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Psychological horror

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Psychological horror is a subgenre of horror and psychological fiction that relies on mental, emotional and psychological states to frighten, disturb, or unsettle readers, viewers, or players. The subgenre frequently overlaps with the related subgenre of psychological thriller, and it often uses mystery elements and characters with unstable, unreliable, or disturbed psychological states to enhance the suspense, drama, action and horror of the setting and plot and to provide an overall unpleasant, unsettling, or distressing atmosphere.

Characteristics

Psychological horror often aims to create discomfort or dread by exposing common or universal psychological and emotional vulnerabilities/fears and revealing the darker parts of the human psyche that most people may repress or deny. This idea is referred to in Jungian psychology as the archetypal shadow characteristics: suspicion, distrust, self-doubt, and paranoia of others, themselves, and the world.

The genre often seeks to challenge or confuse the audience's grasp of the narrative or plot by focusing on characters who are themselves unsure of or doubting their own perceptions of reality or questioning their own sanity. Characters' perceptions of their surroundings may indeed be distorted or subject to delusions, outside manipulation or gaslighting by other characters, emotional disturbances, and even hallucinations or mental disorders. In many cases, and in a similar way as the overlapping genre of psychological thriller, psychological horror may deploy an unreliable narrator or imply that aspects of the story are being perceived inaccurately by a protagonist, thus confusing or unsettling viewers or readers and setting up an ominous or disturbing overarching tone. In other cases, the narrator or protagonist may be reliable or ostensibly mentally stable but is placed in a situation involving another character or characters who are psychologically, mentally, or emotionally disturbed. Thus, elements of psychological horror focus on mental conflicts. These become important as the characters face perverse situations, sometimes involving the supernatural, immorality, murder, and conspiracies. While other horror media emphasize fantastical situations such as attacks by monsters, psychological horror tends to keep the monsters hidden and to involve situations more grounded in artistic realism.

Plot twists are an often used device. Characters commonly face internal battles with subconscious desires such as romantic lust and the desire for petty revenge. In contrast, splatter fiction focuses on bizarre, alien evil to which the average viewer cannot easily relate. At times, the psychological horror and splatter subgenres overlap, such as in the French horror film High Tension.[1]

Books

The novel Silence of the Lambs written by Thomas Harris, Robert Bloch novels such as Psycho and American Gothic, Stephen King novels such as Carrie, Misery, The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon, The Shining and Koji Suzuki's Ring are some examples of psychological horror. Shirley Jackson's We Have Always Lived in the Castle is often viewed as one of the best examples of psychological horror in fiction.

Films

Psychological horror films generally differ from the traditional horror film, where the source of the fear is typically something material, such as grotesque or horrifying creatures, monsters, serial killers or aliens,[2] as well as the splatter film, which derives its frightening effects from gore and graphic violence,[2] in that tension in psychological horror films is more frequently built through atmosphere, eerie sounds and exploitation of the viewer's and the character's psychological fears. Psychological horror films sometimes frighten or unsettle by relying on the viewer's or character's own imagination or the anticipation of a threat rather than an actual threat or a material source of fear portrayed onscreen. However, some psychological horror films may in fact contain a material or overt threat or a physical source of fear, as well as scenes of graphic gore or violence, yet still rely or focus mainly on atmosphere and the psychological, mental, and emotional states of the characters and viewers to frighten or disturb. For instance, some psychological horror films may portray psychotic murderers and scenes of graphic violence while still maintaining an atmosphere that focuses on either the villain's, protagonist's, or audience's psychological, mental, or emotional status.

The Black Cat (1934) and Cat People (1942) have been cited as early psychological horror films.[3][2][4]

Roman Polanski directed two films which are considered quintessential psychological horror: Repulsion (1965) and Rosemary's Baby (1968).[5][6] Stanley Kubrick's 1980 film The Shining, adapted from the aforementioned Stephen King novel, is another particularly well-known example of the genre.[7] The Changeling (1980) directed by Peter Medak is good example of a psychological haunting story. The Silence of the Lambs (1991) directed by Jonathan Demme is another example of psychological horror, whilst also incorporating elements of the thriller genre.[8][9]

The Italian film genre known as giallo often employs psychological horror or elements of the psychological horror subgenre. The subgenre is also a staple in Asian countries. Japanese horror films, commonly referred to as "J-horror", have been noted to be generally of a psychological horror nature.[10] Notable examples are Ring (1998) and the Ju-on series.[10] Another influential category is the Korean horror films, commonly referred to as "K-horror".[10] Notable examples are A Tale of Two Sisters (2003), Hansel and Gretel (2007) and Whispering Corridors (1998).[10] A landmark film from the Philippines, Kisapmata (1981), is an example of psychological horror.

