View source for MV Monte Cervantes

{{About|the passenger liner|the container vessel|Monte Cervantes (container ship)}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2009}}

{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=Bundesarchiv Bild 102-09086, Passagierschiff "Monte Cervantes".jpg
|Ship caption=MV ''Monte Cervantes'', circa 1928
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header= Much of this article was translated from the Deutsch Wikipedia article.
|Ship country=[[Weimar Republic|Germany]]
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Weimar Republic|civil}}
|Ship name=''Monte Cervantes''
|Ship owner=Hamburg South American Line, now [[Hamburg Süd]]
|Ship operator=
|Ship registry= [[Hamburg]]
|Ship route=
|Ship ordered=
|Ship builder=[[Blohm & Voss]], Hamburg
|Ship original cost=
|Ship yard number=
|Ship way number=
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=25 August 1927
|Ship completed=
|Ship christened=
|Ship acquired=
|Ship maiden voyage=3 January 1928
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship identification=
|Ship fate= Sank 23 January 1930 near [[Les Eclaireurs Lighthouse]]
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class=''Monte'' class [[ocean liner]]
|Ship tonnage={{GRT|13913}}
|Ship displacement=20,000 tons
|Ship length={{convert|152.50|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|20.00|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship height=
|Ship draught=
|Ship draft={{convert|11.50|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship depth=
|Ship decks=
|Ship deck clearance=
|Ship ramps=
|Ship ice class=
|Ship sail plan=
|Ship power=6,800 HP
|Ship propulsion=Twin screw propellers 
|Ship speed={{convert|14.5|kn|km/h|2|abbr=on}}
|Ship capacity=*2,492 passengers
*(later reduced to approximately 1,750)
|Ship crew=325
|Ship notes=
}}
|}
'''MV ''Monte Cervantes''''' was a {{convert|500|ft|m|abbr=on}} German [[Passenger ship|passenger liner]] that sailed the [[South America]]n route from [[Buenos Aires]] to [[Puerto Madryn|Puerto Madryn (Chubut)]] to [[Punta Arenas, Chile|Punta Arenas]] to [[Ushuaia]] and return to Buenos Aires. The ship sailed under German registration and belonged to the South American Hamburg Company. After only two years of service she sank at the beginning of 1930 near [[Tierra del Fuego]]. The ship became known as "The [[RMS Titanic|''Titanic'']] of the South."

On 22 January 1930, ''Monte Cervantes'' departed Ushuaia and within 30 minutes struck some submerged rocks in the Pan de Indio. The ship could not be dislodged and began to sink. The lifeboats were lowered and 1,200 passengers and 350 crew were removed from the ship. ''Monte Cervantes'' sank 24 hours later, and while all the passengers and crew were able to leave the ship before she sank, her captain was killed. The remainder of the crew and all of the passengers were saved.

==The ship==
''Monte Cervantes'' was christened on 25 August 1927 by builders [[Blohm + Voss]] as the third ship of the ''Monte'' class. Four months later, on 3 January 1928, the ship was placed into service under the [[Hamburg Süd|Hamburg South American Steam Ship Company KG]] (HSDG), [[Home port|home-ported]] at [[Hamburg]], [[Germany]]. The ship was scheduled to operate regularly between Hamburg and the South American capitals of [[Rio de Janeiro]] and Buenos Aires. Soon the routes of the ship were expanded to include entertainment trips to both continents. For this the maximum passenger capacity was reduced from 2,492 places to about 1,750 places to increase the luxury aspects of the journey. The ship possessed 30 life boats and was modernly furnished for its time. The passengers had access to a large, convenient promenade deck, two roomy dining rooms, a large smoking salon, a comfortable theatre, a post office, and a library. In the price groups IA to V the cabins had running water, while travellers of the price group VI and those of the sleeping halls enjoyed well-lighted, white-tiled men's and women's [[bathrooms]]. Additionally the ship had a [[beauty salon]] for ladies and a [[barber|barber shop]] for the gentlemen.

