Nakshatra: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 23:40, 7 July 2024

Nakshatra (Sanskrit: नक्षत्रम्, romanized: Nakṣatram) is the term for lunar mansion in Hindu astrology. A nakshatra is one of 27 (sometimes also 28) sectors along the ecliptic. Their names are related to a prominent star or asterisms in or near the respective sectors. In essence (in Western astronomical terms), a nakshatra simply is a constellation. Every nakshatra is divided into four padas (lit. "steps") related to the Char Dham, a set of four pilgrimage sites in India.

The starting point for the nakshatras according to the Vedas is "Krittika" (it has been argued because the Pleiades may have started the year at the time the Vedas were compiled, presumably at the vernal equinox), but, in more recent compilations, the start of the nakshatras list is the point on the ecliptic directly opposite to the star Spica, called Chitrā in Sanskrit. This translates to Ashvinī, a part of the modern constellation of Aries. These compilations, therefore may have been compiled during the centuries when the sun was passing through Aries at the time of the vernal equinox. This version may have been called Meshādi or the "start of Aries".^[1]^{[full citation needed]}

The first astronomical text that lists them is the Vedanga Jyotisha.^[2]^{[better source needed]}

In classical Hindu scriptures (Mahabharata, Harivamsa), the creation of the asterisms is attributed to Daksha.^[3] The Nakshatras are personified as daughters of Daksha and as wives of Chandra, the god of the Moon. When Chandra neglected his 26 other wives in favour of Rohini, his father-in-law cursed him with leprosy and proclaimed that the Moon would wax and wane each month.^[4] The Nakshatras are also alternatively described as the daughters of Kashyapa.

In the Atharvaveda

In the Atharvaveda (Shaunakiya recension, hymn 19.7) a list of 27 stars or asterisms is given, many of them corresponding to the later nakshatras:^[5]^[a]

This 27-day cycle has been taken to mean a particular group of stars. This has to do with the periodicity with which the Moon travels past the specific star fields called nakshatras. Hence, the stars are more like numbers on a clock, through which the hands of time (the moon) pass. This concept is described by J. Mercay (2012) in connection with Surya Siddhanta.^[6]

List of Nakshatras

Positions of the Nakshatras on the celestial sphere

In Hindu astronomy, there was an older tradition of 28 Nakshatras which were used as celestial markers in the heavens. When these were mapped into equal divisions of the ecliptic, a division of 27 portions was adopted since that resulted in a clearer definition of each portion (i.e. segment) subtending 13° 20′ (as opposed to 12° 51+3⁄7′ in the case of 28 segments). In the process, the Nakshatra Abhijit was left out without a portion.^[7]^: 179 However, the Abhijit nakshatra becomes important while deciding on the timing of an auspicious event. The Surya Siddhantha concisely specifies the coordinates of the twenty-seven Nakshatras.^[7]^: 211

It is noted above that with the older tradition of 28 Nakshatras each equal segment would subtend 12.85 degrees or 12° 51′. But the 28 Nakshatra were chosen at a time when the Vedic month was recognised as having exactly 30 days. In India and China the original 28 lunar mansions were not equal. Weixing Nui provides a list of the extent of the original 28 Nakshatras expressed in Muhurtas (with one Muhurta = 48 minutes of arc). Hindu texts note there were 16 Nakshatras of 30 Muhurtas, 6 of 45 Muhurtas, 5 of 15 Muhurtas and one of 6 Muhurtas.

The 28 mansions of the 360° lunar zodiac total 831 Muhurtas or 27.7 days. This is sometimes described as an inaccurate estimate of our modern sidereal period of 27.3 days, but using the ancient Indian calendar with Vedic months of 30 days and a daily movement of the Moon of 13 degrees, this early designation of a sidereal month of 831 Muhurtas or 27.7 days is very precise.^[b]^[8]^{[full citation needed]} Later some Indian savants dropped the Nakshatra named Abhijit to reduce the number of divisions to 27, but the Chinese retained all of their original 28 lunar mansions. These were grouped into four equal quarters which would have been fundamentally disrupted if it had been decided to reduce the number of divisions to 27.

