Slavic vocabulary

The following list is a comparison of basic Proto-Slavic vocabulary and the corresponding reflexes in the modern languages, for assistance in understanding the discussion in Proto-Slavic and History of the Slavic languages. The word list is based on the Swadesh word list, developed by the linguist Morris Swadesh, a tool to study the evolution of languages via comparison, containing a set of 207 basic words which can be found in every language and are rarely borrowed. However, the words given as the modern versions are not necessarily the normal words with the given meaning in the various modern languages, but the words directly descended from the corresponding Proto-Slavic word (the reflex). The list here is given both in the orthography of each language, with accent marks added as necessary to aid in pronunciation and Proto-Slavic reconstruction. See below for a capsule summary of how to pronounce each language, as well as some discussion of the conventions used.

Table

Slavic languages
Translation	Late Proto-Slavic	class	Russian		Bulgarian		Czech	Polish	Serbo-Croatian		Slovenian
Translation	Late Proto-Slavic	class	Cyrillic	Latin	Cyrillic	Latin	Czech	Polish	standard (Shtokavian)	Chakavian	Slovenian
I	(j)azъ, (j)ā	prn.	я	ja	аз	az	já	ja	jâ	jå̃	jàz
thou	ty	prn.	ты	ty	ти	ti	ty	ty	tî	tĩ	tî
he	onъ	prn.	он, она, оно	on, oná, onó	((той))	((toj))	on, ona, ono		ȍn/ôn, òna, òno	õn, onȁ, onȍ	òn, óna, onộ/ónọ
we	my	prn.	мы	my		mi (dial.)	my	my	mî	mĩ	mî
ye	vy	prn.	вы	vy	(ви́е)	(víe)	vy	wy	vî	vĩ	vî
they	oni, ony, ona	prn.	они́	on'í	те	te	oni, ony, ona	oni, one			oni
this, that	tъ	prn.	то	tot, ta, to	(това́)	(tová)	ten, ta, to		tâj, tâ, tô	tȁ, tâ, tô/tȍ	tâ, tâ, tộ
there	tamъ		там	tam	там	tam	tam	tam			tam
who	kъto	prn.	кто	kto	((кой))	((koi))	kdo	kto	tkȍ; ki		kdọ́
what	čьto	prn.	что	čto /što/		što	co	co	štȍ	(Vrg.) ča	kaj
where	kъde	prn.	где	gd'e	къде	kəde	kde	gdzie	gdjȅ	kadȅ (Orb.)	kjẹ́
when	kogъda; *kogъdy	adv./conj.	когда́	kogdá	кога́	kogá	(kdy); OCz. kehdy	kiedy	kàda		kǝdá(j); kdá(j); kadá; kadaj
how; what (kind of)	какъ	adv.; prn.	как	kak; kakój	как	kak	(jak) (OCz. kaký)	(jak) (arch. kaki)	kàko, kakav		káko, kakšen
not	ne	adv.	не	n'e	не	ne	ne	nie	ne		nè
all	vьśь, *vьśja, vьśe	prn.	весь, вся, всё	v'es', vs'a, vs'o	(вси́чки)	(vsíčki)	(všichni); OCz. veš, všě, vše	(wszyscy); OPl. wszy, wsza, wsze	sȁv, svȁ, svȅ	svȁs, svȁ, svȅ	vǝ̀s, vsà, vsè
many	mъnogъ	adj. o	мно́гий	mnógij	мно́го	mnógo (adv.)	mnohý	mnogi	mnȍgī		mnǫ̂gi
