Morzillo: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Deified horse from Mexico}} |
{{Short description|Deified horse from Mexico}} |
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{{overly detailed|date=November 2023}} |
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{{Infobox animal|image=Conquista-de-México-por-Cortés-Tenochtitlan-Painting-Détail.png|image caption=Conquest of Mexico by Cortés, detail of Cortés and Morzillo (second half of the 17th century).|breed=Horse|birth_place=Jamaica|death_date=1525|owner=Hernán Cortés}} |
{{Infobox animal|image=Conquista-de-México-por-Cortés-Tenochtitlan-Painting-Détail.png|image caption=Conquest of Mexico by Cortés, detail of Cortés and Morzillo (second half of the 17th century).|breed=Horse|birth_place=Jamaica|death_date=1525|owner=Hernán Cortés}} |
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'''Morzillo''' |
'''Morzillo''' was a black [[horse]] owned by the Spanish [[conquistador]] [[Hernán Cortés]] from 1519 to 1525. After his death, he was deified by the [[Itza people|Itza]] people of the [[Nojpetén|Tayasal]] region and referred to as Tziminchác. |
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Acquired by [[Hernán Cortés|Cortés]] in 1519, |
Acquired by [[Hernán Cortés|Cortés]] in 1519, Morzillo played a significant role during his expedition to [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire|Mexico]], particularly during the siege of [[Tenochtitlan|Mexico-Tenochtitlan]] in 1521. Following this, [[Hernán Cortés|Cortés]] took Morzillo on an expedition to [[Honduras]]. After suffering a hoof injury, the horse was offered by [[Hernán Crespo|Cortés]] to the [[Itza people|Itza]] of the [[Nojpetén|Tayasal]] region but died shortly thereafter due to inadequate care. |
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Posthumously, Morzillo became the focus of a cult among the Itza, lasting for approximately one hundred years. The Itza revered him as a [[thunder]] god, likely influenced by the use of [[arquebus]]es by the [[Spaniards]]. His statue was found in the town of [[Flores, Petén|Flores]] by two [[Order of Friars Minor|Franciscan missionaries]], 95 years after the passage of [[Hernán Crespo|Cortés]]. It was definitively destroyed in 1697 during [[Martín de Ursúa]]'s campaign. |
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The cult of Tziminchác |
The cult of Tziminchác continues to be remembered in local traditions. |
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== Sources == |
== Sources == |
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=== Documents from the colonial era === |
=== Documents from the colonial era === |
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Sources |
Sources concerning [[Hernán Cortés]]' horses include letters (''relaciones'') he wrote to [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]],<ref>{{Harvtxt|Denhart|1937|p=525}}</ref> which provide firsthand accounts of his experiences and observations. These letters were translated into French by [[Désiré Charnay]] in his work ''Lettres de Fernand Cortès à Charles-Quint sur la découverte et la conquête du Mexique'' (1896).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cortés |first=Hernán |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k821936 |title=Lettres de Fernand Cortès à Charles-Quint sur la découverte et la conquête du Mexique |publisher=Librairie Hachette |location=Paris |language=fr |trans-title=Letters from Ferdinand Cortes to Charles V on the discovery and conquest of Mexico}}</ref> |
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Another significant source is the chronicle by [[Bernal Díaz del Castillo]] (1496-1584), titled ''Historia verdadera de la conquista de la nueva España''. Díaz del Castillo offers detailed descriptions of the individual qualities and coat colors of the horses used by [[Hernán Cortés|Cortés]]' troops.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Denhart|1937|p=526}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Denhart|1937|p=527}}</ref> |
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Spanish historian Juan de Villagutierre (1650-1700) |
Spanish historian Juan de Villagutierre (1650-1700) references the veneration of Tziminchác in his ''Historia de la conquista de la provincia de el Itza''. Similarly,<ref name=":0">{{Harvtxt|Chamay|1904|p=297}}</ref> [[Diego López de Cogolludo|Diego Lopez de Cogolludo]] discusses this veneration in his ''Histoire du Yucatan''.<ref name=":1">{{Harvtxt|Cunninghame|1914|p=419}}</ref> |
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Charnay may have |
Charnay may have drawn some of his information regarding Cortés' horse from Antonio de Solís y Ribadeneyra's work, ''Historia de la conquista de México, población y progresos de la América septentrional, conocida por el nombre de Nueva España''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Simoën |first=Jean-Claude |title=A la recherche des civilisations disparues : Archéologues et aventuriers |publisher=Place des éditeurs |year=2013 |isbn=978-2-262-04360-5 |pages=224 |language=fr |trans-title=In search of lost civilizations: Archaeologists and adventurers}}</ref> |
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=== Recent historical studies === |
=== Recent historical studies === |
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Several authors have explored the subject of Morzillo in recent years, including: |
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* [[Cunninghame Graham|Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham]] (1852-1936) |
* [[Cunninghame Graham|Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham]] (1852-1936): A politician, writer, and adventurer, he published an article titled ''Hippomorphous'' in 1914, focusing on Morzillo;<ref>{{Harvtxt|Cunninghame|1914}}</ref> |
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* Robert Denhardt (1912-1989) |
* Robert Denhardt (1912-1989): A historian and professor at [[Texas A&M University]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert M. Denhardt |url=https://www.aqha.com/fr/-/robert-m-denhardt |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=www.aqha.com}}</ref> Denhardt wrote about Cortés' horses in 1937 and dedicated an entire article to Morzillo in 1938;<ref>{{Harvtxt|Denhart|1938}}</ref> |
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* [[Ángel Cabrera (naturalist)|Ángel Cabrera]] (1879-1960) |
* [[Ángel Cabrera (naturalist)|Ángel Cabrera]] (1879-1960): A zoologist,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ángel Cabrera (1879-1960) |url=https://data.bnf.fr/14559258/angel_cabrera/ |access-date=25 October 2022 |website=data.bnf.fr}}</ref> Cabrera's work from 1945 was translated into French in 2004 under the title ''Chevaux d'Amérique'';<ref>{{Harvtxt|Cabrera|2004}}</ref> |
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* Pierre Ivanoff (1924-1974) |
