View source for QSMV Dominion Monarch

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{|{{Infobox ship begin |display title=QSMV ''Dominion Monarch''}} 
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image= "Dominion Monarch" at Southampton. (27470445030).jpg
|Ship caption= "Dominion Monarch" at Southampton.
}} 
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country= United Kingdom
|Ship flag= {{shipboxflag|UK|civil}}
|Ship name=*''Dominion Monarch'' (1939–62)
*''Dominion Monarch Maru'' (1962)
|Ship namesake= 
|Ship owner=*[[Shaw, Savill & Albion Line]] (1939–62)
*[[Mitsui]] (1962)
|Ship operator= 
|Ship route=*'''1939''' and '''1947–55:'''
*[[Port of London|London]] – [[Port of Las Palmas|Las Palmas]] – [[Port of Cape Town|Cape Town]] – [[Port of Fremantle|Fremantle]] – [[Port of Melbourne|Melbourne]] – [[Port Jackson|Sydney]] – [[Wellington Harbour|Wellington]]
*'''1955–61:'''
*As above, plus: Wellington – [[Suva]] – [[Papeete]] – [[Panama]] – [[Curaçao]] – London
|Ship ordered= 
|Ship builder= [[Swan Hunter]] and Wigham Richardson
|Ship original cost= £1,500,000
|Ship yard number=1547 
|Ship laid down= 14 July 1937
|Ship launched= 27 July 1938
|Ship completed= 12 January 1939
|Ship acquired= 
|Ship maiden voyage= 17 February 1939
|Ship in service= 
|Ship out of service= 21 April 1962
|Ship fate= arrived 25 November 1962, [[Osaka]], Japan to be [[Ship breaking|scrapped]]
|Ship registry= {{flagicon|UK|civil}} [[Port of Southampton|Southampton]]
|Ship identification=*UK [[official number]] 166828
*[[Maritime call sign|Call sign]] and [[code letters]] GRGG
*{{ICS|Golf}}{{ICS|Romeo}}{{ICS|Golf}}{{ICS|Golf}}

|Ship nickname=*"D.M."
*"Dominion Maniac"
*"The Bucket of Blood"
|Ship notes= 
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship type= [[Ocean liner]] and [[Reefer ship|refrigerated]] [[cargo liner]]
|Ship tonnage=*{{GRT|27155}}
*tonnage under deck 18,390
*{{NRT|15,183}}
|Ship displacement= 
|Ship length= {{convert|657.6|ft|abbr=on}} [[Length between perpendiculars|p/p]]
|Ship beam= {{convert|84.8|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught= {{convert|34|ft|1+1/2|in|abbr=on|2}}
|Ship depth= {{convert|44.4|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship decks= 6
|Ship power= 5,056 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]] or 32,000 [[Horsepower#Brake horsepower|bhp]]
|Ship propulsion= [[Marine propulsion#Reciprocating|marine diesel engines]]; four [[Propeller|screws]]
|Ship speed= {{convert|21.5|kn|km/h}}
|Ship capacity=*1939–40: 525 1st class passengers
*1940–47: 3,556 troops
*1948–62: 508 1st class passengers
*[[Hold (ship)|Holds]]: {{convert|650000|cuft}}, taking about 3,600 tons general cargo & 12,800 tons frozen meat or dairy produce
|Ship crew= 385 (in civilian service)
|Ship armament=*[[Defensively Equipped Merchant Ship|DEMS]] from September 1939:
*1 × [[BL 6-inch Mk VII naval gun]]
*1 × anti-aircraft gun (type not known)
*Armament upgraded December 1940
|Ship sensors=*wireless [[direction finding]]
*[[echo sounding]] device
*[[gyrocompass]]
|Ship notes=*'''1939 records:'''
*World's most powerful [[Marine propulsion#Reciprocating|motor]] liner;
*Fastest voyage from Britain to Australia ''via'' [[Cape of Good Hope]];
*Largest merchant ship to Australia;
*Largest merchant ship to [[Dominion of New Zealand|New Zealand]]
*'''All time record:'''
*Largest [[Ocean liner|passenger]] and [[cargo liner]] with all first-class accommodation
}}
|}

'''QSMV ''Dominion Monarch''''' was a UK [[ocean liner|passenger]] and [[reefer ship|refrigerated]] [[cargo liner]]. Her name was a reference to the [[Dominion of New Zealand]]. The unusual [[ship prefix|prefix]] "QSMV" stood for quadruple-[[Propeller|screw]] [[Motor ship|motor vessel]].

The ship was built in England in 1937–39, and when new she set a number of records for her size and power. She operated between Britain and New Zealand ''via'' Australia in civilian service 1938–40 and 1948–62 and was a [[Troopship|troop ship]] 1940–47. She spent half of 1962 in the [[Port of Seattle]] as a floating hotel for the [[Century 21 Exposition]] and was then scrapped in Japan.

