=David |last1=Butler |first2=Dennis |last2=Kavanagh |year=1997 |location=Basingstoke |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-333-64776-9 |page=171}}</ref>


==Policies and views==
When asked in an interview in 2015 what politicised him Corbyn said, "Peace issues. Vietnam. Environmental issues".<ref>{{cite news |last= Hattenstone |first= Simon |date= 17 June 2015 |title= Jeremy Corbyn: 'I don't do personal' |url= https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/jun/17/jeremy-corbyn-labour-leadership-dont-do-personal |work= The Guardian |access-date= 20 October 2019}}</ref> When asked if he regarded himself as a [[Marxist]], Corbyn responded by saying: "That is a very interesting question actually. I haven't thought about that for a long time. I haven't really read as much of Marx as we should have done. I have read quite a bit but not that much."<ref>{{cite news|year=2015|title=THE ANDREW MARR SHOW INTERVIEW: JEREMY CORBYN, MP LABOUR LEADERSHIP CANDIDATE JULY 26th 2015|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/26071502.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808041308/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/26071502.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2017}}</ref> Supporting John McDonnell's statement that there is "a lot to learn" from [[Karl Marx]]'s book ''[[Das Kapital]]'', Corbyn described Marx as a "great economist".<ref name="Corbyn1">{{cite news|last=Maidment|first=Jack|date=8 May 2017|title=The Marx Brothers: Jeremy Corbyn joins John McDonnell in praising Communist icon's work|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/08/marx-brothers-jeremy-corbyn-joins-john-mcdonnell-praising-communist/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808035924/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/08/marx-brothers-jeremy-corbyn-joins-john-mcdonnell-praising-communist/|archive-date=8 August 2017|website=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jeremy Corbyn backs John McDonnell and says Marx was a 'great economist'|url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/labour-party/jeremy-corbyn/news/85762/jeremy-corbyn-backs-john-mcdonnell|year=2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808045204/https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/labour-party/jeremy-corbyn/news/85762/jeremy-corbyn-backs-john-mcdonnell|archive-date=8 August 2017}}</ref> Corbyn has said he has read some of the works of [[Adam Smith]], Karl Marx and [[David Ricardo]] and has "looked at many, many others".<ref name=Corbyn1 />
{{main|Political positions of Jeremy Corbyn}}

[[File:Leader_of_the_Opposition_(51184221345).jpg|thumb|Corbyn at a march for Palestine in [[Oxford]] in 2021]]
===Economy and taxation===
Corbyn self-identifies as a [[socialist]].<ref name="Settle" /> He has also been referred to as a "mainstream [Scandinavian] [[social democrat]]".<ref>{{cite news |last=Gjersø |first=Jonas |date=9 June 2017 |title=Jeremy Corbyn – a mainstream [Scandinavian] social democrat |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/jeremy-corbyn-mainstream-scandinavian-social-democrat/ |access-date=21 April 2021 |work=openDemocracy |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709030657/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/jeremy-corbyn-mainstream-scandinavian-social-democrat/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He advocates reversing [[United Kingdom government austerity programme|austerity cuts]] to public services and some welfare funding made since 2010, as well as [[renationalisation]] of public utilities and [[Renationalisation of British Rail|the railways]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Asthana |first1=Anushka |last2=Stewart |first2=Heather |date=11 May 2017 |title=Labour party's plan to nationalise mail, rail and energy firms |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/may/10/labour-party-manifesto-pledges-to-end-tuition-fees-and-nationalise-railways |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831132900/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/may/10/labour-party-manifesto-pledges-to-end-tuition-fees-and-nationalise-railways |archive-date=31 August 2017 |access-date=31 August 2017 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> A longstanding [[anti-war]] and [[anti-nuclear]] activist, he supports a foreign policy of military [[non-interventionism]] and [[Unilateral disarmament|unilateral]] [[nuclear disarmament]], and has been a prominent activist for Palestinian solidarity throughout the [[Gaza–Israel conflict]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=McTague |first1=Tom |last2=Cooper |first2=Charlie |date=26 September 2016 |title=Jeremy Corbyn under fire for stance on nuclear weapons |url=http://www.politico.eu/article/jeremy-corbyn-under-fire-for-stance-on-nuclear-weapons/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831134200/http://www.politico.eu/article/jeremy-corbyn-under-fire-for-stance-on-nuclear-weapons/ |archive-date=31 August 2017 |access-date=31 August 2017 |work=Politico}}</ref> Writer [[Ronan Bennett]], who formerly worked as a research assistant to Corbyn, has described him as "a kind of vegan, pacifist idealist, one with a clear understanding of politics and history, and a commitment to the underdog".<ref name="MacAskill1" />
Corbyn has campaigned against [[private finance initiative]] schemes,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Corbyn|first1=Jeremy|date=26 August 2015|title=Labour must clean up the mess it made with PFI, and save the health service|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/aug/26/pfi-labour-nhs-health-service-private-finance-initiative|url-status=live|access-date=24 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921153327/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/aug/26/pfi-labour-nhs-health-service-private-finance-initiative|archive-date=21 September 2016|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> supported a higher rate of [[income tax]] for the wealthiest in society,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wintour|first1=Patrick|title=Jeremy Corbyn vows to raise taxes for the rich if elected Prime Minister|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/jul/22/jeremy-corbyn-vows-to-raise-taxes-for-the-rich-if-elected-prime-minister|access-date=18 September 2015|work=The Guardian|date=22 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927213116/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/jul/22/jeremy-corbyn-vows-to-raise-taxes-for-the-rich-if-elected-prime-minister|archive-date=27 September 2015}}</ref> and his shadow chancellor proposed the introduction of a £10 per hour [[living wage]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Waugh|first=Paul|date=15 September 2015|title=John McDonnell Unveils His First Policy: A £10 Minimum Wage|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/09/15/story_n_8138900.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918002240/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/09/15/story_n_8138900.html|archive-date=18 September 2015|access-date=15 September 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> He advocates recouping losses from [[tax avoidance#CITEREFTèrslèvWierZucman2022|tax avoidance]] and [[Tax evasion in the United Kingdom|evasion]] by investing £1 billion in [[HM Revenue and Customs]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-14/what-is-corbynomics-and-what-might-it-mean-for-britain-|title=What is 'Corbynomics' – And What Might it Mean for Britain?|work=Bloomberg|first=Svenja|last=O'Donnell|date=14 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723111947/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-14/what-is-corbynomics-and-what-might-it-mean-for-britain-|archive-date=23 July 2016}}</ref> Corbyn sought to reduce an estimated £93 billion that [[Corporate welfare in the UK|companies receive in tax relief]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-allies-accuse-chris-leslie-of-deliberately-misrepresenting-labour-leader-contenders-economic-policies-10436258.html|title=Jeremy Corbyn allies accuse Chris Leslie of deliberately misrepresenting Labour frontrunner's economic policies|location=London, UK|work=The Independent|first=Andrew|last=Grice|date=3 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925171030/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-allies-accuse-chris-leslie-of-deliberately-misrepresenting-labour-leader-contenders-economic-policies-10436258.html|archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Guardian Handshake">{{cite news|last=Chakrabortty|first=Aditya|date=7 July 2015|title=The £93bn handshake: businesses pocket huge subsidies and tax breaks|work=The Guardian|location=London, UK|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/jul/07/corporate-welfare-a-93bn-handshake|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231172118/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/jul/07/corporate-welfare-a-93bn-handshake|archive-date=31 December 2016|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Farnsworth|first=Kevin|date=2015|title=The British Corporate Welfare State: Public Provision for Private Businesses|url=http://speri.dept.shef.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/SPERI-Paper-24-The-British-Corporate-Welfare-State.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925200238/http://speri.dept.shef.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/SPERI-Paper-24-The-British-Corporate-Welfare-State.pdf|archive-date=25 September 2015|website=Sheffield Political Economy Research Institute}}</ref> The amount is made up of several reliefs, including railway and [[energy subsidies]], [[regional development]] grants, relief on investment and government procurement from the private sector.<ref name="Guardian Handshake" />
Corbyn opposes austerity, and has advocated an economic strategy based on investing-to-grow as opposed to making spending cuts. During his first Labour leadership election campaign, Corbyn proposed that the [[Bank of England]] should be able to issue money for capital spending, especially housebuilding, instead of [[quantitative easing]], which attempts to stimulate the economy by buying assets from commercial banks. He describes it as "[[People's Quantitative Easing]]".<ref name="plan" /> A number of economists, including [[Steve Keen]], said that Corbyn's candidature for leadership of the Labour party "recognis[ed] the inspiring possibilities for a fairer and more equal society offered by an information economy in an interdependent world".<ref name="The Guardian">{{cite news|title=The Labour party stands at a crossroads|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/14/the-labour-party-stands-at-a-crossroads|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815122541/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/14/the-labour-party-stands-at-a-crossroads|archive-date=15 August 2015|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> [[Robert Skidelsky]] offered a qualified endorsement of Corbyn's proposals to carry out QE through a National Investment Bank.<ref name="The Guardian"/><ref>[[Robert Skidelsky]], [https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/aug/19/corbynomics-why-we-should-take-it-seriously 'Why we should take Corbynomics seriously,'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919080033/http://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/aug/19/corbynomics-why-we-should-take-it-seriously |date=19 September 2015}} ''[[The Guardian]]'' 19 August 2015.</ref> As the policy would change the central bank's focus on stabilising prices it has been argued it could increase the perceived risk of investing in the UK and raise the prospect of increased inflation.<ref>{{cite news|last=Peston|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Peston|date=12 August 2015|title=Would Corbyn's 'QE for people' float or sink Britain?|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-33884836|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818102547/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-33884836|archive-date=18 August 2015}}</ref> His second leadership campaign saw him promise £500 billion in additional public spending, though he did not detail how he would fund it.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Eaton|first1=George|title=How would Jeremy Corbyn pay for his spending pledges?|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2016/08/how-would-jeremy-corbyn-pay-his-spending-pledges|access-date=24 August 2016|work=New Statesman|date=4 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826163616/http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2016/08/how-would-jeremy-corbyn-pay-his-spending-pledges|archive-date=26 August 2016}}</ref>

Corbyn has been a consistent supporter of [[renationalising]] [[Public utility|public utilities]], such as the [[Privatisation of British Rail|now-privatised British Rail]] and [[Energy company|energy companies]], back into [[public ownership]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Merrick|first=Jane|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-to-bring-back-clause-four-contender-pledges-to-bury-new-labour-with-commitment-to-public-ownership-of-industry-10446982.html|title=Jeremy Corbyn to 'bring back Clause IV': Contender pledges to bury New Labour with commitment to public ownership of industry|work=The Independent on Sunday|date=9 August 2015|access-date=9 August 2015|location=London, UK|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809111000/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-to-bring-back-clause-four-contender-pledges-to-bury-new-labour-with-commitment-to-public-ownership-of-industry-10446982.html|archive-date=9 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Matt|last1=Dathan|first2=Jon|last2=Stone|title=The 9 charts that show the 'left-wing' policies of Jeremy Corbyn the public actually agrees with|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-jeremy-corbyn-policies-that-most-people-actually-agree-with-10407148.html|work=The Independent|date=23 July 2015|access-date=27 July 2015|location=London, UK|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724173423/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-jeremy-corbyn-policies-that-most-people-actually-agree-with-10407148.html|archive-date=24 July 2015}}</ref> Initially, Corbyn suggested completely renationalising the entire railway network, but would now bring them under public control "line by line" as franchises expire.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34306333 |title=Labour would renationalise railways 'line by line,' says Jeremy Corbyn |work=BBC News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127214715/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34306333 |archive-date=27 November 2016}}</ref>

===National and constitutional issues===
Corbyn is a longstanding supporter of a [[united Ireland]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Jeremy Corbyn reiterates support for united Ireland|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/uk/jeremy-corbyn-reiterates-support-for-united-ireland-1.2364612|access-date=11 June 2017|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|date=24 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129001345/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/uk/jeremy-corbyn-reiterates-support-for-united-ireland-1.2364612|archive-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> and reportedly described himself as campaigner against imperialism in Ireland in 1984.<ref name=GH17Dec84>{{cite news|last1=Parkhouse|first1=Geoffrey|title=Kinnock is appalled at visit of IRA bombers|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19841217&id=iP49AAAAIBAJ&pg=3074,3464356&hl=en|access-date=19 September 2015|work=[[The Glasgow Herald]]|date=17 December 1984}}</ref> In 1985, Corbyn voted against the [[Anglo-Irish Agreement]], saying that it strengthened the border between Northern Ireland and the [[Republic of Ireland]]<ref>{{cite web|author=O'Reilly|first=Jo|date=14 September 2015|title=What does a Jeremy Corbyn led Labour opposition mean for Ireland?|url=http://irishpost.co.uk/what-does-a-jeremy-corbyn-led-labour-opposition-mean-for-ireland/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918110139/http://irishpost.co.uk/what-does-a-jeremy-corbyn-led-labour-opposition-mean-for-ireland/|archive-date=18 September 2015|access-date=29 May 2017|work=The Irish Post}}</ref> and he opposed it as he wished to see a united Ireland.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anglo-Irish Agreement HC Deb 27 November 1985 vol 87 cc884-973|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1985/nov/27/anglo-irish-agreement#S6CV0087P0_19851127_HOC_294|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919081408/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1985/nov/27/anglo-irish-agreement#S6CV0087P0_19851127_HOC_294|archive-date=19 September 2015|access-date=22 August 2015|date=27 November 1985|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}</ref> In July 1998, Corbyn endorsed the [[Good Friday Agreement]] by voting for the Northern Ireland Bill saying: "We look forward to peace, hope and reconciliation in Ireland in the future."<ref name="parliament">{{cite web|url=https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmhansrd/vo980731/debtext/80731-06.htm|title=House of Commons Hansard Debates for 31 Jul 1998 (pt 6)|publisher=Parliament|date=31 July 1998|access-date=31 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626002403/https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmhansrd/vo980731/debtext/80731-06.htm|archive-date=26 June 2017}}</ref>

Corbyn would prefer [[Republicanism in the United Kingdom|Britain to become a republic]], but has said that, given the [[British Royal Family|Royal Family]]'s popularity, "it's not a battle that I am fighting".<ref name="jeremyrepublicanism">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33624145|title=Who is Jeremy Corbyn? Labour leadership contender guide|date=30 July 2015|work=BBC News|access-date=3 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901132615/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33624145|archive-date=1 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://weeklyworker.co.uk/worker/1073/bedrock-of-the-british-state/|title=Bedrock of the British state – Weekly Worker|website=weeklyworker.co.uk|access-date=23 November 2017}}</ref>

On the issue of [[Scottish independence]], when asked if he would consider himself a [[British unionism|unionist]], Corbyn said: "No, I would describe myself as a Socialist. I would prefer the UK to stay together, yes, but I recognise the right of people to take the decision on their own autonomy and independence."<ref>{{cite news|last=Settle|first=Michael|date=18 August 2015|title=Corbyn: I'm a Socialist not a Unionist|work=The Herald|location=Glasgow|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/13609421.Corbyn__I_m_a_Socialist_not_a_Unionist/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819014150/http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/13609421.Corbyn__I_m_a_Socialist_not_a_Unionist/|archive-date=19 August 2015}}</ref> Corbyn said that he did not favour holding a [[proposed second Scottish independence referendum|second Scottish independence referendum]], but that it would be wrong for the UK Parliament to block such a referendum if the [[Scottish Parliament]] desired to have one.<ref>{{cite news|last=Walker|first=Peter|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/mar/13/jeremy-corbyn-denies-backing-second-scottish-independence-vote|title=Jeremy Corbyn denies backing second Scottish independence vote|work=The Guardian|date=13 March 2017|access-date=13 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313111939/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/mar/13/jeremy-corbyn-denies-backing-second-scottish-independence-vote|archive-date=13 March 2017}}</ref>

As Leader of the Opposition, Corbyn was one of the sponsors for the [[Constitutional Convention Bill]], which was an attempt at codifying the [[Constitution of the United Kingdom|UK's constitution]], which has [[Uncodified constitution|not been compiled into a single document]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-38599780|title=Jeremy Corbyn rejects 'new Act of Union' call|date=12 January 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=2 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320053538/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-38599780|archive-date=20 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Johnson|first=Simon|date=12 January 2017|title=Jeremy Corbyn rejects Kezia Dugdale's keynote plan for new Act of Union|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/12/jeremy-corbyn-rejects-kezia-dugdales-keynote-plan-new-act-union/|url-status=live|access-date=2 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303051231/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/12/jeremy-corbyn-rejects-kezia-dugdales-keynote-plan-new-act-union/|archive-date=3 March 2017}}</ref> He appointed a Shadow Minister for the Constitutional Convention into his [[Shadow Cabinet of Jeremy Corbyn|Shadow Cabinet]] and [[Teresa Pearce]] stepped down after the May 2017 local elections and this position has since remained vacant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/mps-lords-and-offices/government-and-opposition1/opposition-holding/|title=Her Majesty's Official Opposition|publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom|access-date=2 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202230616/http://www.parliament.uk/mps-lords-and-offices/government-and-opposition1/opposition-holding/|archive-date=2 December 2010}}</ref>

In October 2017, Corbyn was one of 113 MPs to sign a cross-party petition to [[Home Secretary]] [[Amber Rudd]], which requested making it a criminal offence for opponents of abortion to hold protests outside of [[abortion in the United Kingdom|abortion clinics]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Maidment|first=Jack|date=26 October 2017|title=Amber Rudd urged by 113 MPs to ban protests outside abortion clinics|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/10/26/amber-rudd-urged-113-mps-ban-protests-outside-abortion-clinics/|url-status=live|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028023238/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/10/26/amber-rudd-urged-113-mps-ban-protests-outside-abortion-clinics/|archive-date=28 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jeremy Corbyn joins 100 MPs calling for ban on vigils outside abortion clinics|newspaper=[[Catholic Herald]]|url=http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2017/10/27/jeremy-corbyn-joins-100-mps-urging-government-to-ban-abortion-protests/|url-status=dead|access-date=27 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028091730/http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2017/10/27/jeremy-corbyn-joins-100-mps-urging-government-to-ban-abortion-protests/|archive-date=28 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Elgot|first=Jessica|date=26 October 2017|title=Jeremy Corbyn backs call for abortion clinic buffer zones|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/26/jeremy-corbyn-backs-call-for-abortion-clinic-buffer-zones|url-status=live|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026162638/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/26/jeremy-corbyn-backs-call-for-abortion-clinic-buffer-zones|archive-date=26 October 2017}}</ref> The letter called for [[Legal protection of access to abortion|buffer zones]] to be established around clinics, arguing women "face daily abuse when undergoing terminations", with protesters instead given space in town centres or Speakers' corner. He also promised to allow [[Abortion in the United Kingdom#Law concerning abortion|abortion in Northern Ireland]] as well as [[Same-sex marriage in the United Kingdom|same-sex marriage]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Clarke|first=Liam|date=6 August 2015|title=Labour's Jeremy Corbyn vows to bring abortion and same-sex marriage to Northern Ireland as victims blast refusal to condemn IRA terror|work=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk|url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/labours-jeremy-corbyn-vows-to-bring-abortion-and-samesex-marriage-to-northern-ireland-as-victims-blast-refusal-to-condemn-ira-terror-31430990.html|access-date=23 November 2017|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

===Education===
During the 2015 Labour leadership contest, Corbyn put forward a policy to scrap all tuition fees and restore student maintenance grants. The cost of the policy was estimated at £10 billion which would be funded by "a 7% rise in [[National Insurance|national insurance]] for those earning over £50,000 a year and a 2.5% higher corporation tax, or by slowing the pace at which the deficit is reduced". Corbyn apologised for the actions of previous Labour governments in imposing "fees, top-up fees and the replacement of grants with loans". He said "I opposed those changes at the time – as did many others – and now we have an opportunity to change course".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wintour |first1=Patrick |title=Jeremy Corbyn announces £10bn plan to scrap university tuition fees |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/jul/15/jeremy-corbyn-announces-10bn-plan-to-scrap-university-tuition-fees |access-date=24 March 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=15 July 2015}}</ref>

During the 2017 election, Corbyn had a policy of scrapping university tuition fees from 2018 restoring the maintenance grants abolished by the Conservatives in 2016 and funding a free national education service. He also pledged to investigate cancelling student loan debts incurred by recent graduates. The policy said that the British average student starts their working life with debts of £44,000 due to tuition costs and that university tuition is free in many northern European countries. The education changes were costed at £9.5 billion and would be funded by increasing taxes on the top 5 per cent of earners and increasing corporations tax.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mason |first1=Rowena |title=Labour pledges to abolish tuition fees as early as autumn 2017 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2017/may/21/labour-abolish-university-tuition-fees-jeremy-corbyn-eu-uk-europe |access-date=24 March 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=21 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chang |first1=Charis |title=Is Jeremy Corbyn's policy for free university education as crazy as it sounds? |url=https://www.news.com.au/finance/economy/world-economy/is-jeremy-corbyns-policy-for-free-university-education-as-crazy-as-it-sounds/news-story/cd892492447bc3aca5621d9c5005cf21 |access-date=24 March 2019 |agency=AP |date=14 June 2017}}</ref>

===European Union===
Corbyn has previously been a left-wing [[Eurosceptic]]. In the [[1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum|1975 European Communities referendum]], Corbyn opposed Britain's membership of the [[European Communities]], the precursor of the EU.<ref name="CorbynEU1975">{{cite news|last=Hughes|first=Laura|date=11 September 2015|title=Jeremy Corbyn admits he voted for Britain to leave Europe in 1975|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/11859648/Jeremy-Corbyn-admits-he-voted-for-Britain-to-leave-Europe-in-1975.html|url-status=live|access-date=21 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118023429/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/11859648/Jeremy-Corbyn-admits-he-voted-for-Britain-to-leave-Europe-in-1975.html|archive-date=18 January 2016}}</ref> Corbyn also opposed the ratification of the [[Maastricht Treaty]] in 1993,<ref>{{cite news |last=Stone |first=Jon |date=18 September 2015 |title=Jeremy Corbyn predicted the Euro would lead to 'a bankers' Europe' |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-eu-europe-bankers-europe-eurosceptic-ukip-10507381.html|url-status=live|access-date=31 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415095116/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-eu-europe-bankers-europe-eurosceptic-ukip-10507381.html|archive-date=15 April 2016}}</ref> opposed the [[Lisbon Treaty]] in 2008,<ref>{{cite news|title=Lisbon Treaty (Second Reading)|url=http://www.publicwhip.org.uk/division.php?date=2008-01-21&number=50&mpn=Jeremy_Corbyn&mpc=Islington_North&house=commons|access-date=31 May 2016|work=Public Whip|date=21 January 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704195501/http://www.publicwhip.org.uk/division.php?date=2008-01-21&number=50&mpn=Jeremy_Corbyn&mpc=Islington_North&house=commons|archive-date=4 July 2016}}</ref> and backed a proposed referendum on [[British withdrawal from the EU]] in 2011.<ref name="ReutersBrexit">{{cite news|last1=MacLellan|first1=Kylie|title=Labour's Corbyn, who voted 'No' in 1975, raises Brexit fears|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-politics-labour-corbyn-idUKKCN0RB1IK20150911|access-date=31 May 2016|work=Reuters|date=12 September 2015|location=London, UK|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630040244/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-politics-labour-corbyn-idUKKCN0RB1IK20150911|archive-date=30 June 2016}}</ref> He accused the EU of acting "brutally" in the [[2015 Greek bailout referendum|2015 Greek crisis]] by allowing financiers to destroy its economy.<ref name="ReutersBrexit"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Wilson|first1=Jeremy|title=Jeremy Corbyn wants Britain to remain in the EU – but here are all the times he said it was bad|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/jeremy-corbyn-is-making-a-big-speech-saying-we-should-remain-in-the-eu-heres-all-the-times-he-said-the-eu-was-bad-2016-4|work=Business Insider|date=14 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622205048/http://uk.businessinsider.com/jeremy-corbyn-is-making-a-big-speech-saying-we-should-remain-in-the-eu-heres-all-the-times-he-said-the-eu-was-bad-2016-4|archive-date=22 June 2016}}</ref>

During his leadership campaign, Corbyn said there might be circumstances in which he would favour withdrawal from the EU.<ref>Waugh, Paul (25 July 2015) '[http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/07/25/jeremy-corbyn-refuses-to-_n_7870992.html Jeremy Corbyn Refuses To Rule Out Campaigning For Britain To Quit The European Union] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019202728/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/07/25/jeremy-corbyn-refuses-to-_n_7870992.html|date=19 October 2016}}', ''The Huffington Post UK''</ref> In September 2015, Corbyn said that Labour would campaign for Britain to stay in the EU regardless of the result of Cameron's negotiations, and instead "pledge to reverse any changes" if Cameron reduced the rights of workers or citizens.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wintour|first=Patrick|date=17 September 2015|title=Jeremy Corbyn: Labour will campaign for UK to stay in the EU|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/sep/17/jeremy-corbyn-labour-campaign-for-uk-stay-in-eu|url-status=live|access-date=20 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009064206/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/sep/17/jeremy-corbyn-labour-campaign-for-uk-stay-in-eu|archive-date=9 October 2015}}</ref> He also believed that Britain should play a crucial role in Europe by making demands about working arrangements across the continent, the levels of corporation taxation and in forming an agreement on environmental regulation.<ref name="A-Z">{{citation|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/labour/11775739/jeremy-corbyn-policies.html|title=Jeremy Corbyn's policies: A-Z on the Labour Leader contender's position on austerity, education and taxation|access-date=21 August 2015|date=31 July 2015|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Michael|last=Wilkinson|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819014128/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/labour/11775739/jeremy-corbyn-policies.html|archive-date=19 August 2015}}</ref>

In June 2016, in the run-up to the EU referendum, Corbyn said that there was an "overwhelming case" for staying in the EU. In a speech in London, Corbyn said: "We, the Labour Party, are overwhelmingly for staying in, because we believe the European Union has brought investment, jobs and protection for workers, consumers and the environment." Corbyn also criticised media coverage and warnings from both sides, saying that the debate had been dominated too much by "myth-making and prophecies of doom".<ref>{{cite news|last=Pienaar|first=John|date=2 June 2016|title=Jeremy Corbyn says 'overwhelming case' for staying in EU|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36430606|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913141401/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36430606|archive-date=13 September 2016}}</ref> He said he was "seven, or seven and a half" out of 10 for staying in the EU.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36506163|title=Corbyn: I'm 'seven out of 10' on EU|work=BBC News|date=11 June 2016|access-date=24 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614142834/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36506163|archive-date=14 June 2016}}</ref>

In July 2017, Corbyn said that Britain could not remain in the European Single Market after leaving the EU, saying that membership of the single market was "dependent on membership of the EU", although it includes some non-EU countries.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=John|title=Labour would take Britain out of the EU single market, Jeremy Corbyn says|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-labour-eu-single-market-jeremy-corbyn-leave-customs-union-immigration-maastricht-a7855621.html|access-date=7 August 2017|newspaper=Independent|date=23 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807193827/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-labour-eu-single-market-jeremy-corbyn-leave-customs-union-immigration-maastricht-a7855621.html|archive-date=7 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="GuardSM">{{cite news|last1=Elgot|first1=Jessica|title=Labour would leave single market, says Jeremy Corbyn|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jul/23/labour-would-leave-single-market-jeremy-corbyn|access-date=7 August 2017|work=The Guardian|date=23 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807192641/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jul/23/labour-would-leave-single-market-jeremy-corbyn|archive-date=7 August 2017}}</ref> Shadow Minister [[Barry Gardiner]] later suggested that Corbyn meant that Labour interpreted the referendum result as wanting to leave the single market.<ref>{{cite news|last1=May|first1=Josh|title=Jeremy Corbyn insists UK cannot be part of single market after Brexit|url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/labour-party/jeremy-corbyn/news/87767/jeremy-corbyn-insists-uk-cannot-be|access-date=7 August 2017|publisher=PoliticsHome|date=23 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807193404/https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/labour-party/jeremy-corbyn/news/87767/jeremy-corbyn-insists-uk-cannot-be|archive-date=7 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gardiner|first1=Barry|author-link=Barry Gardiner|date=24 July 2017|title=Brexit means leaving the single market and the customs union. Here's why|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jul/24/leaving-eu-single-market-customs-union-brexit-britain-europe|url-status=live|access-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807133206/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jul/24/leaving-eu-single-market-customs-union-brexit-britain-europe|archive-date=7 August 2017}}</ref> Corbyn said that Labour would campaign for an alternative arrangement involving "tariff free access".<ref name="GuardSM" /> In October 2017, Corbyn said that he would vote remain if there were another referendum.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Merrick|first=Rob|date=12 October 2017|title=Jeremy Corbyn says he would still vote to Remain in Brexit referendum |work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-jeremy-corbyn-remain-vote-second-referendum-eu-negotiations-theresa-may-a7996996.html|url-status=live|access-date=3 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030193222/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-jeremy-corbyn-remain-vote-second-referendum-eu-negotiations-theresa-may-a7996996.html|archive-date=30 October 2017}}</ref>

