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Antonio Valero de Bernabé
Ángel Rivero Méndez
Fernando E. Rodríguez Vargas
Carmen Contreras-Bozak
Modesto Cartagena
Marta Carcana

Throughout history Puerto Ricans, including people of Puerto Rican descent, have gained notability as members of the military. They have served and have fought for many countries, such as Canada, Cuba, England, Mexico, Spain, the United States and Venezuela.

Puerto Ricans have fought and defended their homeland against attacks from the Caribs and pirates. They fought against the invasions of foreign countries and defeated the British, French, and Dutch in doing so.[1] They fought alongside General Bernardo de Gálvez during the American Revolutionary War in the battles of Baton Rouge, Mobile, Pensacola and St. Louis.[2][3] and in Europe against the forces of Napoleon Bonaparte at the Siege of Saragossa.[4]

Puerto Ricans such as Augusto Rodríguez, who resided in the United States in the mid-19th century, fought in the American Civil War. They also fought against the Spanish Empire. They fought for Mexico's independence and in the Latin American wars of independence alongside Simón Bolívar.[4] In Puerto Rico they revolted against Spanish rule and fought for Puerto Rico's independence in the Grito de Lares and in the Intentona de Yauco.[5] They also fought for Cuba's independence in the Ten Years' War alongside General Máximo Gómez[6] and as members of the Cuban Liberation Army alongside José Martí.[7] At the end of the 19th century, Puerto Ricans fought alongside their Spanish counterparts in the Spanish–American War against the United States in the Battle of San Juan Hill; in Cuba as members of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Puerto Rican Provisional Battalions;[8] and in Puerto Rico when the American military forces invaded the island, in what is known as the Puerto Rican Campaign.[9] They also fought against the "Tagalos" during the Philippine Revolution.[10]

Puerto Rico became a territory of the United States upon the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898. Upon the outbreak of World War I, the U.S. Congress approved the Jones–Shafroth Act, which gave Puerto Ricans American citizenship with certain limitations. For example, they were, and still are, not permitted to vote for the President of the United States, who is also the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, while residing on the island. However, with American citizenship, many Puerto Ricans, with the exception of women, became eligible for the military draft.[11]

World War I

In World War I Puerto Ricans opened fire, in what is considered to be the first shot of that war on behalf of the United States, on an armed German supply ship trying to force its way out of San Juan Bay.[12][13] As members of the "Porto Rico Regiment" they were sent to Panama to guard and defend the Panama Canal Zone. In New York, many Puerto Ricans of African descent joined the 396th Infantry Regiment which was mostly composed of African Americans. As members of the 396th Infantry Regiment, also known as the "Harlem Hellfighters," they were not allowed to fight alongside their white counterparts; however, they were permitted to fight as members of a French unit in French uniforms and were awarded the French Croix de Guerre.[14] Before the United States entered World War II, Puerto Ricans were already fighting on European soil, not only in the Rif War,[15] but also on both sides of the Spanish Civil War.[16][17]

World War II

During World War II, Puerto Ricans served in every military branch of the United States. Puerto Ricans from the island served in the 65th Infantry Regiment, also known as the Borinqueneers, which participated in combat in the European Theater—in Germany and Central Europe. Those who resided in the mainland of the United States were assigned to regular units of the military and served either in the European or Pacific theaters of the war.

Puerto Rican officers trained the Tuskegee Airmen, the first African American military aviators at the Tuskegee Army Air Field in Alabama. These men formed the famed 99th Fighter Squadron.[18]

World War II was the first conflict in which Puerto Rican women were allowed to serve in the U.S. Armed Forces.[19] Over 1,000 applications were received and 200 women served in the Puerto Rican WAC unit, Company 6, 2nd Battalion, 21st Regiment of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps, a segregated Hispanic unit. Some were assigned to nursing, dental or clerical duties, however some women were assigned to units which were stationed in the European Theater of operations.[20] Puerto Ricans played important roles as commanders in the Armed Forces of the United States for the first time. Some Puerto Rican aviators served and fought for three different countries as members of the Royal Canadian Air Force, the British Royal Air Force and the United States Army Air Forces.[21]