==Building==
[[Swan Hunter]] and Wigham Richardson of [[Wallsend]], built ''Dominion Monarch'' as yard number 1547 for [[Shaw, Savill & Albion Line]].<ref name=Times201237>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=New 27,000-ton liner |date=20 December 1937 |page=9 |issue=47872 |column=E }}</ref> Her keel was laid on 14 July 1937 in one of Swan Hunter's West Yards.<ref name=SSM>{{cite web |url= http://www.ssmaritime.com/dominionmonarch.htm |last=Goossens |first=Reuben |title=QSMV Dominion Monarch |work=ssMaritime |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> She represented a transition in steel shipbuilding, as the decks and butts of her topside plating were assembled by electric welding (then relatively new in British shipyards) but the rest of her hull were assembled by the more traditional method of rivetting.<ref name=LR40>{{cite book |url= https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/40/40a0288.pdf |year=1940 |title=Lloyd's Register, Steamers & Motorships |location=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]] |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> She cost [[Pound Sterling|£1,500,000]] to build.<ref name=Times010149>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Many new liners |date=1 January 1949 |page=6 |issue=51268 |column=G }}</ref>

Eleanor, Lady Harrison, wife of [[Frederick Lewis, 1st Baron Essendon]] launched the ship on 27 July 1938.<ref name=NZM>{{cite web |url= http://www.nzmaritime.co.nz/dm01.htm |last=Castell |first=Marcus |title=Q.S.M.V. Dominion Monarch |publisher=The New Zealand Maritime Record |date=3 September 2007 |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> The [[London & North Eastern Railway]] laid on a special train that ran non-stop from [[London King's Cross railway station|London]] to Wallsend.<ref name=Times280738>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=New motor liner launched |date=28 July 1938 |page=16 |issue=48058 |column=D }}</ref> Hauled by locomotive [[LNER Class A4|No.&nbsp;4492 ''Dominion of New Zealand'']], it carried dignitaries including the [[High Commissioner]]s of Australia, South Africa, [[Southern Rhodesia]] and New Zealand.<ref name=Times260738>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Special train to Tyneside Launch |date=26 July 1938 |page=9 |issue=48056 |column=E }}</ref> Baron Essendon was Chairman of [[Furness Withy]], which had been Shaw, Savill & Albion's [[parent company]] since 1933.<ref name=LR40/>

''Dominion Monarch'' set a number of records. She was the largest ship built on the [[River Tyne]] since Swan Hunter had built the {{GRT|31938}} [[Cunard Line]]r {{RMS|Mauretania|1906|6}} in 1906. She was primarily a cargo liner, being built with accommodation for only 525 passengers. She had 160 single cabins and 182 multiple-berth cabins, including two ''de luxe'' suites. Her public rooms included a cinema, games deck, a {{convert|24|ft}} by {{convert|16|ft}} open air swimming pool, a separate dining room for children,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/5766/childrens-dining-saloon-dominion-monarch |title=Children's dining saloon, Dominion Monarch |work=Te Ara; [[An Encyclopedia of New Zealand|The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |publisher=[[Government of New Zealand]] |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> and [[Jacobethan]]-style smoking room complete with fireplace and mullioned windows. Several of her public rooms were [[Air conditioning|air conditioned]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article25501856 |title=Luxurious Ship: Comfort a Feature of Dominion Monarch |newspaper=[[The Mercury (Hobart)|The Mercury]] |place=Trove |publisher=[[National Library of Australia]] |date=6 June 1938 |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> All her accommodation was first class, and she remains the largest cargo liner with all first-class passenger accommodation ever built.<ref name=NZM/>

''Dominion Monarch'' was the world's most powerful [[Marine propulsion#Reciprocating|motor]] liner.<ref name=NZM/> She was powered by four [[William Doxford & Sons]] five-cylinder [[Two-stroke diesel engine|two-stroke]] [[Single- and double-acting cylinders|single-acting]] [[Marine propulsion#Reciprocating|diesel engines]], each of {{convert|28+9/16|in|cm}} [[Bore (engine)|bore]] by {{convert|88+9/16|in|m|2}} [[Stroke (engine)|stroke]].<ref name=LR40/> Two engines were built by Swan Hunter and two under licence by Sunderland Forge.<ref name=LR40/><ref name=Times311038/> The engines were the largest that Doxford's had constructed.<ref name=Times311038>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Willian Doxford & Sons |date=31 October 1938 |page=24 |issue=48139 |column=A-C }}</ref> Together they gave her a rating of 5,056 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]]<ref name=LR40/> or 32,000 [[Horsepower#Brake horsepower|bhp]], a top speed of {{convert|21.5|kn|km/h}} and cruising speed of {{convert|19.2|kn|km/h}} at an engine speed of [[Revolutions per minute|123]] rpm.<ref name=NZM/>

The ship had four 100 [[Pounds per square inch|lb<sub>f</sub>/in<sup>2</sup>]] double-ended auxiliary boilers. Onboard electricity was supplied by five six-cylinder 900&nbsp;bhp Allen diesel engines, each powering a 600&nbsp;kW 220 volt generator.<ref name=NZM/> Much of her cargo space was refrigerated. Her navigation equipment included wireless [[direction finding]], and [[echo sounding]] device and a [[gyrocompass]].<ref name=LR40/>

''Dominion Monarch'' was completed on 12 January 1939.<ref name=Times130139>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Largest ship docked in the Tyne |date=13 January 1939 |page=14 |issue=48202 |column=F }}</ref> On 28 January, she had her [[sea trial]]s off [[St Abb's Head]], Berwickshire, Scotland. before sailing to London, where she was docked at the King George V Dock in the evening of 29 January.<ref name=Times300139>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=New liner from the Tyne |date=30 January 1939 |page=20 |issue=48216 |column=B }}</ref> She was then handed over to her owners,<ref name=NZM/> who registered her in [[Port of Southampton|Southampton]].<ref name=LR40/>

