Nezahualcoyotl (tlatoani): Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox royalty |
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| name =Nezahualcoyotl |
| name =Nezahualcoyotl |
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| succession =[[List of Texcoco rulers|''Tlatoani'' of Texcoco]] |
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| image= NezahualcoyotlGardenTADF.JPG |
| image= NezahualcoyotlGardenTADF.JPG |
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| caption =Bronze casting done of Nezahualcoyotl by [[Jesús Fructuoso Contreras]] in the [[Garden of the Triple Alliance]] located in the [[historic center of Mexico City]]. |
| caption =Bronze casting done of Nezahualcoyotl by [[Jesús Fructuoso Contreras]] in the [[Garden of the Triple Alliance]] located in the [[historic center of Mexico City]]. |
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| predecessor =[[Ixtlilxochitl I]] |
| predecessor =[[Ixtlilxochitl I]] |
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| successor =[[Nezahualpilli]] |
| successor =[[Nezahualpilli]] |
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| issue = |
| issue = [[Nezahualpilli]] |
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| father =[[Ixtlilxochitl I]] |
| father =[[Ixtlilxochitl I]] |
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| mother = Matlalcihuatzin |
| mother = Matlalcihuatzin |
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| spouse |
| spouse = Azcalxochitzin |
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| birth_date =April 28, 1402 |
| birth_date ={{birth-date|April 28, 1402}} |
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| birth_place =[[Texcoco, State of Mexico|Texcoco]] |
| birth_place =[[Texcoco, State of Mexico|Texcoco]] |
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| death_date =June 4, 1472 |
| death_date ={{death date and age|June 4, 1472|April 28, 1402}} |
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| death_place =[[Texcoco, State of Mexico|Texcoco]] |
| death_place =[[Texcoco, State of Mexico|Texcoco]] |
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|}} |
|}} |
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'''Nezahualcoyotl''' ({{lang-nci|Nezahualcoyōtl}} {{IPA-nah|nesawalˈkojoːtɬ|||}}, {{audio|Nesawalkoyotl.ogg|modern Nahuatl pronunciation}}) (April 28, 1402 – June 4, 1472) was a scholar, warrior, architect, poet and ruler (''[[tlatoani]]'') of the city-state of [[Texcoco (altepetl)|Texcoco]] in [[pre-Columbian era]] [[Mexico]]. Unlike other high-profile Mexican figures from the century preceding [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire]], Nezahualcoyotl was not fully [[Mexica]]; his father's people were the [[Acolhua]], another Nahuan people settled in the eastern part of the [[Valley of Mexico]], on the coast of [[Lake Texcoco]]. His mother, however, was the sister of [[Chimalpopoca]], the Mexica king of [[Tenochtitlan]]. |
'''Nezahualcoyotl''' ({{lang-nci|Nezahualcoyōtl}} {{IPA-nah|nesawalˈkojoːtɬ|||}}, {{audio|Nesawalkoyotl.ogg|modern Nahuatl pronunciation}}) (April 28, 1402 – June 4, 1472) was a scholar, philosopher (''[[tlamatini]]''), warrior, architect, poet and ruler (''[[tlatoani]]'') of the city-state of [[Texcoco (altepetl)|Texcoco]] in [[pre-Columbian era]] [[Mexico]]. Unlike other high-profile Mexican figures from the century preceding [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire]], Nezahualcoyotl was not fully [[Mexica]]; his father's people were the [[Acolhua]], another Nahuan people settled in the eastern part of the [[Valley of Mexico]], on the coast of [[Lake Texcoco]]. His mother, however, was the sister of [[Chimalpopoca]], the Mexica king of [[Tenochtitlan]]. |
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He is best remembered for his poetry, |
He is best remembered for his poetry; for his [[Hamlet]]-like biography as a dethroned prince with a victorious return, leading to the fall of [[Azcapotzalco (altepetl)|Azcapotzalco]] and the rise of the [[Aztec Triple-Alliance|Aztec Triple Alliance]]; and for leading important infrastructure projects, both in [[Tetzcoco (altepetl)|Texcoco]] and [[Tenochtitlan]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Nezahualcoyotl: Texcoco’s Warrior Poet, Philosopher and King |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfkX3rvc5VE |access-date=2023-03-26 |language=en}}</ref> According to accounts by his descendants and biographers, [[Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl]] and [[Juan Bautista Pomar]], he had an experience of an "Unknown, Unknowable Lord of Everywhere" to whom he built an entirely empty temple in which no blood sacrifices of any kind were allowed — not even those of animals. However, he allowed human sacrifices to continue in other temples.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Prescott|first=William H.|title=History of the Conquest of Mexico|publisher=J. B. Lippincott Company|year=1904|location=Paris|pages=208}}</ref> |