some	ne + *koliko		не́сколько	n'éskol'ko	ня́колко	njákolko	několik	kilka			nekoliko
few	malъ		ма́ло	málo	ма́лко	málko	málo	mało			malo
other	drûgъ	adj. o (c)	друго́й	drugój	друг	drug	druhý	drugi	drûg	drȕgī	drûg
other	jь̀nь	prn. (a)	ино́й	inój	---	---	jiný	inny	ȉn
one	(j)edìnъ, *(j)edьnъ	num. o	оди́н, одна́	od'ín, odná	еди́н	edín	jeden	jeden	jèdan, jȅdna	jedå̃n, jednȁ, jednȍ	eden, ena, eno
two	d(ъ)va	num.	два	dva, dve, dva	двa	dva	dva, dvě, dvě	dwa, dwie, dwa	dvâ, dvȉje, dvâ	dvå̂, dvî, dvå̂	dvâ
three	trьje, *tri	num.	три	tr'i	три	tri	tři	trzy	trî	trî	triję̂, trî, trî
four	četỳre	num. (a)	четы́ре	č'etýr'e	че́ти́ри	čétíri	čtyři	cztery	čètiri	četȉri	štiri
five	pę̂tь	num. i (c)	пять	p'at'	пет	pet	pět	pięć	pêt	pêt	pę̂t
big, great	velìkъ; velьkъ	adj. o	вели́кий	v'el'ík'ij	вели́к	velík	velký	wielki	vȅlikī, vȅlikā, vȅlikō	vȅlik, velikȁ, velikȍ	vélik, velíka
long	dь̀lgъ	adj. o (a)	до́лгий	dólg'ij	дъ́лъг	dǝ́lǝg	dlouhý	długi	dȕg	dȕg	dôļg, dółga
wide	širokъ		широ́кий	širók'ij	широ́к	širók	široký	szeroki			širok
thick	tъlstъ		то́лстый	tólstyj	тлъст	tlǝst	tlustý	tłusty			debel, tolst
heavy	tęžъkъ	adj. o	тя́жкий	t'ážkij	те́жък	téžǝk	těžký	ciężki	téžak, téška	tȅžak, tēškȁ	téžǝk, téžka; težâk
small	màlъ	adj. o (a)	ма́лый	mályj	(ма́лък); мал	(málǝk); mal	malý	mały	mȁo	må̃lī	mâli, majhen
short	kortъ̀kъ	adj. o (b)	коро́ткий	korótk'ij	кра́тък	krátǝk	krátký	krótki	krátak, krátka	krå̂tak, krå̄tkȁ, krå̂tko; krãtak, krãtka, krãtko	krátǝk
narrow	ǫzъkъ	adj. o	у́зкий	úzk'ij; úzok, uzká, úzko	((те́сен))	((tésen))	úzký	wąski	ȕzak, ȕska/uskȁ	ȕsak, uskȁ, ȕsko	ǫ́zǝk, ǫ́zka
thin	tь̏nъkъ	adj. o (c)	то́нкий	tónk'ij; tónok, tanká, tónko	тъ́нък	tǝ́nǝk	tenký	cienki	tȁnak, tànka/tánka	tȁnak, tankȁ, tânko	tǝnǝ́k, tǝnkà
husband	mǫ̂žь	m. jo (c)	муж	muž	мъж	mǝž	muž	mąż	mûž (mûža)		mǫ̂ž (možâ)
woman/wife	ženà	f. ā (b)	жена́	ž'ená /žená/	жена́	žená	žena	żona	žèna (acc. žènu)	ženȁ (acc. ženȕ)	žéna
man (human)	čelověkъ	m. o	челове́к	č'elov'ék	чове́к	čelovék; čovék	člověk	człowiek	čòvjek (čòvjeka); čȍvjek (čovjèka)	čovȉk (čokȉka)	člóvẹk (človẹ́ka)
child	dětę		дитя́	d'it'á	дете́	deté	dítě	dziecko			otrok, dete
mother	*mati		мать	mat'	ма́йка	májka	matka	matka			mati
father	*otьcь		оте́ц	ot'éc	баща́, та́тко	baštá, tátko	otec	ojciec			oče
wild animal	zvě̂rь	m. i (c)	зверь	zv'er'		zvjar	zvěř	zwierz	zvȉjer f. (i)	zvîr (zvîri) f. (i)	zvę̂r (zverî)
fish	*ryba		ры́ба	rýba	ри́ба	ríba	ryba	ryba			riba
bird	pъtica, *pъtъka		пти́ца	pt'íca	пти́ца	ptíca	pták	ptak			ptica