==Pre-war service==
[[File:DOMINION MONARCH - Sjöhistoriska museet - Fo210178.tif|thumb|''Dominion Monarch'' in [[Table Bay]], South Africa, with [[Table Mountain]] in the background]]
The new ship sailed from North East England to [[Port of London|London]] to load cargo for her maiden voyage.<ref name=NZM/> Facilities there had been upgraded in preparation for her, with eight new three-ton capacity electric [[crane (machine)|cranes]] having been installed on the north quay of the [[King George V Dock, London|King George V Dock]].<ref name=Times300538>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Developments at the Port of London |date=30 May 1939 |page=24 |issue=48007 |column=G }}</ref> She left London on 17 February 1939, and made her first call at [[Port of Southampton|Southampton]] where she embarked passengers for Australia and New Zealand. She then called at [[Tenerife]] in the [[Canary Islands]] for [[Fuel oil#Bunker fuel|bunkers]], [[Port of Cape Town|Cape Town]] and [[Port of Durban|Durban]] in [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]]; and [[Port of Fremantle|Fremantle]], [[Port of Melbourne|Melbourne]], and [[Port Jackson|Sydney]] in Australia. On 24 April 1939 she reached [[Wellington Harbour|Wellington]] in [[Dominion of New Zealand|New Zealand]], where she had a slight collision with the [[crane vessel]] ''[[Hikitia]]''. ''Dominion Monarch'' also visited [[Napier, New Zealand]]. Her voyage set more records, including fastest passage from Britain to Australia ''via'' the [[Cape of Good Hope]],<ref name=NZM/> largest ship to serve Australia, and largest ship to serve New Zealand.{{sfn|Talbot-Booth|1942|p=349}} On the Durban to Fremantle leg, she averaged {{convert|19.97|kn|km/h}}.<ref name=Times200339>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Voyage of Dominion Monarch |date=20 March 1939 |page=8 |issue=48258 |column=G }}</ref>

After her maiden voyage, ''Dominion Monarch'' switched from Tenerife to [[Port of Las Palmas|Las Palmas]] for her regular refueling stop in the Canary Islands. Her regular journey time between Southampton and Wellington was 35 days. Shaw, Savill and Albion promoted the service as "The Clipper Route", and fares began at £58. With the [[break bulk cargo]] handling techniques of her era the ship was able to make three round trips a year, spending almost as much time unloading and loading in Britain and New Zealand as voyaging at sea.<ref name=NZM/>

==Second World War service==
On her third voyage from Britain ''Dominion Monarch'' was ''en route'' from Fremantle to [[Port of Melbourne|Melbourne]] on 3 September 1939, the day that France and Britain declared war on Germany. Her crew started painting her grey, and on 8–9 September she called at Sydney where she was armed with two guns. One was an obsolescent [[BL 6-inch Mk VII naval gun]] that had been salvaged from the 1899 battleship {{HMS|Venerable|1899|6}} when she was scrapped in 1920; the other was an anti-aircraft gun whose field of fire had to be limited to avoid hitting the liner's own funnels. She reached Wellington on 12 September, spent 17–23 September in [[Lyttelton, New Zealand|Lyttelton]] for cargo, called at Wellington again on 28 September, and berthed at [[Ports of Auckland|Auckland]] for a week from 30 September to embark passengers. On 7 October she left for Britain, calling at Sydney, Melbourne, Fremantle, Durban, [[Port of Cape Town|Cape Town]] in [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]] and [[Freetown]] in Sierra Leone before reaching [[The Downs (ship anchorage)|The Downs]] in the [[North Sea]] off Kent on 28 November. The [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] considered requisitioning her as a [[Troopship|troop ship]], but at this stage rejected her as too luxurious.<ref name=NZM/>

''Dominion Monarch'' was laid up for six weeks in [[Port of Tilbury|Tilbury]] but then resumed her route, sailing on 9 January 1940 ''via'' Cape Town, Fremantle and Melbourne to Sydney, where she arrived on 12 February. This time she did not continue to New Zealand, but spent 11 days at Sydney before starting her return voyage on 23 February. Because of the German submarine threat she attracted few passengers in either direction, so on her return voyage from Australia much of her passenger accommodation carried extra cargo. Her public rooms were stacked with crates of fruit and vegetables, and bales of wool were stowed on her games deck.<ref name=NZM/> She called at Melbourne and Cape Town, and reached The Downs on 1 April.<ref name=Hague>{{cite web |url= http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/ports/index.html?search.php?vessel=DOMINION%20MONARCH~armain |last=Hague |first=Arnold |title=Dominion Monarch |work=Ship Movements |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref>

The ship left Britain again on 28 April 1940. In wartime merchant and naval ships were blacked out, including their navigation lights. In May ''Dominion Monarch'' collided with a [[Coastal trading vessel|coaster]] that was part of a convoy in the [[English Channel]].<ref name=NZM/> Damage seems to have been slight, as she continued ''via'' Cape Town to Australia, calling at Fremantle, [[Port Adelaide|Adelaide]] and Melbourne before reaching Sydney on 6 June.<ref name=Hague/>

On her return voyage ''Dominion Monarch'' embarked 100 [[Australian Army|Australian soldiers]] in Sydney and brought them ''via'' Melbourne, Cape Town and Freetown to [[Port of Liverpool|Liverpool]] in England, where she arrived on 29 July. At this time she was still an unconverted civilian liner, so the 100 troops enjoyed accommodation that was designed for 525 first class passengers.<ref name=NZM/>

===Troop ship===
In June 1940 Italy entered the war and [[Second Armistice at Compiègne|France surrendered to Germany]], which neutralised the powerful [[French Navy]], gave the ''[[Kriegsmarine]]'' submarine bases on the French Atlantic coast, and made the Mediterranean almost impassable for Allied shipping. Allied merchant and troop ships had to take much more circuitous routes to reduce the risk of submarine attack, so more ships were needed to move the same number of personnel, and amount of goods and [[material]]. The need for troop ships was therefore increased, and in August 1940 the Admiralty requisitioned ''Dominion Monarch'' at Liverpool. She then spent six weeks in Liverpool while her luxury accommodation was removed and she was converted to carry 142 officers and 1,341 other ranks.<ref name=NZM/>