In January 2018, Corbyn reiterated that Labour would not seek to keep the UK in the single market after Brexit and in June 2018 he called for a "new single market" deal for the UK after Brexit maintaining "full access" to the EU internal market, as opposed to the "[[European Economic Area#EEA and Norway Grants|Norway model]]" which pro-Remainers in the party wish to see.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mason|first=Rowena|date=8 January 2018|title=Jeremy Corbyn insists UK cannot remain in single market after Brexit|newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/jan/08/jeremy-corbyn-eu-single-market-after-brexit}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Craig |first=Jon |title=Corbyn facing Labour backlash as he demands 'new single market' after Brexit |url=https://news.sky.com/story/corbyn-facing-labour-backlash-as-he-demands-new-single-market-after-brexit-11396029 |work=[[Sky News]] |date=6 June 2018 |access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref>

In 2018, Corbyn said his main reason for not committing to remaining in the single market was freedom from EU rules on state aid to industry. He said the UK government should not be "held back, inside or outside the EU, from taking the steps we need to support cutting edge industries and local business".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stone |first1=Jon |title=Brexit: Public backs Jeremy Corbyn's plan to abandon EU state aid rules, poll shows |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-state-aid-plan-brexit-restrictions-public-support-britain-eu-trade-a8297616.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-state-aid-plan-brexit-restrictions-public-support-britain-eu-trade-a8297616.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=6 October 2018 |newspaper=The Independent |date=10 April 2018}}</ref> This prompted backlash from senior EU figures, who said that state subsidisation would be a "red line" in negotiations, as it would lead to a possible trade war between the UK and EU. One senior figure told ''The Times'': "We have to protect ourselves and the single market ... If a Corbyn government implements his declared policies the level playing field mechanism will lead to increased costs for Britain to access the single market because of distortions caused by state aid."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Waterfield |first1=Bruno |last2=Fisher |first2=Lucy |title=Fear of Jeremy Corbyn-led government prompts tough EU line on Brexit |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/fear-of-corbyn-prompts-tough-eu-line-on-brexit-lrcmwgvlx |access-date=6 October 2018 |work=[[The Times]] |url-access=subscription |date=7 May 2018}}</ref>

Also in 2018, Corbyn said he would seek a new type of customs union with the European Union, but will seek exemptions of some EU regulations for the UK, such as those regarding state aid and government subsidies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/d7673a26-1af2-11e8-956a-43db76e69936 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/d7673a26-1af2-11e8-956a-43db76e69936 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Corbyn's customs union plan – what it might mean|first=Jim|last=Brunsden|date=26 February 2018|website=Financial Times}}</ref>

In January 2019, Labour lost a vote of no confidence in the government. The Conservative government sought to open cross-party talks while Corbyn initially said Labour would refuse to attend talks unless the government ruled out a "[[no deal Brexit]]".<ref>{{cite news |first=Dan |last=Sabbagh |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jan/16/corbyn-no-talks-with-may-until-no-deal-brexit-is-off-table|title=Corbyn: no talks with May until no-deal Brexit is off table|newspaper=The Guardian |date=16 January 2019}}</ref> In March 2019, Corbyn said that he could vote leave in a second referendum, depending on the Brexit deal on offer.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hossein-Pour|first=Anahita|title=Jeremy Corbyn says he could vote to leave EU in second Brexit referendum |url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/foreign-affairs/brexit/news/102579/jeremy-corbyn-says-he-could-vote-leave-eu-second-brexit|date=17 March 2019|work=PoliticsHome|access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref>

Following the [[2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom|2019 European Parliament election]], Corbyn endorsed holding a referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement regardless of who negotiates it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/may/27/jeremy-corbyn-signals-more-support-for-second-referendum-after-voter-exodus|title=Corbyn backs referendum on Brexit deal after EU election exodus|first1=Rowena|last1=Mason|first2=Jessica|last2=Elgot|date=28 May 2019|publisher=Guardian News and Media|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://labour.org.uk/latest/stories/labour-demands-brexit-public-vote/ |title=The next Prime Minister should put their Brexit deal or No Deal back to the people |last=Corbyn |first=Jeremy |date=9 July 2019 |website=The Labour Party |publisher=Labour Party |access-date=16 September 2019 |quote=Whoever becomes the new Prime Minister should have the confidence to put their deal, or No Deal, back to the people in a public vote.}}</ref>

===Foreign affairs===
====War and peace====
[[File:Rebellious Old-School Labour MP I think (1516897722).jpg|thumb|Corbyn spoke at a series of anti-[[Iraq War]] demonstrations]]

[[File:Jeremy-Corbyn-Chatham-House.jpg|thumb|Corbyn outlining Labour's Defence and Foreign Policy priorities during a May 2017 speech at [[Chatham House]]]]

During the 1982 [[Falklands War]], in a meeting of Haringey Council, Corbyn opposed a motion offering support to British troops sent to retake the islands, instead declaring the war to be a "Tory plot" and submitted an alternative motion that condemned the war as a "nauseating waste of lives and money".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prince|first1=Rosa|title=Comrade Corbyn: A Very Unlikely Coup: How Jeremy Corbyn Stormed to the Labour Leadership|publisher=Biteback Publishing|page=52|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sUZ3CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT52|isbn=9781785900044|date=28 January 2016}}</ref> Corbyn has said that he would like Britain to achieve "some reasonable accommodation" with Argentina over their [[Falkland Islands dispute]], with a "degree of joint administration" between the two countries over the islands.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 January 2016|title=Jeremy Corbyn wants power-sharing deal for Falkland Islands|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jan/24/jeremy-corbyn-power-sharing-deal-falkland-islands-argentina|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520122816/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jan/24/jeremy-corbyn-power-sharing-deal-falkland-islands-argentina|archive-date=20 May 2017|access-date=15 May 2017|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Swinford|first=Steven|date=29 August 2015|title=Jeremy Corbyn's Falklands plan tantamount to surrender to Argentina, warns wounded veteran Simon Weston|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/11833264/Jeremy-Corbyns-Falklands-plan-tantamount-to-surrender-to-Argentina-warns-wounded-veteran-Simon-Weston.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808005446/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/11833264/Jeremy-Corbyns-Falklands-plan-tantamount-to-surrender-to-Argentina-warns-wounded-veteran-Simon-Weston.html|archive-date=8 August 2017|access-date=15 May 2017|work=The Daily Telegraph|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

Corbyn does not consider himself an absolute pacifist and has named the [[Spanish Civil War]], the British [[Blockade of Africa|naval blockade to stop the slave trade]] in the nineteenth century and the role of UN peacekeepers in the [[1999 East Timorese crisis|1999 crisis in East Timor]] as justified conflicts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Waugh|first=Paul|date=20 December 2015|title=Jeremy Corbyn says of Dresden firestorm: 'Bombing civilian targets is never a good idea|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/12/20/jeremy-corbyn-dresden_n_8849490.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222232334/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/12/20/jeremy-corbyn-dresden_n_8849490.html|archive-date=22 December 2015|work=Huffington Post}}</ref> Opposing violence and war has been "the whole purpose of his life".<ref>{{cite news|date=25 September 2015|title=Are You A Pacifist? Labour Leader Speaks To Sky|publisher=Sky News (video)|url=http://news.sky.com/video/1559097/is-jeremy-corbyn-a-pacifist|url-status=dead|access-date=29 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930184550/http://news.sky.com/video/1559097/is-jeremy-corbyn-a-pacifist|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> He prominently opposed the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq]] and [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]], [[NATO]]-led [[2011 military intervention in Libya|military intervention in Libya]],<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/mar/21/libya-war-partition-military-action Jeremy Corbyn: Libya and the suspicious rush to war] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821010736/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/mar/21/libya-war-partition-military-action |date=21 August 2016}}". ''The Guardian.'' 21 March 2011.</ref> [[List of United States attacks on Syria during the Syrian civil war|military strikes against Assad's Syria]], and military action against [[ISIS]], and served as the chair of the [[Stop the War Coalition]].<ref name="24things">{{cite news|last=Kelly|first=Jon|date=13 September 2015|title=24 things that Jeremy Corbyn believes|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-34209478|url-status=live|access-date=29 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921211250/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-34209478|archive-date=21 September 2015}}</ref> When challenged on whether there were any circumstances in which he would deploy military forces overseas he said "I'm sure there are some but I can't think of them at the moment."<ref name="24things" />

Corbyn has called for Tony Blair to be investigated for alleged [[Iraq War documents leak|war crimes during the Iraq War]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stone|first=Jon|date=23 May 2016|title=Jeremy Corbyn 'still prepared to call for Tony Blair war crimes investigation'|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-still-prepared-to-call-for-war-crimes-investigation-into-tony-blair-a7042926.html|url-status=live|access-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012173013/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-still-prepared-to-call-for-war-crimes-investigation-into-tony-blair-a7042926.html|archive-date=12 October 2016}}</ref> In July 2016, the [[Chilcot Report]] of the [[Iraq Inquiry]] was issued, criticising Blair for joining the United States in the war against Iraq. Subsequently, Corbyn – who had voted against military action against Iraq – gave a speech in Westminster commenting: "I now apologise sincerely on behalf of my party for the disastrous decision to go to war in Iraq in March 2003" which he called an "act of military aggression launched on a false pretext" something that has "long been regarded as illegal by the overwhelming weight of international opinion".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-36733979 |title=Tony Blair says world is better as a result of Iraq War |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=7 July 2016 |work=BBC News |access-date=7 July 2016 |quote=He said the report proved the Iraq War had been an "act of military aggression launched on a false pretext", something he said which has "long been regarded as illegal by the overwhelming weight of international opinion" |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707103321/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-36733979 |archive-date=7 July 2016}}</ref> Corbyn specifically apologised to "the people of Iraq"; to the families of British soldiers who died in Iraq or returned injured; and to "the millions of British citizens who feel our democracy was traduced and undermined by the way in which the decision to go to war was taken on."<ref name="Corbyn">Andrew Grice, [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-chilcot-report-iraq-war-inquiry-apology-tony-blair-labour-party-a7123461.html Jeremy Corbyn apologises on behalf of Labour for 'disastrous decision' to join Iraq War] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706173518/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-chilcot-report-iraq-war-inquiry-apology-tony-blair-labour-party-a7123461.html |date=6 July 2016}}, ''The Independent'' (6 July 2016).</ref>

Corbyn has said he would prefer to use diplomacy rather than armed force in international conflict. He would avoid military conflict by "building up the diplomatic relationships and also trying to not isolate any country in Europe". His aim is to "achieve a world where we don't need to go to war, where there is no need for it".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sands |first1=Mark |title=Jeremy Corbyn and Donald Trump share a bold view on NATO |url=https://static2.businessinsider.com/jeremy-corbyn-owen-smith-nato-russia-2016-8 |access-date=22 March 2019 |website=Business Insider |date=19 August 2016}}</ref>

==== NATO ====
Corbyn favours the United Kingdom [[Withdrawal from NATO#United Kingdom|leaving NATO]],<ref>{{cite news |first=Kunal|last=Dutta |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-winning-labour-leadership-could-threaten-tory-plans-to-bomb-isis-in-syria-10436528.html |title=Jeremy Corbyn winning Labour leadership could threaten Tory plans to bomb Isis in Syria|work=The Independent|location=London|date=4 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923060126/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-winning-labour-leadership-could-threaten-tory-plans-to-bomb-isis-in-syria-10436528.html|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> and for NATO to be disbanded.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jeremy Corbyn calls for Nato to be 'ultimately disbanded' |work=The Times |publication-date=2022 |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/jeremy-corbyn-calls-for-nato-to-be-disbanded-jg7kcmmq8 |access-date=20 April 2022 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref> In May 2012, Corbyn authored a piece in the ''[[Morning Star (British newspaper)|Morning Star]]'' titled "High time for an end to [[NATO]]" where he described the organisation as an "instrument of cold war manipulation", saying that "The [[collapse of the Soviet Union]] in 1990, with the ending of the [[Warsaw Pact]] mutual defence strategy, was the obvious time for NATO to have been disbanded."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Corbyn|first=Jeremy|date=16 April 2014|title=Nato belligerence endangers us all|work=Morning Star|url=https://morningstaronline.co.uk/a-972b-nato-belligerence-endangers-us-all}}</ref> and also said in a 2014 speech that the organisation was an "engine for the delivery of oil to the oil companies" and called for it to "give up, go home and go away".<ref name=":02" />

For these comments and a refusal to answer whether he would defend a NATO ally in the case of attack he was criticised by [[Anders Fogh Rasmussen]], the former Prime Minister of Denmark and [[Secretary General of NATO|NATO Secretary General]], who said Corbyn's opinions were "tempting President [[Vladimir Putin|Putin]] to aggression" and made comparisons between his views and those of the American president [[Donald Trump]]. He was also criticised by [[George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen|George Robertson]], former Labour Party defence secretary, who said "It beggars belief that the leader of the party most responsible for the collective security pact of NATO should be so reckless as to undermine it by refusing to say he would come to the aid of an ally".<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/08/19/jeremy-corbyn-called-for-nato-to-be-closed-down-and-members-to-g/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/08/19/jeremy-corbyn-called-for-nato-to-be-closed-down-and-members-to-g/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Jeremy Corbyn called for Nato to be closed down and members to 'give up, go home and go away'|last1=Hughes|first1=Laura|date=19 August 2016|work=The Telegraph|access-date=5 August 2018|last2=Swinford|first2=Steven|issn=0307-1235|last3=Farmer|first3=Ben}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

He has since acknowledged that the British public do not agree with his beliefs that the UK should leave NATO, and instead intends to push for the organisation to "restrict its role". He believes there should be a debate about the extent of NATO's powers including its "democratic accountability" and why it has taken on a global role.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/Jeremy_Corbyn/11829048/Jeremy-Corbyn-backtracks-on-calls-for-Britain-to-leave-Nato.html|title=Jeremy Corbyn backtracks on calls for Britain to leave NATO|last1=Hughes|first1=Laura|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London, UK|date=27 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923073131/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/Jeremy_Corbyn/11829048/Jeremy-Corbyn-backtracks-on-calls-for-Britain-to-leave-Nato.html|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> In April 2014, Corbyn wrote an article for the ''Morning Star'' attributing the [[Russo-Ukrainian War|crisis in Ukraine]] to [[NATO]]. He said the "root of the crisis" lay in "the US drive to expand eastwards" and described Russia's actions as "not unprovoked".<ref name="MS140417">{{cite web|url=http://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/a-972b-Nato-belligerence-endangers-us-all|title=Nato belligerence endangers us all|first=Jeremy|last=Corbyn|work=Morning Star |date=17 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923060138/http://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/a-972b-Nato-belligerence-endangers-us-all|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> He has said it "probably was" a mistake to allow former [[Warsaw Pact]] countries to join NATO as it has increased tensions with Russia and made the "world infinitely more dangerous".<ref name="MS140417" /><ref name="Gn150807">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/07/jeremy-corbyn-interview-we-are-not-doing-celebrity-personality-or-abusive-politics|title=Jeremy Corbyn: 'We are not doing celebrity, personality or abusive politics – this is about hope'|first=Nicholas|last=Watt|work=The Guardian|date=7 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407085709/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/07/jeremy-corbyn-interview-we-are-not-doing-celebrity-personality-or-abusive-politics|archive-date=7 April 2017}}</ref> Subsequently, he criticised the British government and other Western countries for supplying arms to Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2022/08/02/jeremy-corbyn-criticises-uk-prolonging-war-ukraine/ |title=Jeremy Corbyn criticises UK for 'prolonging war in Ukraine' |first=Jack |last=Maidment |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |place=London |date=22 April 2022 |access-date=2 August 2022}}</ref>

During the 2017 election, when questioned about Corbyn's anti-NATO statements, Labour Shadow Foreign Secretary [[Emily Thornberry]] said, "Jeremy has been on a journey, to coin a phrase. There have been a number of discussions. It is quite clear that the predominance of opinion within the Labour is that we are committed to NATO."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-emily-thornberry-andrew-marr-general-election-nato-defence-security-a7734921.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-emily-thornberry-andrew-marr-general-election-nato-defence-security-a7734921.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Emily Thornberry forced to watch clips of Corbyn saying Nato is 'danger to the world' in excruciating interview|date=14 May 2017|website=The Independent}}</ref>

==== Nuclear weapons ====
Corbyn is a longstanding supporter of unilateral [[nuclear disarmament]],<ref name="mason1">{{cite news|last=Mason|first=Rowena|date=18 July 2016|title=Commons votes for Trident renewal by majority of 355|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jul/18/mps-vote-in-favour-of-trident-renewal-nuclear-deterrent|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London|access-date=18 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718213055/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jul/18/mps-vote-in-favour-of-trident-renewal-nuclear-deterrent|archive-date=18 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-36830923 |title=MPs vote to renew Trident weapons system |last=Kuenssberg |first=Laura |date=19 July 2016 |work=BBC News |access-date=19 July 2016 |quote=Jeremy Corbyn has been heckled and accused of lying by his own MPs and told he was “defending the countries’ enemies” as he announced he would vote against renewing Trident. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718213716/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-36830923 |archive-date=18 July 2016}}</ref> although he has suggested a compromise of having submarines without nuclear weapons.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mason|first=Rowena|date=17 January 2016|title=Jeremy Corbyn hints at no-nuke subs in Trident compromise|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jan/17/jeremy-corbyn-trident-compromise-no-nuclear-warheads|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128034217/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jan/17/jeremy-corbyn-trident-compromise-no-nuclear-warheads|archive-date=28 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-36820416 |title=Theresa May: It would be irresponsible to scrap Trident |date=18 July 2016 |work=BBC News|access-date=13 February 2019 |quote=MPs will vote later on whether to renew the Trident nuclear weapons programme.}}</ref> He has campaigned for many years against [[nuclear weapons]] and the replacement of [[Trident (missile)|Trident]] and has said he would not authorise the use of nuclear weapons if he were prime minister.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wintour |first1=Patrick |title=Jeremy Corbyn: I would never use nuclear weapons if I were PM |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/sep/30/corbyn-i-would-never-use-nuclear-weapons-if-i-was-pm |access-date=22 March 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=30 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Matthew |title=CND membership surge gathers pace after Jeremy Corbyn election |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/oct/16/campaign-nuclear-disarmament-cnd-membership-surge-jeremy-corbyn |access-date=22 March 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=16 October 2015}}</ref> In June 2016, he agreed to allow Labour MPs a [[free vote]] on the replacement of Trident. In the subsequent vote 140 Labour MPs voted with the government in favour of the new submarines, in line with party policy, and 47 joined Corbyn to vote against. During the debate Corbyn said "I do not believe the threat of mass murder is a legitimate way to deal with international relations".<ref name="mason1"/>

====United States====
[[File:Nancy Pelosi meets with Jeremy Corbyn in London.jpg|thumb|Corbyn meets the [[Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives]] [[Nancy Pelosi]] in 2019]]
Following the election of Donald Trump in the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 US presidential elections]], Corbyn said that he believes that President Trump is not offering solutions to problems, but simply being divisive.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Cowburn|first=Ashley|date=9 November 2016|title=Jeremy Corbyn responds to Donald Trump win: 'An unmistakable rejection of a political establishment'|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-responds-to-donald-trump-win-america-election-hillary-clinton-a7406941.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112170647/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-responds-to-donald-trump-win-america-election-hillary-clinton-a7406941.html|archive-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> Corbyn also called for a proposed Trump state visit to the UK to be cancelled following his [[Executive Order 13769|executive order banning visitors from certain majority-Muslim countries from entering the US]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Merrick|first=Rob|date=9 February 2017|title=Jeremy Corbyn: Donald Trump's state visit to the UK should be scrapped|website=www.independent.co.uk|publisher=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-donald-trump-uk-state-visit-banned-entry-us-president-muslim-ban-labour-leader-a7570641.html|url-status=live|access-date=15 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416033159/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-donald-trump-uk-state-visit-banned-entry-us-president-muslim-ban-labour-leader-a7570641.html|archive-date=16 April 2017}}</ref>

Corbyn criticised Trump's involvement in British politics after Trump said Boris Johnson should become PM and [[Nigel Farage]] should be part of the Brexit negotiating team, saying that it was "not [Trump's] business who the British prime minister is" following Trump's endorsement of Boris Johnson as a possible future leader.<ref name="BBCJul18Tru">{{cite news |title=Corbyn: It's not Trump's business who's PM |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-44819444 |access-date=24 August 2018 |work=BBC News |date=13 July 2018}}</ref> Corbyn criticised Trump's attacks on Sadiq Khan as "unacceptable".<ref name="BBCJul18Tru"/>

====Israel and Palestine====
[[File:Leader of the Opposition (51184221345).jpg|thumb|Corbyn at a march for Palestine in [[Oxford]] in 2021]]
Corbyn is a member of the [[Palestine Solidarity Campaign]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/sep/13/the-lefts-jewish-problem-corbyn-israel-and-antisemitism-dave-rich-review|title=The Left's Jewish Problem: Jeremy Corbyn, Israel and Anti‑Semitism – review|last=Cohen|first=Nick|date=13 September 2016|work=The Guardian|access-date=23 November 2017|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> campaigning, for example, against the killing of Palestinian civilians during [[Gaza-Israel conflict|conflict in Gaza]].<ref>{{cite web|date=25 July 2014|title=MPs, actors, authors and musicians among 21,000 demanding arms embargo on Israel|url=http://www.palestinecampaign.org/mps-actors-authors-musicians-among-21000-demanding-arms-embargo-israel|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623234057/http://www.palestinecampaign.org/mps-actors-authors-musicians-among-21000-demanding-arms-embargo-israel/|archive-date=23 June 2015|access-date=23 June 2015|website=Palestine Solidarity Campaign}}</ref> In 2012 and again in 2017, Corbyn called for an investigation into [[Israel lobby in the United Kingdom|Israeli influence in British politics]].<ref>{{cite web|last=JTA|date=16 January 2017|title=Labour leader wants probe into Israel's influence on UK politics|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/labour-leader-wants-probe-into-israels-influence-on-uk-politics/|website=Times of Israel}}</ref> In August 2016, Corbyn said: "I am not in favour of the academic or cultural boycott of Israel, and I am not in favour of a blanket boycott of Israeli goods. I do support targeted boycotts aimed at undermining the existence of illegal [[Israeli settlement|settlements]] in the [[West Bank]]."<ref>Watts, Joe (29 November 2016) "[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/israel-boycott-goods-jeremy-corbyn-tom-watson-labour-party-morally-wrong-a7446186.html Corbyn-backed boycotts of Israeli goods are 'morally wrong', says Tom Watson]". ''The Independent''.</ref>

At a meeting hosted by Stop the War Coalition in 2009, Corbyn said he invited "friends" from [[Hamas]] and [[Hezbollah]] to an event in parliament, referred to Hamas as "an organisation dedicated towards the good of the Palestinian people," and said that the British government's labelling of Hamas as a terrorist organisation is "a big, big historical mistake."<ref>{{cite news|title = Britain's Labour Party Is Cutting Off Its Nose to Spite Its Face|url = https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/08/24/britains-labour-party-has-a-lefty-problem-jeremy-corbyn/|website = Foreign Policy|access-date = 31 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151228060809/http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/08/24/britains-labour-party-has-a-lefty-problem-jeremy-corbyn/|archive-date = 28 December 2015|df = dmy-all| last1=Massie | first1=Alex }}</ref> Asked on ''[[Channel 4 News]]'' in July 2015 why he had called representatives from Hamas and Hezbollah "friends", Corbyn explained, "I use it in a collective way, saying our friends are prepared to talk," and that the specific occasion he used it was to introduce speakers from Hezbollah at a Parliamentary meeting about the Middle East. He said that he does not condone the actions of either organisation: "Does it mean I agree with Hamas and what it does? No. Does it mean I agree with Hezbollah and what they do? No. What it means is that I think to bring about a peace process, you have to talk to people with whom you may profoundly disagree … There is not going to be a peace process unless there is talks involving Israel, Hezbollah and Hamas and I think everyone knows that", he argued.