* Pierre Ivanoff (1924-1974): An explorer and filmmaker,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pierre Ivanoff |url=https://www.babelio.com/auteur/Pierre-Ivanoff/256847 |access-date=25 October 2022 |website=Babelio}}</ref> Ivanoff included a chapter on Morzillo in his 1968 book ''Découvertes chez les Maya'';<ref>{{Harvtxt|Ivanoff|1968}}</ref> |
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* |
* Deb Bennett:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abour Dr. Deb Bennett |url=https://www.jayhawkartandimage.com/about-dr-deb-bennett |access-date=25 October 2022 |website=Jayhawkartandimage}}</ref> A paleontologist, Bennett discusses horses in the New World in her 1998 book ''Conquerors.''<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bennett|1998}}</ref> |
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== Horse names == |
== Horse names == |
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Robert M. Denhardt claims the horse is called "Morzillo".<ref name=":3">{{Harvtxt|Denhart|1938|p=184}}</ref> Désiré Charnay uses the name "Morcillo".<ref name=":2" /> |
Robert M. Denhardt claims the horse is called "Morzillo".<ref name=":3">{{Harvtxt|Denhart|1938|p=184}}</ref> Désiré Charnay uses the name "Morcillo".<ref name=":2" /> |
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Deb Bennett |
Deb Bennett translates Morzillo as "the tuft," citing a distinctive tuft of hair on its neck, which is considered a sign of good fortune in Arab traditions.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bennett|1998|pp=199–200}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Harvtxt|Bennett|1998|p=199}}</ref> |
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Argentine zoologist [[Ángel Cabrera (naturalist)|Ángel Cabrera]] |
Argentine zoologist [[Ángel Cabrera (naturalist)|Ángel Cabrera]] uses the term "Morcillo," which historically referred to a black horse with reddish highlights ([[Seal brown (horse)|seal brown]]).<ref>{{Harvtxt|Cabrera|2004|p=83}}</ref> The color terminology in 16th-century Spanish sources can be challenging to translate accurately into modern Spanish.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Denhart|1937|p=528}}</ref> |
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Désiré Charnay (1908) also referred to this horse as "Marzillo".<ref name=":0" /> |
Désiré Charnay (1908) also referred to this horse as "Marzillo".<ref name=":0" /> |
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=== Mayan name === |
=== Mayan name === |
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{{See also|Itzaʼ language}} |
{{See also|Itzaʼ language}} |
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The divine name given to this horse in Maya [[Itzaʼ language|Itza]] is ''Tziminchác''<ref name=":5">{{Harvtxt|Denhart|1938|p=187}}</ref> |
The divine name given to this horse in Maya [[Itzaʼ language|Itza]] is ''Tziminchác'',<ref name=":5">{{Harvtxt|Denhart|1938|p=187}}</ref> also spelled ''Tziminchác'' by French ethnologist [[Jacques Soustelle]]<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Soustelle |first=Jacques |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pb9pAAAAMAAJ&q=tzimin+chac+cheval |title=Les Maya |publisher=Flammarion |year=1982 |isbn=978-2-08-200446-6 |pages=264 |language=fr}}</ref> and [[Anthropology|anthropologist]] James D. Nations,<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Nations |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qz_3DAAAQBAJ&q=tzimin+chac&pg=PR7 |title=The Maya Tropical Forest : People, Parks, and Ancient Cities |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-292-71318-5 |pages=363}}</ref> ''Tizimin Chac'' by historian John Henderson,<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Henderson |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqk56Jc28LcC&dq=tizimin+chac+horse&pg=PA45 |title=The World of the Ancient Maya |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-8014-8284-7 |pages=362}}</ref> or ''Tziunchán'' by Bennett.<ref name=":9">{{Harvtxt|Bennett|1998|p=189}}</ref> |
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Soustelle proposes the translation "horse of thunder"<ref name=":6" /> |
Soustelle proposes the translation "horse of thunder",<ref name=":6" /> while anthropologist Grant D. Jones elaborates, translating it as "horse of thunder and lightning".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Grant D. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyHgy-xw2CgC&dq=tizimin+chac+horse&pg=PA197 |title=New Theories on the Ancient Maya |publisher=UPenn Museum of Archaeology |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-924171-13-0 |pages=200 |chapter=XVI. Rebellious Prophets}}</ref> Nations translates it as "[[Tapirus|tapir]] of thunder",<ref name=":7" /> explaining that the tapir is the rainforest animal most resembling a horse.<ref name=":7" /> |
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Religious historian Michel Graulich does not |
Religious historian Michel Graulich does not support either etymology but notes a linguistic connection between the Mayan word "Tzimin" and the [[Nahuatl]] word "''[[Tzitzimitl]]''".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Graulich |first=Michel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AgahAAAAMAAJ&q=tzimin+chac+cheval |title=Mythes et rituels du Mexique ancien préhispanique |publisher=Académie royale de Belgique |year=2000 |isbn=978-2-8031-0170-2 |language=fr |trans-title=Myths and rituals of ancient pre-Hispanic Mexico, Royal Academy of Belgium}}</ref> |
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== Descriptions == |
== Descriptions == |
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== History == |
== History == |
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Morzillo's |
Morzillo's story is notable in the context of horses mentioned in historical accounts.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":10">{{Harvtxt|Cabrera|2004|p=89}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Layne |first=J. Gregg |date=1950 |title=Review: THE HORSES OF THE CONQUEST, by R. B. Cunninghame Graham, Robert Moorman Denhardt, and J. Craig Sheppard Norman |journal=The Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=87 |doi=10.2307/41168231 |jstor=41168231 |issn=2162-9366}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Harvtxt|Cunninghame|1914|p=415}}</ref> His black horse is described as having played a significant role in history, according to [[Cunninghame Graham|Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham]] in ''Hippomorphous''.<ref name=":11" /> Despite Morzillo's fame, Bernal Díaz del Castillo suggests that he may not have been the best horse among [[Hernán Cortés]]' troop.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Cabrera|2004|pp=90–91}}</ref> |
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- [[Cunninghame Graham|Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham]], ''Hippomorphous''<ref name=":11" /></blockquote>Although he remains the most famous, if Bernal Díaz's comments are anything to go by, Morzillo was probably not the best horse in [[Hernán Cortés]]' troops.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Cabrera|2004|p=90-91}}</ref> |