===Meals===
[[File:Monte Cervantes 03 Dining hall.jpg|thumb|right|The ship's dining hall, 1928]]
Meals on board were described in the travel brochure as "plentiful, nutritious and varied." As an example the shipboard menu for 30 May 1929 included cooked eggs, pancakes with applesauce, and oatmeal in milk for breakfast; broth with Tyrolean bacon dumplings, roast veal, young peas, potatoes, and California apricots for lunch; afternoon tea with filled bee sting cake; and schnitzel (Milan-style) for dinner. The full menu as well as normal drinking water was included in the cruise cost. There were additional charges for wine, beer, mineral water, liquor, and tobacco products.

===Cabin rates===
The cost of a cruise on ''Monte Cervantes'' varied, depending upon size of the passenger cabin and the cruise itself, between 240 and 630 [[Reichsmark]]s. The Reichsmark (English: Reich Mark; symbol: RM) was the currency in Germany from 1924 until 1948. For 240 RM, a passenger was in a sleeping hall with 120 or more beds on Deck F; next up were nine to eleven-bed cabins on Deck E; most expensive were cabins for two, exterior Deck A. all passengers were treated equally on board ship. The difference in cabin cost depended on the location and type of cabin.

==Service==
On 7 January 1928, ''Monte Cervantes'' began her maiden voyage under the command of Captain Meyer, cruising from Hamburg to [[La Plata]], [[Argentina]].

===Svalbard incident===
Only six months later, on 24 July 1928, the steamship was on a journey from [[North Cape, Norway|North Cape]] to [[Svalbard]] Norway and traveled through a field of [[Drift ice|ice floe]]s. About 11 pm it struck something and the [[hull (watercraft)|hull]] began leaking. Probably the ship had collided with a small [[iceberg]]. Attempts to pump out the water flowing in proved unsuccessful in that some areas of the foredeck quickly came under five meters (16.5 feet) of water. The ship made directly for [[Spitsbergen]] in search of a bay in which to anchor. About 1,800 passengers on board at the time had to be placed ashore. The Soviet [[icebreaker]] ''[[Krasin (1916 icebreaker)|Krasin]]'' was about {{convert|80|mi|km}} from ''Monte Cervantes'', responded to the ship's distress call, and offered her assistance. The crew of ''Monte Cervantes'' and divers from ''Krasin'' set about repairing the damage. The repairs took several days and were final on 29 July, so that the trip could be continued. During these five days of uncertainty and waiting, European newspapers had continued to report the details of the accident and the rescue, and the crisis captured the interest of the public. As part of the reporting, the ship became known as "The ''Titanic'' of the South" or "The Argentinian ''Titanic''."{{Citation needed|date=September 2014}}

==Sinking==
[[File:1930UshuaiaCrop.jpg|thumb|Employees of U.S. Consulate (Buenos Aires) prior to boarding Monte Cervantes at Ushuaia, 22 Jan]]

One and a half years later, in early 1930, ''Monte Cervantes'' was on a South America trip under the command of Captain [[Theodor Dreyer]] of Hamburg and First Officer Reiling. On 17 January, the ship arrived in Puerto Madryn, and on the morning of 20 January in [[Punta Arenas]]. The next day the ship sailed in bad weather but found calm seas in the [[Beagle Channel]] near Tierra del Fuego and reached Ushuaia around 1900 hours [7 pm]. On the morning of 22 January, ''Monte Cervantes'' weighed anchor and cruised in the direction of [[Yendegaia Bay]], {{convert|15|nmi|km}} to the west. The captain steered a safe route around [[Les Eclaireurs Lighthouse]] and chose a route through vast fields of [[seaweed]] and numerous small islands.

===Collision===
[[File:Canalbeagle.png|thumb|400px|The ''Monte Cervantes'' departed Ushuaia in the Beagle Channel, heading west on 22 January 1930.]]