In January 2017, Corbyn expressed concern about Israeli involvement in British politics, after the broadcasting of ''[[The Lobby (TV series)|The Lobby]]''. He described the actions of the Israeli official, Shai Masot, as "improper interference in this country's democratic process" and was concerned on national security grounds that Boris Johnson had said the matter was closed.<ref>{{cite news |title=UK: Corbyn calls for probe into Israeli 'interference' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/uk-corbyn-calls-probe-israeli-interference-170113202756949.html |access-date=7 June 2019 |publisher=al Jazeera |date=14 January 2017}}</ref>

In his keynote speech at the 2018 annual Labour Party conference, Corbyn said that, if elected, his government would immediately recognise the Palestinian State as a way of supporting a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. He declared that the Labour Party condemned the "shooting of hundreds of unarmed demonstrators in Gaza by Israeli forces and the passing of Israel's discriminatory nation-state law".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bachner |first1=Michael |last2=Staff |first2=Toi |title=Corbyn says UK will immediately recognize Palestinian state if he's elected |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/corbyn-says-uk-will-immediately-recognize-palestinian-state-if-hes-elected/ |access-date=13 May 2019 |newspaper=Times of Israel |date=26 September 2018}}</ref>

In May 2019, Corbyn sent a message of support to the National Demonstration for Palestine in London in which [[Ahed Tamimi]] participated. He said the Labour Party condemned the "ongoing human rights abuses by Israeli forces, including the shooting by Israeli forces of hundreds of unarmed Palestinian demonstrators in Gaza – most of them refugees or families of refugees – demanding their rights".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Staff |first1=Toi |title=Backed by Corbyn, over 3,000 march for 'free Palestine' in London |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/backed-by-corbyn-hundreds-march-for-free-palestine-in-london/ |access-date=13 May 2019 |newspaper=Times of Israel |date=11 May 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/world/hamas-is-terror-group-newly-appointed-uk-home-secy-james-cleverly-confirms/1844219/|title=“Hamas is terror group”: Newly appointed UK Home Secy James Cleverly confirms|publisher=The Print}}</ref>

In a television interview following the [[2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel]], Corbyn, when questioned, repeatedly refused to designate [[Hamas]] as a "terror group".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bullen |first=Jamie |date=2023-11-14 |title=Watch: Jeremy Corbyn refuses to call Hamas terrorists after Piers Morgan asks him 15 times |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/11/14/jeremy-corbyn-hamas-terrorists-piers-morgan-talktv-israel/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Some days later, in an opinion piece in [[Tribune (magazine)|Tribune]] magazine, he wrote that Hamas is a "terrorist organisation" and that the Israel army has carried out "acts of terror too".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Badshah |first=Nadeem |date=2023-11-18 |title=Jeremy Corbyn calls Hamas ‘terrorist group’ after previous demurral |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/nov/18/jeremy-corbyn-calls-hamas-terrorist-group-after-previous-demurral |access-date=2023-12-04 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==== Tunisian wreath-laying controversy ====
{{main|Corbyn wreath-laying controversy}}

In October 2014, Corbyn visited [[Tunisia]] to attend the "International Conference on Monitoring the Palestinian Political and Legal Situation in the Light of Israeli Aggression", organised by the Centre for Strategic Studies for North Africa. While there, Corbyn and other British parliamentarians attended a commemoration for victims of the [[Operation Wooden Leg|1985 Israeli air strikes]] on the [[PLO]] headquarters in [[Tunis]].<ref name="WattsControversy">{{cite news |last1=Watts |first1=Joe |title=Tory peer admits he was also at Palestinian conference at centre of Jeremy Corbyn's wreath-laying controversy |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/conservative-jeremy-corbyn-wreath-laying-lord-sheikh-a8491641.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/conservative-jeremy-corbyn-wreath-laying-lord-sheikh-a8491641.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2018 |newspaper=The Independent |date=14 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="BBCWreath">{{cite news |title=Jeremy Corbyn wreath row explained |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-45196409 |access-date=18 August 2018 |work=BBC News |date=15 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="FactCh">{{cite web|url=https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/factcheck-jeremy-corbyn-and-the-wreath-row|title=FactCheck: Jeremy Corbyn and the wreath row|date=16 August 2018|publisher=Channel 4 News|access-date=25 August 2018}}</ref> The bombardment had been condemned by British Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] and US President [[Ronald Reagan]], as well as the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]].<ref name="FactCh"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Prial |first1=Frank |title=Tunisia's Leader Bitter at the U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/03/world/tunisia-s-leader-bitter-at-the-us.html |access-date=9 December 2018 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=3 October 1985}}</ref>

In August 2018, the ''[[Daily Mail]]'' reported, with pictorial evidence, that during the event, Corbyn had also been present at a [[Wreath#Funeral and memorial wreaths|wreath-laying]] at the graves of [[Salah Khalaf]] and [[Atef Bseiso]],<ref name="BBCWreath"/> both of whom are thought to have been key members of the [[Black September Organization]], which was behind the 1972 [[Munich massacre]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sabbagh |first1=Dan |title=Jeremy Corbyn: I was present at wreath-laying but don't think I was involved |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/aug/13/jeremy-corbyn-not-involved-munich-olympics-massacre-wreath-laying |access-date=25 August 2018 |work=The Guardian |date=14 August 2018}}</ref> ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' commented: "In another photo, Corbyn is seen close to the grave of terrorist Atef Bseiso, intelligence chief of the Palestine Liberation Organization. Bseiso is also linked to the massacre."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharon |first1=Jeremy |title=Labour Leader Corbyn Photographed Laying Wreath For Munich Terrorists |url=https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Labour-leader-Corbyn-photographed-laying-wreath-for-Munich-terrorists-564636 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=12 August 2018 |access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> There was condemnation from some of the British press, as well as from some members of the Labour Party and Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-benjamin-netanyahu-munich-massacre-terrorists-wreath-twitter-antisemitism-a8490431.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-benjamin-netanyahu-munich-massacre-terrorists-wreath-twitter-antisemitism-a8490431.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Benjamin Netanyahu says Jeremy Corbyn deserves 'unequivocal condemnation' for attending memorial to Munich terrorists |first=Benjamin |last=Kentish |work=The Independent|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> A Labour spokesperson said that "a wreath was laid on behalf of those at the conference to all those who lost their lives, including families and children".<ref name="FactCh"/>

On 1 August, [[BBC News]] showed in a report from inside the cemetery that for the memorial for the 1985 victims, Corbyn would have stood in a designated confined covered area where all dignitaries typically stand during annual ceremonies, which also covers the graves of Bseiso and Khalaf.<ref name="BBCWreath"/> Corbyn said that he had been present during commemorations where a wreath was laid for Palestinian leaders linked to Black September, but did not think that he had actually been involved.<ref name="GuardWreath">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/aug/13/jeremy-corbyn-not-involved-munich-olympics-massacre-wreath-laying |title=Jeremy Corbyn: I was present at wreath-laying but don't think I was involved |first=Dan |last=Sabbagh |date=13 August 2018 |website=The Guardian |access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.sky.com/story/jeremy-corbyn-thinks-he-did-not-lay-wreath-to-palestinian-activists-11471739 |title=Jeremy Corbyn 'thinks' he did not lay wreath to Palestinian terrorists |work=[[Sky News]] |date=13 August 2018 |access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> A Labour spokesperson stated that Corbyn "did not lay any wreath at the graves of those alleged to have been linked to the Black September Organisation or the 1972 Munich killings. He of course condemns that terrible attack, as he does the 1985 bombing."<ref name="GuardWreath"/> The Labour Party initially made a complaint to the press watchdog [[Independent Press Standards Organisation]] against several newspapers' alleged misreporting of the event,<ref>{{cite web |last=Waterson |first=Jim |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/aug/16/labour-complains-to-regulator-over-coverage-of-cemetery-visit |title=Labour complains to regulator over coverage of cemetery visit |work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited |date=16 August 2018 |access-date=20 August 2018}}</ref> although this was later dropped.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/live/2018/oct/01/conservative-conference-hammond-says-johnson-will-never-be-pm-politics-live |title=Conservative conference: Ruth Davidson calls for 'practical, pragmatic' Brexit – as it happened|first1=Peter|last1=Walker|first2=Jim|last2=Waterson|first3=Dan|last3=Sabbagh|first4=Pippa|last4=Crerar|date=1 October 2018 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pressgazette.co.uk/labour-drops-complaint-against-six-newspapers-over-corbyn-wreath-coverage-after-email-leak-unacceptably-compromised-ipso-process/|title=Labour drops complaint against six newspapers over Corbyn wreath coverage after email leak 'unacceptably compromised' IPSO process |first=Charlotte |last=Tobitt |date=26 October 2018}}</ref>

====Kosovo====
Unlike most Labour MPs at the time, Corbyn and a few other backbenchers opposed NATO intervention during the [[Kosovo War]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cragg |first1=Andrew |title=A Socialist Schism: British Socialists' Reaction to the Downfall of Slobodan Milosevic |date=2017 |page=41}}</ref> In 2004, Corbyn and 24 other backbenchers signed a parliamentary motion praising an article by journalist [[John Pilger]] for "reminding readers of the devastating human cost of the so-termed ‘humanitarian' invasion of Kosovo, led by NATO and the United States in the Spring of 1999, without any sanction of the United Nations Security Council". The motion also congratulated Pilger "on his expose of the fraudulent justifications for intervening in a ‘genocide' that never really existed in Kosovo". The motion said that initial estimates of casualties by the US Ambassador for War Crimes Issues were much higher than the later body count by the International War Crimes Tribunal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edm.parliament.uk/early-day-motion/26919|title=JOHN PILGER AND KOSOVO – Early Day Motions – UK Parliament|website=edm.parliament.uk}}</ref> [[Balkan Insight]] wrote that, during the 2015 campaign for the Labour leadership, Corbyn was criticised by bloggers and journalists for "having once apparently dismissed [[War crimes in the Kosovo War#Yugoslav war crimes|Serbian war crimes]] in Kosovo as a fabrication".<ref name=BalkanInsight>{{cite news|url=https://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/uk-labour-frontrunner-queried-on-kosovo-motion-08-17-2015|title=UK Labour Frontrunner Queried on Kosovo Motion|date=17 August 2015|agency=Balkan Insight}}</ref>

==== Sri Lanka and the Tamil Tigers ====
In 2006, Corbyn signed a petition calling for the lifting of the ban on the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|Tamil Tigers]], which it referred to as the "supposedly terrorist Tamil Tigers", stating that "the Sri Lanka government is carrying out an undeclared war against the [[Tamils|Tamil people]] who have been struggling for more than two decades for the legitimate right to self-rule" and calling for an end to aerial bombardment by the Sri Lankan government.<ref name=TamilGuardian>{{cite news|url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/corbyn-elected-uks-opposition-leader|title=Corbyn elected as UK's opposition leader |agency=Tamil Guardian|date=12 September 2015}}</ref> In 2009, Corbyn called for a total economic boycott of Sri Lanka, stating "the tourism must stop, the arms must stop, the trade must stop", he later stated the Sri Lankan cricket team should also be boycotted. He expressed outrage particularly at the reports of the depopulation of Tamil areas of Eastern Sri Lanka and the relocation of Tamils, stating that denying Tamils the right to return home was in contravention of international law, as well as reports of systematic sexual violence.<ref name=TamilGuardian/>

In 2016, after Corbyn released a video stating his "solidarity to stand with the Tamil community in the search for truth, justice, accountability and reconciliation", while the Labour Party reiterated its " full implementation of the UN Human Rights Councils resolution on Sri Lanka", some Tamil activists interpreted the video to be a signal of Jeremy Corbyn's "support for Tamil self-determination".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/world/asia/190516/uk-s-labour-party-supports-sri-lankan-tamil-cause.html|title=UK's Labour Party supports Sri Lankan Tamil cause | agency=Deccan Chronicle|date =19 May 2016}}</ref> In 2017, [[John McDonnell]] stated that a Corbyn led Labour government would end arms sales to Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/corbyn-government-will-end-military-aid-to-sri-lanka-john-mcdonnell/|title=Corbyn Government Will End Military Aid To Sri Lanka: John McDonnell|agency=Colombo Telegraph|author=TU Senan |date=7 May 2017 |access-date=13 February 2019}}</ref>

====Iran====
Corbyn has called for the lifting [[Sanctions against Iran|of the sanctions on Iran]] as part of a negotiated full settlement of issues concerning the [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iranian nuclear programme]], and the starting of a political process to decommission [[Nuclear weapons and Israel|Israel's nuclear arsenal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/a-c23b-Rebuilding-relations-with-Iran|title=Rebuilding relations with Iran|work=morningstaronline.co.uk|date=14 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923085954/http://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/a-c23b-Rebuilding-relations-with-Iran|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Waugh|first=Paul|date=13 July 2015|title=Jeremy Corbyn's Hamas Grilling Leaves Him Accusing Channel 4 News Of 'Tabloid Journalism'|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/07/13/jeremy-corbyns-hamas-gril_n_7788826.html|newspaper=The Huffington Post UK|access-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906220109/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/07/13/jeremy-corbyns-hamas-gril_n_7788826.html|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jeremy Corbyn: 'I wanted Hamas to be part of the debate'|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/jeremy-corbyn-i-wanted-hamas-to-be-part-of-the-debate|work=Channel 4 News|date=13 July 2015|access-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929024119/http://www.channel4.com/news/jeremy-corbyn-i-wanted-hamas-to-be-part-of-the-debate|archive-date=29 September 2015}}</ref>

====Saudi Arabia====
Corbyn has criticised Britain's close ties with [[Saudi Arabia]] and British involvement in the [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]]. In January 2016, after a United Nations panel ruled Saudi-led bombing campaign of Yemen contravened international humanitarian law, Corbyn called for an independent inquiry into the UK's arms exports policy to Saudi Arabia. Corbyn and Hilary Benn wrote to David Cameron asking him to "set out the exact nature of the involvement of UK personnel working with the Saudi military".<ref>{{cite news|last1=MacAskill|first1=Ewen|last2=Wintour|first2=Patrick|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/27/labour-raises-pressure-on-cameron-to-explain-yemen-involvement|title=Labour seeks details of UK role in Saudi-led airstrikes on Yemen|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=27 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016180953/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/27/labour-raises-pressure-on-cameron-to-explain-yemen-involvement|archive-date=16 October 2016}}</ref> Corbyn has constantly called for the British Government to stop selling arms to Saudi Arabia to show that Britain wants a peace process in Yemen, "not an invasion by Saudi Arabia".<ref>{{cite news|last=Stone|first=Jon|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-saudi-arabia-arms-sales-yemen-famine-civilian-killed-a7818481.html|title=Jeremy Corbyn reiterates call for UK to stop selling arms to Saudi Arabia|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=1 July 2017|access-date=1 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701173058/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-saudi-arabia-arms-sales-yemen-famine-civilian-killed-a7818481.html|archive-date=1 July 2017}}</ref> In March 2018, Corbyn accused Theresa May's government of "colluding" in [[Human rights violations during the Yemeni Civil War (2015-present)|war crimes]] committed by Saudi forces in Yemen. He said that a "[[Famine in Yemen (2016–present)|humanitarian disaster]] is now taking place in Yemen. Millions face starvation...because of the Saudi led bombing campaign and the [[Blockade of Yemen|blockade]]."<ref>"[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-saudi-arabia-yemen-war-arms-supplies-uk-theresa-may-latest-a8243916.html Jeremy Corbyn accuses UK military of 'directing war' by Saudi Arabia in Yemen]". ''[[The Independent]]''. 7 March 2018.</ref>

Corbyn called for the suspension of arms sales to Saudi Arabia after dissident Saudi journalist [[Jamal Khashoggi]] was murdered inside the Saudi consulate in Istanbul. Corbyn also called for an international investigation into the [[assassination of Jamal Khashoggi]] and Saudi's [[Human rights violations during the Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)|war crimes in Yemen]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jeremy Corbyn calls for Saudi arms sales suspension amid journalist's disappearance |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2018-10-17/corbyn-calls-for-saudi-arms-sales-suspension-amid-journalists-disappearance/ |work=ITV News |date=17 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Saudis change Khashoggi story again, admit killing was 'premeditated'|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/saudi-arabia-now-admits-khashoggi-killing-was-premeditated-n924286|website=NBC News|date=25 October 2018 |access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>

====Chagos Islands sovereignty dispute====
The sovereignty of the [[Chagos Archipelago]] in the Indian Ocean is [[Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute|disputed]] between the United Kingdom and [[Mauritius]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Chagos Islands dispute: UK obliged to end control – UN |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-47358602 |work=BBC News |date=25 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chagos Islands dispute: Mauritius calls US and UK 'hypocrites' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54598084 |work=BBC News |date=19 October 2020}}</ref> Corbyn said he would respect a UN vote calling on the UK to [[Decolonization|decolonise]] the Chagos Archipelago and return Chagos to Mauritius. He said that "What happened to the Chagos islanders was utterly disgraceful. [They were] forcibly removed from their own islands, unfortunately, by this country. The right of return to those islands is absolutely important as a symbol of the way in which we wish to behave in international law."<ref>{{cite news |title=Labour would return Chagos Islands, says Jeremy Corbyn |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/22/uk-set-to-defy-un-deadline-to-return-chagos-islands |work=The Guardian |date=22 November 2019}}</ref>

====Cuba====
Corbyn is a longtime supporter of the [[Cuba Solidarity Campaign]], which campaigns against the [[United States embargo against Cuba|US embargo against Cuba]] and supports the [[Cuban Revolution]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Editorial Staff Opinion |date=26 September 2016 |title=Jeremy Corbyn promises socialism, the poisonous dogma that has killed millions of innocents |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/2016/09/28/jeremy-corbyn-promises-socialism-the-poisonous-dogma-that-has-ki/ |work=The Telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170505/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/2016/09/28/jeremy-corbyn-promises-socialism-the-poisonous-dogma-that-has-ki/ |archive-date=5 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Jones|first=Simon|date=26 November 2016|title=Fidel Castro: Jeremy Corbyn praises 'huge figure'|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-38117068|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328130735/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-38117068|archive-date=28 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Riley-Smith|first1=Ben|last2=Horton|first2=Helena|date=26 November 2016|title=Jeremy Corbyn praises Fidel Castro's 'heroism' after death announced|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/11/26/fidel-castros-cuba-beacon-light-says-ex-london-mayor-ken-livingstone/|url-status=live|access-date=27 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328195515/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/11/26/fidel-castros-cuba-beacon-light-says-ex-london-mayor-ken-livingstone/|archive-date=28 March 2017}}</ref> In November 2016, following the death of former communist President of Cuba [[Fidel Castro]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Graham|first1=Chris|last2=Rothwell|first2=James|last3=Alexander|first3=Harriet|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/11/26/fidel-castro-cubas-revolutionary-icon-dead-aged-90-latest/|title=Fidel Castro, Cuba's communist revolutionary, dead aged 90 – latest news, world's reaction, and what his death means for the county|work=The Telegraph|date=26 November 2016|access-date=15 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805092556/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/11/26/fidel-castro-cubas-revolutionary-icon-dead-aged-90-latest/|archive-date=5 August 2017}}</ref> While saying that Castro had "flaws" and was a "huge figure of modern history, national independence and 20th Century socialism...Castro's achievements were many", Corbyn also praised his revolutionary "heroism".<ref name="The Times hailing dictators">{{cite news|last1=Keate|first1=Georgie|last2=Fisher|first2=Lucy|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/corbyn-walks-into-a-row-by-hailing-dictators-heroism-kn3qbdw8h|title=Corbyn walks into a row by hailing dictator's 'heroism'|work=The Times|date=28 November 2016|access-date=2 April 2017}} {{subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Jones|first=Simon|date=26 November 2016|title=Fidel Castro: Jeremy Corbyn praises 'huge figure'|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-38117068|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126152400/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-38117068|archive-date=26 November 2016}}</ref> Internal Labour party critics of Corbyn accused him of glossing over Castro's [[Human Rights Abuses in Castro's Cuba|human rights abuses]].<ref name="The Times hailing dictators"/>

====Venezuela====
When [[Hugo Chávez]], the [[United Socialist Party of Venezuela|United Socialist Party]] President of Venezuela died in 2013, Corbyn tweeted that "Hugo Chavez showed that the poor matter and wealth can be shared. He made massive contributions to Venezuela & a very wide world".<ref>[http://islingtonnow.co.uk/2013/03/07/islington-mp-jeremy-corbyn-pays-tribute-to-hugo-chavez/ "Islington MP Jeremy Corbyn pays tribute to Hugo Chavez"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516191645/http://islingtonnow.co.uk/2013/03/07/islington-mp-jeremy-corbyn-pays-tribute-to-hugo-chavez/ |date=16 May 2017}}, Retrieved 11 June 2017.</ref> In 2014, Corbyn congratulated Chávez's successor, President [[Nicolás Maduro]] on his election to the presidency.<ref name="GUARDven17">{{cite news|last1=Elgot|first1=Jessica|last2=Asthana|first2=Anushka|title=Labour speaks out on Venezuela as pressure mounts on Corbyn|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/02/labour-concerns-on-venezuela-raise-pressure-on-jeremy-corbyn-to-speak-out|access-date=3 August 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=3 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802202055/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/02/labour-concerns-on-venezuela-raise-pressure-on-jeremy-corbyn-to-speak-out|archive-date=2 August 2017}}</ref> In February 2019, he said that "intervention in Venezuela and sanctions against the government of Nicolás Maduro were wrong" and that "only Venezuelans have the right to decide their own destiny". He was against outside interference in Venezuela, "whether from the US or anywhere else". He said there "needed to be dialogue and a negotiated settlement to overcome the crisis".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stephens |first1=Philip |title=Ideology blinds Jeremy Corbyn to Venezuela's plight |url=https://www.ft.com/content/83424336-2a29-11e9-88a4-c32129756dd8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/83424336-2a29-11e9-88a4-c32129756dd8 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |website=www.ft.com |access-date=3 April 2021 |date=7 February 2019}}</ref>

==== Kurdistan and Kurds ====
In 1988, Jeremy Corbyn was one of the first MPs to raise the issue of [[Saddam Hussein]]'s [[Halabja chemical attack]] against the [[Kurdish people]], at a time when Hussein was still an ally of the west.<ref name="MacAskill1" /><ref name="Two MPs">{{cite news |last1=White |first1=Michael |author-link=Michael White (journalist) |title=Two MPs for price of one in gentle firebrand Corbyn |work=The Guardian |date=26 September 1996 |page=5 |quote=... he was, for instance, the first MP to make a fuss about Saddam Hussein's gassing of Kurdish villages in 1988, when the Iraqi leader was still the West's ally.}}</ref><ref name="Nunns2018">{{cite book|last1=Nunns|first1=Alex|author-link=Alex Nunns|title=The Candidate: Jeremy Corbyn's Improbable Path to Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wZQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT349|date=30 January 2018|publisher=OR Books|isbn=978-1-68219-105-7|page=349|edition=2nd}}</ref> In the aftermath, he called upon the Tory government to institute sanctions against Iraq and Iran to end the [[Iran–Iraq War]], and to end the use of chemical weapons against the Kurds.<ref name="Rai2003">{{cite book|last1=Rai|first1=Milan|author-link=Milan Rai|title=Regime Unchanged: Why the War on Iraq Changed Nothing |url=https://archive.org/details/regimeunchangedw0000raim|url-access=registration|date=20 August 2003|publisher=Pluto|isbn=978-0-7453-2199-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/regimeunchangedw0000raim/page/32 32]}}</ref>

In 2016, Corbyn said that "if peace is wanted in the region, the Kurdish people's right to [[self-determination]] must be accepted." Referring to the Kurdish nationalist leader [[Abdullah Öcalan]], he remarked "if there will be a peace process and solution, Öcalan must be free and at the table."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://anfenglish.com/news/british-main-opposition-leader-ocalan-must-be-free-for-peace-16426|title=British main opposition leader: Öcalan must be free for peace|date=16 September 2016|work=[[Firat News Agency]]|access-date=24 August 2018}}</ref>

At [[Chatham House]] in 2017 he was asked if he would "condemn the genocide which is going on against the Kurds in Syria and in Turkey," Corbyn responded with "I would be very strong with the Turkish government on its treatment of Kurdish people and minorities and the way in which it's denied them their decency and human rights." On [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)|warfare by Turkey against the Kurds]], Corbyn stated, "If arms are being used to oppress people internally in violation of international law then they simply should not be supplied to them."<ref>{{Citation|title=Jeremy Corbyn on Labour's Defence and Foreign Policy Priorities|date=12 May 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VGzPo8Wx1n0&t=3076| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/VGzPo8Wx1n0| archive-date=28 October 2021|publisher=[[Chatham House]]|access-date=24 August 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rudaw.net/english/world/14052017|title=UK Labour leader: All Mideast settlements must ensure Kurdish rights|date=14 May 2017|work=[[Rudaw Media Network]]|access-date=24 August 2018}}</ref>

==Allegations of antisemitism==
{{main|Antisemitism in the UK Labour Party}}
===Controversies===
Corbyn's critics,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-45030552|title=A guide to Labour Party anti-Semitism claims|work=BBC News|date=18 November 2020}}</ref> including British Orthodox rabbi [[Jonathan Sacks]], former [[Chief Rabbi]] of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-45333268|title=Ex-chief rabbi condemns Corbyn comments on British Zionists|work=BBC News|date=28 August 2018}}</ref> have accused him of antisemitism in relation to past associations and comments as well as his handling of [[Antisemitism in the UK Labour Party|allegations within the party]] while defenders have cited his support for Jews against racism. These associations<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-labour-antisemitism/british-jews-protest-against-labours-corbyn-over-anti-semitism-idUSKBN1H21H1|title=British Jews protest against Labour's Corbyn over anti-Semitism|first=Estelle|last=Shirbon|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> included hosting a meeting where [[Holocaust]] survivor and [[anti-Zionist]] political activist [[Hajo Meyer]] compared Israeli actions in [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] to elements of the Holocaust; Corbyn stated of this event, "In the past, in pursuit of justice for the Palestinian people and peace in Israel/Palestine, I have on occasion appeared on platforms with people whose views I completely reject. I apologise for the concerns and anxiety that this has caused."<ref name="Marsh01082018">{{cite news |last1=Marsh |first1=Sarah |title=Corbyn apologises over event where Israel was compared to Nazis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/aug/01/jeremy-corbyn-issues-apology-in-labour-antisemitism-row |access-date=2 August 2018 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=1 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="times2010">{{cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/jeremy-corbyn-hosted-event-likening-israel-to-nazis-6sb5rqd5x |title=Jeremy Corbyn hosted event likening Israel to Nazis |last=Zeffman |first=Henry |date=1 August 2018 |access-date=2 August 2018 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Corbyn attended "two or three" of the annual ''[[Deir Yassin Massacre|Deir Yassin]] Remembered commemorations'' in London, with Jewish fellow Labour MP [[Gerald Kaufman]], organised by a group founded by Paul Eisen, who has [[Holocaust denial|denied the Holocaust]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mendick|first=Robert|date=20 May 2017|title=Jeremy Corbyn's 10-year association with group which denies the Holocaust |work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/20/jeremy-corbyns-10-year-association-group-denies-holocaust/|access-date=31 October 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Sam|last=Sokol|date=5 April 2016|title=Britain's Labour Party expels activist over Holocaust denial|website=[[Jerusalem Post]]|url=https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Britains-Labour-party-expels-activist-over-Holocaust-denial-450309}}</ref> but it is not known whether Eisen attended the commemorations.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mendick|first=Roberet|date=20 May 2017|title=Jeremy Corbyn's 10-year association with group which denies the Holocaust|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/20/jeremy-corbyns-10-year-association-group-denies-holocaust/|quote=Mr Corbyn was considered to be a “stalwart” supporter of an anti-Israel campaign group Deir Yassin Remembered (DYR) for several years after its organisers were exposed publicly for their extreme anti-Semitic views.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Eisen|first=Paul|date=2008|title=My Life as a Holocaust Denier|url=https://www.righteousjews.org/article27a.html|website=www.righteousjews.org}}</ref> Corbyn stated that he was unaware of the views expressed by Eisen, and had associated with Mayer and others with whom he disagreed in pursuit of progress in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jeremy Corbyn: 'I wanted Hamas to be part of the debate' |date=13 July 2015 |url=https://www.channel4.com/news/jeremy-corbyn-i-wanted-hamas-to-be-part-of-the-debate |publisher=Channel 4 News |access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="Marsh01082018" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/18/jeremy-corbyn-antisemitism-claims-ludicrous-and-wrong|title=Jeremy Corbyn says antisemitism claims 'ludicrous and wrong'|quote=Corbyn said he did attend a few meetings some years ago of a group called Deir Yassin Remembered |first=Rowena|last=Mason|date=17 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elgot |first1=Jessica|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/mar/08/labour-suspends-party-members-in-antisemitic-facebook-group|title=Labour suspends party members in 'antisemitic' Facebook group |work=The Guardian|date=8 March 2018|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>

Corbyn has been criticised for his defence of Palestinian-Israeli cleric and activist [[Raed Salah]], who was arrested in 2011 due to a deportation order one day before he was due to attend a meeting with MPs including Corbyn.<ref>{{cite web|last=Travis|first=Alan|date=29 June 2011|title=Leading Palestinian activist arrested in London|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/29/sheikh-raed-salah-arrest-london|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Salah was accused of spreading the "[[blood libel]]" (the myth that Jews in Europe had used children's blood in making holy bread), a claim which he strongly denied. He had also written an article suggesting that 4,000 "Jewish clerks" had been absent on the day of the [[9/11 attacks]] attacks, alluding to the [[9/11 conspiracy theories|conspiracy theory]] that the Israeli secret service [[Mossad]] was involved in the attack.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ware|first=John|author-link=John Ware (TV journalist)|date=29 June 2011|title=Questions over Sheikh Raed Salah's UK ban|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13969105}}</ref> In a statement, Salah condemned antisemitism<ref name="memo2014feb20">{{cite web | title=A response to accusations made against Shaikh Raed Salah, Head of the Islamic Movement | website=Middle East Monitor | date=20 February 2014 | url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20140220-a-response-to-accusations-made-against-shaikh-raed-salah-head-of-the-islamic-movement/ | access-date=24 August 2020}}</ref> and denied the accusation of blood libel, of which he was later convicted and sentenced to eight months in prison<ref>{{cite web|date=4 March 2014|title=Sheikh Raed Salah gets 8 months for incitement to violence|website=[[Jerusalem Post]]|url=http://www.jpost.com/National-News/Sheikh-Raed-Salah-gets-8-months-for-incitement-to-violence-344246|access-date=26 September 2015}}</ref> before he successfully appealed his deportation. Corbyn said that Salah was "a voice of the Palestinian people that needs to be heard" and accused then-Home Secretary [[Theresa May]] of giving "an executive detention order against him".<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/londoners-diary/the-londoner-jeremy-corbyns-articles-open-old-wounds-a4107141.html|title=The Londoner: Jeremy Corbyn's articles open old wounds|date=2 April 2019|newspaper=[[Evening Standard]]}}</ref> Following Salah's successful appeal against deportation, Corbyn said he was looking forward to inviting the cleric to "tea on the [[House of Commons]] terrace, because you deserve it". A Labour source also stated in response, "Jeremy Corbyn is a determined supporter of justice for the Palestinian people and opponent of anti-Semitism. He condemns support for Palestinians being used as a mask for anti-Semitism and attempts to silence legitimate criticism of Israel by wrongly conflating it with anti-Semitism. There was widespread criticism of the attempt to deport Raed Salah, including from [[Jews for Justice for Palestinians]], and his appeal against deportation succeeded on all grounds."<ref name=":1"/>