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=== Cortés' acquisition of Morzillo === |
=== Cortés' acquisition of Morzillo === |
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[[File:Estatua de Hernan Cortes.jpg|thumb|[[Equestrian statue]] of Hernán Cortés (the name of the mount is not specified).]] |
[[File:Estatua de Hernan Cortes.jpg|thumb|[[Equestrian statue]] of Hernán Cortés (the name of the mount is not specified).]] |
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Bernal Díaz |
Bernal Díaz del Castillo provides accounts of Hernán Cortés' horses during the early stages of his expedition. Upon leaving [[Cuba]] in February 1519, Cortés rode a brown zain horse that later died at [[San Juan de Ulúa]],<ref>{{Harvtxt|Cabrera|2004|p=81}}</ref> the location where the squadron arrived on April 21. The cause of death remains uncertain, as it could have been due to battle wounds or disease. Following this horse, Cortés mounted "El Arriero," and subsequently rode a third horse named "Romo", which arrived on the same ship as Morzillo.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Cabrera|2004|pp=88–89}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Cabrera|2004|p=85}}</ref> |
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On July 9, 1519, shortly after establishing the colony of [[Veracruz]], Cortés captured a ship sent by [[Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar|Diego Velasquez]], the governor of Cuba, and appropriated its cargo, which included a dozen horses from [[Horses in Jamaica|Jamaica]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":10" /> Morzillo, at this time, remained in Veracruz and was not ridden during the [[La Noche Triste]] episode on June 30, 1520.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bennett|1998|p=204}}</ref> However, Díaz notes that Cortés did ride Morzillo during the siege of [[Tenochtitlan|Mexico-Tenochtitlan]] from March to August 1521.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":11" /> |
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Morzillo remained in Veracruz for the time being, and was not ridden during [[La Noche Triste]] episode (30 June 1520)<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bennett|1998|p=204}}</ref>, but according to Diaz, [[Hernán Cortés|Cortés]] rode Morzillo during the siege of [[Tenochtitlan|Mexico-Tenochtitlan]] (March-August 1521).<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":11" /> |
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=== Stopover in the Tayasal === |
=== Stopover in the Tayasal === |
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As the [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire|conquest of Mexico]] |
As the [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire|conquest of Mexico]] neared completion,<ref>{{Harvtxt|Ivanoff|1968|p=21}}</ref> on 13 March 1525, Cortés and his men made a stop in the [[Nojpetén|Tayasal]] valley.<ref name=":12">{{Harvtxt|Ivanoff|1968|p=23}}</ref> They [[Hunting|hunted]] [[deer]] for meat,<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":13">{{Harvtxt|Denhart|1938|p=185}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Harvtxt|Cunninghame|1914|p=416}}</ref> which was relatively easy due to the animals' approachable nature. Unfortunately, one of Cortés' other horses, Palacio Rubias, succumbed to the heat during this stop.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14" /> While crossing the stony hills known as El Paso del Alabastro and La Sierra de los Pedernales,<ref name=":14" /> Morzillo sustained a foot injury from a sharp stick,<ref>{{Harvtxt|Cunninghame|1914|p=417}}</ref> which could not be treated.<ref name=":15">{{Harvtxt|Denhart|1938|p=186}}</ref><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":9" /> Díaz recounts that while resting after the hunt, Cortés and his troops were approached by canoes from the Itza, inviting them to their village on [[Lake Petén Itzá|Lake Petén Itza]].<ref name=":15" /> Cortés accepted the invitation, bringing Morzillo along.<ref name=":15" /> |
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In |
In a letter, Cortés attributed the decision to leave Morzillo with the Itza to the horse's foot injury, stating he was "obliged to leave my black horse (''mi caballo morzillo'') with a splinter in his foot".<ref name=":16">{{Harvtxt|Cunninghame|1914|p=418}}</ref> However, Díaz, writing later,<ref name=":10" /> suggested that Morzillo was given to the Itza due to exhaustion after the deer hunt, claiming the horse had lost all its body fat and could no longer stand.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":16" /> Ángel Cabrera argues that Cortés' version is more credible due to its proximity to the events.<ref name=":10" /> Spanish historian Juan de Villagutierre, while acknowledging the differing accounts, emphasized the significance of the horse's subsequent veneration by the Itza as a key fact.<ref name=":16" /> |
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=== Morzillo's gift to the Itza === |
=== Morzillo's gift to the Itza === |
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{{See also|Itza people|Tzitzimitl}} |
{{See also|Itza people|Tzitzimitl}} |
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Hernán Cortés held Morzillo in high regard and refused to have him slaughtered or sacrificed.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Denville |first=N. J. |date=2001 |title=Equine allies in the new world |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/c7cab156f63bb48b8d3b08fa482b253e/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=364 |journal=Américas |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=24–29 |access-date=14 October 2022}}</ref> Initially, Cortés contemplated returning for Morzillo via the [[Nojpetén|Tayasal]] region and entrusted the horse to the care of the Itza cacique, Canek, who assured him that he would look after Morzillo.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":5" /> This episode is detailed in Cortés' fifth letter to [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], where he quotes Canek's promise.<ref name=":10" /> Consequently, Morzillo became the responsibility of the cacique of Tayasal.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":9" /> |
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The [[Itzaʼ language|Itza]], |
The [[Itzaʼ language|Itza]], having never encountered horses before,<ref name=":12" /> took this responsibility seriously.<ref name=":5" />They likely equated Morzillo with a thunder god, having observed the [[arquebus]]es fired by Cortés' mounted troops from a distance. Despite their good intentions, the Itza lacked the knowledge to properly care for a horse.<ref name=":5" /> They renamed Morzillo "Tziminchác," adorned him with flower necklaces, and attempted to feed him game and poultry to win his favor. According to Désiré Charnay, Morzillo was also given the flesh of sacrificial victims.<ref name=":17">{{Harvtxt|Ivanoff|1968|p=24}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> |