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==Name== |
==Name== |
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The Nahuatl name Nezahualcoyotl is commonly translated as “hungry coyote” or “fasting coyote.” However, more accurately, it means "coyote with a fasting collar," from ''nezahualli'', a collar made out of bands of paper twisted together. It was worn by those fasting to show others that they |
The Nahuatl name Nezahualcoyotl is commonly translated as “hungry coyote” or “fasting coyote.” However, more accurately, it means "coyote with a fasting collar," from ''nezahualli'', a collar made out of bands of paper twisted together. It was worn by those fasting to show others that they shouldn't be offered food.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://davidbowles.medium.com/kings-and-queens-of-texcoco-64019ed1c72e |title=Kings and Queens of Texcoco |last=Bowles |first=David |date=August 12, 2019 |website=medium.com |publisher=Medium |access-date=January 27, 2021}}</ref> |
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==Early life== |
==Early life== |
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Born |
Born '''Acolmiztli''', he was the son of [[Ixtlilxochitl I]] and Matlalcihuatzin,<ref name="martinez">{{cite book |last=Martínez | first=José |title=Nezahualcoyotl, Vida y Obra |publisher=Fondo de Cultura Económica |location=México |year=1972 |page=11 |isbn=968-16-0509-8 }}</ref> the daughter of [[Huitzilihuitl]]. Though born heir to a throne, his youth was not marked by princely luxury. His father had set [[Tetzcoco (altepetl)|Texcoco]] against the powerful city of [[Azcapotzalco (altepetl)|Azcapotzalco]], ruled by the [[Tepanec]]. In 1418, when the young prince was fifteen, his father was assassinated. |
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The Tepanecs of Azcapotzalco, led by [[Tezozomoc (Azcapotzalco)|Tezozomoc]], conquered Texcoco and |
The Tepanecs of Azcapotzalco, led by [[Tezozomoc (Azcapotzalco)|Tezozomoc]], conquered Texcoco, and Acolmiztli had to flee into exile in Huexotzinco. After various adventures, during which he took the name Nezahualcoyotl, the prince returned to stay in [[Tenochtitlan]] in 1422. His aunts bribed the Tepanec king and allowed for him to be partially educated as a [[Mexica]]. His exposure to Mexica culture and politics would influence how he later governed Texcoco. After Tezozomoc's son [[Maxtla]] became ruler of Azcapotzalco, Nezahualcoyotl returned to Texcoco, but had to go into exile a second time when he learned that Maxtla plotted against his life. |
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==The reconquest of Texcoco== |
==The reconquest of Texcoco== |
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[[File:Nezahualcoyotl.jpg|thumb|Nezahualcoyotl as depicted in the 16th century [[Codex Ixtlilxochitl]].]] |
[[File:Nezahualcoyotl.jpg|thumb|Nezahualcoyotl as depicted in the 16th century [[Codex Ixtlilxochitl]].]] |
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As the [[tlatoani]] [[Itzcoatl]] of Tenochtitlan requested help from the Huexotzincans against the |
As the ''[[tlatoani]]'' [[Itzcoatl]] of [[Tenochtitlan]] requested help from the Huexotzincans against the [[Tepanec]]s, Nezahualcoyotl envisioned a single military force in order to fight the mighty kingdom of [[Azcapotzalco (altepetl)|Azcapotzalco]]. After being offered support from insurgents inside [[Acolhuacan]] and rebel Tepanecs from [[Coyoacán#History|Coyohuacan]], Nezahualcoyotl joined the war. He called for a coalition consisting of many of the most important pre-Hispanic cities of the time: Tenochtitlan, [[Tlacopan]], [[Tlatelolco (altepetl)|Tlatelolco]], Huexotzingo, [[Tlaxcala]] and [[Chalco (altépetl)|Chalco]]. |
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The war was declared a shared and single effort, and the coalition army of more than 100,000 men under the command of Nezahualcoyotl and other important tlatoque headed towards [[Azcapotzalco (altepetl)| |
The war was declared a shared and single effort, and the coalition army of more than 100,000 men under the command of Nezahualcoyotl and other important ''[[tlatoque]]'' headed towards [[Azcapotzalco (altepetl)|Azcapotzalco]] from the city of [[Calpulalpan]]. This began the military offensive that would reconquer Acolhuacan in 1428. |