In 2018, Corbyn was criticised by Jewish leaders for not recognising an [[antisemitic canard]] after [[Mear One]] publicised on social media in 2012 that his [[Freedom for Humanity|mural]] about exploitative bankers and industrialists was being censored and Corbyn responded at the time by questioning its removal. In response to the criticism, Corbyn said he regretted that he "did not look more closely at the image", agreed it was antisemitic and endorsed the decision to remove it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/mar/23/corbyn-criticised-after-backing-artist-behind-antisemitic-mural|title=Corbyn in antisemitism row after backing artist behind 'offensive' mural|last=Stewart|first=Heather|work=The Guardian|date=23 March 2018|access-date=14 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Lipstadt|first=Deborah E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWJKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60|title=Antisemitism: Here and Now |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|year=2019|isbn=978-0-8052-4338-3|pages=59–61|author-link=Deborah Lipstadt}}</ref> In 2020, the [[Equality and Human Rights Commission]] (EHRC) revealed that an antisemitism complaint had been made against Corbyn in April 2018 over his defence of the mural, and members of Corbyn's office "directly interfered in the decision not to investigate the case," an example of political interference the EHRC concluded was "unlawful".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Courea |first1=Eleni |last2=Fisher |first2=Lucy |last3=Elliott|first3=Francis|date=29 October 2020|title=Jeremy Corbyn suspended from Labour after antisemitism verdict |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/jeremy-corbyns-labour-guilty-of-multiple-failures-on-antisemitism-b6dsd3mq3|website=[[The Times]]}}</ref> Corbyn was criticised for a 2013 speech in which he spoke of certain Zionists who had "berated" the Palestinian speaker at a meeting, "they don't want to study history and secondly having lived in this country for a very long time, probably all their lives, they don't understand English irony either" (used by the speaker).<ref name="https">{{cite news |last1=Stewart |first1=Heather |last2=Sparrow |first2=Andrew |title=Jeremy Corbyn: I used the term 'Zionist' in accurate political sense |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/aug/24/corbyn-english-irony-video-reignites-antisemitism-row-labour |access-date=12 September 2018 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=24 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="Paul JPost">{{Cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/Palestinian-envoy-to-Britain-dismisses-two-state-solution|title=Palestinian envoy to Britain dismisses two-state solution|last=Paul|first=Jonny|date=20 January 2013|newspaper=Jerusalem Post|access-date=27 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://labourbriefing.squarespace.com/home/2018/8/29/full-texxt-of-that-speech-by-jeremy-on-zionists-and-a-sense-of-irony|title=Full text of that speech by Jeremy on the Palestinian ambassador to the UK, English irony and certain Zionist critics, ['Britain's Legacy in Palestine' conference, 19 January 2013, Friends Meeting House, Palestinian Return Centre] |last=Corbyn |first=Jeremy |date=29 August 2018|newspaper=[[Labour Briefing]] website|access-date=30 August 2018|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911225611/http://labourbriefing.squarespace.com/home/2018/8/29/full-texxt-of-that-speech-by-jeremy-on-zionists-and-a-sense-of-irony|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/aug/26/jeremy-corbyn-official-antisemitism-complaint|title=Remarks about Zionists draw official complaint against Jeremy Corbyn |date=26 August 2018|work=[[The Observer]]|access-date=30 August 2018}}</ref> The remarks were criticised for appearing to perpetuate the [[AntiSemitic canard|antisemitic canard]] that Jews fail or refuse to integrate into wider society.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/the-english-fetishization-of-irony |title=Jeremy Corbyn and the English Fetishization of Irony |first=Rebecca |last=Mead |access-date=9 April 2019 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=27 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/aug/24/jeremy-corbyn-antisemitism-labour-zionists-2013-speech |title=I still don't believe Corbyn is antisemitic – but his 'irony' comments unquestionably were |first=Simon |last=Hattenstone |access-date=9 April 2019 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=24 August 2018}}</ref> Corbyn responded that he was using ''Zionist'' "in the accurate political sense and not as a euphemism for Jewish people".<ref name="https"/> [[Jonathan Sacks]], a former Chief Rabbi, described the remark as "the most offensive statement made by a senior British politician since [[Enoch Powell]]'s 1968 'rivers of blood' speech."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2018/08/corbyn-s-zionist-remarks-were-most-offensive-enoch-powell-says-ex-chief-rabbi|title=Corbyn's "Zionist" remarks were "most offensive" since Enoch Powell, says ex-chief rabbi|website=www.newstatesman.com|date=10 June 2021}}</ref>

Following coverage of alleged antisemitic statements by party members, Corbyn commissioned the [[Chakrabarti Inquiry]] and supported changes to the party's rules and procedures to make [[hate speech]] and expressions of racism a disciplinary offence.<ref>{{cite news |last=Elgot |first=Jessica |title=Labour to adopt new antisemitism rules after conference row |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/sep/26/labour-to-adopt-new-antisemitism-rules-after-conference-row |access-date=25 November 2017 |work=The Guardian |date=26 September 2017 }}</ref> In July 2018, Labour, with Corbyn's support, agreed a code of conduct which excluded or amended some of the examples from the [[Working Definition of Antisemitism|IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism]] relating to criticism of Israel. Britain's three main Jewish newspapers jointly called a Corbyn-led government an "existential threat to Jewish life" in Britain.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-44863606|title=New Labour anti-Semitism code faces criticism|date=17 July 2018|access-date=8 May 2020|work=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rawlinson |first1=Kevin |last2=Crerar |first2=Pippa |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/jul/25/jewish-newspapers-claim-corbyn-poses-existential-threat|title=Jewish newspapers claim Corbyn poses 'existential threat' |date=26 July 2018|access-date=9 April 2019|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Corbyn was accosted by Labour MP [[Margaret Hodge]] in the Commons; she then told him she believed he was "an antisemitic racist" because of his perceived reluctance to adopt the [[Working definition of antisemitism|International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance's definition of antisemitism]] in full.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/jul/18/labour-party-to-take-action-against-mp-who-called-corbyn-a-racist|title=Labour acts against Margaret Hodge for calling Corbyn racist|date=18 July 2018|website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> In an opinion piece for ''[[The Guardian]]'', Hodge explained that, for her, as the daughter of [[Holocaust survivors]], the issue of racism was personal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jul/18/jeremy-corbyn-labour-antisemitism-margaret-hodge|title=I was right to confront Jeremy Corbyn over Labour's antisemitism &#124; Margaret Hodge|date=18 July 2018|website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> The party began disciplinary action against Hodge but dropped the charges in August, claiming she had "expressed regret for the manner in which she raised her views", but Hodge denied this was the case.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/aug/06/labour-ends-action-against-margaret-hodge-in-antisemitism-row|title=Labour ends action against Margaret Hodge in antisemitism row|date=6 August 2018|website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

In 2019, Corbyn was criticised<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/corbyn-s-praise-for-deeply-antisemitic-book-6jfcmh5fp|title=Corbyn's praise for deeply antisemitic book|first=Daniel|last=Finkelstein|date=30 April 2019|via=www.thetimes.co.uk}}</ref> for a foreword he wrote in 2011 for a republication of the 1902 book ''[[Imperialism: A Study]]'' by [[John A. Hobson]], as the book contains the antisemitic assertion that finance was controlled "by men of a single and peculiar race, who have behind them many centuries of financial experience" who "are in a unique position to control the policy of nations". In his foreword, he called the book a "great tome" and "brilliant, and very controversial at the time".<ref name="Guardian20190501">{{cite news |first1=Sarah |last1=Marsh|first2=Heather|last2=Stewart|date=1 May 2019|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/may/01/jeremy-corbyn-rejects-antisemitism-claim-over-book-foreword|title=Jewish leaders demand explanation over Corbyn book foreword|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=31 August 2020}}</ref> Corbyn responded that the language used to describe minorities in Hobson's work is "absolutely deplorable", but he stated that his foreword analysed "the process which led to the [[World War I|first world war]]" which he saw as the subject of the book and not Hobson's language.<ref name="Guardian20190501"/>

In 2020, former Corbyn advisor [[Andrew Murray (trade unionist)|Andrew Murray]] suggested Corbyn may have struggled to empathise with the Jewish community during his leadership, stating: "He is very empathetic, Jeremy, but he's empathetic with the poor, the disadvantaged, the migrant, the marginalised. [...] Happily, that is not the Jewish community in Britain today."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/pride-prejudice-and-a-problem-that-struck-at-corbyns-core-mwjpl36s9 |title=Pride, prejudice and a problem that struck at Corbyn's core |work=The Times}}</ref><ref name="Bodley">{{cite book |last1=Maguire |first1=Patrick |last2=Pogrund |first2=Gabriel|date=2020|title= Left Out: The Inside Story of Labour Under Corbyn|publisher=The Bodley Head|page= 120}}</ref> Corbyn raised the question in internal debates of whether there was a risk of giving the Jewish community 'special treatment'.<ref name="Bodley"/> In 2021 Corbyn was a guest at the [[Cambridge Union]]. He was asked by the society's President, Joel Rosen, what he had done to stop [[Luciana Berger]], a Jewish MP for [[Liverpool Wavertree (UK Parliament constituency)|Liverpool Wavertree]], from being "hounded out" of the Labour party. Corbyn replied that Berger "was not hounded out of the party. She unfortunately decided to resign from the party."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2021/06/11/jewish-mp-not-hounded-labour-party-says-jeremy-corbyn/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2021/06/11/jewish-mp-not-hounded-labour-party-says-jeremy-corbyn/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Jewish MP was not hounded out of Labour Party, says Jeremy Corbyn|first=Mason|last=Boycott-Owen|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=11 June 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/corbyn-tells-cambridge-union-luciana-berger-was-not-hounded-out-of-labour/|title=Corbyn tells Cambridge Union: Luciana Berger 'was not hounded out' of Labour|first=Lee|last=Harpin|website=jewishnews.timesofisrael.com}}</ref>

A September 2018 poll carried out by polling firm [[Survation]], on behalf of the [[The Jewish Chronicle|Jewish Chronicle]], found that 86% of British Jews and 39% of the British public believed Corbyn to be anti-Semitic.<ref>Sugarman, Daniel (13 September 2018). [https://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/more-than-85-per-cent-of-british-jews-think-jeremy-corbyn-is-antisemitic-1.469654 "More than 85 per cent of British Jews think Jeremy Corbyn is anti-Semitic"]. ''[[The Jewish Chronicle]]''. Retrieved 31 August 2020.</ref> A poll conducted in 2021 by [[YouGov]], again on behalf of the Jewish Chronicle, found that 70% of Labour members dismissed the idea that the party had a problem with anti-Semitism, and 72% believe Corbyn should not have been expelled from the party.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wallis Simons |first=Jake |url=https://www.thejc.com/true-views-of-labour-membership-revealed-in-new-poll-1.513656 |title=70% of Labour members still think the party has no problem with Jew hate and don't want Corbyn expelled |work=The Jewish Chronicle |date=30 March 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref>

In November 2019, a number of British public figures urged voters in a letter published in ''The Guardian'' to reject Corbyn in the impending general election, alleging an "association with antisemitism".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Antisemitism/UK-public-figures-writer-John-le-Carr%C3%A9-oppose-Corbyn-due-to-antisemitism-607920 |title=UK public figures, writer John le Carré oppose Corbyn due to antisemitism |work=Jerusalem Post |date=16 November 2019}}</ref> The Labour Party responded by noting their robust actions in dealing with it and that several of the signatories had themselves been accused of antisemitism, Islamophobia and misogyny and/or were Conservatives and Liberal Democrats.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/nov/14/labour-antisemitism-row-public-figures-say-they-cannot-vote-for-party-under-corbyn|title=Labour antisemitism row: public figures say they cannot vote for party under Corbyn|last=Mason|first=Rowena|date=14 November 2019|access-date=16 November 2019|work=The Guardian}}</ref>

===Defences===
Corbyn has condemned antisemitism, calling it "vile and wrong,"<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Corbyn decries anti-Semitism as 'vile and wrong' following chief rabbi's rebuke |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/corbyn-decries-anti-semitism-as-vile-and-wrong-following-chief-rabbis-rebuke/ |work=Times of Israel |location=Jerusalem |date=26 November 2019 |access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> and has apologised for the presence of antisemitism within the Labour Party on numerous occasions, including at a meeting with Jewish community leaders in 2018.<ref name="MEE">{{cite web |last1=MEE staff |title=BBC issues correction after saying Corbyn refused to apologise on antisemitism |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/antisemitism-bbc-correction-corbyn-refused-apology |website=Middle East Eye |access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref> While stating that "one anti-Semite [in the Labour Party] is one too many," he also argued that UK media coverage misrepresented the scale of antisemitism cases in the Labour Party for political reasons, stating that "the public perception in an opinion poll last year was that one third of all Labour party members were somehow or other under suspicion of antisemitism. The reality is, it was 0.3 per cent of party members had a case against them which had to be put through the process."<ref name=leefactcheck/> An internal Labour Party report entitled ''[[The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 2014–2019]]'' was leaked to the media in April 2020 and stated that Corbyn's team inherited a lack of "robust processes, systems, training, education and effective line management" as well as factional hostility towards Corbyn amongst former senior officials.<ref name="Rayner"/> This contributed to "a litany of mistakes" which "affected the expeditious and resolute handling of disciplinary complaints". The investigation, which was completed in March 2020, concluded there was "no evidence" of antisemitism complaints being treated differently to other forms of complaint, or of current or former staff being "motivated by antisemitic intent".<ref name="Rayner">{{cite news |last=Rayner |first=Tom |url=https://news.sky.com/story/labour-antisemitism-investigation-will-not-be-sent-to-equality-commission-11972071|title=Labour antisemitism investigation will not be sent to equality commission|work=Sky News|date=12 April 2020|access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref> The report also stated that Corbyn's office was not made aware of the scale of the antisemitism problem in the party because former [[General Secretary of the Labour Party|General Secretary]] [[Iain McNicol]], and other senior figures provided "false and misleading information" to his office.<ref name="sky120420"/> It found that McNicol and staff in the Governance and Legal Unit "provided timetables for the resolution of cases that were never met; falsely claimed to have processed all antisemitism complaints; falsely claimed that most complaints received were not about Labour members and provided highly inaccurate statistics of antisemitism complaints".<ref name="sky120420"/> The report also stated Sam Matthews, who was Head of Disputes and acting Head of the Governance and Legal Unit, "rarely replied or took any action" in relation to antisemitism complaints.<ref name="sky120420"/> It said the process for tackling antisemitism complaints improved when [[Jennie Formby]] became general secretary in 2018.<ref name="guardian120420"/>

UK academics have criticised the media for bias against Corbyn in its coverage of the anti-Semitism debate, which they said had been "weaponised" against Corbyn ahead of important elections.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 September 2018 |title=New MRC research finds inaccuracies and distortions in media coverage of antisemitism and the Labour Party |url=http://www.mediareform.org.uk/blog/new-mrc-research-finds-inaccuracies-and-distortions-in-media-coverage-of-antisemitism-and-the-labour-party|work=Media Reform Coalition |location=London |access-date=1 October 2018}}</ref> Corbyn's defenders, including [[Jewish Voice for Labour]], have cited Corbyn's record of opposing and campaigning against racism and antisemitism,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-43536830|title=Corbyn apologises for 'hurt' caused by anti-Semitism in Labour|work=[[BBC News]]|date=26 March 2018|access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/apr/29/labour-antisemitism-and-where-jeremy-corbyn-goes-from-here |title=Labour, antisemitism and where Jeremy Corbyn goes from here |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=29 April 2016 |access-date=1 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/feb/20/jeremy-corbyn-labour-party-crucial-ally-in-fight-against-antisemitism|title=Jeremy Corbyn's Labour is a crucial ally in the fight against antisemitism|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=20 February 2019|access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-47322921|title=Labour anti-Semitism claims: Jewish group backs Corbyn|work=[[BBC]]|date=21 February 2019|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/we-need-be-clear-about-why-chris-williamson-has-been-singled-out-attack|title=We need to be clear about why Chris Williamson has been singled out for attack|last=Chacko|first=Ben|date=2 March 2019|access-date=3 March 2019|work=Morning Star}}</ref> and supporting Jewish communal initiatives.<ref name="Alderman">{{cite news |last=Alderman |first=Geoffrey |url=https://www.jewishtelegraph.com/alderman.html |title=Horrors! Corbyn's a 'PM in waiting' – accept it|agency=[[Jewish Telegraph]]|access-date=20 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419203707/https://www.jewishtelegraph.com/alderman.html|archive-date=19 April 2019}}</ref> He organised a demonstration against a 1970s National Front march through [[Wood Green]]; spoke on the 80th anniversary of the [[Battle of Cable Street]], noting that his mother was a protester;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/oct/09/corbyn-and-khan-join-march-to-mark-80-years-since-battle-of-cable-street|title=Corbyn and Khan join events to mark 80 years since battle of Cable Street| work=[[The Guardian]]|date=9 October 2016|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> signed numerous early day motions condemning antisemitism;<ref>{{cite news|url= https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/jeremy-corbyn-is-an-anti-racist-not-an-antisemite/|title= Jeremy Corbyn is an anti-racist, not an anti-Semite|last=Finlay|first=Joseph|date=26 March 2018|access-date=1 March 2019|work=Times of Israel}}</ref> in 1987, campaigned to reverse Islington Council's decision to grant the planning application to destroy a Jewish cemetery;<ref name="spectator">{{cite news|last=Alderman|first=Geoffrey|url=https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2019/05/is-jeremy-corbyn-really-anti-semitic/|title=Is Jeremy Corbyn really anti-Semitic?|newspaper=[[Jewish Telegraph]]|date=8 May 2019|access-date=11 May 2019|archive-date=11 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511102109/https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2019/05/is-jeremy-corbyn-really-anti-semitic/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and in 2010, called on the UK government to facilitate the settlement of [[Yemenite Jews|Yemeni Jews]] in Britain.<ref name="Alderman"/> He also took part in a ceremony in his Islington constituency to commemorate the original site of the [[List of Jewish communities in the United Kingdom#North and North West London|North London Synagogue]]<ref name="Alderman"/> and visited the [[Theresienstadt Ghetto]], calling it a reminder of the dangers of far-right politics, antisemitism and racism.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-visits-concentration-camp-and-holocaust-memorial-museum-czech-republic-prague-a7453156.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-visits-concentration-camp-and-holocaust-memorial-museum-czech-republic-prague-a7453156.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Jeremy Corbyn visits concentration camp and Holocaust memorial museum| work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 December 2016|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>

A 2019 letter, supportive of Corbyn and published in the ''[[NME]]'', was signed by thirty high profile figures, including [[Noam Chomsky]], [[Naomi Klein]], [[Yanis Varoufakis]], [[Steve Coogan]], [[Brian Eno]], [[Lowkey]], [[Thurston Moore]], [[Massive Attack]], [[Maxine Peake]], [[Mark Ruffalo]], [[Mark Rylance]], [[Alexei Sayle]], [[Roger Waters]], and [[Vivienne Westwood]]. The letter describes Corbyn as a "life-long committed anti-racist" and says that "no political party or political leader has done more to address [the issue] than Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/new-letter-supporting-jeremy-corbyn-2568734|title=Exclusive: New letter supporting Jeremy Corbyn signed by Roger Waters, Robert Del Naja and more|last=Neale|first=Matthew|date=16 November 2019|access-date=16 November 2019|work=NME}}</ref> A further letter in support of Corbyn, from a number of British Jews, mainly eminent academics, was published in ''[[The Guardian]]'' a few days later.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/nov/17/a-vote-for-labour-is-not-a-vote-for-antisemitism|title=A vote for Labour is not a vote for antisemitism|date=17 November 2019|access-date=17 November 2019|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Also in 2019, [[John Bercow]], the Jewish former [[Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Speaker of the House of Commons]] and Conservative MP, said that he had known Corbyn for 22 years, did not believe he was antisemitic and had never experienced antisemitism from a Labour Party member.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/politics/article/john-bercow-interview|title=John Bercow: 'I do not believe Jeremy Corbyn is anti-Semitic' |last=Chesterton |first=George|date=8 November 2019|access-date=9 November 2019|work=GQ}}</ref> In May 2021, Jewish Voice for Labour published a report entitled ''How the EHRC Got It So Wrong: Antisemitism and the Labour Party''. The report, which contained an introduction by [[Geoffrey Bindman]], was critical of the EHRC investigation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cushman |first1=Mike |title=An Antidote to the EHRC Poison |url=https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/f/a-strong-riposte-to-the-ehrc-report |website=Morning Star |access-date=13 June 2021 |date=12 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Jewish Voice for Labour |title=How the EHRC Got It So Wrong: Antisemitism and the Labour Party |date=May 2021 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=9781839766480 |url=https://www.versobooks.com/books/3922-how-the-ehrc-got-it-so-wrong |access-date=13 June 2021 |format=EBook}}</ref>

In July 2020, Corbyn said he was disappointed at the Labour Party's decision to apologise and financially settle defamation cases arising from its response to the July 2019 BBC ''[[Panorama (British TV programme)|Panorama]]'' programme ''Is Labour Anti-Semitic?'' The Labour Party (led by Corbyn at the time) had accused the show's presenter [[John Ware (TV journalist)|John Ware]] of having "invented quotes", which in the settlement they admitted had been untrue. Corbyn said that the Labour Party risked "giving credibility to misleading and inaccurate allegations about action taken to tackle anti-Semitism in the Labour Party in recent years" and that the settlements were a "political decision, not a legal one".<ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Carroll|first1=Lisa|last2=Elgot|first2=Jessica|date=22 July 2020|title=Labour pays out six-figure sum and apologises in antisemitism row|newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/jul/22/labour-pays-out-six-figure-sum-and-apologises-in-antisemitism-row}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=An apology from the Labour Party to John Ware |url=https://labour.org.uk/press/an-apology-from-the-labour-party-to-john-ware/|website=The Labour Party}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/labour-whistleblower-apology-jeremy-corbyn-political-decision-a4505646.html|title=Corbyn says whistleblower damages decision was 'political, not legal'|date=22 July 2020|website=Evening Standard}}</ref> A fundraising campaign, set up with an initial target of £20,000 to help Corbyn with legal fees related to Ware's action, surpassed £270,000 within a few days,<ref name="ms260720">{{cite news |last=Sabin |first=Lamiat |title=Corbyn allies pledge support while legal fund donations continue amid reported 'lawfare' of former Labour staffers |url=https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/w/corbyn-allies-pledge-support-while-legal-fund-donations-continue-amid-reported |access-date=28 July 2020 |work=Morning Star |publisher=Morning Star |date=26 July 2020}}</ref> eventually reaching over £370,000.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harpin |first1=Lee |title=Woman behind Corbyn crowdfunder admits £370,000 raised can't be banked |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/woman-behind-corbyn-crowdfunder-admits-370000-raised-cant-be-banked/ |website=Jewish News |access-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815224614/https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/woman-behind-corbyn-crowdfunder-admits-370000-raised-cant-be-banked/ |archive-date=15 August 2022 |date=16 June 2021 |quote=...&nbsp;over £370,000 that has been raised&nbsp;... |url-status=live}}</ref>{{update inline|reason=On 5 October 2021, the Corbyn fundraiser site said "We have now learned that [Ware] will not be proceeding as the deadline passed (22nd July) without his filing the case"|date=March 2021}}

=== Suspension from the Labour Party ===
In October 2020, the [[Equality and Human Rights Commission|EHRC]] announced that its investigation had found that the Labour Party had breached the [[Equality Act 2010]] in three ways:<ref>"[https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/sites/default/files/investigation-into-antisemitism-in-the-labour-party.pdf Investigation Into Antisemitism in the Labour Party]". ''Equality and Human Rights Commission''. October 2020. {{ISBN|978-1-84206-831-1}}.</ref>
* Unlawful harassment by agents of the party; namely a councillor, Pam Bromley, and [[Ken Livingstone]] in his defence of [[Naz Shah]],
* failure to provide appropriate training to those handling the complaints, and
* 23 instances of "inappropriate involvement" by Corbyn's staff in antisemitism complaints. One of the complaints had been against Corbyn personally, regarding his response to the removal of the mural.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/jeremy-corbyns-labour-guilty-of-multiple-failures-on-antisemitism-b6dsd3mq3|title=Jeremy Corbyn suspended from Labour after antisemitism verdict |last1=Courea |first1=Eleni |last2=Fisher |first2=Lucy |last3=Elliott |first3=Francis |date=11 June 2023 |via=www.thetimes.co.uk}}</ref>

In response, Corbyn said his team's involvement in complaints was "to speed up, not hinder the process", that he did not accept all of the EHRC's findings, and that while "[o]ne antisemite is one too many", the scale of antisemitism within Labour had been "dramatically overstated for political reasons by our opponents inside and outside the party, as well as by much of the media".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/oct/29/jeremy-corbyn-rejects-findings-of-report-on-antisemitism-in-labour|title=Jeremy Corbyn rejects overall findings of EHRC report on antisemitism in Labour |first1=Peter |last1=Walker |first2=Jessica|last2=Elgot|newspaper=The Guardian|date=29 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="BBC-suspension">{{Cite news|date=29 October 2020 |title=Labour suspends Jeremy Corbyn over anti-Semitism report|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-54730425|access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> Corbyn was suspended from the Labour Party pending investigation by [[General Secretary of the Labour Party|General Secretary]] [[David Evans (political official)|David Evans]] when he failed to retract his remarks; he has said he will "strongly contest the political intervention to suspend [him]".<ref name="BBC-suspension" />

Trade union officials such as [[Len McCluskey]] and [[Dave Ward (trade unionist)|Dave Ward]], wrestler [[Sami Zayn]] as well as politicians [[Claudia Webbe]], [[Laura Pidcock]], [[Ken Livingstone]], [[Pablo Iglesias Turrión]], [[Rafael Correa]], [[Jill Stein]], [[Diane Abbott]], [[John McDonnell]], [[Salma Yaqoob]], [[Kate Osborne]], [[Mercedes Villalba]], [[Mary Foy (politician)|Mary Foy]], [[Nadia Whittome]], [[Apsana Begum]], [[Liam Byrne]], [[Zarah Sultana]] and [[Richard Burgon]] called for the suspension to be revoked.<ref name="ms291020">{{cite news |title=Corbyn's suspension is an 'attack on the left' that undermines Labour's response to anti-semitism |url=https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/b/corbyn-suspension-is-an-attack-on-the-left-that-undermines-labour-response-to-anti-semitism |access-date=30 October 2020 |work=Morning Star |date=29 October 2020}}</ref> Campaign group [[Momentum (organisation)|Momentum]] held a virtual rally entitled 'Stand with Corbyn' where they described Corbyn's suspension as "a naked attack on the left".<ref>{{cite web|last=[[Momentum (organisation)|Momentum]]|date=30 October 2020|title=Stand with Corbyn|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-PG_L2-xoo| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211029/E-PG_L2-xoo| archive-date=29 October 2021|access-date=31 October 2020|website=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On 31 October, the general secretaries of seven of Labour's affiliated [[Trade unions in the United Kingdom|trade unions]] ([[Communication Workers Union (United Kingdom)|CWU]], [[Fire Brigades Union|FBU]], [[National Union of Mineworkers (Great Britain)|NUM]], [[Unite the Union|Unite]], [[Bakers, Food and Allied Workers' Union|BFAWU]], [[ASLEF]] and [[Transport Salaried Staffs' Association|TSSA]]) published a joint statement calling the suspension "ill-advised and unjust".<ref>{{cite web|last=Rodgers|first=Sienna|date=31 October 2020|title=Exclusive: Unions release joint statement on Labour suspension of Corbyn |url=https://labourlist.org/2020/10/exclusive-unions-release-joint-statement-on-labour-suspension-of-corbyn/|access-date=31 October 2020|website=LabourList}}</ref> A YouGov poll found that 58% of respondents, including 41% of those who had voted Labour in 2019 under Corbyn's leadership, thought it was right to suspend him, with 13% (and 26% of Labour voters) disagreeing while 29% did not know.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/brexit-news/westminster-news/yougov-poll-on-jeremy-corbyn-suspension-4808876|title=Poll: Most Britons think Labour was right to suspend Jeremy Corbyn|first=Jonathon|last=Read|date=30 October 2020|website=The New European|access-date=31 October 2020|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101121735/https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/brexit-news/westminster-news/yougov-poll-on-jeremy-corbyn-suspension-4808876|url-status=dead}}</ref>