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The horse died from lack of proper care.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":15" /><ref name=":17" /> |
The horse died from lack of proper care.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":15" /><ref name=":17" /> |
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=== Temple and statue of Tziminchác === |
=== Temple and statue of Tziminchác === |
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[[File:Flores Viewed from San Miguel Waterfront - Peten - Guatemala (15860946061).jpg|thumb|Tourist boat on [[Lake Petén Itzá]] named "Tziminchác". In the background, the town of [[Flores]].]] |
[[File:Flores Viewed from San Miguel Waterfront - Peten - Guatemala (15860946061).jpg|thumb|Tourist boat on [[Lake Petén Itzá]] named "Tziminchác". In the background, the town of [[Flores]].]] |
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After Morzillo's death, the Itza transformed him into a thunder deity known as ''Tziminchác''. They erected a temple in his honor and carved a statue in his likeness, with most sources indicating it was made of stone,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":17" /> while the ''Historia municipal del Reino de Yucatán'' suggests it was wooden.<ref name=":18">{{Harvtxt|Ivanoff|1968|p=27}}</ref> |
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Several theories explain this veneration. Filmmaker Pierre Ivanoff posits that the Itza feared Cortés' return and the vengeance of the spirit of the deceased horse.<ref name=":17" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://data.bnf.fr/12614247/pierre_ivanoff/ |title=Pierre Ivanoff (1924-1974) |publisher=Bibliothèque nationale de France |access-date=17 October 2022}}</ref> |
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Several explanations are offered for this veneration. |
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⚫ | Désiré Charnay, citing Diego López de Cogolludo, notes that the Itza believed the horse was responsible for the firing of arquebuses observed during a hunting party.<ref name=":0" /> Juan de Villagutierre views Tziminchác as an important addition to the Itza pantheon,<ref name=":0" /> whereas John Henderson considers him a minor divinity associated with [[lightning]].<ref name=":8" /> |
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For filmmaker and lecturer Pierre Ivanoff<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://data.bnf.fr/12614247/pierre_ivanoff/ |title=Pierre Ivanoff (1924-1974) |publisher=Bibliothèque nationale de France |access-date=17 October 2022}}</ref>, the Indians feared the return of [[Hernán Cortés|Cortés]] and the vengeance of the [[:simple:Spirit|spirit]] of the horse who has just died.<ref name=":17" /> |
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⚫ | |||
=== Franciscan missionaries visit === |
=== Franciscan missionaries visit === |
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⚫ | Cortés never returned for Morzillo, and it was not until 95 years later that Europeans revisited the region.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":16" /> While most sources date this visit to 1618,<ref name=":19">{{Harvtxt|Cabrera|2004|p=147}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite book |last=Taladoire |first=Éric |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=tzimin+chac+cheval&pg=PT37 |title=L'aventure Maya : Découvertes du XVIe au XXIe siècle |publisher=Editions du Cerf |year=2020 |isbn=978-2-204-13523-8 |pages=264 |language=fr |trans-title=The Maya adventure: Discoveries from the 16th to the 21st century}}</ref> some, including Robert Cunninghame Graham, place it in 1697 during General [[Martín de Ursúa]]'s military campaign.<ref name=":16" /> |
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[[Hernán Cortés|Cortés]] never came back for Morzillo, so 95 years passed before another European visit.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":16" /> |
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⚫ | |||
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⚫ | During this visit, two [[Order of Friars Minor|Franciscan missionaries]], fluent in the Itza language, sought to convert the locals to [[Christianity]].<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":21">{{Harvtxt|Ivanoff|1968|p=25}}</ref> They both spoke the [[Itzaʼ language|Itza language]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":21" /> They discovered the statue of ''Tziminchác'', a stone horse depicted sitting on its hips, in the largest temple.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":22">{{Harvtxt|Ivanoff|1968|p=26}}</ref> The missionaries were astonished, as there were no horses in the region,<ref name=":23">{{Harvtxt|Cabrera|2004|p=90}}</ref> and the locals had only seen one through the statue.<ref name=":19" /> They learned about Morzillo's origins and the types of offerings made to him during his life.<ref name=":23" /> |
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Friar Bartolomé Fuensalida tells them that Morzillo is the idol of an "irrational beast", comparable to the deer Itza hunt to eat (''figura de béstia irracional, como son los venados y otros animales que flechais para comer'').<ref name=":24">{{Harvtxt|Denhart|1938|p=188}}</ref> |
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Friar Bartolomé Fuensalida described Morzillo as an idol of an "irrational beast," akin to the deer the Itza hunted for food.<ref name=":24">{{Harvtxt|Denhart|1938|p=188}}</ref> According to Villagutierre, Father Juan de Orbita attempted to destroy the statue,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":22" /> leading to local outrage and a near-violent response against the missionaries.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":23" /><ref>{{Harvtxt|Cunninghame|1914|p=420}}</ref> |
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=== Destruction of the Tziminchác temple (1697) === |
=== Destruction of the Tziminchác temple (1697) === |
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In 1697, General [[Martín de Ursúa]] |
In 1697, General [[Martín de Ursúa]] led a campaign to subdue the Itza, resulting in the destruction of all the [[Nojpetén|Tayasal]] temples, including the temple of Tziminchác, with Juan de Villagutierre present during the events. This campaign marked the definitive loss of the statue of Tziminchác, as well as the bones that were housed in the temple.<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":1" /> |
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According to Ivanoff, this |
According to Pierre Ivanoff, this destruction contributed to a significant decline in European interest in Maya ruins and their associated cults for an extended period.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Cunninghame|1914|p=421}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Ivanoff|1968|pp=29–30}}</ref> |
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According to Taladoire, European interest in the [[Maya peoples|Maya]] [[ruins]] and cults sank into a long period of oblivion.<ref name=":20" /> |