On 10 September the ship left Liverpool carrying an anti-aircraft regiment to [[Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]]. To avoid the Mediterranean she sailed with Convoy [[List of World War II convoy codes#A|AP]] 3/1 ''via'' Cape Town, reaching [[Suez Port|Suez]] in Egypt on 22 October.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/ap/index.html?ap.php?convoy=3/1!~apmain |last=Hague |first=Arnold |title=Convoy AP.3/1 |work=AP Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> She was then sent ''via'' [[Colombo Harbour|Colombo]] in [[British Ceylon|Ceylon]], and Fremantle and Melbourne, to Sydney where she arrived on 22 November.<ref name=Hague/> There she was [[drydock]]ed at [[Cockatoo Island Dockyard]], her armament was increased and her troop accommodation was modified because it did not conform to Australian regulations. She left on 3 December and reached Wellington on the 6th, where she loaded cargo and embarked 1,434 [[New Zealand Army|New Zealand troops]].

[[File:Ss Queen Mary FL10021.jpg|thumb|The [[Cunard Line|Cunarder]] {{RMS|Queen Mary}} was the largest of six troop ships in Convoy US 8]]
At Wellington ''Dominion Monarch'' formed part of Convoy [[List of World War II convoy codes#U|US]] 8. This was a remarkable fleet of troop ships that included three of [[Cunard Line#Cunard-White Star Ltd: 1934-1971|Cunard White Star]]'s largest [[ocean liner]]s: the {{GRT|81235}} {{RMS|Queen Mary}}, {{GRT|45674}} {{RMS|Aquitania}} and {{GRT|35738}} {{RMS|Mauretania|1938|6}}, which between them embarked 11,372 troops. [[CP Ships|Canadian Pacific]]'s {{GRT|16810}} {{RMS|Empress of Russia}} and another troop ship carried another 2,892 troops and were part of the convoy as far as Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/misc/index.html?yy.php?convoy=US.8!~miscmain |last=Hague |first=Arnold |title=Convoy US.8 |work=Shorter Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref>

The total number of troops on the convoy was nearly 15,700, and [[Government of New Zealand|Government]] representatives and a large number of citizens bade them farewell with a public ceremony when the convoy sailed on 19 December. The [[cruiser]]s {{HMAS|Sydney|D48|6}}, {{HMAS|Canberra|D33|6}} and {{HMNZS|Leander}} escorted the convoy,<ref name=NZM/> which called at Fremantle before reaching [[Trincomalee]] and Colombo in Ceylon in January 1941, whence ''Dominion Monarch'' continued with Convoy US 8/1 to Egypt.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/misc/index.html?yy.php?convoy=US.8/1!~miscmain |last=Hague |first=Arnold |title=Convoy US.8 |work=Shorter Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> She again collided with a coaster, this time off [[Perim]] in the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] at the entrance to the [[Red Sea]].<ref name=NZM/> She sustained only minor damage, continued through the [[Suez Canal]], and reached Port Said on 29 January. There she narrowly avoided being hit in an air raid<ref name=NZM/> before leaving two days later.<ref name=Hague/>

''Dominion Monarch'' was carrying a full cargo of frozen meat and dairy produce from New Zealand to Britain, and after disembarking her troops she returned through the Suez Canal, reaching Suez on 3 February. She left Suez on 6 February with Convoy [[List of World War II convoy codes#S|SU]] 1A, which dispersed in the Indian Ocean. ''En route'' she embarked 300 [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinian]] refugees from the [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East African Campaign]] and took them to [[Kilindini Harbour|Mombasa]] in [[British Kenya|Kenya]].<ref name=NZM/> She then continued ''via'' Cape Town to Liverpool, where she arrived on 18 March 1941.<ref name=Hague/>

[[File:SS Empress of Russia 1914-1916.jpg|thumb|[[CP Ships|Canadian Pacific]]'s {{RMS|Empress of Russia}} was with ''Dominion Monarch'' in Convoys US 8, TC 12B, WS 12 and WS 17]]
The ship spent five weeks in Liverpool, leaving on 24 April for the [[Firth of Clyde]] where she became part of Convoy [[List of World War II convoy codes#W|WS]] 8/A.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/misc/index.html?yy.php?convoy=WS.8A!~miscmain |last=Hague |first=Arnold |title=Convoy WS.8A |work=Shorter Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> This left on 26 April and took her ''via'' Freetown to Durban, whence she continued unescorted ''via'' [[Port of Durban|Durban]] and Wellington, reaching Auckland on 7 July. After a fortnight in port she left Auckland on 22 July for Liverpool, but this time ''via'' the Pacific Ocean and Panama Canal. She called at [[Curaçao]] on 10 August and reached [[Halifax Port Authority|Halifax, Nova Scotia]] on the 16th to await a convoy to Britain. She became part of Convoy [[List of World War II convoy codes#T|TC]] 12B, which also included [[Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company|P&O]]'s {{GRT|23722}} troop ship {{SS|Stratheden||2}} and CP's ''Empress of Russia''. TC 12B left Halifax on 26 August for the Firth of Clyde, and ''Dominion Monarch'' continued to Liverpool where she arrived on 1 September.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/tc/index.html?tc.php?convoy=12B!~tcmain |last=Hague |first=Arnold |title=Convoy TC.12B |work=TC Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> The ship spent September 1941 in Liverpool.<ref name=Hague/>