dog	pьsъ		соба́ка, пёс	sobáka, p'os	пес, ку́че	pes, kúče	pes	pies			pes
louse	vъ̂šь	f. i (c)	вошь	voš' /voš/ (vš'i)	въ́шка	vǝ́ška	veš	wesz	vâš (vȁši); ûš (ȕši)		ùš (ušî); ûš
snake	zmьjà	f. iā	змея́	zm'ejá	змия́	zmijá	zmije^[1]	żmija^[2]	zmìja	zmijȁ	kača
worm	čьrvь		червь	č'erv'	че́рвей	čérvej	červ	czerw, robak			črv
tree	dervo, *dьrvo		де́рево	d'ér'evo	дърво́	dǝrvó	strom	drzewo			drevo
forest	lěsъ		лес	l'es	гора́	gorá	les	las			gozd, les, šuma, hosta
stick	palica, *palъka		па́лка	pálka	пръ́чка	prǝ́čka	hůl	laska / pałka / kij			palica
fruit	plodъ		плод	plod	плод	plod	ovoce (plod)	owoc (płód)			sadež, plod
seed	sěmę		се́мя	s'ém'a	се́ме	séme	semeno	ziarno			seme
leaf	listъ		лист	l'ist	листо́	listó	list	liść			list
root	korenь		ко́рень	kór'en'	ко́рен	kóren	kořen	korzeń			koren, korenina
bark (of a tree)	kora		кора́	korá	кора́	korá	kůra	kora			skorja
flower	květъ		цвето́к	cv'etók	цве́те	cvéte	květ	kwiat			cvet, cvetlica
grass	trava		трава́	travá	трева́	trevá	tráva	trawa			trava
rope	ǫže		верёвка	v'er'óvka	въже́	vǝžé	provaz	sznur, lina			vrv, konop
skin	koža		ко́жа	kóža	ко́жа	kóža	kůže	kożuch^[3]			koža
meat	męso		мя́со	m'áso	ме́со	méso	maso	mięso			meso
blood	*kry		кровь	krov'	кръв	krǝv	krev	krew			kri
bone	kostь		кость	kost'	кост, ко́кал	kost, kókal	kost	kość			kost
fat (noun)	sadlo		са́ло	sálo	слани́на	slanína	tuk	tłuszcz, sadło			mast, tolšča, maščoba, salo
egg	âje; *ajьce	n. jo (c); n. jo	яйцо́	jajcó	яйце́	jajcé	vejce	jajo; jajko	jáje; jájce	jå̂je	jájce
horn	*rôgъ m. o (c)		рог	rog	рог	rog	roh	róg (rogu)	rôg (rȍga)		rộg (rộga/rogâ)
feather	però	n. o (b)	перо́	p'eró	перо́	peró	péro	pióro	pèro	perȍ	pérọ (pérạ); perộ (perę̂sa)
hair	*vôlsъ	m. o (c)	во́лос	vólos (vólosa)	---	---	vlas	włos	vlâs (vlâsa)	vlå̂s (vlå̂sa)	lâs (lâsa/lasû)
hair, braided hair	*kosà	f. ā (c)		kosá (kósu)^[4]	коса́	kosá	OCz. kosa	OPl. kosa^[5]	kòsa (acc. kȍsu)	(Novi) kosȁ (acc. kosȕ/kȍsu)	lasje
head	*golvà	f. ā (c)	голова́	golová (acc. gólovu)	глава́	glavá	hlava	głowa	gláva (acc. glâvu)	glå̄vȁ (acc. glå̂vu)	gláva
ear	ûxo	n. o (c)	у́хо	úxo, pl. úš'i /úšy/	ухо́	uxó, pl. uší	ucho	ucho	ȕho/ȕvo, pl. f. ȕši	ȕho (ȕha), pl. m. ȕši	uhộ (ušę́ša)
eye	*ȍko	n. o (c)	глаз, о́ко	óko (poet.)	око́	okó	oko	oko	ȍko		okộ (očę̂sa)
nose	nôsъ	m. o (c)	нос	nos	нос	nos	nos	nos	nôs (nȍsa)		nộs (nộsa/nọsâ/nọsû)
mouth	ūstà	pl. n. o (b)	уста́	ustá (poet.)	уста́	ustá	ústa	usta	ústa	ũstå̄; ũsta	ústa
tooth	zǫ̂bъ	m. o (c)	зуб	zub	зъб	zǝb	zub	ząb	zûb (zûba)		zǫ̂b (zǫ̂ba, zobû)