According to Taladoire, European interest in the [[Maya peoples|Maya]] [[ruins]] and cults sank into a long period of oblivion.<ref name=":20" /> |
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=== Perpetuation of the legend === |
=== Perpetuation of the legend === |
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Despite the loss of the temple and its contents, the legend of Tziminchác has persisted in local oral traditions.<ref name=":24" /> |
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It is believed that the Itza acknowledged that their horse statue did not represent a god. Ivanoff notes that the Itza attempted to create a new statue at a site called Nic-Tun, which they transported on a [[pirogue]] to the island of [[Nojpetén|Tayasal]]. However, the boat capsized and sank under the weight of the statue.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Ivanoff|1968|pp=26–27}}</ref><ref name=":18" /> |
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In |
In a 2007 architecture thesis, Arturo Alejandro Sazo Lopez referenced a traditional performance known as the "dance of the little horse" (''Baile del caballito''), described as a remembrance of the "Horse of Cortés" that cannot be destroyed.<ref name=":25">{{Cite book |last=Sazo |first=Arturo |url=http://biblioteca.usac.edu.gt/tesis/02/02_1795.pdf |title=Suseo de sitio y facilidades turisticas para la comunidas San Miguel Tayasal, Flores, Peten |publisher=Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala Facultad de Arquitectura |year=2007 |pages=59}}</ref> This dance features its music and lyrics and was reportedly first performed by a local gentleman from [[Flores, Petén|Flores]] named Vicente.<ref name=":25" /> |
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Additionally, the legend of Tziminchác has inspired various literary works. French poet [[Guillaume Apollinaire]] invented a novel titled ''Tzimin-Chac'', attributed to the fictitious author "Louis Bréon," a name inspired by philosopher Morvan Bréon.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Apollinaire |first1=Guillaume |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-GpcAAAAMAAJ&q=tzimin+chac+cheval |title=Œuvres en prose |last2=Décaudin |first2=Michel |last3=Caizergues |first3=Pierre |publisher=Gallimard |year=1991 |isbn=978-2-07-011216-6 |language=fr |trans-title=Prose works}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Décaudin |first=Michel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R5RLFNICXiYC&dq=Louis+Bréon+roman+Tzimin+-+Chac&pg=PA49 |title=Apollinaire en son temps : actes du quatorzième colloque de Stavelot, 31 août-3 septembre 1988 |publisher=Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle |year=1990 |isbn=978-2-87854-004-8 |pages=174 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Parinaud |first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ds2BDwAAQBAJ&dq=Louis+Bréon+roman+Tzimin+-+Chac&pg=PT240 |title=Apollinaire : 1880-1918 |publisher=JC Lattès |year=1994 |isbn=978-2-7062-6898-4 |pages=240 |language=fr}}</ref> French-Belgian author [[Diane Ducret]] also referenced the Tziminchác legend in her 2013 work, ''Corpus Equi''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ducret |first=Diane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQPuow93M0EC&dq=tzimin+chac+cheval&pg=PP15 |title=Corpus Equi |publisher=Place des éditeurs |year=2013 |isbn=978-2-262-04327-8 |pages=102}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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== Bibliography == |
== Bibliography == |
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* {{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Deb |url=https://books.google. |
* {{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Deb |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IaN-YaOMhX4C&q=Morcillo&pg=PA186 |title=Conquerors : The Roots of New World Horsemanship |publisher=Amigo Publications, Inc. |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-9658533-0-9}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Cabrera |first=Ángel |title=Chevaux d'Amérique |publisher=Éditions du Rocher |year=2004 |isbn=2-268-05129-3 |edition=1st |language=fr |trans-title=American horses}} |
* {{Cite book |last=Cabrera |first=Ángel |title=Chevaux d'Amérique |publisher=Éditions du Rocher |year=2004 |isbn=2-268-05129-3 |edition=1st |language=fr |trans-title=American horses}} |
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* {{Cite |
* {{Cite journal |last=Chamay |first=Désiré |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44387138 |title=Les explorations de Téobert Maler |journal=Journal de la Société des américanistes |year=1904 |volume=1 |language=fr |trans-title=Téobert Maler's explorations |access-date=3 October 2022 |issue=3|pages=289–308 |jstor=44387138 }} |
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* {{Cite |
* {{Cite book |last=Cunninghame |first=R. B. |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/aa70c97b8f54e26f/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=581 |title=Hippomorphous |publisher=The English review |year=1914 |location=London |language=en}} |
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* {{Cite |
* {{Cite journal |last=Denhart |first=Robert |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2507142 |title=The Truth about Cortes's Horses |journal=The Hispanic American Historical Review |year=1937 |volume=17 |language=en |issue=4|pages=525–532 |jstor=2507142 }} |
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* {{Cite |
* {{Cite journal |last=Denhart |first=Robert |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43466454 |title=El Morzillo |journal=Southwest Review |year=1938 |volume=23 |issn=0038-4712 |access-date=3 October 2022 |issue=2|pages=184–188 |jstor=43466454 }} |
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* {{Cite |
* {{Cite book |last=Ivanoff |first=Pierre |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3331141q |title=Découvertes chez les Maya |publisher=Robert Laffont |year=1968 |series=Les énigmes de l'univers |location=Paris |language=fr |trans-title=Discoveries among the Maya |chapter=Sur les traces du cheval de Cortez |trans-chapter=In the footsteps of the Cortez horse}} |
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Latest revision as of 13:58, 24 October 2024
This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience.(November 2023) |
Breed | Horse |
---|---|
Born | Jamaica |
Died | 1525 |
Owner | Hernán Cortés |
Morzillo was a black horse owned by the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés from 1519 to 1525. After his death, he was deified by the Itza people of the Tayasal region and referred to as Tziminchác.
Acquired by Cortés in 1519, Morzillo played a significant role during his expedition to Mexico, particularly during the siege of Mexico-Tenochtitlan in 1521. Following this, Cortés took Morzillo on an expedition to Honduras. After suffering a hoof injury, the horse was offered by Cortés to the Itza of the Tayasal region but died shortly thereafter due to inadequate care.