About 12:40 pm, the lookout on the bridge spotted a submerged rock directly ahead and the captain ordered an immediate change of course. This course was confirmed around 12:43 pm by First Officer Reiling using location bearings. Seconds later the ship struck a rock which did not show on the nautical charts at that time. The outer skin of ''Monte Cervantes'' was ripped open and water poured in. According to a passenger, there was a "formidable breach in the keel and a thunderous din of roaring engines and then, suddenly, the boat leaned left."<ref name=Fecht>Florian Von Der Fecht, Patagonia Argentina (2005), Photo Design Ediciones - Florian von der Fecht, {{ISBN|987-99166-2-X}}, 9789879916629, page 49.</ref> The resulting shock and vibrations caused innumerable plates, cups, and even furniture to break. The [[hatch (nautical)|hatches]] were closed, but soon ''Monte Cervantes'' slipped a little and slid slightly back into the sea. More water poured into the interior and flooded the [[cargo hold]] and [[steerage]].

===Evacuation and assistance===
[[file:Monte Cervantes sinking 41.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Lifeboats being lowered]]
Immediately after ''Monte Cervantes'' slipped from the rock, the command was given to lower away the [[Lifeboat (shipboard)|lifeboats]] from E-Deck. This initially resulted in a small panic among the passengers, but the crew explained that the 30 boats remaining would still be enough to receive an additional 500 passengers, and the anxiety was relieved. All 1,117 passengers and 255 of the crew members were successfully evacuated and began rowing against the wind toward Ushuaia. A passenger later reported that the rescue was not always pleasant: "...a high wind rose and enormous waves lifted us to a height of ten metres [33 feet], letting us fall again in great precipices, nearly turning over the boats. It was terrifying! The waves drenched us with glacial water, from head to toe. My legs were stiff and my right arm was paralyzed after clinging for so long to the edge of the boat."<ref name=Fecht/>

[[File:End of the world prison.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Some passengers had to be housed in this prison, today a museum in Ushuaia]]
At the time of the collision the wireless operator had immediately sent out an [[SOS]]. The signal was received by numerous stations on both sides of the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. The Argentine freighter ''Vincente Fidel Lopez'' in the port of Ushuaia also heard the call and headed out to assist ''Monte Cervantes'', but on the way suffered an accident itself with its [[launch (boat)|launch]]. The remaining crew on ''Monte Cervantes'' meanwhile collected all objects of value to the passengers that they could find and handed them to the arriving launch, also requesting that the launch pick up the passengers from the lifeboats. Shortly after the departure of the first motor launch, a second launch, from the prison of Ushuaia, appeared and offered its assistance. It was sent back and soon returned with several piles of warming blankets. Shortly thereafter the ''Vincente Fidel Lopez'' reached the shipwreck site. It took passengers on board from the life boats and carried approximately 800 persons safely to the mainland. Meanwhile, some of the other lifeboats had wandered off course and drifted to remote coastal regions. Their passengers had to take a long walk through a thickly wooded area before they also reached the town of Ushuaia, which at the time had a population of about 800. Thus the 1,200 passengers produced a strain on the community, which housed some of the passengers in the town's prison.

===Run aground===
After the last lifeboat had sufficiently cleared the reef, ''Monte Cervantes''′s engines – which were still functional since the engine room had not flooded – again were started. The captain and the remaining 70 crew members maneuvered ''Monte Cervantes'' onto a rock reef (the Les Eclaireur islets), where they ran the ship aground in an attempt to prevent her from sinking. The [[forecastle]], still freely floating in the water, [[Navigation list|list]]ed ever more steeply; the ship by this time was already flooded up to D-deck. [[Sounding line]] measurements showed that the steamer sat with only the port side of her [[stern]] resting on the reef. The remainder of the ship floated freely in the water. Further measurements showed a continuous penetration of water into the hull, and at this time the captain ordered that all remaining crew on board abandon ship using the last remaining lifeboat. The senior officers spent the night of 22 January on a nearby rock islet.