tongue	ęzỳkъ	m. o (a)	язы́к	jazýk	ези́к	ezík	jazyk	język	jèzik	jazȉk	jézik (jezíka)
nail (of finger/toe), claw	nȍgъtь	m. i/io (c)	но́готь	nógot' (nógt'a)	но́кът	nókǝt	nehet	paznokieć, pazur	nȍkat (nȍkta); nogat (nokta)	nȍhat (nȍhta)	nộhǝt (nộhta); nǫ̂hǝt/nǫ̂gǝt (nǫ̂hta); nohǝ̀t (nohtà)
foot, leg	noga	f. ā (c)	нога́	nogá (nógu)		nogá	noha	noga	nòga (nȍgu)	nogȁ (nȍgu)	nóga
knee	kolě̀no	n. o (a)	коле́но	kol'éno	коля́но	kol'áno	koleno	kolano	kòljeno	kolȉno	kolẹ́nọ
hand	*rǭkà	f. ā (c)	рука́	ruká	ръка́	rǝká	ruka	ręka	rúka (rûku)	rūkȁ (rûku)	róka
wing	krīdlò	n. o (b)	крыло́	kryló	крило́	kriló	křídlo	skrzydło	krílo	(Orb.) krīlȍ	krílọ
belly	bŗûxo, *bŗûxъ	m./n. o (c)	брю́хо	br'úxo	---	---	břicho	brzuch	---	---	trebuh
guts	červo		вну́тренности, кишки́	vnútr'ennost'i, k'išk'í	въ́трешности, черва́	vǝ́trešnosti, červá	vnitřnosti, střeva	wnętrzności			črevo, drobovje
neck	šija, *šьja		ше́я	š'éja /šéja/	ши́я	šíja	krk	szyja, kark			vrat
shoulder	pletjè	n. jo (b)	плечó	plečó		pléšti/pleští pl.	plec	plecy pl.^[6]	pléće	(Novi) plećȅ	pléče, rame
breast	grǫ̂dь	f. i (c)	грудь	grud'	гръд	grǝd	prsa, hruď	pierś; OPl. grędzi (pl.)	grûd		prsi, grod
heart	sь̏rdьce	n. jo (c)	се́рдце	s'érdc'e /s'érce/	сърце́	sǝrcé	srdce	serce	sȑce (sȑca)		srcę̂
liver	ę̄trò	n. o (b)		játro/jatró^[7]		jatró	játra (pl.)	(wątroba)	jȅtra (pl.)	(Orb.) jⁱẽtra (pl.)	ję́tra (pl.)
to drink	pìti	v.	пить	p'it'	пи́я	píja	píti	pić	pȉti (pȉjēm)	pȉti (pījȅš)	píti (píjem)
to eat	ě̀sti	v.	есть	jest'	ям	jam	jísti	jeść	jȅsti (jȅdem)	ȉsti/ĩsti (3sg. idẽ)	jẹ́sti (jẹ́m)
to gnaw	grỳzti	v. (c)	грызть	gryzt'	---	---	hryzat	gryźć	grȉsti (grízēm)	grȉsti (2sg. grīzȅš)	grísti (grízem)
to suck	sъsàti	v.	соса́ть	sosát' (sosú, sos'ót)	(су́ча)	(súča)	sát (saji)	ssać (ssę)	sȁti (sêm)		sǝsáti (sǝsâm)
to spit	pjь̀vati	v. (a)	плева́ть	pl'evát' (pljujú, plujót)	плю́я	pljúja; pljúvam	plivat (plivu)	pluć (pluję)	pljùvati (pljȕjēm)		pljúvati (pljújem)
to vomit	bljьvàti	v.	блева́ть	bl'evát' (bljujú, bljujót)		bǝ́lvam	blít (bliju)	bluć (bluj̨ę)	bljùvati (bljȕjēm)	(Orb.) bljȕvat (3sg. bljûje/bljȕva)	bljǝváti/bljuváti/bljúti (bljúvam/bljújem)
to breathe	dyxati	v.	дышать	dyshat' (dial.)	ди́шам	díšam	dýchat (dýchám)	dychać (colloq.)	díjati (dîšēm/dîhām)	dȉhati (2sg. dȉšeš)	díhati (dîham)
to laugh	smьjàti sę	v. (c)	смея́ться	sm'eját's'a (smejús', smejóts'a)	сме́я се	sméja se	smát se (směju se)	śmiać się (śmieję się)	smìjati se (sjìjēm se)	(Vrg.) smījȁti se (smijȅš se)	smẹ́jati/smẹjáti se (smẹ́jem/smẹ́jam/smẹjím se)