Posthumously, Morzillo became the focus of a cult among the Itza, lasting for approximately one hundred years. The Itza revered him as a thunder god, likely influenced by the use of arquebuses by the Spaniards. His statue was found in the town of Flores by two Franciscan missionaries, 95 years after the passage of Cortés. It was definitively destroyed in 1697 during Martín de Ursúa's campaign.
The cult of Tziminchác continues to be remembered in local traditions.
Sources
[edit]Documents from the colonial era
[edit]Sources concerning Hernán Cortés' horses include letters (relaciones) he wrote to Charles V,[1] which provide firsthand accounts of his experiences and observations. These letters were translated into French by Désiré Charnay in his work Lettres de Fernand Cortès à Charles-Quint sur la découverte et la conquête du Mexique (1896).[2]
Another significant source is the chronicle by Bernal Díaz del Castillo (1496-1584), titled Historia verdadera de la conquista de la nueva España. Díaz del Castillo offers detailed descriptions of the individual qualities and coat colors of the horses used by Cortés' troops.[3][4]
Spanish historian Juan de Villagutierre (1650-1700) references the veneration of Tziminchác in his Historia de la conquista de la provincia de el Itza. Similarly,[5] Diego Lopez de Cogolludo discusses this veneration in his Histoire du Yucatan.[6]
Charnay may have drawn some of his information regarding Cortés' horse from Antonio de Solís y Ribadeneyra's work, Historia de la conquista de México, población y progresos de la América septentrional, conocida por el nombre de Nueva España.[7]
Recent historical studies
[edit]Several authors have explored the subject of Morzillo in recent years, including:
- Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham (1852-1936): A politician, writer, and adventurer, he published an article titled Hippomorphous in 1914, focusing on Morzillo;[8]
- Robert Denhardt (1912-1989): A historian and professor at Texas A&M University,[9] Denhardt wrote about Cortés' horses in 1937 and dedicated an entire article to Morzillo in 1938;[10]
- Ángel Cabrera (1879-1960): A zoologist,[11] Cabrera's work from 1945 was translated into French in 2004 under the title Chevaux d'Amérique;[12]
- Pierre Ivanoff (1924-1974): An explorer and filmmaker,[13] Ivanoff included a chapter on Morzillo in his 1968 book Découvertes chez les Maya;[14]
- Deb Bennett:[15] A paleontologist, Bennett discusses horses in the New World in her 1998 book Conquerors.[16]
Horse names
[edit]Spanish names
[edit]Robert M. Denhardt claims the horse is called "Morzillo".[17] Désiré Charnay uses the name "Morcillo".[7]
Deb Bennett translates Morzillo as "the tuft," citing a distinctive tuft of hair on its neck, which is considered a sign of good fortune in Arab traditions.[18][19]
Argentine zoologist Ángel Cabrera uses the term "Morcillo," which historically referred to a black horse with reddish highlights (seal brown).[20] The color terminology in 16th-century Spanish sources can be challenging to translate accurately into modern Spanish.[21]
Désiré Charnay (1908) also referred to this horse as "Marzillo".[5]
Mayan name
[edit]The divine name given to this horse in Maya Itza is Tziminchác,[22] also spelled Tziminchác by French ethnologist Jacques Soustelle[23] and anthropologist James D. Nations,[24] Tizimin Chac by historian John Henderson,[25] or Tziunchán by Bennett.[26]
Soustelle proposes the translation "horse of thunder",[23] while anthropologist Grant D. Jones elaborates, translating it as "horse of thunder and lightning".[27] Nations translates it as "tapir of thunder",[24] explaining that the tapir is the rainforest animal most resembling a horse.[24]
Religious historian Michel Graulich does not support either etymology but notes a linguistic connection between the Mayan word "Tzimin" and the Nahuatl word "Tzitzimitl".[28]
Descriptions
[edit]Based on Bernal Diaz, Bennett describes the animal as elegant, with a dark bay or black coat.[29]
History
[edit]Morzillo's story is notable in the context of horses mentioned in historical accounts.[17][30][31][32] His black horse is described as having played a significant role in history, according to Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham in Hippomorphous.[32] Despite Morzillo's fame, Bernal Díaz del Castillo suggests that he may not have been the best horse among Hernán Cortés' troop.[33]
Cortés' acquisition of Morzillo
[edit]Bernal Díaz del Castillo provides accounts of Hernán Cortés' horses during the early stages of his expedition. Upon leaving Cuba in February 1519, Cortés rode a brown zain horse that later died at San Juan de Ulúa,[34] the location where the squadron arrived on April 21. The cause of death remains uncertain, as it could have been due to battle wounds or disease. Following this horse, Cortés mounted "El Arriero," and subsequently rode a third horse named "Romo", which arrived on the same ship as Morzillo.[35][36]
On July 9, 1519, shortly after establishing the colony of Veracruz, Cortés captured a ship sent by Diego Velasquez, the governor of Cuba, and appropriated its cargo, which included a dozen horses from Jamaica.[19][30] Morzillo, at this time, remained in Veracruz and was not ridden during the La Noche Triste episode on June 30, 1520.[37] However, Díaz notes that Cortés did ride Morzillo during the siege of Mexico-Tenochtitlan from March to August 1521.[17][32]
Stopover in the Tayasal
[edit]As the conquest of Mexico neared completion,[38] on 13 March 1525, Cortés and his men made a stop in the Tayasal valley.[39] They hunted deer for meat,[26][40][41] which was relatively easy due to the animals' approachable nature. Unfortunately, one of Cortés' other horses, Palacio Rubias, succumbed to the heat during this stop.[40][41] While crossing the stony hills known as El Paso del Alabastro and La Sierra de los Pedernales,[41] Morzillo sustained a foot injury from a sharp stick,[42] which could not be treated.[43][40][22][30][26] Díaz recounts that while resting after the hunt, Cortés and his troops were approached by canoes from the Itza, inviting them to their village on Lake Petén Itza.[43] Cortés accepted the invitation, bringing Morzillo along.[43]