Irrespective of the reason why ancient early Indian astronomers followed a Vedic calendar of exactly 12 months of 30 days it was this calendar and not a modern calendar of 365 days that they used for the astronomical calculations for the number of days taken for the Moon to complete one sidereal cycle of 360°. This is why initially they named 28 Nakshatras on their lunar zodiac.^[9]

The following list of nakshatras gives the corresponding regions of sky, per Basham (1954).^[10]

No.	Name	Associated stars	Description
1	Aśvini "The Horsemen"	β and γ Arietis	Astrological leader: Ketu (South lunar node) Symbol: Horse's head Diety: Ashvins, the horse-headed twins who are physicians to the gods Indian zodiac: 0° – 13°20′ Mesha Tropical zodiac: 26° Aries – 9°20′ Taurus
2	Bharani "The Bearer"	35, 39, and 41 Arietis	Astrological leader: Shukra (Venus) Symbol: Yoni, the female organ of reproduction Diety: Yama, god of death or Dharma Indian zodiac: 13° 20′ – 26°40′ Mesha Tropical zodiac: 9° 20′ – 22° 40′ Taurus
3	Kṛttikā "To Cut"	Pleiades	Astrological leader: Surya (Sun) Symbol: Knife or spear Diety: Agni, god of fire Indian zodiac: 26°40′ Mesha – 10° Vrishabha Tropical zodiac: 22° 40′ Taurus – 6° Gemini
4	Rohiṇi "Radiant Maiden"	Aldebaran	Astrological Mate: Chandra (Moon) Symbol: Cart or chariot, temple, banyan tree Diety: Prajapati, rigvedic form of Brahma - the Creator Indian zodiac: 10° – 23°20′ Vrishabha Tropical zodiac: 6° – 19°20′ Gemini
5	Mṛgaśīrā "The Deer's Head".	λ, φ Orionis	Astrological leader: Mangala (Mars) Symbol: Deer's head Diety: Soma, the moon god Indian zodiac: 23° 20′ Vrishabha – 6° 40′ Mithuna Tropical zodiac: 19° 20′ Gemini – 2° 40′ Cancer
6	Ārdrā "The Moist One"	Betelgeuse	Astrological leader: Rahu (North lunar node) Symbol: Teardrop, diamond, a human head Diety: Rudra, rigvedic fierce form of Shiva Indian zodiac: 6° 40′ – 20° Mithuna Tropical zodiac: 2° 40′ – 16° Cancer
7	Punarvasu (dual) "Return Of The Light"	Castor and Pollux	Astrological leader: Guru (Jupiter) Symbol : Bow and quiver Diety: Aditi, goddess representing the infinity and the mother of Adityas Indian zodiac: 20° Mithuna – 3°20′ Karka Tropical zodiac: 16° – 29°20′ Cancer
8	Puṣya/Tishya "The Nourisher"	γ, δ and θ Cancri	Astrological leader: Shani (Saturn) Symbol: Cow's udder, lotus, arrow and circle Diety: Bṛhaspati, priest of the gods Indian zodiac: 3° 20′ – 16° 40′ Karka Tropical zodiac: 29° 20′ Cancer – 12° 40′ Leo