===Three times around the world===
[[File:Szemben a Holland Amerikakaade, jobbra a Hotel New York tornyai. Fortepan 93536.jpg|thumb|[[Holland America Line]]'s [[flagship]] {{SS|Nieuw Amsterdam|1937|2}} in peacetime colours. As a troop ship ''Nieuw Amsterdam'' sailed with ''Dominion Monarch'' in Convoy WS 12 in 1941 and Convoy US 19 in 1943]]
Britain, her Allies and the USA [[Pacific War#Tensions between Japan and the West|were increasingly concerned at Japanese aggression]] in the Far East. ''Dominion Monarch'' embarked 1,672 troops – 238 more than her usual capacity – and on 29 September left Liverpool in Convoy WS 12, which was carrying more than 41,500 troops to the Far East. WS 12 had 19 troop ships, including [[Holland America Line]]'s {{GRT|36287}} {{SS|Nieuw Amsterdam|1937|2}}, P&O's {{GRT|22284}} {{RMS|Strathaird}} and four Canadian Pacific troop ships: {{RMS|Empress of Japan|1930|6}}, {{RMS|Empress of Canada|1922|6}}, ''Empress of Russia'' and ''[[RMS Empress of Canada (1928)|Duchess of Richmond]]''. WS 12 reached Freetown on 14 October,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/misc/index.html?yy.php?convoy=WS.12!~miscmain |last=Hague |first=Arnold |title=Convoy WS.12 |work=Shorter Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> where ''Dominion Monarch'' left five days later for Cape Town and the Indian Ocean. At sea on 17 November the cruiser {{HMS|Glasgow|C21|6}} met a group of ships from Convoy WS 12 – ''Dominion Monarch'', ''Empress of Canada'' and ''Duchess of Richmond'' and the cargo liner ''Perseus'' – to form Convoy WS 12J to Colombo,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/misc/index.html?yy.php?convoy=WS.12J!~miscmain |last=Hague |first=Arnold |title=Convoy WS.12J |work=Shorter Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> whence ''Dominion Monarch'' and ''Empress of Canada'' continued with ''Glasgow'' and the destroyer {{HMS|Dragon|D46|6}} as Convoy WS 12V, reaching [[Port of Singapore|Singapore]] on 28 November.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/misc/index.html?yy.php?convoy=WS.12V!~miscmain |last=Hague |first=Arnold |title=Convoy WS.12V |work=Shorter Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref>

At Singapore Shaw, Savill and Albion had ''Dominion Monarch'' drydocked and her engines stripped down for overhaul,<ref name=Slader>{{harvnb|Slader|1988|p=183}}</ref> but on 7 December Japan [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|attacked Pearl Harbor]] and the next day it [[Battle of Hong Kong|invaded Hong Kong]] and [[Japanese invasion of Malaya|Malaya]]. Japanese forces rapidly gained air superiority and mounted increasing air raids on Singapore. ''Dominion Monarch''{{'}}s engines had been dismantled, but her Chief Engineer and crew rapidly got them reassembled<ref name=Slader/> and on 10 December<ref name=Hague/> she sailed for the relative safety of New Zealand. Two months later in the [[Battle of Singapore]] most of the troops that she had taken to Singapore were either killed or captured and spent the next three and a half years as [[Prisoners of war#Empire of Japan|PoWs of the Japanese]].

''Dominion Monarch'' reached Auckland on 22 December and spent Christmas 1941 and New Year 1942 there. On 8 January she left carrying 1,157 troops to Britain. Again she crossed the Pacific and passed through the Panama Canal, and on 3 February she reached Halifax to await a convoy. On 11 February she and the [[Royal Mail Steam Packet Company|Royal Mail Lines]] {{GRT|22209}} troop ship {{RMS|Alcantara|1926|2}} left with three destroyers as Convoy [[List of World War II convoy codes#N|NA]] 3 to the Firth of Clyde. ''Dominion Monarch'' continued to Liverpool, arrived on 19 February and stayed in port 27 days for repairs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/misc/index.html?yy.php?convoy=NA.3!~miscmain |last=Hague |first=Arnold |title=Convoy NA.3 |work=Shorter Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref>

On 22 March 1942 ''Dominion Monarch'' left Liverpool for [[Orsay, Inner Hebrides]], where she became part of Convoy WS 17 to South Africa. WS 17 included ''Alcantara'' and several other British troop ships, [[Netherland Line]]'s {{MS|Johan van Oldenbarnevelt||2}} and the US troop ship {{SS|Brazil|1928|2}}. It called at Freetown and reached Cape Town on 19 April, whence ''Dominion Monarch'' sailed independently across the Indian Ocean and reached [[Mumbai Harbour|Bombay]] on 6 May. She left Bombay on 15 May, called at Colombo, Fremantle and Sydney and reached Auckland on 12 June. She left on Auckland for Britain on 22 June, again going through the Panama Canal and stopping at Halifax to await a suitable convoy. On 21 July she and the liner {{SS|Letitia||2}} left with four destroyers as Convoy NA 13 to the Firth of Clyde. ''Dominion Monarch'' continued to Liverpool, arrived on 29 July and stayed in port 24 days for repairs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/misc/index.html?yy.php?convoy=NA.13!~miscmain |last=Hague |first=Arnold |title=Convoy NA.13 |work=Shorter Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref>