Video games

While video game genres are based upon their game-play content, psychological horror as narrative is used in some video games. A few successful video game franchises have spawned from using psychological horror as a main form of creating fear, the most well known being Silent Hill.[11] Other psychological horror games include Amnesia: The Dark Descent, Outlast 2 [12] Alien Isolation, [13] Soma,[14] Manhunt,[15] Ib, Nocturne,[16] Condemned: Criminal Origins,[17] The Evil Within,[18] Alan Wake,[19] Deadly Premonition,[20] Eternal Darkness: Sanity's Requiem,[20] Cry of Fear,[21] The Suffering,[22] Anna,[23] Lone Survivor[24] and to some extent, Dark Souls, Dead Space,[20] F.E.A.R, The Swapper[25] and The Last Door.[26]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Psychoanalytic theory in times of terror". Journal of Analytical Psychology. 4 (48): 407. September 2003.
  2. ^ a b c Hayward 2006, p. 148.
  3. ^ Skal, David J. (15 October 2001). The Monster Show: A Cultural History of Horror. Macmillan. p. 180. ISBN 0571199968. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  4. ^ Strinati, Dominic (31 August 2000). An Introduction to Studying Popular Culture. Routledge. p. 90. ISBN 0415157668. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  5. ^ Browne, Ray B.; Browne, Pat (15 June 2001). The Guide to United States Popular Culture. Popular Press. p. 411. ISBN 0879728213. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  6. ^ Mazierska, Ewa (15 June 2007). Roman Polanski: The Cinema of a Cultural Traveller. I.B.Taurus. p. 89. ISBN 1845112970. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  7. ^ Kawin, Bruce F. (25 June 2012). Horror and the Horror Film. Anthem Press. p. 115. ISBN 0857284495. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  8. ^ "THE SILENCE OF THE LAMBS And Horror Aversion At The Oscars". birthmoviesdeath.com. Britt Hayes. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  9. ^ "Top 10 Psychological Horror Movies - Alternative Reel". Alternative Reel. Alternative Reel. Retrieved 25 December 2015.
  10. ^ a b c d Reid 2009, p. 163.
  11. ^ Fahs, Travis. "IGN Presents the History of Survival Horror". IGN. IGN Entertainment, Inc. p. 5. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  12. ^ Mortensen, Torill Elvira; Linderoth, Jonas; Brown, Ashley ML (June 5, 2015). "14: Sonic Descents – Musical Dark Play in Survival and Psychological Horror". The Dark Side of Game Play: Controversial Issues in Playful Environments. Routledge. p. 226. ISBN 9781317574460. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
  13. ^ Hillier, Brenna (April 27, 2017). "Alien Isolation 2 rumour gently shot down, which is a bit of a bummer on Alien Day". VG247. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
  14. ^ Heaven, Douglas (October 21, 2015). "How the scariest video games use our own minds to terrify us". New Scientist. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
  15. ^ Stoddart, Scott F. (February 16, 2016). "Reclaiming Past, Resisting Progression". The New Western: Critical Essays on the Genre Since 9/11. McFarland. p. 177. ISBN 9781476624204. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
  16. ^ Anson, Jonathon (October 31, 2013). "Obscure Video Game Frights". Gaming Illustrated. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  17. ^ Nichols, Josh (October 7, 2016). "Retro Review – Condemned Criminal Origins: Did the Crows Stop Calling?". BagoGames. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  18. ^ Leack, Jonathan (March 6, 2015). "The Evil Within is the Most Underrated Survival Horror Game I've Played". Crave. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  19. ^ "Alan Wake – A Psychological Action Thriller". Remedy. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  20. ^ a b c Kim, Matt (May 11, 2016). "Ranking The 10 Best Psychological Horror Games". Inverse. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  21. ^ "Cry of Fear". Steam. Team Psykskallar. April 25, 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  22. ^ Torres, Ricardo (November 2, 2003). "The Suffering Preview". GameSpot. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  23. ^ Stevens, Tiffany (October 14, 2012). "Game On!: 'Anna' a horrifyingly frustrating psychological murder mystery". The Red and Black. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  24. ^ "Lone Survivor – The Director's Cut". Soul Brother and Soundless Mountain II. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  25. ^ Wilks, Daniel (August 26, 2014). "Review: The Swapper". PC & Tech Authority. Hyper Magazine. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  26. ^ Smith, Katie (April 25, 2016). "The Last Door: Season Two review - AdventureGamers.com". Adventure Gamers. Retrieved 5 May 2017.

Bibliography

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