Korean War and other conflicts

During the Korean War four Puerto Ricans were awarded the Medal of Honor. They also distinguished themselves as part of the 65th Infantry Regiment receiving many awards and recognitions, including ten Distinguished Service Crosses, however some men were unjustly accused and involved in the largest court martial of said war.[22] On April 13, 2016, leaders of the United States House and Senate awarded the Congressional Gold Medal to the 65th Infantry Regiment. Puerto Ricans have continued to fight in every conflict in which the United States has been involved, among which are the Vietnam War in which five Puerto Ricans were awarded the Medal of Honor, Operation El Dorado Canyon, Operation Desert Shield, Operation Restore Hope, Operation Desert Storm and in the military campaigns of Afghanistan and Iraq, in what the United States and its allies refer to as the War on Terror.

Some Puerto Ricans became notable commanders. Some have been awarded the Medal of Honor, the highest military decoration in the United States; or the Cruz Laureada de San Fernando (Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand), the highest military decoration awarded by the Spanish government.[15] In World War II,[23] the Korean War[24] and the Vietnam War[25] Puerto Ricans were the most decorated Hispanic soldiers[23][25][26] and in some cases, such as Operation Restore Hope and Operation Desert Shield, they were the first to die in combat. The following list has been divided by the century in which the person became notable and the surnames are placed in alphabetical order.

16th century

17th century, Puerto Rico as a Spanish Province

Battle of San Juan, 1625
  • Juan de Amézqueta, Captain, Puerto Rican Militia. Defeated Captain Balduino Enrico (Boudewijn Hendricksz), who in 1625 was ordered by the Dutch to capture Puerto Rico.[27]

18th century, Puerto Rico as a Spanish Province

  • Rafael Conti, Colonel, Spanish Army
    In 1790, Conti captured 11 enemy ships involved in smuggling stolen goods. In 1797, he helped defeat Sir Ralph Abercromby and defend Puerto Rico from a British invasion in his hometown, Aguadilla. In 1809, he organized a military expedition fight with the aim of returning Hispaniola, which now comprises the nations of the Dominican Republic and Haiti, back to Spanish rule.[28]
  • Antonio de los Reyes Correa, Captain, Spanish Army
    Puerto Rican hero who defended the town Arecibo in 1702 from an invasion by defeating the British. He was awarded "La Medalla de Oro de la Real Efigie" (The Gold Medal of the Royal Image), by King Philip V of Spain and given the title of "Captain of Infantry."[29]
  • José and Francisco Díaz, Sergeants, Puerto Rican militia
    Were two cousins in the Toa Baja Militia who helped defeat Sir Ralph Abercromby and defended Puerto Rico from a British invasion in 1797.[30]
  • Miguel Henríquez, Captain, Spanish Navy
    In 1713, Henríquez defeated the British in Vieques and was awarded the La Medalla de Oro de la Real Efigie (The Gold Medal of the Royal Effigy).[31]

19th century

20th century

First Company of native Puerto Ricans enlisted in the American Colonial Army, 1899.
Officers of the "Porto Rico Regiment" during World War I.
Members of the 65th Infantry Regiment training during World War II.
Puerto Rican Army nurses in World War II.
The 65th Infantry Regiments' bayonet charge against a Chinese division in the Korean War.
Puerto Rican National Guard Engineers in Korea, 60th Infantry Regiment.