In a letter, Cortés attributed the decision to leave Morzillo with the Itza to the horse's foot injury, stating he was "obliged to leave my black horse (mi caballo morzillo) with a splinter in his foot".[44] However, Díaz, writing later,[30] suggested that Morzillo was given to the Itza due to exhaustion after the deer hunt, claiming the horse had lost all its body fat and could no longer stand.[30][44] Ángel Cabrera argues that Cortés' version is more credible due to its proximity to the events.[30] Spanish historian Juan de Villagutierre, while acknowledging the differing accounts, emphasized the significance of the horse's subsequent veneration by the Itza as a key fact.[44]
Morzillo's gift to the Itza
[edit]Hernán Cortés held Morzillo in high regard and refused to have him slaughtered or sacrificed.[26][45] Initially, Cortés contemplated returning for Morzillo via the Tayasal region and entrusted the horse to the care of the Itza cacique, Canek, who assured him that he would look after Morzillo.[30][39][22] This episode is detailed in Cortés' fifth letter to Charles V, where he quotes Canek's promise.[30] Consequently, Morzillo became the responsibility of the cacique of Tayasal.[5][26]
The Itza, having never encountered horses before,[39] took this responsibility seriously.[22]They likely equated Morzillo with a thunder god, having observed the arquebuses fired by Cortés' mounted troops from a distance. Despite their good intentions, the Itza lacked the knowledge to properly care for a horse.[22] They renamed Morzillo "Tziminchác," adorned him with flower necklaces, and attempted to feed him game and poultry to win his favor. According to Désiré Charnay, Morzillo was also given the flesh of sacrificial victims.[46][22]
The horse died from lack of proper care.[5][43][46]
Veneration under the name of Tziminchác
[edit]Temple and statue of Tziminchác
[edit]After Morzillo's death, the Itza transformed him into a thunder deity known as Tziminchác. They erected a temple in his honor and carved a statue in his likeness, with most sources indicating it was made of stone,[5][46] while the Historia municipal del Reino de Yucatán suggests it was wooden.[47]
Several theories explain this veneration. Filmmaker Pierre Ivanoff posits that the Itza feared Cortés' return and the vengeance of the spirit of the deceased horse.[46][48]
Désiré Charnay, citing Diego López de Cogolludo, notes that the Itza believed the horse was responsible for the firing of arquebuses observed during a hunting party.[5] Juan de Villagutierre views Tziminchác as an important addition to the Itza pantheon,[5] whereas John Henderson considers him a minor divinity associated with lightning.[25]
Franciscan missionaries visit
[edit]Cortés never returned for Morzillo, and it was not until 95 years later that Europeans revisited the region.[24][44] While most sources date this visit to 1618,[49][50] some, including Robert Cunninghame Graham, place it in 1697 during General Martín de Ursúa's military campaign.[44]
During this visit, two Franciscan missionaries, fluent in the Itza language, sought to convert the locals to Christianity.[49][51] They both spoke the Itza language.[6][51] They discovered the statue of Tziminchác, a stone horse depicted sitting on its hips, in the largest temple.[22][52] The missionaries were astonished, as there were no horses in the region,[53] and the locals had only seen one through the statue.[49] They learned about Morzillo's origins and the types of offerings made to him during his life.[53]
Friar Bartolomé Fuensalida described Morzillo as an idol of an "irrational beast," akin to the deer the Itza hunted for food.[54] According to Villagutierre, Father Juan de Orbita attempted to destroy the statue,[5][52] leading to local outrage and a near-violent response against the missionaries.[5][53][55]
Destruction of the Tziminchác temple (1697)
[edit]In 1697, General Martín de Ursúa led a campaign to subdue the Itza, resulting in the destruction of all the Tayasal temples, including the temple of Tziminchác, with Juan de Villagutierre present during the events. This campaign marked the definitive loss of the statue of Tziminchác, as well as the bones that were housed in the temple.[50][6]
According to Pierre Ivanoff, this destruction contributed to a significant decline in European interest in Maya ruins and their associated cults for an extended period.[56][57]
According to Taladoire, European interest in the Maya ruins and cults sank into a long period of oblivion.[50]
Perpetuation of the legend
[edit]Despite the loss of the temple and its contents, the legend of Tziminchác has persisted in local oral traditions.[54]
It is believed that the Itza acknowledged that their horse statue did not represent a god. Ivanoff notes that the Itza attempted to create a new statue at a site called Nic-Tun, which they transported on a pirogue to the island of Tayasal. However, the boat capsized and sank under the weight of the statue.[58][47]
In a 2007 architecture thesis, Arturo Alejandro Sazo Lopez referenced a traditional performance known as the "dance of the little horse" (Baile del caballito), described as a remembrance of the "Horse of Cortés" that cannot be destroyed.[59] This dance features its music and lyrics and was reportedly first performed by a local gentleman from Flores named Vicente.[59]
Additionally, the legend of Tziminchác has inspired various literary works. French poet Guillaume Apollinaire invented a novel titled Tzimin-Chac, attributed to the fictitious author "Louis Bréon," a name inspired by philosopher Morvan Bréon.[60][61][62] French-Belgian author Diane Ducret also referenced the Tziminchác legend in her 2013 work, Corpus Equi.[63]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Denhart (1937, p. 525)
- ^ Cortés, Hernán. Lettres de Fernand Cortès à Charles-Quint sur la découverte et la conquête du Mexique [Letters from Ferdinand Cortes to Charles V on the discovery and conquest of Mexico] (in French). Paris: Librairie Hachette.
- ^ Denhart (1937, p. 526)
- ^ Denhart (1937, p. 527)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Chamay (1904, p. 297)
- ^ a b c Cunninghame (1914, p. 419)
- ^ a b Simoën, Jean-Claude (2013). A la recherche des civilisations disparues : Archéologues et aventuriers [In search of lost civilizations: Archaeologists and adventurers] (in French). Place des éditeurs. p. 224. ISBN 978-2-262-04360-5.