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The campaign was divided into three parts. One army attacked [[Acolman]] to the north and the second [[Coatlinchan]] to the south. A contingent led by Nezahualcoyotl himself was intended to attack Acolhuacan, only after providing support, upon request, to the first two armies. The coalition conquered Acolman and [[Otompan|Otumba]], sacking them only due to the sudden Tepanec siege of Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco. |
The campaign was divided into three parts. One army attacked [[Acolman]] to the north and the second [[Coatlinchan]] to the south. A contingent led by Nezahualcoyotl himself was intended to attack Acolhuacan, only after providing support, upon request, to the first two armies. The coalition conquered Acolman and [[Otompan|Otumba]], sacking them only due to the sudden Tepanec siege of Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco. |
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In a tactical move, the three armies united again and then divided into two. One of them, under Nezahualcoyotl, headed towards [[Texcoco (altepetl)|Texcoco]] laying siege to Acolhuacan on its way, while the other attacked and destroyed [[Azcapotzalco (altepetl)| |
In a tactical move, the three armies united again and then divided into two. One of them, under Nezahualcoyotl, headed towards [[Texcoco (altepetl)|Texcoco]], laying siege to Acolhuacan on its way, while the other attacked and destroyed [[Azcapotzalco (altepetl)|Azcapotzalco]]. At the time the armies met again, Nezahualcoyotl reclaimed [[Texcoco (altepetl)|Texcoco]] and decided to conquer Acolhuacan, entering from the north while the Tenochca and Tlacopan allies coming from Azcapotzalco attacked from the south. The two armies simultaneously attacked Acolhuacan from two directions until they controlled the city's main square. |
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After their victory, the coalition began a series of attacks |
After their victory, the coalition began a series of attacks on isolated Tepanec posts throughout the territory of Texcoco. The defeat of the Tepanecs and the total destruction of the kingdom of Azcapotzalco gave rise to the [[Aztec Triple Alliance]] between Texcoco, Tenochtitlan, and Tlacopan. Nezahualcoyotl was eventually crowned Tlatoani of [[Texcoco (altepetl)|Texcoco]] in 1431. |
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A decade later, eager to produce a noble heir, Nezahualcoyotl married Azcalxochitzin after the death of her first husband, King Cuahcuauhtzin of Tepechpan. |
A decade later, eager to produce a noble heir, Nezahualcoyotl married Azcalxochitzin after the death of her first husband, [[Cuacuauhtzin|King Cuahcuauhtzin]] of Tepechpan.<ref name="Tepechpan">{{cite book|title=The Tira de Tepechpan: Negotiating Place Under Aztec and Spanish Rule|author=Lori Boornazian Diel |publisher=University of Texas Press |date=2009 |location=Austin|language=English}}</ref> |
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== Legal system |
== Legal system == |
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[[File:Nezahualpiltzintli.jpg|thumb|Son of Nezahualcóyotl: [[Nezahualpilli]]|alt=Nezahualpiltzintli.jpg]] |
[[File:Nezahualpiltzintli.jpg|thumb|Son of Nezahualcóyotl: [[Nezahualpilli]]|alt=Nezahualpiltzintli.jpg]] |
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According to Motolinia, Nezahualcoyotl practiced his strict laws judiciously and imposed them on all his subjects. He killed four of his sons for their sexual relationships with his concubines. |
According to [[Toribio de Benavente Motolinia|Motolinia]], Nezahualcoyotl practiced his strict laws judiciously and imposed them on all his subjects. He purportedly killed four of his sons for their sexual relationships with his concubines. Cities conquered by the [[Aztec Empire]] paid tribute that was distributed among three kings. Fourteen cities in the region of Acolhuacan were under Nezahualcoyotl, including [[Otompan]], [[Huexotla]], Coatlichan, [[Chimalhuacan]], [[Tepetlaoztoc]], Chiauhtla, Tezoyucan, [[Teotihuacan]], [[Acolman]], Tepechpan, Chiconauhtlan, [[Xicotepec]], Cuauhchinanco, and Tulantzino.<ref name=":0">Lee, Jongsoo; "A reinterpretation of Nahuatl poetics: Rejecting the image of Nezahualcoyotl as a peaceful poet" in ''Colonial Latin American Review'', December 2003, Vol. 12 Issue 2,</ref> |