21st century

Puerto Rico National Guard - 2012
  • Marta Carcana, Major General, U.S. Army. In 2015, Carcana became the first woman to be named Adjutant General of the Puerto Rican National Guard[110]
  • Iván Castro, Captain, U.S. Army. Castro, who is of Puerto Rican descent, is one of three blind active-duty officers who serves in the US Army and the only blind officer serving in the United States Army Special Forces.[111]
  • Hilda Clayton, Specialist, U.S. Army combat photographer killed in 2013 when a mortar exploded during an Afghan training exercise; she was able to photograph the explosion that killed her and four Afghan soldiers. 55th Signal Company named their annual competitive award for combat camera work "The Spc. Hilda I. Clayton Best Combat Camera (COMCAM) Competition" in her honor.[112][113]
  • Ramón Colón-López, Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman (SEAC), U.S. Air Force. On June 13, 2007, Colon-Lopez a pararescueman, was the first and only Hispanic among the first six airmen to be awarded the Air Force Combat Action Medal. He assumed the duties as the 4th Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on December 13, 2019. He is the only Hispanic to reach the rank of SEAC, the most senior non-commissioned officer (NCO) position overall in the United States Armed Forces.[114][115][116]
  • Olga E. Custodio, Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force. Custodio was the first female Hispanic U.S. military pilot. She holds the distinction of being first Latina to complete U.S. Air Force military pilot training. After retiring from the military she became the first Latina to become a commercial airline captain.[117]
  • Emilio Díaz Colón, Major General, Army National Guard PRNG. Díaz-Colón is the second Superintendent of the Puerto Rican Police who once served as the Adjutant General of the Puerto Rican National Guard.[118][119]
  • Raul Escribano, Brigadier General, U. S. Army, a native of Mayaguez, became the first general officer of Puerto Rican descent to hold the position of United Nations Command, Combined Forces Command, United States Forces Korea, Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff, C2.[120][121]
  • Hila Levy, Major, U.S. Air Force In 2007, Levy became the first Puerto Rican Rhodes scholar.[122]
  • Rafael O'Ferrall, Brigadier General, U. S. Army. The first Hispanic and person of Puerto Rican descent to become the Deputy Commanding General for the Joint Task Force at Guantanamo, Cuba while simultaneously serving as Assistant Adjutant General (Army) and Deputy Commanding General of the Joint Force Headquarters at San Juan, Puerto Rico.[123]
  • María Inés Ortiz, Captain, U.S. Army. Ortiz, who was of Puerto Rican descent, was the first United States Army nurse to die in combat - during Operation Iraqi Freedom - since the Vietnam War.[124]
  • Hector E. Pagan, Brigadier General, U.S. Army, the first Hispanic of Puerto Rican descent to become Deputy Commanding General of the U.S. Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School at Fort Bragg, North Carolina.[125]
  • Lizbeth Robles, Specialist, U.S. Army. In 2005, Robles was the first female soldier born in Puerto Rico to die in combat as an active soldier during Operation Iraqi Freedom.[126]
  • Maritza Sáenz Ryan, Colonel, U.S. Army. Sáenz Ryan is the head of the Department of Law at the United States Military Academy. She is the first woman and first Hispanic (Puerto Rican and Spanish heritage) West Point graduate to serve as an academic department head. She also has the distinction of also being the most senior ranking Hispanic Judge Advocate.[127][128]
  • Marc H. Sasseville, Major General, U.S. Air Force. On September 11, 2001, then - Lieutenant Colonel Marc Sasseville {whose mother is Yita Joan Frontera Lluch from Yauco, Puerto Rico[129]) was the acting operations group commander under the 113th Wing of the DC Air National Guard. He was one of four fighter pilots given the mission of finding United Flight 93 and destroying it however they could, even it meant ramming the plane.[130]
  • Frances M. Vega, Specialist, U.S. Army. On November 2, 2003, Vega became the first female soldier of Puerto Rican descent to die in a combat zone during Operation Iraqi Freedom.[131]
  • Noel Zamot, Colonel, U.S. Air Force, a native of Rio Piedras, was the first Hispanic Commandant of the Air Force's elite Test Pilot School. He is also a former combat and test aviator with over 1900 hours in B-52, B-1B, B-2A, F-16D and over 20 other aircraft.[132][133]
  • Irene M. Zoppi, Brigadier General, U.S. Army, the first Puerto Rican female to reach the rank of Brigadier General in the United States Army. She is currently the Deputy Commanding General – Support under the 200th Military Police Command at Fort Meade, Maryland. Zoppi is a Bronze Star Medal Recipient.[134][135]