In 1997, the political scientists [[David Butler (psephologist)|David Butler]] and [[Dennis Kavanagh]] described Corbyn's political stance as "[[far-left]]".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=David |title=The British General Election of 1997 |last2=Kavanagh |first2=Dennis |publisher=Macmillan |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-333-64776-9 |location=Basingstoke |page=171}}</ref> Corbyn has described [[Karl Marx]] as a "great economist"<ref name="Corbyn12">{{cite news |last1=Maidment |first1=Jack |year=2017 |title=The Marx Brothers: Jeremy Corbyn joins John McDonnell in praising Communist icon's work |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/08/marx-brothers-jeremy-corbyn-joins-john-mcdonnell-praising-communist/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808035924/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/08/marx-brothers-jeremy-corbyn-joins-john-mcdonnell-praising-communist/ |archive-date=2017-08-08 |newspaper=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |year=2017 |title=Jeremy Corbyn backs John McDonnell and says Marx was a 'great economist'|first=John |last=Ashmore |url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/labour-party/jeremy-corbyn/news/85762/jeremy-corbyn-backs-john-mcdonnell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808045204/https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/labour-party/jeremy-corbyn/news/85762/jeremy-corbyn-backs-john-mcdonnell |archive-date=8 August 2017 |access-date=7 August 2017}}</ref> and said he has read some of the works of [[Adam Smith]], Marx and [[David Ricardo]] and has "looked at many, many others".<ref name="Corbyn12" /> However, some have argued that Corbyn is less radical than previously described:<ref>{{Cite news |title=Far from being a left-wing radical, Jeremy Corbyn is slouching towards Milibandism |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/03/far-being-left-wing-radical-jeremy-corbyn-slouching-towards-milibandism|first=Stephen|last=Bush|author-link=Stephen Bush |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620074652/http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/03/far-being-left-wing-radical-jeremy-corbyn-slouching-towards-milibandism |archive-date=20 June 2017 |access-date=10 June 2017 |work=New Statesman}}</ref> for example, the journalist [[George Eaton (journalist)|George Eaton]] has called him "[[Keynesian]]".<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2017 |title=Labour's manifesto is more Keynesian than Marxist|first=George|last=Eaton |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/june2017/2017/05/labours-manifesto-more-keynesian-marxist |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519000542/http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/june2017/2017/05/labours-manifesto-more-keynesian-marxist |archive-date=19 May 2017 |access-date=10 June 2017 |website=New Statesman}}</ref> In 2023, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' reported that most of the tax policies in Corbyn's 2019 general election manifesto had been implemented by the winning Conservative government, including a higher [[corporation tax]], a [[Windfall tax (United Kingdom)|windfall tax]] on oil companies, a reduction in annual tax allowances on dividend income, raising income tax on high earners, and introducing a [[Taxation of digital goods#United Kingdom|digital services tax]] on online retailers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brennan |first1=Harry |date=9 March 2023 |title=Corbyn's hard-Left vision for Britain is close to reality – thanks to the Tories |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tax/news/how-jeremy-corbyns-hard-left-high-tax-manifesto-delivered/ |access-date=9 March 2023 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709030555/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/tax/news/how-jeremy-corbyns-hard-left-high-tax-manifesto-delivered/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 17 November, Corbyn was given a formal warning and reinstated to the Labour Party.<ref>{{cite web |last=Elgot |first=Jessica |title=Labour reinstates Jeremy Corbyn after suspension over antisemitism remarks |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/nov/17/labour-reinstates-jeremy-corbyn-after-suspension-over-antisemitism-remarks |website=The Guardian |date=17 November 2020 |access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref> Starmer has not yet re-instated [[Whip (politics)|the whip]] to Corbyn.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sir Keir Starmer urged not to restore Labour whip to Jeremy Corbyn|url=https://www.expressandstar.com/news/uk-news/2020/11/18/sir-keir-starmer-urged-not-to-restore-labour-whip-to-jeremy-corbyn/|access-date=18 November 2020|website=www.expressandstar.com|date=18 November 2020 }}</ref> Corbyn received support from a number of [[Constituency Labour Party|Constituency Labour Parties]] (CLPs) around the country in response to Starmer's decision to remove the whip.<ref>{{cite news |last=Burtenshaw |first=Ronan |url=https://jacobinmag.com/2020/11/uk-labour-party-keir-starmer-jeremy-corbyn-clps-suspension |title=The Labour Party's Membership Is in Revolt Against Keir Starmer |work=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]] |date=20 November 2020 |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref> The whip was suspended – initially for three months to allow an investigation to be conducted – however this suspension was still in place as of July 2021.<ref name="Elgot">{{cite news |last=Elgot |first=Jessica |title=Jeremy Corbyn to start legal action over suspension of Labour whip |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/nov/26/jeremy-corbyn-start-legal-action-over-suspension-labour-whip |access-date=27 November 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=26 November 2020}}</ref> On 26 November, Corbyn's lawyers lodged a pre-action disclosure application to the [[High Court of Justice|High Court]] as a prelude to taking legal action against the Labour Party for suspending the whip. The basis of Corbyn's claim is that he and Starmer had agreed to a deal to readmit him to the party.<ref name="Elgot"/> On 27 January 2021, the application for a pre-action disclosure was dismissed.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rodgers |first1=Sienna |title=Corbyn application to force disclosure of documents by Labour unsuccessful |url=https://labourlist.org/2021/01/corbyn-application-to-force-disclosure-of-documents-by-labour-unsuccessful/ |access-date=29 November 2021 |work=LabourList |date=27 January 2021}}</ref>


Corbyn named [[John Smith (Labour Party leader)|John Smith]] as the former Labour leader whom he most admired, describing him as "a decent, nice, inclusive leader". He also said he was "very close and very good friends" with [[Michael Foot]].<ref name="Gn1508072"/>
In September 2021, McCluskey wrote that Starmer had reneged on a deal to reinstate the whip to Corbyn in return for Corbyn agreeing to a statement that was co-written by senior Labour staff. McCluskey said he had provided a statement for Corbyn's legal challenge and would appear in court if required.<ref>{{cite web |last=McCluskey |first=Len |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/sep/13/keir-starmer-jeremy-corbyn-suspension |title=I trusted Keir Starmer – until I saw how he handled Jeremy Corbyn's suspension |website=The Guardian |access-date=15 September 2021 |date=13 September 2021}}</ref>


==Media coverage==
==Media coverage==
Analyses of domestic media coverage of Corbyn have found it to be critical or antagonistic.<ref name="LSOE"/><ref name=":3">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/dec/12/uk-news-push-alerts-negative-labour-positive-tories|title=UK news push alerts skew negative on Labour and positive for Tories|last=Hern|first=Alex|work=The Guardian|date=12 December 2019|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref> In July 2016, academics from the London School of Economics published a study of 812 articles about Corbyn taken from eight national newspapers around the time of his Labour leadership election. The study found that 75 percent of the articles either distorted or failed to represent his actual views on subjects. The study's director commented that "Our analysis shows that Corbyn was thoroughly delegitimised as a political actor from the moment he became a prominent candidate and even more so after he was elected as party leader".<ref name="independent1"/><ref name="independent2"/>
Analyses of domestic media coverage of Corbyn have found it to be critical or antagonistic.<ref name="LSOE">{{cite web |last1=Cammaerts |first1=Bart |last2=DeCillia |first2=Brooks |last3=Magalhães |first3=João Carlos |last4=Jimenez-Martinez |first4=Cesar |date=August 2016 |title=Journalistic Representations of Jeremy Corbyn in the British Press |url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/media-and-communications/research/research-projects/representations-of-jeremy-corbyn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205211516/http://www.lse.ac.uk/media-and-communications/research/research-projects/representations-of-jeremy-corbyn |archive-date=5 February 2020 |access-date=7 February 2020 |publisher=London School of Economics and Political Science}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/dec/12/uk-news-push-alerts-negative-labour-positive-tories|title=UK news push alerts skew negative on Labour and positive for Tories|last=Hern|first=Alex|work=The Guardian|date=12 December 2019|access-date=7 February 2020|archive-date=21 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121202446/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/dec/12/uk-news-push-alerts-negative-labour-positive-tories|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2016, academics from the London School of Economics published a study of 812 articles about Corbyn taken from eight national newspapers around the time of his Labour leadership election. The study found that 75 percent of the articles either distorted or failed to represent his actual views on subjects. The study's director commented that "Our analysis shows that Corbyn was thoroughly delegitimised as a political actor from the moment he became a prominent candidate and even more so after he was elected as party leader".<ref name="independent12"/><ref name="independent22"/>


Another report by the Media Reform Coalition and [[Birkbeck, University of London|Birkbeck]] College in July 2016, based on 10 days of coverage around the time of multiple shadow cabinet resignations, found "marked and persistent imbalance" in favour of sources critical to him; the ''[[International Business Times]]'' was the only outlet that gave him more favourable than critical coverage.<ref name="ind300716">{{cite news|last=Worley|first=Will|date=30 July 2016|title=Media 'persistently' biased against Jeremy Corbyn, academic study finds|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/jeremy-corbyn-media-bias-labour-party-media-reform-coalition-birkbeck-a7163706.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/jeremy-corbyn-media-bias-labour-party-media-reform-coalition-birkbeck-a7163706.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=29 October 2019}}</ref>
Another report by the Media Reform Coalition and [[Birkbeck, University of London|Birkbeck]] College in July 2016, based on 10 days of coverage around the time of multiple shadow cabinet resignations, found "marked and persistent imbalance" in favour of sources critical to him; the ''[[International Business Times]]'' was the only outlet that gave him more favourable than critical coverage.<ref name="ind300716">{{cite news|last=Worley|first=Will|date=30 July 2016|title=Media 'persistently' biased against Jeremy Corbyn, academic study finds|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/jeremy-corbyn-media-bias-labour-party-media-reform-coalition-birkbeck-a7163706.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/jeremy-corbyn-media-bias-labour-party-media-reform-coalition-birkbeck-a7163706.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=29 October 2019}}</ref>


In August 2016, a [[YouGov]] survey found that 97% of Corbyn supporters agreed that the "mainstream media as a whole has been deliberately biasing coverage to portray Jeremy Corbyn in a negative manner", as did 51% of the general "Labour selectorate" sample.<ref name="thecon190716">{{cite news|last=Mills|first=Tom|date=19 July 2016|title=Media bias against Jeremy Corbyn shows how politicised reporting has become|work=The Conversation|url=http://theconversation.com/media-bias-against-jeremy-corbyn-shows-how-politicised-reporting-has-become-71593|access-date=29 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=YouGov Survey Results |url=https://d25d2506sfb94s.cloudfront.net/cumulus_uploads/document/pvxdr2lh73/InternalResults_160830_LabourSelectorate.pdf |access-date=29 October 2019}}</ref>
In August 2016, a [[YouGov]] survey found that 97% of Corbyn supporters agreed that the "mainstream media as a whole has been deliberately biasing coverage to portray Jeremy Corbyn in a negative manner", as did 51% of the general "Labour selectorate" sample.<ref name="thecon190716">{{cite news|last=Mills|first=Tom|date=19 July 2016|title=Media bias against Jeremy Corbyn shows how politicised reporting has become|work=The Conversation|url=http://theconversation.com/media-bias-against-jeremy-corbyn-shows-how-politicised-reporting-has-become-71593|access-date=29 October 2019|archive-date=4 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804222424/http://theconversation.com/media-bias-against-jeremy-corbyn-shows-how-politicised-reporting-has-become-71593|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=YouGov Survey Results |url=https://d25d2506sfb94s.cloudfront.net/cumulus_uploads/document/pvxdr2lh73/InternalResults_160830_LabourSelectorate.pdf |access-date=29 October 2019 |archive-date=22 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222202135/https://d25d2506sfb94s.cloudfront.net/cumulus_uploads/document/pvxdr2lh73/InternalResults_160830_LabourSelectorate.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>


In May 2017, [[Loughborough University]]'s Centre for Research in Communication and Culture concluded that the media was attacking Jeremy Corbyn far more than Theresa May during nine election campaign weekdays examined.<ref name="ind190517">{{cite news|last=Griffin|first=Andrew|date=19 May 2017|title=Jeremy Corbyn far more likely to be attacked by media than Theresa May, election reporting audit reveals|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-theresa-may-reporting-bias-general-election-2017-labour-conservative-a7745401.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-theresa-may-reporting-bias-general-election-2017-labour-conservative-a7745401.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=20 May 2017}}</ref> The ''Daily Mail'' and ''Daily Express'' praised Theresa May for election pledges that were condemned when proposed by Labour in previous elections.<ref name="huffingtonpost">{{cite news|last=Demianyk|first=Graeme|date=19 May 2017|title=Jeremy Corbyn far more likely to be attacked by media than Theresa May, election reporting audit reveals|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/newspaper-hostility-jeremy-corbyn-election_uk_591e49b1e4b03b485cb03123|access-date=20 May 2017}}</ref>
In May 2017, [[Loughborough University]]'s Centre for Research in Communication and Culture concluded that the media was attacking Corbyn far more than May during nine election campaign weekdays examined.<ref name="ind190517">{{cite news|last=Griffin|first=Andrew|date=19 May 2017|title=Jeremy Corbyn far more likely to be attacked by media than Theresa May, election reporting audit reveals|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-theresa-may-reporting-bias-general-election-2017-labour-conservative-a7745401.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-theresa-may-reporting-bias-general-election-2017-labour-conservative-a7745401.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=20 May 2017}}</ref> The ''Daily Mail'' and ''Daily Express'' praised Theresa May for election pledges that were condemned when proposed by Labour in previous elections.<ref name="huffingtonpost">{{cite news|last=Demianyk|first=Graeme|date=19 May 2017|title=Jeremy Corbyn far more likely to be attacked by media than Theresa May, election reporting audit reveals|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/newspaper-hostility-jeremy-corbyn-election_uk_591e49b1e4b03b485cb03123|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=8 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608205235/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/newspaper-hostility-jeremy-corbyn-election_uk_591e49b1e4b03b485cb03123|url-status=live}}</ref>


In February 2018, Momentum reported that attacks on Corbyn in the press were associated with increases in their membership applications.<ref name="guardian250218">{{cite news|last=Khomani|first=Nadia|date=25 February 2018|title=Anti-Corbyn rightwing press attacks 'boost Momentum support'|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/feb/25/anti-corbyn-rightwing-press-attacks-boost-momentum-support-daily-mail|access-date=29 October 2019}}</ref> In September 2019, Labour leaders argued that traditional mainstream media outlets showed bias.<ref name="guardian250919">{{cite news|last=Waterson|first=Jim|date=25 September 2019|title=Labour v Fleet Street: why Corbyn is picking a fight with the media|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/sep/25/labour-media-tactics-more-trumpian-admit-jeremy-corbyn|access-date=29 October 2019}}</ref>
In February 2018, Momentum reported that attacks on Corbyn in the press were associated with increases in their membership applications.<ref name="guardian250218">{{cite news|last=Khomani|first=Nadia|date=25 February 2018|title=Anti-Corbyn rightwing press attacks 'boost Momentum support'|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/feb/25/anti-corbyn-rightwing-press-attacks-boost-momentum-support-daily-mail|access-date=29 October 2019|archive-date=9 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109015053/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/feb/25/anti-corbyn-rightwing-press-attacks-boost-momentum-support-daily-mail|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2019, Labour leaders argued that traditional mainstream media outlets showed bias.<ref name="guardian250919">{{cite news|last=Waterson|first=Jim|date=25 September 2019|title=Labour v Fleet Street: why Corbyn is picking a fight with the media|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/sep/25/labour-media-tactics-more-trumpian-admit-jeremy-corbyn|access-date=29 October 2019|archive-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207010452/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/sep/25/labour-media-tactics-more-trumpian-admit-jeremy-corbyn|url-status=live}}</ref>


In December 2019, a study by Loughborough University found that British press coverage was twice as hostile to Labour and half as critical of the Conservatives during the 2019 general election campaign as it had been during the 2017 campaign.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/uk-election-press-media-conservative-tory-labour-criticism-bias-a9255551.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/uk-election-press-media-conservative-tory-labour-criticism-bias-a9255551.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=British press dramatically cut criticism of ruling Tories for 2019 election, study finds|last=Stone|first=Jon|date=21 December 2019|access-date=22 December 2019|work=The Independent}}</ref>
In December 2019, a study by Loughborough University found that British press coverage was twice as hostile to Labour and half as critical of the Conservatives during the 2019 general election campaign as it had been during the 2017 campaign.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/uk-election-press-media-conservative-tory-labour-criticism-bias-a9255551.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/uk-election-press-media-conservative-tory-labour-criticism-bias-a9255551.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=British press dramatically cut criticism of ruling Tories for 2019 election, study finds|last=Stone|first=Jon|date=21 December 2019|access-date=22 December 2019|work=The Independent}}</ref>


In an interview with ''[[Middle East Eye]]'' in June 2020, Corbyn described the media's treatment of himself while he was Labour leader as obsessive and "at one level laughable, but all designed to be undermining".<ref name="mee020620">{{cite news |last1=Oborne |first1=Peter |title=Jeremy Corbyn: British media waged campaign to destroy me |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/jeremy-corbyn-labour-british-media-campaign-destroy |access-date=4 June 2020 |work=Middle East Eye |publisher=Middle East Eye |date=2 June 2020}}</ref> He said that the media coverage had diverted his media team from helping him pursue "a political agenda on homelessness, on poverty in Britain, on housing, on international issues" to "rebutting these crazy stories, abusive stories, about me the whole time".<ref name="mee020620" /> He said he considered suing as a result of media treatment but was guided by advice from [[Tony Benn]], who told him, "Libel is a rich man's game, and you're not a rich man [...] Go to a libel case – even if you win the case, you'll be destroyed financially in doing so".<ref name="mee020620" />
In an interview with ''[[Middle East Eye]]'' in June 2020, Corbyn described the media's treatment of himself while he was Labour leader as obsessive and "at one level laughable, but all designed to be undermining".<ref name="mee020620">{{cite news |last1=Oborne |first1=Peter |title=Jeremy Corbyn: British media waged campaign to destroy me |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/jeremy-corbyn-labour-british-media-campaign-destroy |access-date=4 June 2020 |work=Middle East Eye |publisher=Middle East Eye |date=2 June 2020 |archive-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604105330/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/jeremy-corbyn-labour-british-media-campaign-destroy |url-status=live }}</ref> He said that the media coverage had diverted his media team from helping him pursue "a political agenda on homelessness, on poverty in Britain, on housing, on international issues" to "rebutting these crazy stories, abusive stories, about me the whole time".<ref name="mee020620" /> He said he considered suing as a result of media treatment but was guided by advice from Tony Benn, who told him, "Libel is a rich man's game, and you're not a rich man [...] Go to a libel case – even if you win the case, you'll be destroyed financially in doing so".<ref name="mee020620" />


==Personal life==
==Personal life==
[[File:Jeremy Corbyn 2.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Corbyn in 2007]]
Corbyn lives in the [[Finsbury Park (area)|Finsbury Park]] area of London.<ref name="Islington">{{cite web|last=Cadwalladr|first=Carole|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/09/blair-corbyn-islington-north-london-labour|title=From Blair to Corbyn: the changing face of Islington, Labour's London heartland|work=The Observer|issn=0029-7712|oclc=50230244|date=9 August 2015|access-date=9 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903013255/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/09/blair-corbyn-islington-north-london-labour|archive-date=3 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Morris|first=James|url=http://www.islingtongazette.co.uk/news/exclusive_jeremy_corbyn_promises_islington_will_not_be_forgotten_1_4235739|title=Jeremy Corbyn promises Islington 'will not be forgotten'|work=Islington Gazette|date=17 September 2015|access-date=9 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006082628/http://www.islingtongazette.co.uk/news/exclusive_jeremy_corbyn_promises_islington_will_not_be_forgotten_1_4235739|archive-date=6 October 2016}}</ref> He has been married three times and divorced twice, and has three sons with his second wife.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tatler.com/gallery/jeremy-corbyn-children|title=Meet the sons of Jeremy Corbyn|first=Isaac|last=Bickerstaff|website=Tatler|date=20 November 2019}}</ref> In 1974, he married his first wife, [[Jane Chapman]], a fellow Labour Councillor for Haringey and now a professor at the [[University of Lincoln]].<ref name=beeb>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34184265|title=The Jeremy Corbyn Story: Profile of Labour's new leader|last=Wheeler|first=Brian|date=12 September 2015|work=BBC News|access-date=12 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912194927/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34184265|archive-date=12 September 2015}}</ref> They divorced in 1979.<ref name="Silverman">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/Jeremy_Corbyn/11860417/Jeremy-Corbyns-ex-wife-I-donated-to-Yvette-Coopers-campaign.html|title=Jeremy Corbyn's ex-wife: 'I donated to Yvette Cooper's campaign'|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London, UK|date=12 September 2015|access-date=12 September 2015|author=Silverman, Rosa|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913145158/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/Jeremy_Corbyn/11860417/Jeremy-Corbyns-ex-wife-I-donated-to-Yvette-Coopers-campaign.html|archive-date=13 September 2015}}</ref> In the late 1970s, Corbyn had a brief relationship with Labour MP [[Diane Abbott]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/politics/article4559169.ece |first1=David |last1=Brown |author2=Dominic Kennedy |newspaper=The Times |title=Jeremy Corbyn and Diane Abbott were lovers |date=17 September 2015 |url-access=subscription |access-date=30 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225220120/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/politics/article4559169.ece|archive-date=25 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/politics/article4678585.ece |author=Badshah, Nadeem |title=How Corbyn revealed Abbott was his lover |newspaper=The Times |date=30 January 2016 |url-access=subscription |access-date=30 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131015254/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/politics/article4678585.ece |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Corbyn lives in the [[Finsbury Park (area)|Finsbury Park]] area of London.<ref name="Islington">{{cite web|last=Cadwalladr|first=Carole|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/09/blair-corbyn-islington-north-london-labour|title=From Blair to Corbyn: the changing face of Islington, Labour's London heartland|work=The Observer|issn=0029-7712|oclc=50230244|date=9 August 2015|access-date=9 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903013255/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/09/blair-corbyn-islington-north-london-labour|archive-date=3 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Morris|first=James|url=http://www.islingtongazette.co.uk/news/exclusive_jeremy_corbyn_promises_islington_will_not_be_forgotten_1_4235739|title=Jeremy Corbyn promises Islington 'will not be forgotten'|work=Islington Gazette|date=17 September 2015|access-date=9 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006082628/http://www.islingtongazette.co.uk/news/exclusive_jeremy_corbyn_promises_islington_will_not_be_forgotten_1_4235739|archive-date=6 October 2016}}</ref> He has been married three times and divorced twice, and has three sons with his second wife.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tatler.com/gallery/jeremy-corbyn-children|title=Meet the sons of Jeremy Corbyn|first=Isaac|last=Bickerstaff|website=Tatler|date=20 November 2019|access-date=26 May 2021|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526000718/https://www.tatler.com/gallery/jeremy-corbyn-children|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1974, he married his first wife, [[Jane Chapman]], a fellow Labour Councillor for Haringey and now a professor at the [[University of Lincoln]].<ref name="beeb">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34184265|title=The Jeremy Corbyn Story: Profile of Labour's new leader|last=Wheeler|first=Brian|date=12 September 2015|work=BBC News|access-date=12 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912194927/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34184265|archive-date=12 September 2015}}</ref> They divorced in 1979.<ref name="Silverman">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/Jeremy_Corbyn/11860417/Jeremy-Corbyns-ex-wife-I-donated-to-Yvette-Coopers-campaign.html|title=Jeremy Corbyn's ex-wife: 'I donated to Yvette Cooper's campaign'|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London, UK|date=12 September 2015|access-date=12 September 2015|author=Silverman, Rosa|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913145158/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/Jeremy_Corbyn/11860417/Jeremy-Corbyns-ex-wife-I-donated-to-Yvette-Coopers-campaign.html|archive-date=13 September 2015}}</ref> In the late 1970s, Corbyn had a brief relationship with Labour MP [[Diane Abbott]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/politics/article4559169.ece |first1=David |last1=Brown |author2=Dominic Kennedy |newspaper=The Times |title=Jeremy Corbyn and Diane Abbott were lovers |date=17 September 2015 |url-access=subscription |access-date=30 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225220120/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/politics/article4559169.ece|archive-date=25 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/politics/article4678585.ece |author=Badshah, Nadeem |title=How Corbyn revealed Abbott was his lover |newspaper=The Times |date=30 January 2016 |url-access=subscription |access-date=30 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131015254/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/politics/article4678585.ece |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>


In 1987, Corbyn married Chilean exile Claudia Bracchitta, granddaughter of Ricardo Bracchitta ([[List of diplomatic missions of Spain|Consul-General of Spain in Santiago]]), with whom he has three sons. He missed his youngest son's birth as he was lecturing National Union of Public Employees members at the same hospital.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wheeler|first=Brian|date=24 September 2016|title=The Jeremy Corbyn Story: Profile of Labour leader|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34184265|url-status=live|department=Politics|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813151649/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34184265|archive-date=13 August 2018|access-date=13 August 2018|quote=In 1987, Corbyn married Claudia Bracchita, a Chilean exile, with whom he had three sons. The youngest, Tommy, was born while Corbyn was lecturing NUPE members elsewhere in the same hospital.}}</ref> Following a difference of opinion about sending their son to a [[Grammar schools debate|grammar school]] (Corbyn opposes [[Selective school|selective education]]) they divorced in 1999 after two years of separation, although Corbyn said in June 2015 that he continues to "get on very well" with her.<ref name="BBCdivorce"/><ref name="Hattenstone" /><ref>{{cite news |last=McSmith |first=Andy |url= https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/may/16/theobserver.uknews |title= How a point of principle tore our lives apart |newspaper=The Observer |location=London, UK |date=16 May 1999 |access-date=12 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151001163144/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/may/16/theobserver.uknews |archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> His son subsequently attended [[Queen Elizabeth's School, Barnet|Queen Elizabeth's School]], which had been his wife's first choice.<ref>[http://news.sky.com/story/1523475/what-you-need-to-know-about-jeremy-corbyn "What you need to know about Jeremy Corbyn"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724223347/http://news.sky.com/story/1523475/what-you-need-to-know-about-jeremy-corbyn |date=24 July 2015}}, Sky.com, 10 September 2015.</ref> Their second son, Sebastian, worked on his leadership campaign and was later employed as [[John McDonnell]]'s Chief of Staff.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyns-son-seb-appointed-as-john-mcdonnells-chief-of-staff-a6669996.html |title= Jeremy Corbyn's son Seb appointed as John McDonnell's chief of staff |first=Nigel|last=Morris|date=28 September 2015 |newspaper=The Independent |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161009191556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyns-son-seb-appointed-as-john-mcdonnells-chief-of-staff-a6669996.html |archive-date= 9 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/Politics/article1612373.ece |title=Plum job for the son of party leader |first=James |last=Lyons|date=27 September 2015|newspaper=The Sunday Times |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161009184346/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/Politics/article1612373.ece |archive-date=9 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/15/jeremy-corbyn-world-supporters-mentors-influences |title=Jeremy Corbyn's world: his friends, supporters, mentors and influences |first=Daniel |last=Boffey |date=15 August 2015 |work=The Guardian |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150913010747/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/15/jeremy-corbyn-world-supporters-mentors-influences |archive-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>
In 1987, Corbyn married Chilean exile Claudia Bracchitta, granddaughter of Ricardo Bracchitta ([[List of diplomatic missions of Spain|Consul-General of Spain in Santiago]]), with whom he has three sons. He missed his youngest son's birth as he was lecturing National Union of Public Employees members at the same hospital.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wheeler|first=Brian|date=24 September 2016|title=The Jeremy Corbyn Story: Profile of Labour leader|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34184265|url-status=live|department=Politics|publisher=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813151649/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34184265|archive-date=13 August 2018|access-date=13 August 2018|quote=In 1987, Corbyn married Claudia Bracchita, a Chilean exile, with whom he had three sons. The youngest, Tommy, was born while Corbyn was lecturing NUPE members elsewhere in the same hospital.}}</ref> Following a difference of opinion about sending their son to a [[Grammar schools debate|grammar school]] (Corbyn opposes [[selective education]]), they divorced in 1999 after two years of separation, although Corbyn said in June 2015 that he continues to "get on very well" with her.<ref name="BBCdivorce"/><ref name="Hattenstone" /><ref>{{cite news |last=McSmith |first=Andy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/may/16/theobserver.uknews |title= How a point of principle tore our lives apart |newspaper=The Observer |location=London |date=16 May 1999 |access-date=12 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151001163144/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/may/16/theobserver.uknews |archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> His son subsequently attended [[Queen Elizabeth's School, Barnet|Queen Elizabeth's School]], which had been his wife's first choice.<ref>[http://news.sky.com/story/1523475/what-you-need-to-know-about-jeremy-corbyn "What You Need To Know About Jeremy Corbyn"], Sky.com, 22 July 2015. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724223347/http://news.sky.com/story/1523475/what-you-need-to-know-about-jeremy-corbyn |date=24 July 2015}}, 10 September 2015.</ref> Their second son, Sebastian, worked on his leadership campaign and was later employed as [[John McDonnell]]'s Chief of Staff.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyns-son-seb-appointed-as-john-mcdonnells-chief-of-staff-a6669996.html |title=Jeremy Corbyn's son Seb appointed as John McDonnell's chief of staff |first=Nigel |last=Morris |date=28 September 2015 |newspaper=The Independent |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009191556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyns-son-seb-appointed-as-john-mcdonnells-chief-of-staff-a6669996.html |archive-date=9 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/Politics/article1612373.ece |title=Plum job for the son of party leader |first=James |last=Lyons|date=27 September 2015|newspaper=The Sunday Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009184346/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/Politics/article1612373.ece |archive-date=9 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/15/jeremy-corbyn-world-supporters-mentors-influences |title=Jeremy Corbyn's world: his friends, supporters, mentors and influences |first=Daniel |last=Boffey |date=15 August 2015 |work=The Guardian |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913010747/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/15/jeremy-corbyn-world-supporters-mentors-influences |archive-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>