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Nezahualcoyotl adopted the Mexica legal |
Nezahualcoyotl, himself half Mexica, adopted the Mexica religious and legal systems in Acolhuacan to help in the reconstruction of his city. Motolinia claims he enacted some eighty laws addressing issues such as treason, robbery, adultery, homicide, alcohol abuse, misuse of inheritances, and military misconduct. The [[Mapa Quinatzin]] depicts the hanging of a robber for stealing or breaking into a house.<ref name=":0" /> |
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[[Adulterer]]s were stoned, burned, or hanged if they had committed murder because of their extramarital affair. Men who had engaged in the passive role of homosexual anal intercourse had their intestines pulled out, then their bodies were filled with ash, and finally, were burned. The active or penetrating partner was simply suffocated in a heap of ash.<ref>{{cite book|last=Täubel|first=Gottlob|title=Allgemeines Historienbuch von den Merkwurdigsten Entdeckungen fremder ehedem ganz unbekannter Länder und Inseln|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KooM0KKNHr8C&q=sodomiterey&pg=RA1-PA207|pages=206–07|year=1796|publisher=Gottlob Täubel|location=Vienna|access-date=2013-03-13}}</ref> The Mapa Quinatzin depicts the hanging of a robber for stealing or breaking into a house. In cases of military misconduct, for example those soldiers who did not follow orders or killed captives, the condemned were hanged or beheaded. Nobles, too, were not immune to such punishments. Sons who stole from their father’s property were suffocated. |
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==Achievements== |
==Achievements== |
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[[File:Glifo_prehispánico_de_Nezahualcóyotl.svg|thumb|right|250px| |
[[File:Glifo_prehispánico_de_Nezahualcóyotl.svg|thumb|right|250px| |
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Prehispanic glyph of Nezahualcóyotl. Note the nezahualli or fasting collar.]] |
Prehispanic glyph of Nezahualcóyotl. Note the nezahualli or fasting collar.]] |
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Revered as a sage and poet-king, Nezahualcoyotl gathered a group of followers called the [[tlamatini]], generally translated as "wise men |
Revered as a sage and poet-king, Nezahualcoyotl gathered a group of followers called the ''[[tlamatini]]'', generally translated as "wise men." These men were scholars, artists, musicians and sculptors who pursued their art in the court of [[Tetzcoco (altepetl)|Texcoco]]. |
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Nezahualcoyotl is credited with cultivating what came to be known as Texcoco's Golden Age, which brought the rule of law, scholarship and artistry to the city and set high standards that influenced surrounding cultures. Nezahualcoyotl designed a code of law based on the division of power, which created the councils of finance, war, justice and culture (the last actually called the "Council of Music"). Under his rule Texcoco flourished as the intellectual center of the Triple Alliance and was home to an extensive library that, tragically, did not survive the Spanish conquest. He also established an academy of music and welcomed worthy entrants from all regions of [[Mesoamerica]]. |
Nezahualcoyotl is credited with cultivating what came to be known as Texcoco's Golden Age, which brought the rule of law, scholarship and artistry to the city and set high standards that influenced surrounding cultures. Nezahualcoyotl designed a code of law based on the division of power, which created the councils of finance, war, justice and culture (the last actually called the "Council of Music"). Under his rule, Texcoco flourished as the intellectual center of the [[Aztec Empire|Triple Alliance]] and was home to an extensive library that, tragically, did not survive the Spanish conquest. He also established an academy of music and welcomed worthy entrants from all regions of [[Mesoamerica]]. |
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Texcoco has been called "the Athens of the Western World" |
Texcoco has been called "the Athens of the Western World," to quote the historian [[Lorenzo Boturini Bernaducci]]. Indeed, the remains of hilltop gardens, sculptures and a [[Chapultepec aqueduct|massive aqueduct system]] show the impressive engineering skills and aesthetic appreciation of his reign. |
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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:MXN 100.jpg|thumb|Nezahualcoyotl on the Mexican 100 peso bill]] --> |