9	Āśleṣā "The Embrace"	δ, ε, η, ρ, and σ Hydrae	Astrological leader: Budha (Mercury) Symbol: Serpent Diety: Nagas, divine race of half-human, half-serpent beings that reside in the Patala Indian zodiac: 16° 40′ – 30° Karka Tropical zodiac: 12° 40′ – 26° Leo
10	Maghā "The Mighty"	Regulus	Astrological leader: Ketu (South lunar node) Symbol: Royal Throne Diety: Pitrs, 'The Fathers', family ancestors Indian zodiac: 0° – 13° 20′ Simha Tropical zodiac: 26° Leo – 9° 20′ Virgo
11	Pūrva Phalgunī "The Former Reddish One"	δ and θ Leonis	Astrological leader: Shukra (Venus) Symbol: Front legs of bed, hammock, fig tree Diety: Aryaman, god of marital bliss and prosperity Indian zodiac: 13° 20′ – 26°40′ Simha Tropical zodiac: 9° 20′ – 22°40′ Virgo
12	Uttara Phalgunī "The Latter Reddish One"	Denebola	Astrological leader: Surya (Sun) Symbol: Four legs of bed, hammock Diety: Bhaga, god of patronage and favours Indian zodiac: 26° 40′ Simha- 10° Kanya Tropical zodiac: 22° 40′ Virgo – 6° Libra
13	Hasta "The Hand"	α, β, γ, δ and ε Corvi	Astrological Mate: Chandra (Moon) Symbol: Hand or fist DIety: Savitr, the sun god Indian zodiac: 10° – 23° 20′ Kanya Tropical zodiac: 6° – 19° 20′ Libra
14	Chitrā "The Bright One"	Spica	Astrological leader: Mangala (Mars) Symbol: Bright jewel or pearl Diety: Tvastar/Vishwakarma, artisan god Indian zodiac: 23° 20′ Kanya – 6° 40′ Tula Tropical zodiac: 19° 20′ Libra – 2° 40′ Scorpio
15	Svātī "The Independent One"	Arcturus	Astrological leader: Rahu (North lunar node) Symbol: Shoot of plant, coral Diety: Vayu, the Wind god Indian zodiac: 6° 40′ – 20° Tula Tropical zodiac: 2° 40′ – 16° Scorpio
16	Viśākhā "Branching Out"	α, β, γ and ι Librae	Astrological leader: Guru (Jupiter) Symbol: Triumphal arch, potter's wheel Diety: Indra, king of the devas and god of thunder, storms, and lightning, and Agni, god of Fire - representing the duality of water and fire Indian zodiac: 20° Tula – 3° 20′ Vrishchika Tropical zodiac: 16° – 29° 20′ Scorpio
17	Anurādhā "Following Radha"	β, δ and π Scorpionis	Astrological leader: Shani (Saturn) Symbol: Triumphal archway, lotus, bamboo Diety: Mitra, one of Adityas of friendship and partnership Indian zodiac: 3° 20′ – 16° 40′ Vrishchika Tropical zodiac: 29° 20′ Scorpio – 12° 40′ Sagittarius
18	Jyeṣṭha "The Eldest"	α, σ, and τ Scorpionis	Astrological leader: Budha (Mercury) Symbol: circular amulet, umbrella, earring Diety: Indra, king of the devas Indian zodiac: 16° 40′ – 30° Vrishchika Tropical zodiac: 12° 40′ – 26° Sagittarius