===The next day===
In the morning of the following day, 23 January, numerous ships, among them ''Vincente Fidel Lopez'', headed to ''Monte Cervantes'' in order to assist with taking the remaining luggage items on board. Subsequently, the luggage transporter tried to tow ''Monte Cervantes'', but this effort failed due to the insufficient engine power of the Argentine ship, only 450 [[horsepower]] (336 [[kilowatt]]s). As evening approached Captain Dreyer sent the remaining crew ashore. He wanted to remain on the ship, which he believed would hold its position. The steward could not persuade him to leave. Meanwhile, two other officers climbed back on board to retrieve some items.

===''Monte Cervantes'' sinks===
[[File:Monte Cervantes stern sinking.jpg|thumb|right|The stern of ''Monte Cervantes'', still above the waterline]]
Shortly thereafter a strong tremor traveled throughout ''Monte Cervantes'' and the bow of the ship nosed over and began to sink. The crew jumped into the water and were saved by the waiting launch. However Captain Dreyer was unable to save himself. Wearing his [[life ring]], he jumped and accidentally slipped into the open promenade area of the ship. He thus drowned in his own ship and became the only victim of the [[shipwreck]]. The launch searched for over an hour for Dreyer, but his body was never found. The stern of the ocean liner did not go under but remained visible from the sea. Since the ship rested on a rocky reef outside the normal [[shipping routes]], no efforts were made to remove it.

===Exoneration===
On 6 March 1930, the marine court of Hamburg held an inquiry into the sinking of the ''Monte Cervantes'' "in the Beagle Passage of the [[Straits of Magellan]]." The verdict exonerated Captain Dreyer, who had lost his life.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0814FC345413738DDDA10894DB405B808FF1D3 |title=cable to the NY Times, 7 March 1930 |publisher=Select.nytimes.com |date= 8 March 1930|accessdate=2010-03-17}}</ref>

==Salvage attempts==
[[File:Monte Cervantes sinking 15.jpg|thumb|right|Workers construct a hut on the upturned hull of ''Monte Cervantes'', in which they will live while salvage work is carried out]]
For more than 20 years the ship rested relatively securely on underwater rock. Metal prices rose after the [[Second World War]], and in 1951 the Italian salvage company Salvamar ("Seasaver") secured the [[marine salvage]] rights at the wreck site. A complete salvage was impossible and thus the strategy was to remove piece by piece all usable metal parts to melt down and sell. In 1953 the rescue tug ''St. Christopher'' (formerly {{HMS|Justice|W140|6}}) was chartered to assist in the salvage operations. The tug herself ended up being beached and abandoned during the work and remains near Ushuaia today, a monument to the treacherous channel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/magda50/1849070784/ |title=Saint Christopher on Flickr - Photo Sharing! |location=54.799002; -68.313846 |publisher=Flickr.com |date= 25 October 2007|accessdate=2010-03-17}}</ref> In 1954 the attempt was begun to drag the wreck to Ushuaia where the more difficult dismantling could be undertaken. The salvage crew used floating devices to bring the ship back to the vertical. Finally the ship turned upright and slid off the reef, and on 14 October 1954 three tugboats began slowly pushing the remaining wreck to Ushuaia. However, when the little [[convoy]] had traveled less than a mile, the ship again listed to port and slowly slid beneath the water. ''Monte Cervantes'' irretrievably sank into the 130-meter (427-foot) depths of the Beagle Channel.

===Rediscovery===
[[File:HMS Justice W140 (St. Christopher).jpg|thumb|right|The wreck of the ''St. Christopher'' (2017)]]
In September 2000, a film team from [[Spiegel TV]]<ref name=spiegel>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/sptv/ |title=SPIEGEL TV - SPIEGEL ONLINE - Nachrichten |publisher=Spiegel.de |date=2010-02-28 |accessdate=2010-03-17}}</ref> undertook an attempt to find the stern portion of the wreck of ''Monte Cervantes''. The search was a success: the remnants of the former luxury liner were discovered 115 meters (377 feet) down. Employing a [[remotely operated vehicle]] (ROV), the hull of ''Monte Cervantes'' was penetrated for the first time in 70 years. Minor ornamental treasures were recovered, such as a bottle of red wine, wine glasses, ashtrays, and chandeliers, all of which are on display at the ''Museo del Fin del Mundo'' (Museum at the End of the World) in Ushuaia.