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:MXN 100.jpg|thumb|Nezahualcoyotl on the Mexican 100 peso bill]] --> |
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Many believe, however, that of all the creative intellects nurtured by this Texcocan "Athens," by far the greatest belonged to the king himself. He is considered one of the great designers and architects of the pre-Hispanic era. He is said to have personally designed the "albarrada de Nezahualcoyotl" ("dike of Nezahualcoyotl") to separate the fresh and brackish waters of Lake Texcoco, a system that was still in use over a century after his death. |
Many believe, however, that of all the creative intellects nurtured by this Texcocan "Athens," by far the greatest belonged to the king himself. He is considered one of the great designers and architects of the pre-Hispanic era. He is said to have personally designed the "albarrada de Nezahualcoyotl" ("dike of Nezahualcoyotl") to separate the fresh and brackish waters of [[Lake Texcoco]], a system that was still in use over a century after his death. |
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==Legacy== |
==Legacy== |
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The date of Nezahualcoyotl's death is recorded as being June 4, 1472 |
The date of Nezahualcoyotl's death is recorded as being June 4, 1472. He was survived by many concubines and an estimated 110 children. He was succeeded by his son [[Nezahualpilli]] as ''[[tlatoani]]'' of [[Tetzcoco (altepetl)|Texcoco]]. |
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His great-grandson Juan Bautista Pomar is credited with the |
His great-grandson [[Juan Bautista Pomar]] is credited with the compilation of a collection of [[Classical Nahuatl|Nahuatl]] poems, ''[[Romances de los señores de Nueva España]]'', and with a chronicle of the [[history of the Aztecs]]. The freshwater fish ''[[Xiphophorus nezahualcoyotl]]'' is named after Nezahualcoyotl. Nezahualcoyotl appears on the current 100 [[Mexican peso|peso]] banknote of Mexico.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://davidbowles.medium.com/retranslating-nezahualcoyotl-3a868eeb4424|title=Retranslating Nezahualcoyotl|first=David|last=Bowles|publisher=[[Medium (website)|Medium]]|date=26 January 2019|accessdate=29 March 2021}}</ref> |
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==Poetry== |
==Poetry== |
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[[File:NezaFountainMonumentChapultepec4.JPG|thumb|Monument to Nezahualcoyotl in the [[Chapultepec|Bosque de Chapultepec.]]]] |
[[File:NezaFountainMonumentChapultepec4.JPG|thumb|Monument to Nezahualcoyotl in the [[Chapultepec|Bosque de Chapultepec.]]]] |
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One of Nezahualcoyotl's historical legacies is as a poet |
One of Nezahualcoyotl's historical legacies is as a poet, with a number of works in [[Classical Nahuatl language|Classical Nahuatl]] written in the 16th and 17th centuries ascribed to him. These attributions are testament to the long lifespan of oral tradition, since Nezahualcoyotl died almost 50 years before the [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire]], and the poems were written down another fifty years after that. [[Juan Bautista Pomar|Juan Bautista de Pomar]] was a grandson of Nezahualcoyotl and likely wrote them from memory of the oral tradition. |
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Poems attributed to Nezahualcoyotl include:<ref>{{cite book|author=Miguel |
Poems attributed to Nezahualcoyotl include:<ref>{{cite book |author=León-Portilla |first=Miguel |url=https://historicas.unam.mx/publicaciones/publicadigital/libros/trece_poetas/mundo_azteca.html |title=Trece poetas del mundo azteca |date= |publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México |year=1967 |edition=2nd, 1972 |location=Mexico City |pages=39–75 |language=es |trans-title=Thirteen poets of the Aztec world}}</ref> |
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*''In chololiztli'' (The Flight) |
*''In chololiztli'' (The Flight) |
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*''Ma zan moquetzacan'' (Stand Up!) |
*''Ma zan moquetzacan'' (Stand Up!) |
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*''Zan yehuan'' (He Alone) |
*''Zan yehuan'' (He Alone) |
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*''Xon Ahuiyacan'' (Be Joyful) |
*''Xon Ahuiyacan'' (Be Joyful) |
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One of his poems appears in tiny print on the face of the 100 peso note: |
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{{lang|es|Amo el canto del zenzontle<br> |