[[File:HMS Hawkins quayside.jpg|thumb|The cruiser {{HMS|Hawkins|D86|6}} escorted ''Dominion Monarch'' in Convoys WS 22B and WS 26B in the Indian Ocean]]
On 26 August ''Dominion Monarch'' left Liverpool for the Firth of Clyde, where she became part of Convoy WS 22 to India. The convoy's several troop ships included Royal Mail Lines' ''Alcantara'' and {{GRT|25689}} {{RMS|Andes|1939|2}} and [[Orient Steam Navigation Company|Orient Line]]'s {{GRT|23456}} {{SS|Orcades|1936|2}}. WS 22 left the Clyde on 29 August and reached Freetown on 9 September, where ''Dominion Monarch'' left four days later for Cape Town and the Indian Ocean. At sea on 11 October the cruiser {{HMS|Hawkins|D86|6}} met a group of ships from Convoy WS 22 – ''Dominion Monarch'', Cunard's {{GRT|20158}} troop ship {{RMS|Franconia|1922|6}}, [[Anchor Line (steamship company)|Anchor Line]]'s {{GRT|16792}} {{SS|California|1923|2}} and four Dutch troop ships including ''Johan van Oldenbarnevelt'' – to form Convoy WS 22B, reaching Bombay on 17 October.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/misc/index.html?yy.php?convoy=WS.22B!~miscmain |title=Convoy WS.22B |work=Shorter Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> A week later ''Dominion Monarch'' left Bombay for New Zealand, calling at Fremantle and Sydney, reaching Auckland on 16 November and then spending 12 days in port. On 28 November she left for her fourth troop voyage to Britain ''via'' the Panama Canal. This time instead of sailing ''via'' Halifax to join an eastbound convoy she crossed the Atlantic unescorted, reaching Liverpool on 28 December.<ref name=Hague/>

===Indian Ocean, Egypt and Mediterranean===
The ship spent New Year 1943 in Liverpool, and after three weeks in port sailed to the Firth of Clyde to start another voyage to the Indian Ocean. Convoy WS 26 to Freetown included ''Empress of Canada'', ''Duchess of Richmond'', ''Stratheden'' and ''California'', plus P&O's {{GRT|20847}} troop ship {{RMS|Mooltan}}, [[Union-Castle Line]]'s {{GRT|19118}} troop ship {{RMS|Arundel Castle}} and several others, four of them Dutch. It left the Clyde on 24 January and reached Freetown on 6 February, whence ''Dominion Monarch'' continued ''via'' Durban to the Indian Ocean. At sea on 11 March HMS ''Hawkins'' met a group of ships from Convoy WS 26 – ''Dominion Monarch'', ''Stratheden'', ''Mooltan'', ''California'', [[Nedlloyd|Royal Rotterdam Lloyd]]'s {{MV|Dempo||2}} and [[British-India Steam Navigation Company|British-India Line]]'s {{MV|Chyebassa||2}} – to form Convoy WS 26B, reaching Bombay on 17 March.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/misc/index.html?yy.php?convoy=WS.26B!~miscmain |title=Convoy WS.26B |work=Shorter Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref>

After 10 days in Bombay ''Dominion Monarch'' sailed unescorted to Durban, and then to Wellington where she arrived on 30 April. By now her accommodation seems to have been increased, for as well as loading 8,000 tons of cargo and 3,000 bags of mail she embarked 3,535 troops; more than twice the number for which she had been converted in 1940. After a fortnight in port she sailed for Fremantle, where she arrived on 23 May. Jim Smythe notes in his war diary that "it was a fine day, sea very calm" and that the "ship berthed at 1700hrs".{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} There she and ''Nieuw Amsterdam'' formed Convoy US 19, which was just the two troop ships sailing together to Colombo. ''Dominion Monarch'' continued independently ''via'' [[Colony of Aden|Aden]], and reached Suez on 11 June. Five days later she sailed ''via'' Colombo to Cape Town, where she arrived on 10 July<ref name=Hague/> and stayed in port for three and a half weeks.

[[File:HMS-Resolution.jpg|thumb|In August 1943 the battleship {{HMS|Resolution|09|6}} and her sister ship {{HMS|Revenge|06|2}} escorted Convoy CF 13, which included ''Dominion Monarch'']]
In Cape Town she joined [[Canadian-Australasian Line]]'s {{GRT|17941}} {{MV|Aorangi||2}} and the battleships {{HMS|Revenge|06|6}} and {{HMS|Resolution|09|6}} to form Convoy [[List of World War II convoy codes#C|CF]] 13, which sailed on 4 August.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/misc/index.html?yy.php?convoy=CF.13!~miscmain |title=Convoy CF.13 |work=Shorter Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> It called at [[Pointe-Noire]], [[French Congo]] on 11–13 August whence it continued as Convoy CF 13A, reaching Freetown on 24 August.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/misc/index.html?yy.php?convoy=CF.13A!~miscmain |title=Convoy CF.13A |work=Shorter Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> There the four ships were joined by the Dutch troop ship ''Dempo'' and became Convoy CF 13B, which left Freetown the next day and reached [[Gibraltar]] on 31 August.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/misc/index.html?yy.php?convoy=CF.13B!~miscmain |title=Convoy CF.13B |work=Shorter Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref>

By then the Allies had won the [[North African Campaign]] and [[Allied invasion of Sicily|invaded Sicily]], and had resumed normal convoys between Egypt and Britain through the Mediterranean. The ship joined Convoy [[List of World War II convoy codes#M|MKF]] 22, which was on its way from Port Said to the Firth of Clyde, and ''Dominion Monarch'' reached Liverpool on 9 September. There she landed 3,429 troops and stayed for 25 days for drydocking.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/mkf/index.html?mkf.php?convoy=22!~mkfmain |title=Convoy MKF.22 |work=MKF Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref>