Corbyn's second oldest brother, Andrew, who was a geologist, died of a brain haemorrhage while in [[Papua New Guinea]] in 2001. Corbyn escorted the body from Papua New Guinea to Australia, where his brother's widow and children lived.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jeremy Corbyn says picking up his brother's dead body was one of the 'most horrific things' he has ever done |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-brother-dead-body-horrific-john-bishop-a8071631.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-brother-dead-body-horrific-john-bishop-a8071631.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |last=Oppenheim |first=Maya |access-date= 12 June 2018 |newspaper=The Independent |date=23 November 2017}}</ref>
Corbyn's second-eldest brother, Andrew, who was a geologist, died of a brain haemorrhage while in [[Papua New Guinea]] in 2001. Corbyn escorted the body from Papua New Guinea to Australia, where his brother's widow and children lived.<ref>{{cite news |last=Oppenheim |first=Maya |title=Jeremy Corbyn says picking up his brother's dead body was one of the 'most horrific things' he has ever done |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-brother-dead-body-horrific-john-bishop-a8071631.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The Independent |date=23 November 2017 |access-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-brother-dead-body-horrific-john-bishop-a8071631.html |archive-date=8 June 2022}}</ref>


In 2012, Corbyn went to Mexico to marry his Mexican partner Laura Álvarez,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Collier |first1=Hatty |title= Who is Jeremy Corbyn's wife Laura Alvarez? The Labour leader's spouse who keeps a low profile |url= https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/who-is-jeremy-corbyns-wife-laura-alvarez-the-labour-leaders-spouse-who-keeps-a-low-profile-a3552546.html|access-date=12 April 2018 |work= Evening Standard |date= 30 May 2017}}</ref> who runs a [[fair trade]] coffee import business which has been the subject of some controversy.<ref name=graunprofile>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/12/jeremy-corbyn-profile-unlikely-candidate-remarkable-ascent |title= Jeremy Corbyn profile: 'He talks like a human being, about things that are real' |last1=Addley |first1=Esther |date=12 August 2015 |work=The Guardian |location=London, UK |access-date=12 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150812151014/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/12/jeremy-corbyn-profile-unlikely-candidate-remarkable-ascent |archive-date= 12 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hard-left-candidates-wife-sells-coffee-for-pound10-but-the-farmers-get-just-93p-n2m6ctrdjfp|title=Hard left candidate's wife sells coffee for £10 — but the farmers get just 93p|first=Alice|last=Hutton|newspaper=The Sunday Times|date=16 August 2015}}</ref> A former human rights lawyer in Mexico, she first met Corbyn shortly after his divorce from Bracchitta, having come to London to support her sister Marcela following the abduction of her niece to America by her sister's estranged husband. They contacted fellow Labour MP Tony Benn for assistance, who introduced them to Corbyn, who met with the police on their behalf and spoke at fundraisers until the girl was located in 2003.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tucker |first=Duncan |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/25/jeremy-corbyn-wife-laura-alvarez-mexico-uk-relations |title=Corbyn surge raises hopes that Mexico might soon have a friend in No 10 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=25 June 2017 |access-date=25 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625092530/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/25/jeremy-corbyn-wife-laura-alvarez-mexico-uk-relations |archive-date=25 June 2017}}</ref> Álvarez then returned to Mexico, with the couple maintaining a long-distance relationship until she moved to London in 2011.<ref>{{cite book|last=Prince|first=Rosa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sUZ3CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT155|title=Comrade Corbyn|location=London|publisher=[[Biteback Publishing]]|year=2016|page=155|isbn=9781785900044}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Myall |first=Steve |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/who-jeremy-corbyns-wife-laura-10392461 |title=Who is Jeremy Corbyn's wife? Inside his marriage to Laura Alvarez: Love, politics, vegetables and nights in watching EastEnders |work=[[Daily Mirror]] |date=12 June 2017 |access-date=24 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612123513/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/who-jeremy-corbyns-wife-laura-10392461 |archive-date=12 June 2017}}</ref> Álvarez has described Corbyn as "not very good at house work but he is a good politician".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hope|first1=Christopher|title=Jeremy Corbyn's key aide claims a mole in his inner circle leaks his PMQs attack lines to the media in new fly-on-the-wall documentary|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/01/jeremy-corbyns-key-aide-claims-a-mole-in-his-inner-circle-leaks/|access-date=2 June 2016|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=1 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602092559/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/01/jeremy-corbyns-key-aide-claims-a-mole-in-his-inner-circle-leaks/|archive-date=2 June 2016}}</ref> They have a cat called El Gato ("The Cat" in Spanish),<ref name="telegraph1">{{cite news |last=Hughes |first=Laura |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/Jeremy_Corbyn/12104166/Jeremy-Corbyn-wont-name-his-cat-and-instead-simply-calls-it-the-cat.html |title=Jeremy Corbyn won't name his cat and instead simply calls it 'the cat' |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=17 January 2016 |access-date=19 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709071256/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/Jeremy_Corbyn/12104166/Jeremy-Corbyn-wont-name-his-cat-and-instead-simply-calls-it-the-cat.html |archive-date=9 July 2016}}</ref> while Corbyn had previously owned a dog called Mango, described by ''[[The Observer]]'' in 1984 as his "only constant companion" at the time.<ref name="LowObs"/>
In 2012, Corbyn went to Mexico to marry his Mexican partner Laura Álvarez,<ref>{{cite news |last=Collier |first=Hatty |title=Who is Jeremy Corbyn's wife Laura Alvarez? The Labour leader's spouse who keeps a low profile |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/who-is-jeremy-corbyns-wife-laura-alvarez-the-labour-leaders-spouse-who-keeps-a-low-profile-a3552546.html |access-date=12 April 2018 |work=Evening Standard |date=30 May 2017 |archive-date=12 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412212128/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/who-is-jeremy-corbyns-wife-laura-alvarez-the-labour-leaders-spouse-who-keeps-a-low-profile-a3552546.html |url-status=live }}</ref> who runs a [[fair trade]] coffee import business that has been the subject of some controversy.<ref name=graunprofile>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/12/jeremy-corbyn-profile-unlikely-candidate-remarkable-ascent |title=Jeremy Corbyn profile: 'He talks like a human being, about things that are real' |last=Addley |first=Esther |date=12 August 2015 |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=12 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812151014/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/12/jeremy-corbyn-profile-unlikely-candidate-remarkable-ascent |archive-date=12 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hard-left-candidates-wife-sells-coffee-for-pound10-but-the-farmers-get-just-93p-n2m6ctrdjfp |title=Hard left candidate's wife sells coffee for £10 — but the farmers get just 93p |first=Alice |last=Hutton |newspaper=The Sunday Times |date=16 August 2015 |access-date=16 September 2018 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916202606/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hard-left-candidates-wife-sells-coffee-for-pound10-but-the-farmers-get-just-93p-n2m6ctrdjfp |url-status=live }}</ref> A former human rights lawyer in Mexico, she first met Corbyn shortly after his divorce from Bracchitta, having come to London to support her sister Marcela following the abduction of her niece to America by her sister's estranged husband. They contacted fellow Labour MP Tony Benn for assistance, who introduced them to Corbyn, who met with the police on their behalf and spoke at fundraisers until the girl was located in 2003.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tucker |first=Duncan |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/25/jeremy-corbyn-wife-laura-alvarez-mexico-uk-relations |title=Corbyn surge raises hopes that Mexico might soon have a friend in No 10 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=25 June 2017 |access-date=25 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625092530/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/25/jeremy-corbyn-wife-laura-alvarez-mexico-uk-relations |archive-date=25 June 2017}}</ref> Álvarez then returned to Mexico, with the couple maintaining a long-distance relationship until she moved to London in 2011.<ref>{{cite book|last=Prince|first=Rosa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sUZ3CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT155|title=Comrade Corbyn|location=London|publisher=[[Biteback Publishing]]|year=2016|page=155|isbn=9781785900044|access-date=1 September 2017|archive-date=9 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709030553/https://books.google.com/books?id=sUZ3CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT155#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Myall |first=Steve |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/who-jeremy-corbyns-wife-laura-10392461 |title=Who is Jeremy Corbyn's wife? Inside his marriage to Laura Alvarez: Love, politics, vegetables and nights in watching EastEnders |work=[[Daily Mirror]] |date=12 June 2017 |access-date=24 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612123513/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/who-jeremy-corbyns-wife-laura-10392461 |archive-date=12 June 2017}}</ref> Álvarez has described Corbyn as "not very good at house work but he is a good politician".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hope|first1=Christopher|title=Jeremy Corbyn's key aide claims a mole in his inner circle leaks his PMQs attack lines to the media in new fly-on-the-wall documentary|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/01/jeremy-corbyns-key-aide-claims-a-mole-in-his-inner-circle-leaks/|access-date=2 June 2016|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=1 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602092559/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/01/jeremy-corbyns-key-aide-claims-a-mole-in-his-inner-circle-leaks/|archive-date=2 June 2016}}</ref> They have a cat called El Gato ("The Cat" in Spanish),<ref name="telegraph1">{{cite news |last=Hughes |first=Laura |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/Jeremy_Corbyn/12104166/Jeremy-Corbyn-wont-name-his-cat-and-instead-simply-calls-it-the-cat.html |title=Jeremy Corbyn won't name his cat and instead simply calls it 'the cat' |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=17 January 2016 |access-date=19 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709071256/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/Jeremy_Corbyn/12104166/Jeremy-Corbyn-wont-name-his-cat-and-instead-simply-calls-it-the-cat.html |archive-date=9 July 2016}}</ref> while Corbyn had previously owned a dog called Mango, described by ''[[The Observer]]'' in 1984 as his "only constant companion" at the time.<ref name="LowObs"/>

Corbyn named [[John Smith (Labour Party leader)|John Smith]] as the former Labour leader whom he most admired, describing him as "a decent, nice, inclusive leader". He also said he was "very close and very good friends" with [[Michael Foot]].<ref name="Gn150807"/>


===Personal beliefs and interests===
===Personal beliefs and interests===
When interviewed by ''[[The Huffington Post]]'' in December 2015, Corbyn refused to reveal his religious beliefs and called them a "private thing", but denied that he was an [[atheist]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sommers |first1=Jack |title=Jeremy Corbyn Denies He's An Atheist While Discussing 'Private' Beliefs |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/12/21/jeremy-corbyn-denies-atheist-religious-beliefs_n_8855528.html |access-date=17 November 2019 |work=HuffPost UK |date=21 December 2015}}</ref> He has said that he is "sceptical" of having a [[deity|god]] in his life.<ref name="telegraph1"/> He compared his concerns about the environment to a sort of "spiritualism".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/12/21/jeremy-corbyn-denies-atheist-religious-beliefs_n_8855528.html |website=HuffPost|first=Jack |last=Sommers|title=Jeremy Corbyn denies he is an atheist but says his actual religious beliefs are 'private' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222231528/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/12/21/jeremy-corbyn-denies-atheist-religious-beliefs_n_8855528.html |archive-date=22 December 2015 |date=21 December 2015}}</ref> Corbyn has described himself as [[frugal]], telling [[Simon Hattenstone]] of ''[[The Guardian]]'', "I don't spend a lot of money, I lead a very normal life, I ride a bicycle and I don't have a car."<ref name="Hattenstone" /> He has been a vegetarian for nearly 50 years, after having volunteered on a pig farm in Jamaica when he was 19, and stated in April 2018 that he was considering becoming a [[veganism|vegan]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Roberts|first1=Rachel|title=Committed vegetarian Jeremy Corbyn suggests he is considering turning vegan|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-vegetarian-considering-going-vegan-a7929821.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-vegetarian-considering-going-vegan-a7929821.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2018|work=[[The Independent]]|date=5 September 2017}}</ref> Although he has been described in the media as [[teetotal]], he said in an interview with the ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' that he does drink alcohol but "very, very little".<ref name=beeb /><ref>{{cite news|last=Gulliver|first=John|url=http://www.camdennewjournal.com/welcome-hillside|title=A welcome in the hillside|work=Camden New Journal|date=13 August 2015|access-date=14 August 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923222005/http://www.camdennewjournal.com/welcome-hillside|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=Mirrorinterview>{{cite news|last=Moss|first=Vincent|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/jeremy-corbyn-says-party-backs-6433177|title=Jeremy Corbyn says 'Party backs me, I have jacket from my sons and I'm ready to be PM'|work=[[Daily Mirror]]|date=12 September 2015|access-date=18 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916042615/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/jeremy-corbyn-says-party-backs-6433177|archive-date=16 September 2015}}</ref>
When interviewed by ''[[The Huffington Post]]'' in December 2015, Corbyn refused to reveal his religious beliefs and called them a "private thing", but denied that he was an [[atheist]].<ref name=":1" /> He has said that he is "sceptical" of having a [[Deity|god]] in his life.<ref name="telegraph1"/> He compared his concerns about the environment to a sort of "spiritualism".<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/12/21/jeremy-corbyn-denies-atheist-religious-beliefs_n_8855528.html |website=HuffPost|first=Jack |last=Sommers|title=Jeremy Corbyn denies he is an atheist but says his actual religious beliefs are 'private' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222231528/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/12/21/jeremy-corbyn-denies-atheist-religious-beliefs_n_8855528.html |archive-date=22 December 2015 |date=21 December 2015}}</ref> Corbyn has described himself as [[frugal]], telling [[Simon Hattenstone]] of ''[[The Guardian]]'': "I don't spend a lot of money, I lead a very normal life, I ride a bicycle and I don't have a car."<ref name="Hattenstone" /> He has been a vegetarian for nearly 50 years, after having volunteered on a pig farm in Jamaica when he was 19, and stated in April 2018 that he was considering becoming a [[vegan]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Roberts|first1=Rachel|title=Committed vegetarian Jeremy Corbyn suggests he is considering turning vegan|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-vegetarian-considering-going-vegan-a7929821.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-vegetarian-considering-going-vegan-a7929821.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2018|work=[[The Independent]]|date=5 September 2017}}</ref> Although he has been described in the media as [[teetotal]], he said in an interview with the ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' that he does drink alcohol but "very, very little".<ref name=beeb /><ref>{{cite news|last=Gulliver|first=John|url=http://www.camdennewjournal.com/welcome-hillside|title=A welcome in the hillside|work=Camden New Journal|date=13 August 2015|access-date=14 August 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923222005/http://www.camdennewjournal.com/welcome-hillside|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=Mirrorinterview>{{cite news|last=Moss|first=Vincent|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/jeremy-corbyn-says-party-backs-6433177|title=Jeremy Corbyn says 'Party backs me, I have jacket from my sons and I'm ready to be PM'|work=[[Daily Mirror]]|date=12 September 2015|access-date=18 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916042615/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/jeremy-corbyn-says-party-backs-6433177|archive-date=16 September 2015}}</ref>

Corbyn is a member of the [[All-party parliamentary group|All-Party Parliamentary Group on Cycling]].<ref name="BBC: Who is Jeremy Corbyn">{{cite news|title=Who is Jeremy Corbyn? Labour leadership contender guide|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33624145|access-date=27 September 2015|work=BBC News|date=30 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006000553/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33624145|archive-date=6 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://allpartycycling.org/|title=About|website=All-Party Parliamentary Cycling Group|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407004711/http://allpartycycling.org/|archive-date=7 April 2013}}</ref> He enjoys reading and writing,<ref name=Mirrorinterview /> and speaks fluent Spanish.<ref name="beeb" /> He supports [[Arsenal F.C.]], which is based in his constituency, and has signed parliamentary motions praising the successes of its men's and [[Arsenal W.F.C.|women's teams]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Jeremy Corbyn signed motion saying Arsenal is the best football team in the world|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-signed-motion-saying-arsenal-is-the-best-football-team-in-the-world-10452120.html|access-date=1 November 2015|work=The Independent|date=13 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815020557/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-signed-motion-saying-arsenal-is-the-best-football-team-in-the-world-10452120.html|archive-date=15 August 2015}}</ref> He named [[Jens Lehmann]], [[Ian Wright]], and [[Dennis Bergkamp]] as his favourite Arsenal players, and has campaigned for the club to pay its staff a living wage.<ref>{{cite news|last=Benge|first=James|title=Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn names his favourite Arsenal players|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/labour-leader-jeremy-corbyn-names-his-favourite-arsenal-players-a2954171.html|access-date=1 November 2015|newspaper=London Evening Standard|date=23 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927024441/http://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/labour-leader-jeremy-corbyn-names-his-favourite-arsenal-players-a2954171.html|archive-date=27 September 2015}}</ref> Corbyn is an avid "drain spotter" and has photographed decorative drain and [[manhole cover]]s throughout the country.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kirby|first=Dean|title=Jeremy Corbyn: Admirers of drains and manhole covers find a hero in the Labour leader|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/jeremy-corbyn-admirers-of-drains-and-manhole-covers-find-a-hero-in-the-labour-leader-a6668401.html|access-date=17 September 2016|newspaper=The Independent|date=26 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918012748/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/jeremy-corbyn-admirers-of-drains-and-manhole-covers-find-a-hero-in-the-labour-leader-a6668401.html|archive-date=18 September 2016}}</ref>


Corbyn co-edited with Len McCluskey the anthology ''Poetry for the Many'', published in November 2023 by [[OR Books]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.orbooks.com/catalog/poetry-for-the-many/|title=Poetry for the Many|publisher=OR Books|access-date=10 December 2023|archive-date=10 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210011301/https://www.orbooks.com/catalog/poetry-for-the-many/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Corbyn is a member of the [[All-party parliamentary group|All-Party Parliamentary Group on Cycling]].<ref name="BBC: Who is Jeremy Corbyn">{{cite news|title=Who is Jeremy Corbyn? Labour leadership contender guide|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33624145|access-date=27 September 2015|work=BBC News|date=30 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006000553/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33624145|archive-date=6 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://allpartycycling.org/|title=About|website= All-Party Parliamentary Cycling Group|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407004711/http://allpartycycling.org/|archive-date=7 April 2013}}</ref> He enjoys reading and writing,<ref name=Mirrorinterview /> and speaks fluent Spanish.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34184265|title=The Jeremy Corbyn Story: Profile of Labour's new leader|work=BBC News|date=12 September 2015|access-date=30 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912194927/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34184265|archive-date=12 September 2015}}</ref> He supports [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal FC]], which is based in his constituency, and has signed parliamentary motions praising the successes of its men's and [[Arsenal W.F.C.|women's teams]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Jeremy Corbyn signed motion saying Arsenal is the best football team in the world|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-signed-motion-saying-arsenal-is-the-best-football-team-in-the-world-10452120.html|access-date=1 November 2015|work=The Independent|date=13 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815020557/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-signed-motion-saying-arsenal-is-the-best-football-team-in-the-world-10452120.html|archive-date=15 August 2015}}</ref> He named [[Jens Lehmann]], [[Ian Wright]], and [[Dennis Bergkamp]] as his favourite Arsenal players, and has campaigned for the club to pay its staff a living wage.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Benge|first1=James|title=Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn names his favourite Arsenal players|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/labour-leader-jeremy-corbyn-names-his-favourite-arsenal-players-a2954171.html|access-date=1 November 2015|newspaper=London Evening Standard|date=23 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927024441/http://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/labour-leader-jeremy-corbyn-names-his-favourite-arsenal-players-a2954171.html|archive-date=27 September 2015}}</ref> Corbyn is an avid "drain spotter" and has photographed decorative drain and [[manhole cover]]s throughout the country.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kirby|first1=Dean|title=Jeremy Corbyn: Admirers of drains and manhole covers find a hero in the Labour leader|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/jeremy-corbyn-admirers-of-drains-and-manhole-covers-find-a-hero-in-the-labour-leader-a6668401.html|access-date=17 September 2016|newspaper=The Independent|date=26 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918012748/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/jeremy-corbyn-admirers-of-drains-and-manhole-covers-find-a-hero-in-the-labour-leader-a6668401.html|archive-date=18 September 2016}}</ref>


== Awards and recognition ==
== Awards and recognition ==
In 2013, Corbyn was awarded the [[Gandhi International Peace Award]] for his "consistent efforts over a 30-year parliamentary career to uphold the [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhian]] values of social justice and non‐violence".<ref name="prize 2013">{{cite web|url=http://gandhifoundation.org/2014/01/09/the-gandhi-foundation-international-peace-award-2013|title=The Gandhi Foundation International Peace Award 2013|work=gandhifoundation.org|publisher=The Gandhi Foundation|date=9 January 2014|access-date=2 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413203322/https://gandhifoundation.org/2014/01/09/the-gandhi-foundation-international-peace-award-2013/|archive-date=13 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.camdennewjournal.com/gulliver-jeremy-corbyn-mp-%E2%80%98gandhian-values%E2%80%99|title=GULLIVER: Jeremy Corbyn – An MP with 'Gandhian values'|journal=[[Camden New Journal]]|access-date=20 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113307/http://www.camdennewjournal.com/gulliver-jeremy-corbyn-mp-%E2%80%98gandhian-values%E2%80%99|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> In the same year, he was honoured by the [[Grassroot Diplomat]] Initiative for his "ongoing support for a number of non-government organisations and civil causes".<ref>{{cite news|title=Grassroot Diplomat Who's Who|url=http://www.grassrootdiplomat.org/whoswho|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520125406/http://www.grassrootdiplomat.org/whoswho/|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 May 2015|access-date=27 April 2015|work=Grassroot Diplomat|date=15 March 2015}}</ref> Corbyn has won the Parliamentary "Beard of the Year Award" a record six times, as well as being named as the [[Beard Liberation Front]]'s ''Beard of the Year'', having previously described his beard as "a form of dissent" against [[New Labour]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Beards – Diary|first=Jack|last=Malvern|work=The Times|location=London, UK|date=10 January 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-wins-parliamentary-beard-of-the-year-for-record-sixth-time-a6769616.html|title=Jeremy Corbyn wins Parliamentary Beard of the Year for record sixth time|author=Matt Dathan|date=11 December 2015|work=The Independent|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224231453/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-wins-parliamentary-beard-of-the-year-for-record-sixth-time-a6769616.html|archive-date=24 December 2015}}</ref>
In 2013, Corbyn was awarded the [[Gandhi International Peace Award]] for his "consistent efforts over a 30-year parliamentary career to uphold the [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhian]] values of social justice and non‐violence".<ref name="prize 2013">{{cite web|url=http://gandhifoundation.org/2014/01/09/the-gandhi-foundation-international-peace-award-2013|title=The Gandhi Foundation International Peace Award 2013|work=gandhifoundation.org|publisher=The Gandhi Foundation|date=9 January 2014|access-date=2 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413203322/https://gandhifoundation.org/2014/01/09/the-gandhi-foundation-international-peace-award-2013/|archive-date=13 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.camdennewjournal.com/gulliver-jeremy-corbyn-mp-%E2%80%98gandhian-values%E2%80%99|title=GULLIVER: Jeremy Corbyn – An MP with 'Gandhian values'|journal=[[Camden New Journal]]|access-date=20 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113307/http://www.camdennewjournal.com/gulliver-jeremy-corbyn-mp-%E2%80%98gandhian-values%E2%80%99|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> In the same year, he was honoured by the [[Grassroot Diplomat]] Initiative for his "ongoing support for a number of non-government organisations and civil causes".<ref>{{cite news|title=Grassroot Diplomat Who's Who|url=http://www.grassrootdiplomat.org/whoswho|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520125406/http://www.grassrootdiplomat.org/whoswho/|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 May 2015|access-date=27 April 2015|work=Grassroot Diplomat|date=15 March 2015}}</ref> Corbyn has won the Parliamentary "Beard of the Year Award" a record six times, as well as being named as the [[Beard Liberation Front]]'s ''Beard of the Year'', having previously described his beard as "a form of dissent" against [[New Labour]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Beards – Diary|first=Jack|last=Malvern|work=The Times|location=London, UK|date=10 January 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-wins-parliamentary-beard-of-the-year-for-record-sixth-time-a6769616.html|title=Jeremy Corbyn wins Parliamentary Beard of the Year for record sixth time|first=Matt |last=Dathan|date=11 December 2015|work=The Independent|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224231453/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-wins-parliamentary-beard-of-the-year-for-record-sixth-time-a6769616.html|archive-date=24 December 2015}}</ref>


In 2016, Corbyn was the subject of a musical entitled ''Corbyn the Musical: The Motorcycle Diaries'', written by journalists Rupert Myers and Bobby Friedman.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/theatre/what-to-see/corbyn-the-musical--first-look-review-the-bearded-one-is-the-new/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/theatre/what-to-see/corbyn-the-musical--first-look-review-the-bearded-one-is-the-new/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Corbyn: the Musical – first-look review: the bearded one is the news story that keeps giving|last=Auld|first=Tim|date=13 April 2016|access-date=11 October 2019|work=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
In 2016, Corbyn was the subject of a musical entitled ''Corbyn the Musical: The Motorcycle Diaries'', written by journalists Rupert Myers and Bobby Friedman.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/theatre/what-to-see/corbyn-the-musical--first-look-review-the-bearded-one-is-the-new/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/theatre/what-to-see/corbyn-the-musical--first-look-review-the-bearded-one-is-the-new/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Corbyn: the Musical – first-look review: the bearded one is the news story that keeps giving|last=Auld|first=Tim|date=13 April 2016|access-date=11 October 2019|work=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref>


In 2017 the American magazine ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' named Corbyn in its Top 100 Global Thinkers list for that year "for inspiring a new generation to re-engage in politics".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2017globalthinkers.foreignpolicy.com/2017/profile/jeremy-corbyn?c0244ec121= |title=Jeremy Corbyn |last=Palmer |first=James |website=[[foreignpolicy.com]] |access-date=7 February 2019}}</ref> In December 2017 he was one of three recipients awarded the [[Sean MacBride Peace Prize|Seán MacBride Peace Prize]] "for his sustained and powerful political work for disarmament and peace".<ref name="ipb">{{cite web|title=Press release: Séan MacBride Peace Prize 2017|date=6 September 2017 |url=http://www.ipb.org/activities/press-release-sean-macbride-peace-prize-2017/|publisher=[[International Peace Bureau]]|access-date=9 December 2017}}</ref> The award was announced the previous September.<ref>{{cite news|last=Worrall|first=Patrick|url=https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/factcheck-has-the-media-ignored-good-news-about-jeremy-corbyn|title=Has the media ignored good news about Jeremy Corbyn?|work=Channel 4 News|date=11 December 2017|access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref>
In 2017 the American magazine ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' named Corbyn in its Top 100 Global Thinkers list for that year "for inspiring a new generation to re-engage in politics".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2017globalthinkers.foreignpolicy.com/2017/profile/jeremy-corbyn?c0244ec121= |title=Jeremy Corbyn |last=Palmer |first=James |website=[[foreignpolicy.com]] |access-date=7 February 2019 |archive-date=22 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522223550/https://2017globalthinkers.foreignpolicy.com/2017/profile/jeremy-corbyn?c0244ec121= |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2017 he was one of three recipients awarded the [[Sean MacBride Peace Prize|Seán MacBride Peace Prize]] "for his sustained and powerful political work for disarmament and peace".<ref name="ipb">{{cite web|title=Press release: Séan MacBride Peace Prize 2017|date=6 September 2017|url=http://www.ipb.org/activities/press-release-sean-macbride-peace-prize-2017/|publisher=[[International Peace Bureau]]|access-date=9 December 2017|archive-date=10 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210071600/http://www.ipb.org/activities/press-release-sean-macbride-peace-prize-2017/|url-status=live}}</ref> The award was announced the previous September.<ref>{{cite news|last=Worrall|first=Patrick|url=https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/factcheck-has-the-media-ignored-good-news-about-jeremy-corbyn|title=Has the media ignored good news about Jeremy Corbyn?|work=Channel 4 News|date=11 December 2017|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-date=11 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211182031/https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/factcheck-has-the-media-ignored-good-news-about-jeremy-corbyn|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2023, a [[YouGov]] opinion poll found that Corbyn was the politician with the highest popularity (30%) in Britain.<ref name=yougov-202307>{{cite news |url=https://yougov.co.uk/ratings/politics/popularity/politicians-political-figures/all |title=The Most Popular Politicians & Political Figures (Q2 2023) |website=YouGov |date=July 2023 |access-date=22 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709064428/https://yougov.co.uk/ratings/politics/popularity/politicians-political-figures/all |archive-date=9 July 2023}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Electoral history of Jeremy Corbyn]]
* [[List of peace activists]]
* [[List of peace activists]]