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Pájaro de cuatrocientas voces,<br> |
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Amo el color del jade<br> |
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Y el enervante perfume de las flores,<br> |
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Pero más amo a mi hermano, el hombre.}} |
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''I love the song of the [[northern mockingbird|mockingbird]],''<br> |
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''Bird of four hundred voices,''<br> |
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''I love the color of [[jade]]''<br> |
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''And the enervating scent of the flowers,''<br> |
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''But I love most my brother, man.'' |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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[[Category:Nahuatl-language poets]] |
[[Category:Nahuatl-language poets]] |
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[[Category:People from Texcoco, State of Mexico]] |
[[Category:People from Texcoco, State of Mexico]] |
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[[Category:Mexican philosophers]] |
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[[Category:Aztec philosophy]] |
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Latest revision as of 11:46, 5 September 2024
| Nezahualcoyotl | |
|---|---|
 Bronze casting done of Nezahualcoyotl by Jesús Fructuoso Contreras in the Garden of the Triple Alliance located in the historic center of Mexico City. | |
| Tlatoani of Texcoco | |
| Reign | 1429–1472 |
| Predecessor | Ixtlilxochitl I |
| Successor | Nezahualpilli |
| Born | April 28, 1402 Texcoco |
| Died | June 4, 1472 (aged 70) Texcoco |
| Spouse | Azcalxochitzin |
| Issue | Nezahualpilli |
| Father | Ixtlilxochitl I |
| Mother | Matlalcihuatzin |
Nezahualcoyotl (Classical Nahuatl: Nezahualcoyōtl [nesawalˈkojoːtɬ], ) (April 28, 1402 – June 4, 1472) was a scholar, philosopher (tlamatini), warrior, architect, poet and ruler (tlatoani) of the city-state of Texcoco in pre-Columbian era Mexico. Unlike other high-profile Mexican figures from the century preceding Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, Nezahualcoyotl was not fully Mexica; his father's people were the Acolhua, another Nahuan people settled in the eastern part of the Valley of Mexico, on the coast of Lake Texcoco. His mother, however, was the sister of Chimalpopoca, the Mexica king of Tenochtitlan.
He is best remembered for his poetry; for his Hamlet-like biography as a dethroned prince with a victorious return, leading to the fall of Azcapotzalco and the rise of the Aztec Triple Alliance; and for leading important infrastructure projects, both in Texcoco and Tenochtitlan.[1] According to accounts by his descendants and biographers, Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl and Juan Bautista Pomar, he had an experience of an "Unknown, Unknowable Lord of Everywhere" to whom he built an entirely empty temple in which no blood sacrifices of any kind were allowed — not even those of animals. However, he allowed human sacrifices to continue in other temples.[2]
Name
[edit]The Nahuatl name Nezahualcoyotl is commonly translated as “hungry coyote” or “fasting coyote.” However, more accurately, it means "coyote with a fasting collar," from nezahualli, a collar made out of bands of paper twisted together. It was worn by those fasting to show others that they shouldn't be offered food.[3]
Early life
[edit]Born Acolmiztli, he was the son of Ixtlilxochitl I and Matlalcihuatzin,[4] the daughter of Huitzilihuitl. Though born heir to a throne, his youth was not marked by princely luxury. His father had set Texcoco against the powerful city of Azcapotzalco, ruled by the Tepanec. In 1418, when the young prince was fifteen, his father was assassinated.
The Tepanecs of Azcapotzalco, led by Tezozomoc, conquered Texcoco, and Acolmiztli had to flee into exile in Huexotzinco. After various adventures, during which he took the name Nezahualcoyotl, the prince returned to stay in Tenochtitlan in 1422. His aunts bribed the Tepanec king and allowed for him to be partially educated as a Mexica. His exposure to Mexica culture and politics would influence how he later governed Texcoco. After Tezozomoc's son Maxtla became ruler of Azcapotzalco, Nezahualcoyotl returned to Texcoco, but had to go into exile a second time when he learned that Maxtla plotted against his life.