The ship then joined Convoy [[List of World War II convoy codes#K|KMF]] 25, which left Liverpool on 16 October, went through the Mediterranean and was bound for Alexandria. ''Dominion Monarch'' continued to Port Said, arriving on 31 October.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/kmf/index.html?kmf.php?convoy=25!~kmfmain |title=Convoy KMF.25 |work=KMF Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> Two days later she sailed in Convoy [[List of World War II convoy codes#X|XIF]] 3 to Italy, and on 6 November reached [[Augusta, Sicily]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/misc/index.html?yy.php?convoy=XIF.3!~miscmain |title=Convoy XIF.3 |work=Shorter Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> where she embarked 3,630 troops. She joined Convoy MKF 25A, which was ''en route'' from Port Said to the Firth of Clyde, arriving on 24 November. ''Dominion Monarch'' reached Liverpool the next day and spent the next nine days under repair.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/mkf/index.html?mkf.php?convoy=25A!~mkfmain |title=Convoy MKF.25A |work=MKF Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref>

===Transatlantic convoys===
[[File:HMS Inman 1944 IWM A 23707.jpg|thumb|{{HMS|Inman|K571|6}}, one of the {{sclass|Captain|frigate}}s that escorted ''Dominion Monarch'' to Iceland and back in August 1944]]
''Dominion Monarch'' spent the next 18 months operating a transatlantic service between either Liverpool or the Clyde and [[Port of New York and New Jersey|New York]], starting with Convoy [[List of World War II convoy codes#U|UC]] 45B which left the Mersey on 18 November 1944<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/uc/index.html?uc.php?convoy=45B!~ucmain |title=Convoy UC.45B |work=UC Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> and continuing until Convoy UC 68A which reached New York on 28 May 1945.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/uc/index.html?uc.php?convoy=68A!~ucmain |title=Convoy UC.68A |work=UC Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> In that time she made six round trips between Britain and New York. Her schedule was interrupted once, in 1944, when the {{sclass|Captain|frigate}}s {{HMS|Burges|K347|6}} and {{HMS|Inman|K571|2}} escorted her on a mission from the Clyde to [[Iceland in World War II|Iceland]] and back. The three ships left the Clyde on 20 August and returned just four days later.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/ds/index.html?ds.php?convoy=56!~dsmain |title=Convoy DS.56 |work=DS Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/sd/index.html?sd.php?convoy=56!~sdmain |title=Convoy SD.56 |work=SD Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref>

===The end of hostilities===
''Dominion Monarch'' next took German prisoners of war to Australia, reaching [[Darling Harbour]] in Sydney, NSW on 17 June 1945. By the end of hostilities she had carried more than 90,000 military personnel. They included 29,000 members of the US armed forces to the UK, and 1,900 wounded servicemen from Cape Town to Britain. She carried more than 70,000 tons of cargo between Australasia and the UK, including 51,500 tons of butter, cheese and meat from Australia and New Zealand to Britain. In six years of war she covered 350,000 miles.<ref name=NZM/>

The ship was next engaged on taking New Zealand troops home. In late 1945, she brought the [[Māori Battalion]] home, arriving at Pipitea Wharf, Wellington on 23 January 1946.<ref name=ILN020346>{{cite news |title=Traditional Ceremonial and Feast: Maori Battalion welcomed home |newspaper=[[The Illustrated London News]] |location=London |date=2 March 1946 |page=239 |issue=5576 }}</ref> ''Dominion Monarch'' was not released from UK Government service until 21 July 1947, when she was paid off at [[King George V Dock, London]].<ref name=NZM/>

==Post-war civilian service==
[[File:The Dominion Monarch at a wharf in Wellington, 1940s (3377606529).jpg|thumb|''Dominion Monarch'' in Wellington in the late 1940s]]
''Dominion Monarch'' returned to the Tyne where Swan Hunter refitted her as a civilian liner again. This took 15 months, during which she was converted to carry 508 passengers, all First Class.<ref name=NZM/> The refit cost £1,500,000 &ndash; as much as she had cost to build.<ref name=Times010149/> She resumed civilian service on 16 December 1948, leaving Britain with passengers and 10,000 tons of cargo for Australia and New Zealand. The crew was a motley collection, there were fights among them and the ship was nicknamed the "Dominion Maniac" or "The Bucket of Blood".<ref name=NZM/>

Of the 508 passenger berths, 100 were set aside for passengers between Britain and Cape Town. These were priced at £150 8s 0d, only slightly more than the fare on the competing [[Union-Castle Line]] service.<ref name=NZM/>

The New Zealand Cricket Team sailed from [[Wellington]] on ''Dominion Monarch'' on 26 February 1949 for their [[New Zealand cricket team in England in 1949|summer tour of England]].<ref name=Times280249>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The New Zealand team |date=28 February 1949 |page=6 |issue=51317 |column=F }}</ref> They arrived at Southampton on 2 April.<ref name=Times040449>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Arrival of New Zealand team |date=4 April 1949 |page=6 |issue=51347 |column=C }}</ref> Following a tour of South Africa, the [[All Blacks]] [[rugby union]] team departed from [[Durban]] on 23 September 1949 for their return home.<ref name=Times240949>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Dr. Malan's cable to All Blacks |date=24 September 1949 |page=6 |issue=51495 |column=C }}</ref> In 1950 the ship was fitted with a new set of [[propeller]]s, which gave her quieter running. She spent 5–23 May 1953 at [[Wallsend]] slipway for an extensive overhaul.<ref name=NZM/> The [[South African cricket team]] arrived at [[Perth]], Australia in ''Dominion Monarch'' on 14 October 1953 for a tour series.<ref name=Times151052>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Cricket |date=15 October 1953 |page=9 |issue=52443 |column=B }}</ref>