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==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{Library resources box}}
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* Allen, Peter. "Political science, punditry, and the Corbyn problem". ''British Politics'' 15.1 (2020): 69–87 [https://purehost.bath.ac.uk/ws/files/190180612/BP_Final_Accepted_Version.pdf online].
* Allen, Peter. "Political science, punditry, and the Corbyn problem". ''British Politics'' 15.1 (2020): 69–87 [https://purehost.bath.ac.uk/ws/files/190180612/BP_Final_Accepted_Version.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531073431/https://purehost.bath.ac.uk/ws/files/190180612/BP_Final_Accepted_Version.pdf |date=31 May 2021 }}.
* Bolton, Matthew. "Conceptual Vandalism, Historical Distortion: The Labour Antisemitism Crisis and the Limits of Class Instrumentalism". ''Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism'' 3.2 (2020) [http://journals.academicstudiespress.com/index.php/JCA/article/view/55 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104041307/http://journals.academicstudiespress.com/index.php/JCA/article/view/55 |date=4 November 2020 }}.
* Bolton, Matthew. "Conceptual Vandalism, Historical Distortion: The Labour Antisemitism Crisis and the Limits of Class Instrumentalism". ''Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism'' 3.2 (2020) [http://journals.academicstudiespress.com/index.php/JCA/article/view/55 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104041307/http://journals.academicstudiespress.com/index.php/JCA/article/view/55 |date=4 November 2020 }}.
* Bolton, Matt, and Frederick Harry Pitts, eds. ''Corbynism: A Critical Approach'' (Bingley: Emerald, 2018).
* Bolton, Matt, and Frederick Harry Pitts, eds. ''Corbynism: A Critical Approach'' (Bingley: Emerald, 2018).
* [[Tom Bower|Bower, Tom]]. ''[[Dangerous Hero (Corbyn biography)|Dangerous Hero: Corbyn's Ruthless Plot for Power]]'' (2019) {{ISBN|978-0-008-29957-6}}
* [[Bower, Tom]]. ''[[Dangerous Hero (Corbyn biography)|Dangerous Hero: Corbyn's Ruthless Plot for Power]]'' (2019) {{ISBN|978-0-008-29957-6}}
* Cammaerts, Bart, Brooks DeCillia, and João Carlos Magalhães. "Journalistic transgressions in the representation of Jeremy Corbyn: From watchdog to attackdog". ''Journalism'' 21.2 (2020): 191–208 [http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/84338/1/Corbyn_Journalism_Revision_FINAL_Revised.pdf online].
* Cammaerts, Bart, Brooks DeCillia, and João Carlos Magalhães. "Journalistic transgressions in the representation of Jeremy Corbyn: From watchdog to attackdog". ''Journalism'' 21.2 (2020): 191–208 [http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/84338/1/Corbyn_Journalism_Revision_FINAL_Revised.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427072152/http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/84338/1/Corbyn_Journalism_Revision_FINAL_Revised.pdf |date=27 April 2021 }}.
* Cawthorne, Nigel. ''Jeremy Corbyn: Leading from the Left''. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1516971893}}
* Cawthorne, Nigel. ''Jeremy Corbyn: Leading from the Left''. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1516971893}}
* {{cite book|last1=Crick|first1=Michael|title=Militant|date=10 March 2016|location=London|publisher=Biteback Publishing Ltd|isbn=978-1-78590-029-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Crick |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Crick |title=Militant |publisher=Biteback Publishing Ltd |location=London |date=10 March 2016 |isbn=978-1-78590-029-7}}
* Gilbert, W. Stephen. ''[[Jeremy Corbyn: Accidental Hero]]''. London: Eyeware Publishing Ltd (Squint Books series), 2015. {{ISBN|978-1-908998-89-7}}.
* Gilbert, W. Stephen. ''[[Jeremy Corbyn: Accidental Hero]]''. London: Eyeware Publishing Ltd (Squint Books series), 2015. {{ISBN|978-1-908998-89-7}}.
* Hedges, Paul, and Luca Farrow. "UK Elections: Jeremy Corbyn, Anti-Semitism, and Islamophobia". ''RSIS Commentaries'' (2 January 2020) [https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/136691/2/CO20002.pdf online].
* Hedges, Paul, and Luca Farrow. "UK Elections: Jeremy Corbyn, Anti-Semitism, and Islamophobia". ''RSIS Commentaries'' (2 January 2020) [https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/136691/2/CO20002.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106072947/https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/136691/2/CO20002.pdf |date=6 November 2020 }}.
*{{cite magazine |author=Knight, Sam |date=23 May 2016 |title=Enter Left : will a fervent socialist reshape British politics or lead his party to irrelevance? |department=Letter from London |magazine=The New Yorker |volume=92 |issue=15 |pages=28–35 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/05/23/the-astonishing-rise-of-jeremy-corbyn <!--|access-date=22 December 2016--> }}
* {{cite magazine |last=Knight |first=Sam |date=23 May 2016 |title=Enter Left: will a fervent socialist reshape British politics or lead his party to irrelevance? |department=Letter from London |magazine=The New Yorker |volume=92 |issue=15 |pages=28–35 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/05/23/the-astonishing-rise-of-jeremy-corbyn |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=30 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930133405/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/05/23/the-astonishing-rise-of-jeremy-corbyn |url-status=live }}
* Manwaring, Rob, and Evan Smith. "Corbyn, British labour and policy change". ''British Politics'' 15.1 (2020): 25–47 [http://www.academia.edu/download/62494015/Manwaring-Smith2020_Article_CorbynBritishLabourAndPolicyCh.pdf online]{{dead link|date=September 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}.
* Manwaring, Rob, and Evan Smith. "Corbyn, British labour and policy change". ''British Politics'' 15.1 (2020): 25–47 [http://www.academia.edu/download/62494015/Manwaring-Smith2020_Article_CorbynBritishLabourAndPolicyCh.pdf online]{{dead link|date=August 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}.
* Mueller, Frank, Andrea Whittle, and Gyuzel Gadelshina. "The discursive construction of authenticity: The case of Jeremy Corbyn". ''Discourse, Context & Media'' 31 (2019): 100324 [https://researchportal.northumbria.ac.uk/files/21474215/Corbyn_Paper_proxies_Forthcoming_2019_open_access_version.pdf online].
* Mueller, Frank, Andrea Whittle, and Gyuzel Gadelshina. "The discursive construction of authenticity: The case of Jeremy Corbyn". ''Discourse, Context & Media'' 31 (2019): 100324 [https://researchportal.northumbria.ac.uk/files/21474215/Corbyn_Paper_proxies_Forthcoming_2019_open_access_version.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709030555/https://researchportal.northumbria.ac.uk/files/21474215/Corbyn_Paper_proxies_Forthcoming_2019_open_access_version.pdf |date=9 July 2024 }}.
* Prince, Rosa. ''[[Comrade Corbyn]]: A Very Unlikely Coup: How Jeremy Corbyn Stormed to the Labour Leadership'' (Biteback Publishing, 2016) {{ISBN|978-1849549967}}
* Prince, Rosa. ''[[Comrade Corbyn]]: A Very Unlikely Coup: How Jeremy Corbyn Stormed to the Labour Leadership'' (Biteback Publishing, 2016) {{ISBN|978-1849549967}}
* {{Cite AV media |title=Oh, Jeremy Corbyn – The Big Lie |people=[[Alexei Sayle|Sayle, Alexei]] (narrator) |publisher=Platform Films |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PXvaWz4gpTc |via=[[YouTube]] |date=January 2023 |access-date=19 April 2024 |archive-date=19 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419112311/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=PXvaWz4gpTc |url-status=live }} (59 mins)
* Seymour, Richard. ''Corbyn: The Strange Rebirth of Radical Politics''. Verso Books, 2016. {{ISBN|9781784785314}}
* Seymour, Richard. ''Corbyn: The Strange Rebirth of Radical Politics''. Verso Books, 2016. {{ISBN|9781784785314}}
* Sinha, Paresha, Owain Smolović Jones, and Brigid Carroll. "Theorizing dramaturgical resistance leadership from the leadership campaigns of Jeremy Corbyn". ''Human Relations'' (2019): 0018726719887310. [https://oro.open.ac.uk/68279/1/Dramaturgical%20resistance%20leadership.pdf online]
* Sinha, Paresha, Owain Smolović Jones, and Brigid Carroll. "Theorizing dramaturgical resistance leadership from the leadership campaigns of Jeremy Corbyn". ''Human Relations'' (2019): 0018726719887310. [https://oro.open.ac.uk/68279/1/Dramaturgical%20resistance%20leadership.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506222306/http://oro.open.ac.uk/68279/1/Dramaturgical%20resistance%20leadership.pdf |date=6 May 2020 }}
* Watts, Jake, and Tim Bale. "Populism as an intra-party phenomenon: The British Labour party under Jeremy Corbyn". ''British Journal of Politics and International Relations'' 21.1 (2019): 99–115 [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1369148118806115 online]
* Whiteley, Paul and others. "Oh Jeremy Corbyn! Why did Labour Party membership soar after the 2015 general election?". ''British Journal of Politics and International Relations'' 21.1 (2019): 80–98. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1369148118815408 online]
* Watts, Jake, and Tim Bale. "Populism as an intra-party phenomenon: The British Labour party under Jeremy Corbyn". ''British Journal of Politics and International Relations'' 21.1 (2019): 99–115 [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1369148118806115 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531054134/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1369148118806115 |date=31 May 2021 }}
* Whiteley, Paul and others. "Oh Jeremy Corbyn! Why did Labour Party membership soar after the 2015 general election?". ''British Journal of Politics and International Relations'' 21.1 (2019): 80–98. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1369148118815408 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601173930/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1369148118815408 |date=1 June 2021 }}
{{Refend}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
==External links==
* {{Official website|https://jeremycorbyn.org.uk/}}
{{Library resources box}}
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{Twitter}}
* {{Twitter}}
* [https://www.votecorbyn.com/ Campaign website for the 2024 general election]
* {{Official website|https://jeremycorbyn.org.uk/}}
* {{UK MP links|parliament=jeremy-corbyn/185|hansard=mr-jeremy-corbyn|hansardcurr=2717|guardian=1116/jeremy-corbyn|publicwhip=Jeremy_Corbyn|theywork=jeremy_corbyn|record=Jeremy-Corbyn/1002|bbc=25692.stm|journalisted=jeremy-corbyn}}
* {{UK MP links|parliament=jeremy-corbyn/185|hansard=mr-jeremy-corbyn|hansardcurr=2717|guardian=1116/jeremy-corbyn|publicwhip=Jeremy_Corbyn|theywork=jeremy_corbyn|record=Jeremy-Corbyn/1002|bbc=25692.stm|journalisted=jeremy-corbyn}}
*{{C-SPAN|1000753}}
* {{C-SPAN|1000753}}


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{{s-ttl|title=[[Leader of the Labour Party (UK)|Leader of the Labour Party]]|years=2015–2020}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Keir Starmer|Sir Keir Starmer]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]]|years=2015–2020}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]]|years=2015–2020}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Keir Starmer|Sir Keir Starmer]]}}
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|title=Articles relating to Jeremy Corbyn
|title=Articles relating to Jeremy Corbyn
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[[Category:Alumni of the University of North London]]
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[[Category:Amnesty International people]]
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[[Category:British anti-poverty advocates]]
[[Category:British anti-poverty advocates]]
[[Category:British anti-racism activists]]
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[[Category:Labour Friends of Palestine and the Middle East]]
[[Category:Socialist Campaign Group]]
[[Category:British anti–Iraq War activists]]

Latest revision as of 12:00, 13 October 2024

Jeremy Corbyn
Official portrait, 2024
Leader of the Opposition
In office
12 September 2015 – 4 April 2020
MonarchElizabeth II
Prime Minister
Preceded byHarriet Harman
Succeeded byKeir Starmer
Leader of the Labour Party
In office
12 September 2015 – 4 April 2020
DeputyTom Watson
Preceded byEd Miliband
Succeeded byKeir Starmer
Member of Parliament
for Islington North
Assumed office
9 June 1983
Preceded byMichael O'Halloran
Majority7,247 (14.8%)
Chair of the Stop the War Coalition
In office
14 June 2011 – 12 September 2015
PresidentTony Benn
Vice PresidentLindsey German
DeputyChris Nineham
Preceded byAndrew Murray
Succeeded byAndrew Murray
Personal details
Born
Jeremy Bernard Corbyn

(1949-05-26) 26 May 1949 (age 75)
Chippenham, Wiltshire, England
Political partyIndependent (part of the Independent Alliance)
Other political
affiliations
Labour (1965–2024)a
Spouses
  • (m. 1974; div. 1979)
  • Claudia Bracchitta
    (m. 1987; div. 1999)
  • Laura Álvarez
    (m. 2012)
Children3
RelativesPiers Corbyn (brother)
Education
Signature
WebsiteOfficial website
a.^ Membership suspended: 29 October 2020 – 17 November 2020; whip suspended since 29 October 2020

Jeremy Bernard Corbyn (/ˈkɔːrbɪn/; born 26 May 1949) is a British politician who has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Islington North since 1983. An independent, Corbyn was a member of the Labour Party from 1965 until his expulsion in 2024, and is a member of the Socialist Campaign Group parliamentary caucus. He served as Leader of the Opposition and Leader of the Labour Party from 2015 to 2020. Corbyn identifies ideologically as a socialist on the political left.[1][2]

Born in Chippenham, Wiltshire, Corbyn joined the Labour Party as a teenager. Moving to London, he became a trade union representative. In 1974, he was elected to Haringey Council and became Secretary of Hornsey Constituency Labour Party until elected as the MP for Islington North in 1983. His activism has included Anti-Fascist Action, the Anti-Apartheid Movement, the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, and advocating for a united Ireland and Palestinian statehood. As a backbencher, Corbyn routinely voted against the Labour whip, including New Labour governments. A vocal opponent of the Iraq War, he chaired the Stop the War Coalition from 2011 to 2015, and received the Gandhi International Peace Award and Seán MacBride Peace Prize. Following Ed Miliband's resignation after the party had lost the 2015 general election, Corbyn won the 2015 party leadership election to succeed him. The Labour Party's membership increased sharply, both during the leadership campaign and following his election.[3]

Taking the party to the left, Corbyn advocated renationalising public utilities and railways, a less interventionist military policy, and reversals of austerity cuts to welfare and public services. Although he had sometimes been critical of the European Union (EU), he supported the Remain campaign in the 2016 EU membership referendum. After Labour MPs sought to remove him in 2016 through a leadership challenge, he won a second leadership contest against Owen Smith. Despite hostile treatment from the media, in the 2017 general election Corbyn led Labour to increase its vote share by 10 percentage points to 40 per cent, their largest rise since the 1945 general election. During his tenure as leader, Corbyn was criticised for the antisemitism within the party. He condemned antisemitism[4] and apologised for its presence,[5] while his leadership saw a strengthening of disciplinary procedures regarding hate speech and racism.[6] In 2019, after deadlock in Parliament over Brexit, Corbyn endorsed holding a referendum on the withdrawal agreement, with a personal stance of neutrality. In the 2019 general election, Labour's vote share fell to 32 per cent, leading to a loss of 60 seats, leaving it with 202, its fewest since the 1935 general election. Corbyn remained Labour leader for four months while the leadership election to replace him took place. His resignation as Labour leader formally took effect in April 2020 following the election of Keir Starmer, who led the party to victory at the next general election in 2024.

After asserting that the scale of antisemitism had been overstated for political reasons, Corbyn was suspended from the party in 2020. In May 2024, after the 2024 general election had been called, Corbyn was not allowed to stand as a Labour candidate for his constituency, and subsequently announced he would stand as an independent candidate for Islington North; he was then expelled from Labour.[7] He won re-election with a majority of 7,247.[8]

Early life

Adams Grammar School, where Corbyn attended secondary school

Jeremy Bernard Corbyn was born on 26 May 1949 in Chippenham, Wiltshire,[9][10] the son of mathematics teacher Naomi Loveday (née Josling; 1915–1987)[11] and electrical engineer and power rectifier expert David Benjamin Corbyn (1915–1986).[12] He has three elder brothers; one of them, Piers Corbyn (born 1947), is a weather forecaster who later became known as a climate change denier and anti-vaccine conspiracy theorist.[13][14][15] For the first seven years of his life, the family lived in Kington St Michael, Wiltshire.[12] His parents were Labour Party members[16] and peace campaigners who met in the 1930s at a committee meeting in support of the Spanish Republic at Conway Hall during the Spanish Civil War.[17][18][19]

When Corbyn was seven, the family moved to Pave Lane, Shropshire, where his father bought Yew Tree Manor, a 17th-century farmhouse[20] which was once part of the Duke of Sutherland's Lilleshall estate.[21][12][22] Corbyn attended Castle House School, an independent preparatory school near Newport, Shropshire, before becoming a day student at Newport's Adams Grammar School at the age of 11.[23][24]

While still at school, Corbyn became active in the League Against Cruel Sports and the Labour Party Young Socialists within The Wrekin.[24] He joined the Labour Party at the age of 16.[16] He achieved two A-Levels at grade E, the lowest possible passing grade, before leaving school at 18.[25][26] Corbyn joined the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament in 1966 while at school[26] and later became one of its three vice-chairs and subsequently vice-president.[27] Around this time, he also campaigned against the Vietnam War.[28]

After school, Corbyn worked briefly as a reporter for the local Newport and Market Drayton Advertiser newspaper.[29][30] Around the age of 19, he spent two years doing Voluntary Service Overseas in Jamaica as a youth worker and geography teacher.[26][31][32] He subsequently visited Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay throughout 1969 and 1970. While in Brazil, he participated in a student demonstration in São Paulo against the Brazilian military government. He also attended a May Day march in Santiago, where the atmosphere around Salvador Allende's Popular Unity alliance which swept to power in the Chilean elections of 1970 made an impression on him: "[I] noticed something very different from anything I had experienced... what Popular Unity and Allende had done was weld together the folk tradition, the song tradition, the artistic tradition and the intellectual tradition".[33][34]

Early career and political activities

Returning to the UK in 1971, Corbyn worked as an official for the National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers.[26] He began a course in Trade Union Studies at North London Polytechnic but left after a year without a degree after a series of arguments with his tutors over the curriculum.[35] He worked as a trade union organiser for the National Union of Public Employees (NUPE) and Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union,[23][36] where his union was approached by Tony Benn and "encouraged ... to produce a blueprint for workers' control of British Leyland"; the plans did not proceed after Benn was moved to a different Department.[37]

Corbyn was appointed a member of a district health authority and in early 1974, at the age of 24, he was elected to Haringey Council from South Hornsey ward.[38] After boundary changes in 1978 he was re-elected in Harringay ward as councillor, remaining so until 1983.[17][39] As a delegate from Hornsey to the Labour Party Conference in 1978, Corbyn successfully moved a motion calling for dentists to be employed by the National Health Service (NHS) rather than as private contractors.[40] He also spoke in another debate, describing a motion calling for greater support for law and order as "more appropriate to the National Front than to the Labour Party".[41]

Corbyn became the local Labour Party's agent and organiser,[42] and had responsibility for the 1979 general election campaign in Hornsey.[23]

Around this time, he became involved with the London Labour Briefing, where he was a contributor. Described by The Times in 1981 as "Briefing's founder",[43] The Economist in a 1982 article named Corbyn as "Briefing's general secretary figure",[44] as did a profile on Corbyn compiled by parliamentary biographer Andrew Roth in 2004,[45][46] which states that he joined the editorial board as General Secretary in 1979.[23] Michael Crick, in the 2016 edition of his book Militant, says that Corbyn was "a member of the editorial board",[47] as does Lansley, Goss and Wolmar's 1989 work The Rise and Fall of the Municipal Left.[48] Corbyn said in 2017 that these reports were inaccurate, telling Sophy Ridge: "I read the magazine. I wrote for the magazine. I was not a member of the editorial board. I didn't agree with it."[45][46]

He worked on Tony Benn's unsuccessful deputy leadership campaign in 1981. Corbyn was keen to allow former International Marxist Group member Tariq Ali to join the party, despite Labour's National Executive having declared him unacceptable, and declared that "so far as we are concerned ... he's a member of the party and he'll be issued with a card."[49] In May 1982, when Corbyn was chairman of the Constituency Labour Party, Ali was given a party card signed by Corbyn;[50] in November, the local party voted by 17 to 14 to insist on Ali's membership "up to and including the point of disbandment of the party".[51]

In the July 1982 edition of Briefing, Corbyn opposed expulsions of the Trotskyist and entryist group Militant, saying that "If expulsions are in order for Militant, they should apply to us too." In the same year, he was the "provisional convener" of "Defeat the Witch-Hunt Campaign", based at Corbyn's then address.[52] The Metropolitan Police's Special Branch monitored Corbyn for two decades, until the early 2000s, as he was "deemed to be a subversive". According to the Labour Party, "The Security Services kept files on many peace and Labour movement campaigners at the time, including anti-Apartheid activists and trade unionists".[53]

Parliamentary backbencher (1983–2015)

Labour in opposition (1982–1997)

Corbyn was selected as the Labour Party candidate for the constituency of Islington North, in February 1982,[26][54] winning the final ballot for selection by 39 votes against 35 for GLC councillor Paul Boateng, who in 1987 became one of the first three Black British Members of Parliament (MP).[23] At the 1983 general election he was elected MP for the constituency,[26] defeating the Independent Labour incumbent Michael O'Halloran, and immediately joined the socialist Campaign Group, later becoming secretary of the group.[55][56]

Shortly after being elected to Parliament, he began writing a weekly column for the left-wing Morning Star newspaper.[57] In May 2015, he said that "the Star is the most precious and only voice we have in the daily media".[58] In February 2017, the Morning Star said of Corbyn: "He has been bullied, betrayed and ridiculed, and yet he carries on with the same grace and care he always shows to others – however objectionable their behaviour and treatment of him might be."[59]

In 1983, Corbyn spoke on a "no socialism without gay liberation" platform and continued to campaign for LGBT rights.[60]

He was a campaigner against apartheid in South Africa, serving on the National Executive of the Anti-Apartheid Movement,[61] and was arrested in 1984 while demonstrating outside South Africa House, leading, decades later, to a viral image of Corbyn being arrested circulated by supporters on social media.[62][63] This was as a member of the City of London Anti-Apartheid Group (CLAAG) who carried out a "non-stop picket" for 1,408 days to campaign for Nelson Mandela's release from prison. The Anti-Apartheid Movement did not support this protest, as they had agreed not to demonstrate within 30 feet of the embassy, and the picket failed to gain support from the London ANC; Mandela's failure to respond to CLAAG following his release from prison in 1990 is frequently described as a 'snub'.[64][65]

He supported the 1984–85 miners' strike.[66] In 1985, he invited striking miners into the gallery of the House of Commons; they were expelled for shouting: "Coal not dole".[60] At the end of the strike Corbyn was given a medallion by the miners in recognition of his help.[66]

In 1985, he was appointed national secretary of the newly launched Anti-Fascist Action.[67]

During the BBC's Newsnight in 1984, Conservative MP Terry Dicks said that so-called Labour "scruffs" (such as Corbyn, who at this time was known for wearing an old polo-necked sweater to the Commons[68]) should be banned from addressing the House of Commons unless they maintained higher standards. Corbyn responded, saying that: "It's not a fashion parade, it's not a gentleman's club, it's not a bankers' institute, it's a place where the people are represented."[69]

In 1990, Corbyn opposed the poll tax (formally known as the Community Charge)[70] and nearly went to jail for not paying the tax.[62] He appeared in court the following year as a result.[71]

Corbyn supported the campaign to overturn the convictions of Jawad Botmeh and Samar Alami for the 1994 bombing of the Israeli Embassy in London which argued that there was insufficient evidence to tie them to the act, along with Amnesty International, Unison and a number of journalists and other MPs. Botmeh and Alami had admitted possessing explosives and guns but denied they were for use in Britain. The convictions were upheld by the High Court of Justice in 2001 and by the European Court of Human Rights in 2007.[72]

Corbyn sat on the Social Security Select Committee from 1992 to 1997.[73]

Irish politics

A longstanding supporter of a united Ireland, in the 1980s Corbyn met Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams a number of times.[46] Corbyn consistently stated that he maintained links with Sinn Fein in order to work for a resolution to the armed conflict.[46] According to The Sunday Times, Corbyn was involved in over 72 events connected with Sinn Féin or other pro-republican groups during the period of the IRA's paramilitary campaign.[74]

Corbyn met Adams at the 1983 and 1989 Labour conferences (facilitated by pro-IRA Red Action)[75] and in 1983 at Westminster, along with a number of other Labour MPs.[76] In 1984, Corbyn and Ken Livingstone invited Adams, two convicted IRA volunteers and other members of Sinn Féin to Westminster.[46] He was criticised by the Labour Party leadership for the meeting, which took place two weeks after the IRA's bombing of the Conservative Party leadership that killed five people.[77][78]

During the 1980s he campaigned on behalf of the Guildford Four and Birmingham Six, who were wrongly convicted of responsibility for IRA bombings in England in the mid-1970s.[79][80][81][82][83] In 1986, Corbyn was arrested with 15 demonstrators protesting against what they saw as weak evidence and poor treatment during the trial of a group of IRA members including Patrick Magee, who was convicted of the Brighton hotel bombing and other attacks. After refusing police requests to move from outside the court, Corbyn and the other protesters were arrested for obstruction and held for five hours before being released on bail, but were not charged.[84]

In 1987, Corbyn attended a commemoration by the Wolfe Tone Society in London for eight IRA members who were killed by Special Air Service soldiers while attacking a Royal Ulster Constabulary police station in Loughgall, County Armagh. At the commemoration, he told his fellow attendees that "I'm happy to commemorate all those who died fighting for an independent Ireland" and attacked the British government's policies in Northern Ireland, calling for all British troops to be withdrawn from the region.[85][86] Corbyn subsequently said that he had attended the event, which included a minute of silence for the eight IRA members, to "call for a peace and dialogue process".[87]

He voted against the 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement, saying "We believe that the agreement strengthens rather than weakens the border between the six and the 26 counties, and those of us who wish to see a United Ireland oppose the agreement for that reason."[46]

In the early 1990s, MI5 opened a file on Corbyn to monitor his links to the IRA.[86][88][89]

In 1994, Corbyn signed a Commons motion condemning the 1974 Birmingham pub bombings, which killed 21 people.[87]

A short time after IRA plans to bomb London were foiled in 1996, Corbyn invited Adams to the House of Commons for a press conference to promote Adams' autobiography, Before the Dawn. Shadow Northern Ireland Secretary Mo Mowlam and Labour leader Tony Blair condemned the invitation, with Mowlam arguing that it was detrimental to the peace process, and Blair threatening disciplinary action.[90] Adams cancelled the event, to save further embarrassment to Corbyn and to avoid negative publicity.[91]