19	Mūlā "The Root"	ε, ζ, η, θ, ι, κ, λ, μ and ν Scorpionis	Astrological leader: Ketu (South lunar node) Symbol: Bunch of roots tied together, elephant goad Diety: Nirrti, goddess personifying death, decay, sorrow, as well as the peak of material achievement and the beginning of the spiritual impulse Indian zodiac: 0° – 13° 20′ Dhanus Tropical zodiac: 26° Sagittarius – 9° 20′ Capricorn
20	Pūrva Āṣāḍhā "The Former Unconquered"	δ and ε Sagittarii	Astrological leader: Shukra (Venus) Symbol: Elephant tusk, fan, winnowing basket Diety: Apah, god of Water Indian zodiac: 13° 20′ – 26° 40′ Dhanus Tropical zodiac: 9° 20′ – 22° 40′ Capricorn
21	Uttara Āṣāḍhā "The Latter Unconquered"	ζ and σ Sagittarii	Astrological leader: Surya (Sun) Symbol: Elephant tusk, small bed Diety: Visvedevas, the most comprehensive gathering of the gods, a classification in which no deity is stated to be omitted Indian zodiac: 26° 40′ Dhanus – 10° Makara Tropical zodiac: 22° 40′ Capricorn – 6° Aquarius
*^{[note 1]}	Abhijit "The Invincible"	ζ and σ Lyrae	Astrological leader and Diety: Brahma Indian zodiac: 6° 40′ Makara – 10° 53′ Makara
22	Śravaṇa "To Hear"	α, β and γ Aquilae	Astrological leader: Chandra (Moon) Symbol: Ear or Three Footprints Diety: Vishnu, preserver of universe Indian zodiac: 10° – 23° 20′ Makara Tropical zodiac: 6° – 19° 20′ Aquarius
23	Dhaniṣṭhā "Wealthiest"	α, β, γ and δ Delphini	Astrological leader: Mangala (Mars) Symbol: Drum or flute Diety: Vasus, group of eight deities associated with fire and light signifying earthly abundance Indian zodiac: 23° 20′ Makara – 6° 40′ Kumbha Tropical zodiac 19° 20′ Aquarius – 2° 40′ Pisces
24	Śatabhiṣa "A Hundred Physicians"	Sadachbia	Astrological leader: Rahu (North lunar node) Symbol: Empty circle, 1,000 flowers or stars Diety: Varuna, god of celestial waters Indian zodiac: 6° 40′ – 20° Kumbha Tropical zodiac: 2° 40′ – 16° Pisces
25	Pūrva Bhādrapada "The Former Blessed Feet"	α and β Pegasi	Astrological leader: Guru (Jupiter) Symbol: Swords or two front legs of funeral cot, man with two faces Diety: Ajaikapada, one-footed aspect of Shiva Indian zodiac: 20° Kumbha – 3° 20′ Meena Tropical zodiac: 16° – 29° 20′ Pisces
26	Uttara Bhādrapada "The Later Blessed Feet"	γ Pegasi and α Andromedae	Astrological leader: Shani (Saturn) Symbol: Twins, back legs of funeral cot, snake in the water Diety: Ahirbudhnya, serpent or dragon of the deep Indian zodiac: 3° 20′ – 16° 40′ Meena Tropical zodiac: 29° 20′ Pisces – 12° 40′ Aries
27	Revatī "Prosperous"	ζ Piscium	Astrological leader: Budha (Mercury) Symbol: Fish or a pair of fish, drum Diety: Pushan, nourisher, the protective deity Indian zodiac: 16° 40′ – 30° Meena Tropical zodiac: 12° 40′ – 26° Aries