The reconquest of Texcoco
[edit]
As the tlatoani Itzcoatl of Tenochtitlan requested help from the Huexotzincans against the Tepanecs, Nezahualcoyotl envisioned a single military force in order to fight the mighty kingdom of Azcapotzalco. After being offered support from insurgents inside Acolhuacan and rebel Tepanecs from Coyohuacan, Nezahualcoyotl joined the war. He called for a coalition consisting of many of the most important pre-Hispanic cities of the time: Tenochtitlan, Tlacopan, Tlatelolco, Huexotzingo, Tlaxcala and Chalco.
The war was declared a shared and single effort, and the coalition army of more than 100,000 men under the command of Nezahualcoyotl and other important tlatoque headed towards Azcapotzalco from the city of Calpulalpan. This began the military offensive that would reconquer Acolhuacan in 1428.
The campaign was divided into three parts. One army attacked Acolman to the north and the second Coatlinchan to the south. A contingent led by Nezahualcoyotl himself was intended to attack Acolhuacan, only after providing support, upon request, to the first two armies. The coalition conquered Acolman and Otumba, sacking them only due to the sudden Tepanec siege of Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco.
In a tactical move, the three armies united again and then divided into two. One of them, under Nezahualcoyotl, headed towards Texcoco, laying siege to Acolhuacan on its way, while the other attacked and destroyed Azcapotzalco. At the time the armies met again, Nezahualcoyotl reclaimed Texcoco and decided to conquer Acolhuacan, entering from the north while the Tenochca and Tlacopan allies coming from Azcapotzalco attacked from the south. The two armies simultaneously attacked Acolhuacan from two directions until they controlled the city's main square.
After their victory, the coalition began a series of attacks on isolated Tepanec posts throughout the territory of Texcoco. The defeat of the Tepanecs and the total destruction of the kingdom of Azcapotzalco gave rise to the Aztec Triple Alliance between Texcoco, Tenochtitlan, and Tlacopan. Nezahualcoyotl was eventually crowned Tlatoani of Texcoco in 1431.
A decade later, eager to produce a noble heir, Nezahualcoyotl married Azcalxochitzin after the death of her first husband, King Cuahcuauhtzin of Tepechpan.[5]
Legal system
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According to Motolinia, Nezahualcoyotl practiced his strict laws judiciously and imposed them on all his subjects. He purportedly killed four of his sons for their sexual relationships with his concubines. Cities conquered by the Aztec Empire paid tribute that was distributed among three kings. Fourteen cities in the region of Acolhuacan were under Nezahualcoyotl, including Otompan, Huexotla, Coatlichan, Chimalhuacan, Tepetlaoztoc, Chiauhtla, Tezoyucan, Teotihuacan, Acolman, Tepechpan, Chiconauhtlan, Xicotepec, Cuauhchinanco, and Tulantzino.[6]
Nezahualcoyotl, himself half Mexica, adopted the Mexica religious and legal systems in Acolhuacan to help in the reconstruction of his city. Motolinia claims he enacted some eighty laws addressing issues such as treason, robbery, adultery, homicide, alcohol abuse, misuse of inheritances, and military misconduct. The Mapa Quinatzin depicts the hanging of a robber for stealing or breaking into a house.[6]
Achievements
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Revered as a sage and poet-king, Nezahualcoyotl gathered a group of followers called the tlamatini, generally translated as "wise men." These men were scholars, artists, musicians and sculptors who pursued their art in the court of Texcoco.
Nezahualcoyotl is credited with cultivating what came to be known as Texcoco's Golden Age, which brought the rule of law, scholarship and artistry to the city and set high standards that influenced surrounding cultures. Nezahualcoyotl designed a code of law based on the division of power, which created the councils of finance, war, justice and culture (the last actually called the "Council of Music"). Under his rule, Texcoco flourished as the intellectual center of the Triple Alliance and was home to an extensive library that, tragically, did not survive the Spanish conquest. He also established an academy of music and welcomed worthy entrants from all regions of Mesoamerica.
Texcoco has been called "the Athens of the Western World," to quote the historian Lorenzo Boturini Bernaducci. Indeed, the remains of hilltop gardens, sculptures and a massive aqueduct system show the impressive engineering skills and aesthetic appreciation of his reign.