Notable Puerto Ricans who served in the military

The following are the names of notable Puerto Rican men and women or people of Puerto Rican descent who served in the military of Spain, Cuba, Venezuela, England, United States or of that of any other country and have gained fame through previous or subsequent endeavors, infamy, or successes:

A
  • Joseph M. Acaba, U.S. Marine Corps Reserve - astronaut, scientist, educator. First Puerto Rican astronaut
  • Johnny Albino, U.S. Army - bolero singer
  • Pedro Albizu Campos, U.S. Army - President and principal leader of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
  • Carlos Albizu Miranda, U.S. Army - psychologist, educator, first Hispanic educator to have a North American University renamed in his honor
  • Roberto Angleró, U.S. Air Force - composer and singer
B
  • Ray Barretto, U.S. Army - percussionist, jazz and salsa leader
  • Víctor Manuel Blanco, U.S. Army Air Force - astronomer, discovered galactic cluster "Blanco 1" in 1959,[136] Víctor M. Blanco Telescope named in his honor in 1995[137]
  • Frank Bonilla, U.S. Army - academic of Puerto Rican descent, leading figure in Puerto Rican Studies
C
  • Juan Cancel Ríos, U.S. Army - 7th President of the Senate of Puerto Rico
  • Roberto Clemente, U.S. Marine Corps Reserve - Major League baseball player, first native Puerto Rican in Baseball Hall of Fame
  • Francisco J. Collazo, U.S. Army - founder of COLSA Corporation, a provider of engineering and support services in Huntsville, Alabama[138]
D
  • Carlos Del Castillo, U.S. Army - scientist, recipient of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE) award[139]
E
  • Sixto Escobar, U.S. Army - boxer, first Puerto Rican world champion and member of Boxing Hall of Fame
  • Nicholas Estavillo, U.S. Marine Corps - NYPD, first Puerto Rican and first Hispanic to reach the three-star rank of Chief of Patrol[140]
  • Noel Estrada, U.S. Army - composer of "En Mi Viejo San Juan"
F
G
H
L
  • Jacob Lozada, U.S. Army - Management Consultant, nominated by President George W. Bush to be Assistant Secretary of Veterans Affairs
M
  • José Maldonado Román, Cuban Liberation Army - Puerto Rican revolutionary
  • Hugo Margenat, U.S. Army - poet, founder of the political youth pro-independence organizations "Acción Juventud Independentista" and "Federación de Universitarios Pro Independencia"
  • Ángel Mislan, Spanish Army - composer of Danzas
  • William Miranda Marín, Adjutant General Puerto Rico Army National Guard - Mayor of Caguas, Puerto Rico from 1996 till 2010[141]
P
R
S
T
V
  • Pedro Vázquez, U.S. Marine Corps - 8th Secretary of State of Puerto Rico
  • Antonio J. Vicens, Puerto Rico Army National Guard PRNG - Adjutant General of the Puerto Rico National Guard
  • Juan Emilio Viguié, U.S. Army - movie producer, including Romance Tropical, the first Puerto Rican film with sound[143]
Z
  • David Zayas, U.S. Air Force - Theatrical, film, and television actor, including Angel Batista on series Dexter


See also

References

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  139. ^ NASA Scientist Recognized As Innovator
  140. ^ New York, NY - Veteran NYPD Chief Of Patrol To Retire
  141. ^ Carmona, José L. (November 28, 2002). "Person Of The Year, Public Sector: William Miranda Marin". Caribbean Business. Retrieved 2006-04-29.
  142. ^ Monthly Review
  143. ^ 40 Aňos de Cine Puertoriqueňo Archived 2007-10-23 at the Wayback Machine

Further reading

  • Puertorriquenos Who Served With Guts, Glory, and Honor. Fighting to Defend a Nation Not Completely Their Own; by : Greg Boudonck; ISBN 1497421837; ISBN 978-1497421837
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