Padas (quarters)

This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.

Each of the 27 Nakshatras cover 13° 20’ of the ecliptic each. Each Nakshatra is also divided into quarters or padas of 3° 20’, and the below table lists the appropriate starting sound to name the child. The 27 nakshatras, each with 4 padas, give 108, which is the number of beads in a japa mala, representing all the elements (ansh) of Vishnu:

#	Name	Pada 1	Pada 2	Pada 3	Pada 4	Vimsottari Lord	Ruling Deity
1	Aśvini (अश्विनी)	चु Chu	चे Che	चो Cho	ला La	Ketu	Aswini Kumara
2	Bharaṇī (भरणी)	ली Li	लू Lu	ले Le	लो Lo	Venus	Yama
3	Kṛttikā (कृत्तिका)	अ A	ई I	उ U	ए E	Sun	Agni
4	Rohiṇī (रोहिणी)	ओ O	वा Va/Ba	वी Vi/Bi	वु Vu/Bu	Moon	Brahma
5	Mṛgaśīrṣā (मृगशीर्षा)	वे Ve/Be	वो Vo/Bo	का Ka	की Ke	Mars	Moon
6	Ārdrā (आर्द्रा)	कु Ku	घ Gha	ङ Ng/Na	छ Chha	Rahu	Shiva
7	Punarvasu (पुनर्वसु)	के Ke	को Ko	हा Ha	ही Hi	Jupiter	Aditi
8	Puṣya (पुष्य)	हु Hu	हे He	हो Ho	ड Da	Saturn	Brihaspati
9	Āśleṣā (आश्लेषा)	डी Di	डू Du	डे De	डो Do	Mercury	Rahu
10	Maghā (मघा)	मा Ma	मी Mi	मू Mu	मे Me	Ketu	Pitr
11	Pūrva or Pūrva Phālgunī (पूर्व फाल्गुनी)	नो Mo	टा Ta	टी Ti	टू Tu	Venus	Bhaga
12	Uttara or Uttara Phālgunī (उत्तर फाल्गुनी)	टे Te	टो To	पा Pa	पी Pi	Sun	Sun
13	Hasta (हस्त)	पू Pu	ष Sha	ण Na	ठ Tha	Moon	Savitr
14	Chitrā (चित्रा)	पे Pe	पो Po	रा Ra	री Ri	Mars	Vishwakarma
15	Svāti (स्वाति)	रू Ru	रे Re	रो Ro	ता Ta	Rahu	Vaayu
16	Vishākhā (विशाखा)	ती Ti	तू Tu	ते Te	तो To	Jupiter	Indra Agni
17	Anurādhā (अनुराधा)	ना Na	नी Ni	नू Nu	ने Ne	Saturn	Mitra
18	Jyeṣṭhā (ज्येष्ठा)	नो No	या Ya	यी Yi	यू Yu	Mercury	Indra
19	Mūla (मूल)	ये Ye	यो Yo	भा Bha	भी Bhi	Ketu	Varuna, Nirriti
20	Pūrva Aṣāḍhā (पूर्वाषाढ़ा)	भू Bhu	धा Dha	फा Bha/Pha	ढा Dha	Venus	Apah
21	Uttara Aṣāḍhā (उत्तराषाढ़ा)	भे Bhe	भो Bho	जा Ja	जी Ji	Sun	Brahma
22	Śrāvaṇa (श्रवण)	खी Ju/Khi	खू Je/Khu	खे Jo/Khe	खो Gha/Kho	Moon	Vishnu
23	Śrāviṣṭhā (श्रविष्ठा) or Dhaniṣṭhā (धनिष्ठा)	गा Ga	गी Gi	गु Gu	गे Ge	Mars	Vasu
24	Śatabhiṣā (शतभिषा)	गो Go	सा Sa	सी Si	सू Su	Rahu	Varuna
25	Pūrva Bhādrapadā (पूर्वभाद्रपदा)	से Se	सो So	दा Da	दी Di	Jupiter	Aja Ek Pada
26	Uttara Bhādrapadā (उत्तरभाद्रपदा)	दू Du	थ Tha	झ Jha	ञ Da/Tra	Saturn	Ahirbudhnya
27	Revati (रेवती)	दे De	दो Do	च Cha	ची Chi	Mercury	Pooshan

Notes

^ Abhijit is the 22nd lunar mansion in the Indian system of 28 nakshatras. According to traditional beliefs, it is not necessarily a separate nakshatra per se, but rather a division within the sidereal Capricorn sign, spanning from the fourth pada of Uttara Ashadha to the first pada of Shravana.