In 1955 the {{GRT|20204}} {{SS|Southern Cross|1955|2}} was completed and joined the Shaw Savill fleet, displacing ''Dominion Monarch'' as [[flagship]]. The two ships inaugurated a round the World service in alternate directions, extending the London – Cape Town – Australia – Wellington route ''via'' [[Fiji]], [[French Polynesia]], [[Panama]] and [[Curaçao]] back to London.<ref name=NZM/>

[[File:"Dominion Monarch" at Southampton. (27648007632).jpg|thumb|Leaving Southampton, summer 1960]]
On one occasion in the latter part of 1961 ''Dominion Monarch'' collided with the end of the pier in Sydney Harbour. The damage caused minor flooding in the crew quarters during a storm while crossing the [[Great Australian Bight]].<ref name=NZM/>

On 27 June 1961 [[Vickers-Armstrongs]] on the Tyne launched ''Dominion Monarch''{{'}}s replacement, the {{GRT|24731}} {{SS|Northern Star|1962|2}}.<ref name=NorthernStar>{{cite web |url= http://www.nzmaritime.co.nz/nstar.htm |last=Castell |first=Marcus |title=Northern Star 1961–1975 |publisher=The New Zealand Maritime Record |date=20 June 2007 |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> ''Dominion Monarch'' left London for the last time on 30 December 1961. In February 1962 she was sold to [[Mitsui]] for £400,000 and on 15 March she left Wellington for the last time.<ref name=NZM/> She arrived at Southampton on or about 22 April. After disembarking her passengers, she sailed to London to unload her cargo.<ref name=Times230462>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Last homecoming of Dominion Monarch |date=23 April 1962 |page=10 |issue=55372 |column=G }}</ref> On 10 July ''Northern Star'' entered service in her stead.<ref name=NorthernStar/>

==Century 21 Exposition and scrapping==
From June to November 1962 Mitsui leased ''Dominion Monarch'' as a floating hotel and entertainment centre for Seattle's [[Century 21 Exposition]], along with the Mexican-owned ''[[SS Mongolia (1922)|Acapulco]]'' and Canadian-owned {{SS|Catala||2}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://pauldorpat.com/archivepage/seattle-now-then-the-dominion-monarch/ |last=Dorpat |first=Paul |title=Seattle Now & Then: Dominion Monarch |publisher=Dorpat Sherrard Momont |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> She arrived at Seattle on 29 May 1962.<ref name=PNW>{{cite journal |title=Ocean liner was a 'botel' during 1962 World's Fair |url=http://seattletimes.com/html/pacificnw/2018823883_pacificpdorp12.html |journal=Pacific North West Magazine |publisher=[[The Seattle Times Company]] |location=Seattle, WA |first=Paul |last=Dorpat |date=10 August 2012 |access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref> The onboard hotel was managed by [[Westin Hotels & Resorts|Western Hotels]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19620319&id=GaFWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hecDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6107,1143252&hl=en |title=World's Fair |newspaper=[[The Spokesman-Review]] |publisher=[[Cowles Publishing Company]] |date=19 March 1962 |access-date=13 July 2015}}</ref> Accommodation demand was less than predicted, ''Dominion Monarch''{{'}}s US charterer lost $200,000 and her charter was reduced by several weeks. The exhibition closed on 21 October and the ship arrived in [[Osaka]], Japan on 25 November to be scrapped.<ref name=NZM/>

==Postage stamps==
''Dominion Monarch'' was depicted on two postage stamps. The first was issued in 1946 by New Zealand as part of the "Peace" issue and shows her and {{HMNZS|Achilles|70|6}} on the [[New Zealand Pound|5d]] stamp paying tribute to the [[Royal New Zealand Navy]].<ref name=NZstamp>{{cite web |url=http://stampsnz.com/1946_peace.html |title=1946 Peace |publisher=Stamps NZ |access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref> The second was issued by Australia in 2004 as part of the "Bon Voyage" series on the [[Australian dollar|50c]] stamp and shows a Shaw, Savill and Albion Line poster depicting the ship.<ref name=Ozstanp>{{cite web |url=http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=1847 |title=Bon Voyage |publisher=Philatelism |access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref>

==In popular culture==

''Dominion Monarch'' features in a photograph in the opening titles of the BBC TV series ''[[Call the Midwife]]''. The photo depicts the vessel moored at London's King George V Dock, towering over homes on Saville Street.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources and further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Plowman |first=Peter |year=2006 |title=Australian Migrant Ships 1946–1977 |chapter=Dominion Monarch |place=Kenthurst, NSW |publisher=Rosenberg Publishing |isbn=978-1877058400 |page=30 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=P_vfFx5npJUC&pg=PA30 }}
*{{cite book |last=Slader |first=John |year=1988 |title=The Red Duster at War |publisher=William Kimber & Co Ltd |location=London |isbn=0-7183-0679-1 |page=183 }}
*{{cite book |last=Talbot-Booth |first=E.C. |orig-year=1936 |year=1942 |title=Ships and the Sea |edition=Seventh |place=London |publisher=[[Sampson Low]], Marston & Co. Ltd |pages=349; 541 }}

==External links==
*{{cite AV media |year=1939 |title=On Board The Dominion Monarch Aka Wallsend |medium=video |url= http://www.britishpathe.com/video/on-board-the-dominion-monarch-aka-wallsend/query/monarch |publisher=[[Pathé News|British Pathé]] |id=19276 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dominion Monarch}}
[[Category:1938 ships]]
[[Category:Cargo liners]]
[[Category:Ships of the Shaw, Savill & Albion Line]]
[[Category:Ships built by Swan Hunter]]
[[Category:Troop ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships built on the River Tyne]]
[[Category:World War II merchant ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War II passenger ships of the United Kingdom]]