In 1998, he voted for the Good Friday Agreement, saying he looked forward to "peace, hope and reconciliation in Ireland in the future."[46]

In 2017, Corbyn said that he had "never met the IRA", although Shadow Home Secretary Diane Abbott later clarified that although he had met members of the IRA, "he met with them in their capacity as activists in Sinn Fein".[92][93]

Labour in government (1997–2010)

Corbyn on the backbenches in 2006

Between 1997 and 2010, during the New Labour governments, Corbyn was the Labour MP who voted most often against the party whip, including three-line whip votes. In 2005 he was identified as the second most rebellious Labour MP of all time during the New Labour governments.[94] He was the most rebellious Labour MP in the 1997–2001 Parliament,[95] the 2001–2005 Parliament[96] and the 2005–2010 Parliament, defying the whip 428 times while Labour was in power.[97] Jacobin described him as "a figure who for decades challenged them [Labour Party elites] from the backbench as one of the most rebellious left-wing members of parliament".[98]

Corbyn has called for Tony Blair to be investigated for alleged war crimes during the Iraq War.[99] In July 2016, the Chilcot Report of the Iraq Inquiry was issued, criticising Blair for joining the United States in the war against Iraq. Subsequently, Corbyn – who had voted against military action against Iraq – gave a speech in Westminster commenting: "I now apologise sincerely on behalf of my party for the disastrous decision to go to war in Iraq in March 2003" which he called an "act of military aggression launched on a false pretext" something that has "long been regarded as illegal by the overwhelming weight of international opinion".[100] Corbyn specifically apologised to "the people of Iraq"; to the families of British soldiers who died in Iraq or returned injured; and to "the millions of British citizens who feel our democracy was traduced and undermined by the way in which the decision to go to war was taken on."[101]

Corbyn sat on the London Regional Select Committee from 2009 to 2010.[73]

Stop the War Coalition and anti-war activism

Corbyn speaking at an anti-drone strike rally organised by the Stop the War Coalition in 2013

In October 2001, Corbyn was elected to the steering committee of the Stop the War Coalition, which was formed to oppose the War in Afghanistan which started later that year. In 2002, Corbyn reported unrest : "there is disquiet...about issues of foreign policy" among some members of the Labour party. He cited "the deployment of troops to Afghanistan and the threat of bombing Iraq" as examples.[102] He was vehemently opposed to Britain's involvement in the Iraq War in 2003, and spoke at dozens of anti-war rallies in Britain and overseas. He spoke at the February anti-Iraq War protest which was said to be the largest such protest in British political history.[103] At the same time, he expressed support for the Iraqi insurgency and the Palestinian intifada when he signed the second Cairo Declaration in December 2003, which said "The Iraqis themselves are now engaged in a titanic struggle to rid their country of occupying forces. The Palestinian intifada continues under the most difficult circumstances. The US administration threatens Iran and other countries on a daily basis. Now is the time to draw together the forces of resistance in the Arab world and from around the globe."[104]

In 2006, Corbyn was one of 12 Labour MPs to support Plaid Cymru and the Scottish National Party's call for a parliamentary inquiry into the Iraq War.[105] He was elected chair of the coalition in succession to Andrew Murray in September 2011, but resigned once he became Leader of the Labour Party in September 2015.[106]

Parliamentary groups and activism

Corbyn is a member of a number of Parliamentary Trade Union Groups: he is sponsored by several trade unions, including UNISON, Unite and the National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers. He is a supporter of the Unite Against Fascism pressure group. Corbyn was chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) on the Chagos Islands, chair of the APPG on Mexico, Vice-Chair of the APPG on Latin America and vice-chair of the APPG on Human Rights. He has advocated for the rights of the forcibly removed Chagossians to return to the British Indian Ocean Territory.[107]

Corbyn addressing London's People's Assembly Demonstration in June 2014

Corbyn appeared on a call-in show on Press TV, an Iranian government television channel, several times between 2009 and 2012. He was criticised for appearing on the channel in light of Iran executing and imprisoning homosexuals, as well as Corbyn not questioning contributors who called the BBC "Zionist liars" and described Israel as a "disease".[108] Corbyn said in response that he used the programme to address "human rights issues" and that his appearance fee was "not an enormous amount" and was used to help meet constituency office costs.[109][108] Corbyn's final appearance was six months after the network was fined by Ofcom for its part in filming an interview with Maziar Bahari, an Iranian journalist, saying the interview had been held under duress and after torture.[109]

Labour in opposition (2010–2015)

In the 2010 Labour Party leadership election, Corbyn supported Diane Abbott in the first round in which she was eliminated; thereafter, he supported Ed Miliband.[110]

Corbyn was one of 16 signatories to an open letter to Ed Miliband in January 2015 calling for Labour to make a commitment to opposing further austerity, to take rail franchises back into public ownership, and to strengthen collective bargaining arrangements.[111][112]

Corbyn sat on the Justice Select Committee from 2010 to 2015.[73] Before becoming party leader Corbyn had been returned as member of Parliament for Islington North seven times, gaining 60.24% of the vote and a majority of 21,194 in the 2015 general election.[113]

Leadership elections

Official portrait, 2017

Following the Labour Party's defeat at the general election on 7 May 2015, Ed Miliband resigned as its party leader, triggering a leadership election. Corbyn decided to stand as a candidate, having been disillusioned by the lack of a left-wing voice, and said to his local newspaper, The Islington Tribune, that he would have a "clear anti-austerity platform". He also said he would vote to scrap the Trident nuclear weapons system and would "seek to withdraw from Nato". He suggested that Britain should establish a national investment bank to boost house-building and improve economic growth and lift wages in areas that had less investment in infrastructure. He would also aim to eliminate the current budget deficit over time and restore the 50p top rate of income tax.[114] He added: "This decision is in response to an overwhelming call by Labour Party members who want to see a broader range of candidates and a thorough debate about the future of the party. I am standing to give Labour Party members a voice in this debate".[115] He indicated that, if he were elected, policies that he put forward would need to be approved by party members before being adopted and that he wanted to "implement the democratic will of our party".[116] The other candidates were Shadow Home Secretary Yvette Cooper, Shadow Health Secretary Andy Burnham and Shadow Care Minister Liz Kendall.[117][118] Several who nominated Corbyn later said they had ensured he had enough votes to stand, more to widen the political debate within the party than because of a desire or expectation that he would win.[119][120]

At the Second Reading of the Welfare Reform and Work Bill in July 2015, Corbyn joined 47 Labour MPs to oppose the Bill, describing it as "rotten and indefensible", whilst the other three leadership candidates abstained under direction from interim leader Harriet Harman.[121] In August 2015, he called on Iain Duncan Smith to resign as Secretary of State for Work and Pensions after it was reported that thousands of disabled people had died after being found fit to work by Work Capability Assessments (instituted in 2008) between 2011 and 2014, although this was challenged by the government and by FullFact who said that the figure included those who had died and therefore their claim had ended, rather than being found fit for work.[122][123]

Corbyn rapidly became the frontrunner among the candidates and was perceived to benefit from a large influx of new members. Hundreds of supporters turned out to hear him speak at the hustings across the nation and their enthusiastic reception and support for him was dubbed "Corbynmania" by the press.[124] Membership numbers continued to climb after the start of his leadership.[3][125] In addition, following a rule change under Miliband, members of the public who supported Labour's aims and values could join the party as "registered supporters" for £3 and be entitled to vote in the election.[126] There was speculation that the rule change would lead to Corbyn being elected by registered supporters without majority support from ordinary members.[127] He was elected party leader in a landslide victory on 12 September 2015 with 59.5% of first-preference votes in the first round of voting.[128] He would have won in the first round with 51% of votes, even without "£3 registered supporters", having gained the support of 49.6% of full members and 57.6% of affiliated supporters.[127][129] His 40.5% majority was a larger proportional majority than that attained by Tony Blair in 1994.[130][128] His margin of victory was said to be "the largest mandate ever won by a party leader".[131]

An internal Labour Party report, entitled The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 2014–2019, was leaked to the media in April 2020. The report stated that during the 2015 and 2016 leadership contests, staff members at Labour party headquarters looked for ways to exclude from voting members who they believed would vote for Corbyn. The staff members referred to this activity as "trot busting", "bashing trots" and "trot spotting".[132]

Corbynmania

A rally in Bristol during Corbyn's leadership campaign in 2016. Corbyn returned to College Green in 2019 for an election rally but his reception was then less enthusiastic.[133]

Corbyn was initially viewed as a token candidate for the left wing of the party and not expected to win. However, many new, young party members, who had joined after the membership fee had been reduced to £3, were attracted by what they saw as Corbyn's authentic, informal style and radical policies.[134] Hundreds of supporters turned out to hear him speak at the hustings across the nation and their enthusiastic reception and support for him was dubbed "Corbynmania" by the press.[124]

Jonathan Dean characterised Corbynmania as a political fandom, comparable with the enthusiastic followings of popular media stars and other modern politicians such as Bernie Sanders and Justin Trudeau. Specific features included use of the #jezwecan hashtag, attendance at rallies and the posting of pictures such as selfies on social media. Artistic, merchandising and other activity consolidated and spread this fannish enthusiasm. This included a "Jeremy Corbyn for Prime Minister" (JC4PM) tour by celebrities such as Charlotte Church, Jeremy Hardy and Maxine Peake; a Corbyn superhero comic book; mash-ups and videos. Many of Corbyn's supporters felt he possessed personal qualities such as earnestness and modesty leading them to develop a sense of emotional attachment to him as individual. These were seen as cultish by critics such as Margaret Beckett who said in 2016 that the Labour Party had been turned into the "Jeremy Corbyn Fan Club".[135]

A chant of "Oh, Jeremy Corbyn" was adopted as an anthem or chorus by his supporters. Sung in the style of a football chant to the tune of a riff from "Seven Nation Army" by The White Stripes,[136] it attracted special attention at the Glastonbury Festival 2017, where Corbyn appeared and spoke to the crowds.[137][138][139] Labour's weaker-than-expected performance in the 2018 local elections led to suggestions that Corbynmania had peaked.[139][140]

Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020)

First term as Leader of the Opposition (2015–2017)

Corbyn speaking at the #StopTrident rally at Trafalgar Square on 27 February 2016

After being elected leader, Corbyn became Leader of the Official Opposition and shortly thereafter his appointment to the Privy Council was announced.[141][142] In Corbyn's first Prime Minister's Questions session as leader, he broke with the traditional format by asking the Prime Minister six questions he had received from members of the public, the result of his invitation to Labour Party members to send suggestions, for which he received around 40,000 emails.[143] Corbyn stressed his desire to reduce the "theatrical" nature of the House of Commons, and his début was described in a Guardian editorial as "a good start" and a "long overdue" change to the tone of PMQs.[144] He delivered his first Labour Party Conference address as leader on 29 September 2015.[145] Party membership nearly doubled between the May 2015 election and October 2015, attributed largely to the election as leader of Corbyn.[3]

In September 2015 an unnamed senior serving general in the British Army stated that a mutiny by the Army could occur if a future Corbyn government moved to scrap Trident, pull out of Nato or reduce the size of the armed forces. The general said "the Army just wouldn't stand for it. The general staff would not allow a prime minister to jeopardise the security of this country and I think people would use whatever means possible, fair or foul to prevent that. You can't put a maverick in charge of a country's security".[146]

In July 2016, a study and analysis by academics from the London School of Economics of national newspaper articles about Corbyn in the first months of his leadership of Labour showed that 75% of them either distorted or failed to represent his actual views on subjects.[147][148]

2017 general election

Corbyn with members of his Shadow Cabinet in EventCity, Greater Manchester, at the Labour Party 2017 General Election Launch

The Labour campaign in the 2017 general election focused on social issues such as health care, education and ending austerity.[149] Corbyn's election campaign was run under the slogan "For the Many, Not the Few"[150] and featured rallies with a large audience and connected with a grassroots following for the party, including appearing on stage in front of a crowd of 20,000 at the Wirral Live Festival in Prenton Park.[151][152]

Although Labour started the campaign as far as 20 points behind, and again finished as the second largest party in parliament, it increased its share of the popular vote to 40%, resulting in a net gain of 30 seats and a hung parliament. This was its greatest vote share since 2001. It was the first time Labour had made a net gain of seats since 1997, and the party's 9.6% increase in vote share was its largest in a single general election since 1945.[153][154] This was partly attributed to the popularity of its 2017 Manifesto that promised to scrap tuition fees, address public sector pay, make housing more affordable, end austerity, nationalise the railways and provide school students with free lunches.[155][156][157]

2019 general election and resignation

Corbyn launching the Labour Party's 2019 general election campaign

In May 2019, Theresa May announced her resignation and stood down as prime minister in July, following the election of her replacement, former Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson.[158] Corbyn said that Labour was ready to fight an election against Johnson.[159]

Corbyn campaigning in the 2019 general election at Nottingham Castle

The 2019 Labour Party Manifesto included policies to increase funding for health, negotiate a Brexit deal and hold a referendum giving a choice between the deal and remain, raise the minimum wage, stop the age pension age increase, nationalise key industries, and replace universal credit.[160] Due to the plans to nationalise the "big six" energy firms, the National Grid, the water industry, Royal Mail, the railways and the broadband arm of BT, the 2019 manifesto was widely considered as the most radical in several decades, more closely resembling Labour's politics of the 1970s than subsequent decades.[161]

During the campaign for the upcoming general elections, Corbyn was accused by the Hindu Council UK of promoting anti-Hindu sentiments[162] following his disparaging comments on the caste system[163] & his condemnation of the Hindu-right wing Bharatiya Janata Party led Indian government's revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir.[164] Many Hindus living in the UK saw Corbyn's attitude towards Hindus to be heavily influenced by Pakistani Muslim leaders of his party,[165] with whom he shared a common pro-Palestinian stance.

The 2019 general election was the worst defeat in seats for Labour since 1935, with Labour winning just 202 out of 650 seats, their fourth successive election defeat.[166][167] At 32.2%, Labour's share of the vote was down around eight points on the 2017 general election and is lower than that achieved by Neil Kinnock in 1992, although it was higher than in 2010 and 2015. In the aftermath, opinions differed to why the Labour Party was defeated to the extent it was. The Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell largely blamed Brexit and the media representation of the party.[168] Tony Blair argued that the party's unclear position on Brexit and the economic policy pursued by the Corbyn leadership were to blame.[169][170]

Following the Labour Party's unsuccessful performance in the 2019 general election, Corbyn conceded defeat and stated that he intended to step down as leader following the election of a successor and that he would not lead the party into the next election.[171][172] Corbyn himself was re-elected for Islington North with 64.3% of the vote share and a majority of 26,188 votes over the runner-up candidate representing the Liberal Democrats, with Labour's share of the vote falling by 8.7%.[173] The Guardian described the results as a "realignment" of UK politics as the Conservative landslide took many traditionally Labour seats in England and Wales.[174] Corbyn insisted that he had "pride in the manifesto" that Labour put forward and blamed the defeat on Brexit.[175] According to polling by Lord Ashcroft, Corbyn was himself a major contribution to the party's defeat.[176] Corbyn remained Labour leader for four months while the leadership election to replace him took place. His resignation as Labour leader formally took effect in April 2020 following the election of Keir Starmer.

Post-leadership

EHRC report and suspension

Corbyn sits on the backbenches in his first Prime Minister's Questions since his resignation as Labour leader, 22 April 2020

Allegations of antisemitism within the party grew during Corbyn's leadership. Incidents involving Naz Shah in 2014 and Ken Livingstone in 2016 resulted in their suspension from party membership pending investigation. In response, Corbyn established the Chakrabarti Inquiry, which concluded that while the party was not "overrun by anti-Semitism or other forms of racism," there was an "occasionally toxic atmosphere" and "clear evidence of ignorant attitudes."[177][178]

In 2017, Labour Party rules were amended to categorize hate speech, including antisemitism, as a disciplinary matter. In 2018, Corbyn faced scrutiny for his response in 2012 to an allegedly antisemitic mural and for his association with Facebook groups, mainly pro-Palestinian, containing antisemitic posts. Labour's National Executive Committee (NEC) adopted a definition of antisemitism, for disciplinary purposes, in July of that year, aligning with the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) Working Definition, with modified examples related to criticism of Israel.[179][180] In September 2018, the NEC incorporated all 11 IHRA examples, unamended, into the party's code of conduct.[181] In May 2019, the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) launched an inquiry into whether Labour had "unlawfully discriminated against, harassed or victimised people because they are Jewish." After asserting that the scale of antisemitism had been overstated for political reasons, Corbyn was suspended from the party in 2020.

The Forde Report, written by lawyer Martin Forde in response to the dossier that was leaked in April 2020 (The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 2014–2019), was released on 19 July 2022, stating that: "[R]ather than confront the paramount need to deal with the profoundly serious issue of anti-Semitism in the party, both factions treated it as a factional weapon."[182][183][184] It also described senior Labour staff as having displayed "deplorably factional and insensitive, and at times discriminatory, attitudes" towards Corbyn and his supporters,[185] and detailed concerns by some staff about a "hierarchy of racism" in the party which ignored Black people.[186] The report also expressed regret that Corbyn himself did not engage with the authors' request to interview him.[187]

Responding to this, Corbyn's former advisor Andrew Fisher wrote: "Forde confirms that reflection is necessary. Cultural change requires painstaking work, not glib assertions of change."[188] Corbyn himself stated that report "calls into question the behaviour of senior officials in the party, in particular during the 2017 election" and that "wrongs must be righted."[189]

Peace and Justice Project

On 13 December 2020, Corbyn announced the Project for Peace and Justice. Corbyn launched the project on 17 January 2021, and its affiliates include Christine Blower, Len McCluskey and Zarah Sultana. Rafael Correa said that he "welcome[d] the creation" of the project.[190][191][192][193]

Stop the War Coalition statement on Ukraine crisis

Corbyn addresses the March Against Racism in Parliament Square, March 2022

On 18 February 2022, in the week before the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Corbyn alongside 11 Labour MPs cosigned a statement from the Stop the War Coalition opposing any war in Ukraine.[194] The statement said that "the crisis should be settled on a basis which recognises the right of the Ukrainian people to self-determination and addresses Russia's security concerns", that NATO "should call a halt to its eastward expansion", and that the British government's sending of arms to Ukraine and troops to eastern Europe served "no purpose other than inflaming tensions and indicating disdain for Russian concerns".[195] The statement's authors also said that they "refute [sic] the idea that NATO is a defensive alliance".[195]

On the evening of 24 February, the first day of the invasion, Labour chief whip Alan Campbell wrote to all 11 Labour MPs who had signed the statement, requesting that they withdraw their signatures.[194][196] All 11 agreed to do so the same evening.[194][196] Corbyn and fellow former Labour independent MP Claudia Webbe did not withdraw their signatures from the statement, though David Lammy urged Corbyn to do so.[197]

Expulsion from the Labour Party and 2024 general election

Media speculation that Corbyn would contest the 2024 general election as an Independent was reported in October 2023.[198][199] Despite "unanimous support" from his Constituency Labour Party (CLP),[200] Corbyn was not permitted to stand as a Labour parliamentary candidate. After announcing on 24 May 2024 that he would stand as an independent parliamentary candidate for Islington North, he was fully expelled from the Labour Party.[201][202] He was endorsed by Mick Lynch of the National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers.[203]

Corbyn responded to Keir Starmer's claim of knowing the party would lose the 2019 election by saying "Well, he never said that to me, at any time. And so I just think rewriting history is no help. It shows double standards, shall we say, that he now says he always thought that but he never said it at the time or anything about it. He was part of the campaign. He and I spoke together at events and I find it actually quite sad."[204]

A poll released just over two weeks before the election showed Corbyn in second behind Labour candidate Praful Nargund.[205] Leading members of the Islington North CLP resigned in order to support Corbyn, while also criticising the manner in which Nargund was selected as Islington North's candidate.[206] Corbyn was comfortably re-elected as an independent, even as Labour won a landslide victory in the general election. His majority over Nargund was over 7,000.[207]

Policies and views

Corbyn at a march for Palestine in Oxford in 2021

Corbyn self-identifies as a socialist.[2] He has also been referred to as a "mainstream [Scandinavian] social democrat".[208] He advocates reversing austerity cuts to public services and some welfare funding made since 2010, as well as renationalisation of public utilities and the railways.[209] A longstanding anti-war and anti-nuclear activist, he supports a foreign policy of military non-interventionism and unilateral nuclear disarmament, and has been a prominent activist for Palestinian solidarity throughout the Gaza–Israel conflict.[210] Writer Ronan Bennett, who formerly worked as a research assistant to Corbyn, has described him as "a kind of vegan, pacifist idealist, one with a clear understanding of politics and history, and a commitment to the underdog".[33]

In 1997, the political scientists David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh described Corbyn's political stance as "far-left".[211] Corbyn has described Karl Marx as a "great economist"[212][213] and said he has read some of the works of Adam Smith, Marx and David Ricardo and has "looked at many, many others".[212] However, some have argued that Corbyn is less radical than previously described:[214] for example, the journalist George Eaton has called him "Keynesian".[215] In 2023, The Daily Telegraph reported that most of the tax policies in Corbyn's 2019 general election manifesto had been implemented by the winning Conservative government, including a higher corporation tax, a windfall tax on oil companies, a reduction in annual tax allowances on dividend income, raising income tax on high earners, and introducing a digital services tax on online retailers.[216]

Corbyn named John Smith as the former Labour leader whom he most admired, describing him as "a decent, nice, inclusive leader". He also said he was "very close and very good friends" with Michael Foot.[114]

Media coverage

Analyses of domestic media coverage of Corbyn have found it to be critical or antagonistic.[217][218] In July 2016, academics from the London School of Economics published a study of 812 articles about Corbyn taken from eight national newspapers around the time of his Labour leadership election. The study found that 75 percent of the articles either distorted or failed to represent his actual views on subjects. The study's director commented that "Our analysis shows that Corbyn was thoroughly delegitimised as a political actor from the moment he became a prominent candidate and even more so after he was elected as party leader".[147][148]

Another report by the Media Reform Coalition and Birkbeck College in July 2016, based on 10 days of coverage around the time of multiple shadow cabinet resignations, found "marked and persistent imbalance" in favour of sources critical to him; the International Business Times was the only outlet that gave him more favourable than critical coverage.[219]

In August 2016, a YouGov survey found that 97% of Corbyn supporters agreed that the "mainstream media as a whole has been deliberately biasing coverage to portray Jeremy Corbyn in a negative manner", as did 51% of the general "Labour selectorate" sample.[220][221]

In May 2017, Loughborough University's Centre for Research in Communication and Culture concluded that the media was attacking Corbyn far more than May during nine election campaign weekdays examined.[222] The Daily Mail and Daily Express praised Theresa May for election pledges that were condemned when proposed by Labour in previous elections.[223]

In February 2018, Momentum reported that attacks on Corbyn in the press were associated with increases in their membership applications.[224] In September 2019, Labour leaders argued that traditional mainstream media outlets showed bias.[225]

In December 2019, a study by Loughborough University found that British press coverage was twice as hostile to Labour and half as critical of the Conservatives during the 2019 general election campaign as it had been during the 2017 campaign.[226]

In an interview with Middle East Eye in June 2020, Corbyn described the media's treatment of himself while he was Labour leader as obsessive and "at one level laughable, but all designed to be undermining".[227] He said that the media coverage had diverted his media team from helping him pursue "a political agenda on homelessness, on poverty in Britain, on housing, on international issues" to "rebutting these crazy stories, abusive stories, about me the whole time".[227] He said he considered suing as a result of media treatment but was guided by advice from Tony Benn, who told him, "Libel is a rich man's game, and you're not a rich man [...] Go to a libel case – even if you win the case, you'll be destroyed financially in doing so".[227]

Personal life

Corbyn in 2007

Corbyn lives in the Finsbury Park area of London.[228][229] He has been married three times and divorced twice, and has three sons with his second wife.[230] In 1974, he married his first wife, Jane Chapman, a fellow Labour Councillor for Haringey and now a professor at the University of Lincoln.[26] They divorced in 1979.[231] In the late 1970s, Corbyn had a brief relationship with Labour MP Diane Abbott.[232][233]

In 1987, Corbyn married Chilean exile Claudia Bracchitta, granddaughter of Ricardo Bracchitta (Consul-General of Spain in Santiago), with whom he has three sons. He missed his youngest son's birth as he was lecturing National Union of Public Employees members at the same hospital.[234] Following a difference of opinion about sending their son to a grammar school (Corbyn opposes selective education), they divorced in 1999 after two years of separation, although Corbyn said in June 2015 that he continues to "get on very well" with her.[71][36][235] His son subsequently attended Queen Elizabeth's School, which had been his wife's first choice.[236] Their second son, Sebastian, worked on his leadership campaign and was later employed as John McDonnell's Chief of Staff.[237][238][239]

Corbyn's second-eldest brother, Andrew, who was a geologist, died of a brain haemorrhage while in Papua New Guinea in 2001. Corbyn escorted the body from Papua New Guinea to Australia, where his brother's widow and children lived.[240]

In 2012, Corbyn went to Mexico to marry his Mexican partner Laura Álvarez,[241] who runs a fair trade coffee import business that has been the subject of some controversy.[242][243] A former human rights lawyer in Mexico, she first met Corbyn shortly after his divorce from Bracchitta, having come to London to support her sister Marcela following the abduction of her niece to America by her sister's estranged husband. They contacted fellow Labour MP Tony Benn for assistance, who introduced them to Corbyn, who met with the police on their behalf and spoke at fundraisers until the girl was located in 2003.[244] Álvarez then returned to Mexico, with the couple maintaining a long-distance relationship until she moved to London in 2011.[245][246] Álvarez has described Corbyn as "not very good at house work but he is a good politician".[247] They have a cat called El Gato ("The Cat" in Spanish),[248] while Corbyn had previously owned a dog called Mango, described by The Observer in 1984 as his "only constant companion" at the time.[16]

Personal beliefs and interests

When interviewed by The Huffington Post in December 2015, Corbyn refused to reveal his religious beliefs and called them a "private thing", but denied that he was an atheist.[249] He has said that he is "sceptical" of having a god in his life.[248] He compared his concerns about the environment to a sort of "spiritualism".[249] Corbyn has described himself as frugal, telling Simon Hattenstone of The Guardian: "I don't spend a lot of money, I lead a very normal life, I ride a bicycle and I don't have a car."[36] He has been a vegetarian for nearly 50 years, after having volunteered on a pig farm in Jamaica when he was 19, and stated in April 2018 that he was considering becoming a vegan.[250] Although he has been described in the media as teetotal, he said in an interview with the Daily Mirror that he does drink alcohol but "very, very little".[26][251][252]

Corbyn is a member of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Cycling.[253][254] He enjoys reading and writing,[252] and speaks fluent Spanish.[26] He supports Arsenal F.C., which is based in his constituency, and has signed parliamentary motions praising the successes of its men's and women's teams.[255] He named Jens Lehmann, Ian Wright, and Dennis Bergkamp as his favourite Arsenal players, and has campaigned for the club to pay its staff a living wage.[256] Corbyn is an avid "drain spotter" and has photographed decorative drain and manhole covers throughout the country.[257]

Corbyn co-edited with Len McCluskey the anthology Poetry for the Many, published in November 2023 by OR Books.[258]

Awards and recognition

In 2013, Corbyn was awarded the Gandhi International Peace Award for his "consistent efforts over a 30-year parliamentary career to uphold the Gandhian values of social justice and non‐violence".[259][260] In the same year, he was honoured by the Grassroot Diplomat Initiative for his "ongoing support for a number of non-government organisations and civil causes".[261] Corbyn has won the Parliamentary "Beard of the Year Award" a record six times, as well as being named as the Beard Liberation Front's Beard of the Year, having previously described his beard as "a form of dissent" against New Labour.[262][263]

In 2016, Corbyn was the subject of a musical entitled Corbyn the Musical: The Motorcycle Diaries, written by journalists Rupert Myers and Bobby Friedman.[264]

In 2017 the American magazine Foreign Policy named Corbyn in its Top 100 Global Thinkers list for that year "for inspiring a new generation to re-engage in politics".[265] In December 2017 he was one of three recipients awarded the Seán MacBride Peace Prize "for his sustained and powerful political work for disarmament and peace".[266] The award was announced the previous September.[267]

See also

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Further reading