^ From Griffith (1895) Hymns of the Atharva Veda:^[5]

1 citrā́ṇi sākáṃ diví rocanā́ni sarīsr̥pā́ṇi bhúvane javā́ni
turmíśaṃ sumatím ichámāno áhāni gīrbhíḥ saparyāmi nā́kam

2 suhávam agne kŕ̥ttikā róhiṇī cā́stu bhadráṃ mr̥gáśiraḥ śám ārdrā́
púnarvasū sūnŕ̥tā cā́ru púṣyo bhānúr āśleṣā́ áyanaṃ maghā́ me

3 púṇyaṃ pū́rvā phálgunyau cā́tra hástaś citrā́ śivā́ svātí sukhó me astu
rā́dhe viśā́khe suhávānurādhā́ jyéṣṭhā sunákṣatram áriṣṭa mū́lam

4 ánnaṃ pū́rvā rāsatāṃ me aṣādhā́ ū́rjaṃ devy úttarā ā́ vahantu
abhijín me rāsatāṃ púṇyam evá śrávaṇaḥ śráviṣṭhāḥ kurvatāṃ supuṣṭím

5 ā́ me mahác chatábhiṣag várīya ā́ me dvayā́ próṣṭhapadā suśárma
ā́ revátī cāśvayújau bhágaṃ ma ā́ me rayíṃ bháraṇya ā́ vahantu^[5]
^ The exact figure should be nearer 27.692308 days but 27.7 is near enough.

References

^ Vaid, Vashisht (2012). The Radiant Words of Love & Wisdom.
^ "Nakshatras and Upanakshatras". vedanet.com. American Institute of Vedic Studies. June 13, 2012. Archived from the original on March 22, 2015.
^ Moor, Edward (1810). The Hindu Pantheon. J. Johnson. p. 291.
^ Coulter, Charles Russell; Turner, Patricia (2021-12-06). Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities. McFarland. p. 437. ISBN 978-0-7864-9179-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hymns of the Atharva Veda. Translated by Griffith, R.T.H. 1895.
Original text via
"Gretil". University of Goettingen. Archived from the original on 2012-02-02.
from
Orlandi, Chatia, ed. (1991). Gli inni dell Atharvaveda (Saunaka) (trasliteration). Pisa, IT.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
collated with the edition of
Roth, R.; Whitney, W.D., eds. (1856). Atharva Veda Sanhita. Berlin, DE.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Mercay, Jessie (2012). Fundamentals of Mamuni Mayans Vaastu Shastras: Building architecture of Sthapatya Veda and traditional Indian architecture. AUM Science and Technology publishers.
^ ^a ^b Burgess, Ebenezer (1858). Translation of the Surya Siddhantha, a Textbook of Hindu Astronomy. The American Oriental Society.
^ Weixing, Nui; Xiaoyuan, Jiang. Astronomy in the Sutras translated into Chinese.
^ Jones, H. (September 2018). "The Origin of the 28 Naksatras in Early Indian Astronomy and Astrology". Indian Journal of History of Science. 53 (3): 317–324. Bibcode:2018InJHS..53..317J. doi:10.16943/ijhs/2018/v53i3/49463.
^ Basham, Arthur Llewellyn (1954). "Appendix II: Astronomy". The Wonder that was India. Calcutta, IN: Rupa. p. 490.

External links

Ahargana - The Astronomy of the Hindu Calendar: Nakshatra Explains Nakshatras by means of astronomical simulations created using Stellarium.

[13] Abhijit is the 22nd lunar mansion in the Indian system of 28 nakshatras. According to traditional beliefs, it is not necessarily a separate nakshatra per se, but rather a division within the sidereal Capricorn sign, spanning from the fourth pada of Uttara Ashadha to the first pada of Shravana.