Today the ''Monte Cervantes'' wreck is a destination for [[Scuba diving|scuba divers]], and if one walks along the harbor west of the Port of Ushuaia one can still see the ill-fated ''St. Christopher'', now with grass growing on her decks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gigapan.org/searchGigapansList.php?keywords=container|title = Panoramic Photography &#124; Panoramic Images &#124; Hi-Res Images &#124; GigaPan}}</ref>

==Recognition==
The City of [[Montevideo]] honors the drowned Captain Dreyer with the Plaza Capitán Dreyer. In the [[Blankenese]] community in Hamburg, a 538-meter (1,765-foot) plaza commemorates ''Monte Cervantes''.

==Media==
* In 2001, Spiegel TV<ref name="spiegel" /> produced a one-hour documentary film titled ''Sunk Off Cape Horn: The Mystery of the Monte Cervantes''. For this film, the aforementioned film footage plus photographs, statements of survivors, historical documents, and other evidence was used.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spiegeltvdistribution.de/SPTVDistribution/home.nsf/RefProgrammeKat/42CB36C2297D8555C125711000608D35 |title=Lost at Cape Horn |publisher=Spiegeltvdistribution.de |date=1930-01-22 |accessdate=2010-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091023023812/http://www.spiegeltvdistribution.de/SPTVDistribution/home.nsf/RefProgrammeKat/42CB36C2297D8555C125711000608D35 |archive-date=2009-10-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* The film ''Diving Into the Past: The Mystery of the Monte Cervantes'' ran on the German television station [[Phoenix (German TV station)|Phoenix]] on 14 June 2006.

==Books and periodicals==
* ''Schiffe, Menschen, Schicksale'' ["Ships, Men, Fates"]; Ausgabe 79: Monte Cervantes - Ende vor Feuerland auf einer Felspitze
* ''Disaster at sea: the story of the world's great maritime tragedies'' by Otto Mielke. Published by Fleet Pub. Corp., 1958. 255 pages (Translation of ''Katastrophen auf See'')
* ''Passenger ships of the world, past and present'' by Eugene Waldo Smith. 2nd Edition, published by G. H. Dean, 1963. 1097 pages [pages 429-430]
* ''Great passenger ships of the world'' by Arnold Kludas, Charles Hodges. Edition: illustrated. Published by Stephens, 1976
* ''The Krassin'' by Maurice Parijanine, Lawrence Brown. Translated by Lawrence Brown. Published by The Macaulay Co., 1929.
* ''Ships Monthly'' published by Endlebury Pub. Co., 1984. Item notes: v. 19, no. 3
* ''Trosečníci na kře ledové'', (translation: Survivors on cold ice) (1928) by František Běhounek

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.hamburgsud.com/ Hamburg Sud]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080502180332/http://tierradelfuego.org.ar/museo/museo-ingles.htm Museo del Fin del Mundo, Ushuaia]
* [http://www.viajoporargentina.com/act_nauticas/monte_cervantes_ing.php Monte Cervantes Shipwreck, Ushuaia]
* [http://www.shipwreckworld.com/story/in-the-land-of-fire-a-shipwreck-story.aspx In The Land Of Fire A Shipwreck Story]
* [http://www.tierradelfuego.org.ar/divers/pages/cerveng.html Ushuaia Divers - "SS Monte Cervantes"], Story of the ship and recovery attempts with photos
* [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Naufragios/2%20Canal%20Beagle/MonteCervantes.htm Naufragio del Monte Cervantes], Site provides story in Spanish and several historical photos of the shipwreck

{{coord missing|Atlantic Ocean}}
{{1928 shipwrecks}}
{{1930 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Monte Cervantes, MV}}
[[Category:1927 ships]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1928]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1930]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1954]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in Argentina]]
[[Category:Passenger ships of Germany]]
[[Category:Ships built in Hamburg]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks of the Argentine coast]]