Many believe, however, that of all the creative intellects nurtured by this Texcocan "Athens," by far the greatest belonged to the king himself. He is considered one of the great designers and architects of the pre-Hispanic era. He is said to have personally designed the "albarrada de Nezahualcoyotl" ("dike of Nezahualcoyotl") to separate the fresh and brackish waters of Lake Texcoco, a system that was still in use over a century after his death.
Legacy
[edit]The date of Nezahualcoyotl's death is recorded as being June 4, 1472. He was survived by many concubines and an estimated 110 children. He was succeeded by his son Nezahualpilli as tlatoani of Texcoco.
His great-grandson Juan Bautista Pomar is credited with the compilation of a collection of Nahuatl poems, Romances de los señores de Nueva España, and with a chronicle of the history of the Aztecs. The freshwater fish Xiphophorus nezahualcoyotl is named after Nezahualcoyotl. Nezahualcoyotl appears on the current 100 peso banknote of Mexico.[7]
Poetry
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One of Nezahualcoyotl's historical legacies is as a poet, with a number of works in Classical Nahuatl written in the 16th and 17th centuries ascribed to him. These attributions are testament to the long lifespan of oral tradition, since Nezahualcoyotl died almost 50 years before the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, and the poems were written down another fifty years after that. Juan Bautista de Pomar was a grandson of Nezahualcoyotl and likely wrote them from memory of the oral tradition. Poems attributed to Nezahualcoyotl include:[8]
- In chololiztli (The Flight)
- Ma zan moquetzacan (Stand Up!)
- Nitlacoya (I Am Sad)
- Xopan cuicatl (Song of Springtime)
- Ye nonocuiltonohua (I Am Wealthy)
- Zan yehuan (He Alone)
- Xon Ahuiyacan (Be Joyful)
See also
[edit]- Texcoco (altepetl)
- History of the Aztecs
- Aztec Empire
- Mexican literature
- Nahuatl
- Ixtlilxochitl I
- Nezahualpilli
- Cuacuauhtzin
- Aztec mythology
Notes
[edit]- ^ Nezahualcoyotl: Texcoco’s Warrior Poet, Philosopher and King, retrieved 2023-03-26
- ^ Prescott, William H. (1904). History of the Conquest of Mexico. Paris: J. B. Lippincott Company. p. 208.
- ^ Bowles, David (August 12, 2019). "Kings and Queens of Texcoco". medium.com. Medium. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
- ^ Martínez, José (1972). Nezahualcoyotl, Vida y Obra. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica. p. 11. ISBN 968-16-0509-8.
- ^ Lori Boornazian Diel (2009). The Tira de Tepechpan: Negotiating Place Under Aztec and Spanish Rule. Austin: University of Texas Press.
- ^ a b Lee, Jongsoo; "A reinterpretation of Nahuatl poetics: Rejecting the image of Nezahualcoyotl as a peaceful poet" in Colonial Latin American Review, December 2003, Vol. 12 Issue 2,
- ^ Bowles, David (26 January 2019). "Retranslating Nezahualcoyotl". Medium. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
- ^ León-Portilla, Miguel (1967). Trece poetas del mundo azteca [Thirteen poets of the Aztec world] (in Spanish) (2nd, 1972 ed.). Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. pp. 39–75.
References
[edit]- León-Portilla, Miguel; Fifteen Poets of the Aztec World University of Oklahoma Press, October 2000.
- Prescott, William; The History of the Conquest of Mexico, Book 1, Chapter 6.
- Lee, Jongsoo; "A reinterpretation of Nahuatl poetics: Rejecting the image of Nezahualcoyotl as a peaceful poet" in Colonial Latin American Review, December 2003, Vol. 12 Issue 2, p 233-249.
- Curl, John; Ancient American PoetsThe Flower Songs of Nezahualcoyotl, Bilingual Press, 2005, ISBN 1-931010-21-8
External links
[edit]- http://www.ku.edu/~hoopes/506/Lectures/Aztecs.html
- http://www.nndb.com/people/773/000095488/
- Flower Songs of Nezahualcoyotl [1] YouTube
- . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.
- Poems of Nezahualcoyotl read in Nahuatl YouTube