[6] From Griffith (1895) Hymns of the Atharva Veda:^[5]

1 citrā́ṇi sākáṃ diví rocanā́ni sarīsr̥pā́ṇi bhúvane javā́ni
turmíśaṃ sumatím ichámāno áhāni gīrbhíḥ saparyāmi nā́kam

2 suhávam agne kŕ̥ttikā róhiṇī cā́stu bhadráṃ mr̥gáśiraḥ śám ārdrā́
púnarvasū sūnŕ̥tā cā́ru púṣyo bhānúr āśleṣā́ áyanaṃ maghā́ me

3 púṇyaṃ pū́rvā phálgunyau cā́tra hástaś citrā́ śivā́ svātí sukhó me astu
rā́dhe viśā́khe suhávānurādhā́ jyéṣṭhā sunákṣatram áriṣṭa mū́lam

4 ánnaṃ pū́rvā rāsatāṃ me aṣādhā́ ū́rjaṃ devy úttarā ā́ vahantu
abhijín me rāsatāṃ púṇyam evá śrávaṇaḥ śráviṣṭhāḥ kurvatāṃ supuṣṭím

5 ā́ me mahác chatábhiṣag várīya ā́ me dvayā́ próṣṭhapadā suśárma
ā́ revátī cāśvayújau bhágaṃ ma ā́ me rayíṃ bháraṇya ā́ vahantu^[5]

[9] The exact figure should be nearer 27.692308 days but 27.7 is near enough.

[1] Vaid, Vashisht (2012). The Radiant Words of Love & Wisdom.

[2] "Nakshatras and Upanakshatras". vedanet.com. American Institute of Vedic Studies. June 13, 2012. Archived from the original on March 22, 2015.

[3] Moor, Edward (1810). The Hindu Pantheon. J. Johnson. p. 291.

[4] Coulter, Charles Russell; Turner, Patricia (2021-12-06). Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities. McFarland. p. 437. ISBN 978-0-7864-9179-7.

[griffithveda-5] Hymns of the Atharva Veda. Translated by Griffith, R.T.H. 1895.
Original text via
"Gretil". University of Goettingen. Archived from the original on 2012-02-02.
from
Orlandi, Chatia, ed. (1991). Gli inni dell Atharvaveda (Saunaka) (trasliteration). Pisa, IT.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
collated with the edition of
Roth, R.; Whitney, W.D., eds. (1856). Atharva Veda Sanhita. Berlin, DE.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[mercay-7] Mercay, Jessie (2012). Fundamentals of Mamuni Mayans Vaastu Shastras: Building architecture of Sthapatya Veda and traditional Indian architecture. AUM Science and Technology publishers.

[SS-8] Burgess, Ebenezer (1858). Translation of the Surya Siddhantha, a Textbook of Hindu Astronomy. The American Oriental Society.

[10] Weixing, Nui; Xiaoyuan, Jiang. Astronomy in the Sutras translated into Chinese.

[11] Jones, H. (September 2018). "The Origin of the 28 Naksatras in Early Indian Astronomy and Astrology". Indian Journal of History of Science. 53 (3): 317–324. Bibcode:2018InJHS..53..317J. doi:10.16943/ijhs/2018/v53i3/49463.

[12] Basham, Arthur Llewellyn (1954). "Appendix II: Astronomy". The Wonder that was India. Calcutta, IN: Rupa. p. 490.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[a]

[6]

[7]

[b]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[note 1]