- ^ Cunninghame (1914)
- ^ "Robert M. Denhardt". www.aqha.com. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
- ^ Denhart (1938)
- ^ "Ángel Cabrera (1879-1960)". data.bnf.fr. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
- ^ Cabrera (2004)
- ^ "Pierre Ivanoff". Babelio. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
- ^ Ivanoff (1968)
- ^ "Abour Dr. Deb Bennett". Jayhawkartandimage. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
- ^ Bennett (1998)
- ^ a b c Denhart (1938, p. 184)
- ^ Bennett (1998, pp. 199–200)
- ^ a b Bennett (1998, p. 199)
- ^ Cabrera (2004, p. 83)
- ^ Denhart (1937, p. 528)
- ^ a b c d e f g Denhart (1938, p. 187)
- ^ a b Soustelle, Jacques (1982). Les Maya (in French). Flammarion. p. 264. ISBN 978-2-08-200446-6.
- ^ a b c d Nations, James (2006). The Maya Tropical Forest : People, Parks, and Ancient Cities. University of Texas Press. p. 363. ISBN 978-0-292-71318-5.
- ^ a b Henderson, John (1997). The World of the Ancient Maya. Cornell University Press. p. 362. ISBN 978-0-8014-8284-7.
- ^ a b c d e Bennett (1998, p. 189)
- ^ Jones, Grant D. (1992). "XVI. Rebellious Prophets". New Theories on the Ancient Maya. UPenn Museum of Archaeology. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-924171-13-0.
- ^ Graulich, Michel (2000). Mythes et rituels du Mexique ancien préhispanique [Myths and rituals of ancient pre-Hispanic Mexico, Royal Academy of Belgium] (in French). Académie royale de Belgique. ISBN 978-2-8031-0170-2.
- ^ Bennett (1998, p. 188)
- ^ a b c d e f g h Cabrera (2004, p. 89)
- ^ Layne, J. Gregg (1950). "Review: THE HORSES OF THE CONQUEST, by R. B. Cunninghame Graham, Robert Moorman Denhardt, and J. Craig Sheppard Norman". The Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly. 32 (1): 87. doi:10.2307/41168231. ISSN 2162-9366. JSTOR 41168231.
- ^ a b c Cunninghame (1914, p. 415)
- ^ Cabrera (2004, pp. 90–91)
- ^ Cabrera (2004, p. 81)
- ^ Cabrera (2004, pp. 88–89)
- ^ Cabrera (2004, p. 85)
- ^ Bennett (1998, p. 204)
- ^ Ivanoff (1968, p. 21)
- ^ a b c Ivanoff (1968, p. 23)
- ^ a b c Denhart (1938, p. 185)
- ^ a b c Cunninghame (1914, p. 416)
- ^ Cunninghame (1914, p. 417)
- ^ a b c d Denhart (1938, p. 186)
- ^ a b c d e Cunninghame (1914, p. 418)
- ^ Denville, N. J. (2001). "Equine allies in the new world" (PDF). Américas. 53 (4): 24–29. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
- ^ a b c d Ivanoff (1968, p. 24)
- ^ a b Ivanoff (1968, p. 27)
- ^ Pierre Ivanoff (1924-1974). Bibliothèque nationale de France. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
- ^ a b c Cabrera (2004, p. 147)
- ^ a b c Taladoire, Éric (2020). L'aventure Maya : Découvertes du XVIe au XXIe siècle [The Maya adventure: Discoveries from the 16th to the 21st century] (in French). Editions du Cerf. p. 264. ISBN 978-2-204-13523-8.
- ^ a b Ivanoff (1968, p. 25)
- ^ a b Ivanoff (1968, p. 26)
- ^ a b c Cabrera (2004, p. 90)
- ^ a b Denhart (1938, p. 188)
- ^ Cunninghame (1914, p. 420)
- ^ Cunninghame (1914, p. 421)
- ^ Ivanoff (1968, pp. 29–30)
- ^ Ivanoff (1968, pp. 26–27)
- ^ a b Sazo, Arturo (2007). Suseo de sitio y facilidades turisticas para la comunidas San Miguel Tayasal, Flores, Peten (PDF). Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala Facultad de Arquitectura. p. 59.
- ^ Apollinaire, Guillaume; Décaudin, Michel; Caizergues, Pierre (1991). Œuvres en prose [Prose works] (in French). Gallimard. ISBN 978-2-07-011216-6.
- ^ Décaudin, Michel (1990). Apollinaire en son temps : actes du quatorzième colloque de Stavelot, 31 août-3 septembre 1988 (in French). Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle. p. 174. ISBN 978-2-87854-004-8.
- ^ Parinaud, André (1994). Apollinaire : 1880-1918 (in French). JC Lattès. p. 240. ISBN 978-2-7062-6898-4.
- ^ Ducret, Diane (2013). Corpus Equi. Place des éditeurs. p. 102. ISBN 978-2-262-04327-8.
Bibliography
[edit]- Bennett, Deb (1998). Conquerors : The Roots of New World Horsemanship. Amigo Publications, Inc. ISBN 978-0-9658533-0-9.
- Cabrera, Ángel (2004). Chevaux d'Amérique [American horses] (in French) (1st ed.). Éditions du Rocher. ISBN 2-268-05129-3.
- Chamay, Désiré (1904). "Les explorations de Téobert Maler" [Téobert Maler's explorations]. Journal de la Société des américanistes (in French). 1 (3): 289–308. JSTOR 44387138. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
- Cunninghame, R. B. (1914). Hippomorphous. London: The English review.
- Denhart, Robert (1937). "The Truth about Cortes's Horses". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 17 (4): 525–532. JSTOR 2507142.
- Denhart, Robert (1938). "El Morzillo". Southwest Review. 23 (2): 184–188. ISSN 0038-4712. JSTOR 43466454. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
- Ivanoff, Pierre (1968). "Sur les traces du cheval de Cortez" [In the footsteps of the Cortez horse]. Découvertes chez les Maya [Discoveries among the Maya]. Les énigmes de l'univers (in French). Paris: Robert Laffont.