v t e Hindu astrology
Nakshatras	Ashvinī Bharanī Kṛttikā Rohinī Mrigashīrsha Punarvasu Pushya Āshleshā Maghā Pūrva Phalgunī Uttara Phalgunī Hasta Chitrā Svātī Vishākhā Anurādhā Jyeshtha Mūla Pūrva Ashādhā Uttara Ashādhā Shravana Dhanishta Shatabhisha Pūrva Bhādrapadā Uttara Bhādrapadā Revatī
Rāśi	Meṣa Vṛṣabha Mithuna Karkaṭa Siṃha Kanyā Tulā Vṛścika Dhanus Makara Kumbha Mīna
Navagraha	Surya Chandra Mangala Budha Brihaspati Shukra Shani Rahu Ketu
Other concepts	Astrological aspects Avastha Atmakaraka Ayanamsa Bhāva Choghadiya Daśās Drekkana Karmasthana Kuṇḍali Lagna Maraka Muntha Navamsa Nadi astrology Panchangam Panjika Planetary dispositors Rashmi Science and Astrology Sarvatobhadra Chakra Trikonasthanas Upachayasthanas Vyatipāta Yoga-karakas Vakri grahas
Yogas	Adhi yoga Akhanda Samrajya yoga Balarishta Chamara yoga Dainya yoga Daridra yoga Dhana yoga Kahala yoga Nabhasa yoga Neechabhanga Raja yoga Panch Mahapurusha yoga Parajata yoga Preshya yoga Raja yoga Sanyasa yoga Viparita Raja yoga Yoga
Scriptures	Brihat Jataka Bhavartha Ratnakara Dasadhyayi Garga Hora Hora Ratna Hora Sara Jataka Parijata Jaimini Sutras Jatakalankara Jataka Parijata Jataka Tattva Laghu Parashari Mansagari Prashna Tantra Prasna Marga Phaladeepika Sanketa Nidhi Sarvartha Chintamani Tajika Neelakanthi
Ancient Rishis/Astrologers	Bhrigu Jaimini Mantreswara Nilakantha Parasara Vaidyanatha Dikshita Varahamihira

v t e Indian astronomy
Astronomers	Apastamba Aryabhata I Aryabhata II Vainu Bappu Bhāskara I Bhāskara II Baudhayana Brahmagupta Sandip Chakrabarti Radhagobinda Chandra Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Amil Kumar Das P. Devadas Gautama Siddha M. K. Das Gupta Jyesthadeva Kamalakara Katyayana Lagadha Lalla Madhava of Sangamagrama Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis Mahavira Manava Jayant Narlikar Parameshvara Achyuta Pisharati Venkatraman Radhakrishnan J. J. Rawal Megh Nad Saha Jagannatha Samrat Bapudeva Sastri Jai Singh II of Amber Nilakantha Somayaji Sripati Mahendra Suri Govind Swarup Utpala Varahamihira Shankara Variyar Vasistha Yajnavalkya Pathani Samanta
Works	Aryabhatiya Brahmanas Aitareya Brahmana Shatapatha Brahmana Bṛhat Saṃhitā Ganitagannadi Jyotirmimamsa Shulba Sutras Panchangam Khandakhadyaka Mahādevī Makarandasarini Siddhantas Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta Maha-Siddhanta Pancha-Siddhantika Paulisa Siddhanta Paitamaha Siddhanta Rājamṛgāṅka (astronomy book) Romaka Siddhanta Surya Siddhanta Vasishtha Siddhanta Tantrasangraha Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era Vākyakaraṇa Vedanga Jyotisha Vedas Atharvaveda Rigveda Yavanajataka Zij
Instruments	Armillary sphere Astrolabe Celestial globe Compass Cross-staff Dioptra Equatorial ring Equatorial sundial Globe Gnomon Mural instrument Quadrant Sextant Sundial Triquetrum Water clock Yantraraja
Concepts	Axial tilt Azimuth Cardinal direction Celestial equator Celestial sphere Celestial spheres Center of mass Circular orbit Deferent and epicycle Earth's rotation Eccentricity Ecliptic Elliptic orbit Equant Geocentrism Geoheliocentrism Globe Gravity Heliocentrism Hindu units of time Jyotiṣa Kali ahargaṇa Kalpa Karana Manvantara Moonlight Nakshatra Nityayoga Parallax Precession Ritu Spherical Earth Sunlight Tithi Vāra Yuga Zodiacal sign
Centres	Jantar Mantar Jaipur New Delhi Ujjain Varanasi Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics
Other regions	Babylonian astronomy Ancient Greek astronomy Hellenistic astronomy Islamic astronomy Chinese astronomy European astronomy
Months of the Vedic calendar	Chaitra Vaisakha Jyeshta Aashaadha Shraavana Bhadrapada Ashvin Kartik Margashirsha Pausha Maagha Phalguna