to see	vìděti	v. (a)	ви́деть	v'íd'et' (1sg. v'ížu, 3sg. v'íd'it)	ви́ждам	vídja, víždam	vidět (vidím)	widzieć	vȉdjeti (vȉdīm)	vìti (2sg. vȉdīš)	vídẹti (vîdim)
to hear	slušati		слу́шать	slúšat'	слу́шам, чу́вам	slúšam, čúvam	slyšet (slyším)	słyszeć			slišati (slišim)
to know	znàti	v. (a)	знать	znat' (znáju)	зна́я; знам	znája; znam	znát (znám)	znać	znȁti (znâm)	znȁti (2sg. znå̂š)	znáti (znâm)
to know	věděti	v.	ведать	v'édat'^[8]	---	---	vědět (vím)	wiedzieć (wiem)	---		vẹ́dẹti (vẹ́m)
to think	mysliti		мы́слить	mýsl'it'	ми́сля	míslja	myslet (myslím)	myśleć			misliti (mislim)
to smell	čuti		ню́хать, чу́ять	n'úkhat', čújat'	мири́ша, ду́ша	miríša, dúša	vonět (voním), čichat (čichám)	czuć			vohati
to fear	bojati sę		боя́ться	boját's'a	страху́вам се	straxúvam se	bát se	bać się			bati se
to sleep	sъpati		спать	spat'	спя	spja	spát	spać			spati
to live	žìti	v. (c)	жить	ž'it' /žyt'/	живе́я	živéja	žít	żyć	žívjeti, 1sg. žívīm	žīvȉti, 2sg. žīvȅš	živeti
to die	merti		умира́ть	um'irát'	уми́рам	umíram	umírat	umierać			umreti
to kill	ubiti		убива́ть	ub'ivát'	уби́вам	ubívam	zabíjet	zabijać			ubiti
to fight	boriti sę		боро́ться	borót's'a	бо́ря се, би́я се	bórja se, bír se	bojovat	walczyć			boriti se, biti se, bojevati se
to hunt	loviti		охо́титься	oxót'it's'a	лову́вам	lovúvam	lovit	polować			loviti
to hit	udariti	v.	ударя́ть	udar'át'	у́дрям	údrjam	udeřit	uderzać	ùdariti, 1sg. ùdarīm		udariti
to cut	sěkti, strigti, rězati		ре́зать, руби́ть	r'ézat', rub'ít'	ре́жа, сека́	réža, seká	řezat	ciąć			rezati
to split			разделя́ть	razd'el'át'	разде́лям	razdéljam	rozdělit	podzielić			razdeliti
to stab	bosti, *kolti		коло́ть	kolót'	буча́, прому́швам, пробо́ждам	bučá, promúšvam, probóždam	píchnout	pchnąć			zabosti, prebosti
to scratch	česati, *drapati		цара́пать	carápat'	че́ша, дра́скам	čéša, dráskam	škrábat	skrobać			praskati
to dig	kopati		копа́ть	kopát'	копа́я	kopája	kopat	kopać			kopati
to swim, sail	pluti; *plỳti	v.; v. (a)	плыть	plyt' (plyvú, plyv'ót)	плу́вам	plúvam	plout (pluju)	(pływać)	plȉti (plȉjēm)		plúti (plújem/plóvem)
to swim, sail	plàvati	v. (a)	пла́вать	plávat'	пла́вам	plávam	plavat	OPl. pławać			plávati (plâvam)
to fly	letěti		лета́ть	l'etát'	летя́	letjá	létat	latać			leteti
to walk	xoditi	v.	ходи́ть	xod'ít'	хо́дя	xódja	chodit	chodzić	hòditi (hȍdīm)	hodȉti	hóditi (hǫ́dim)
to go	jьti	v.	идти́	idt'í (idú, id'ót)		ída	jít (jdu)	iść	ìći (ȉdēm)		íti (ídem)
to come			приходи́ть, прийти́	pr'ixod'ít', pr'ijt'í	и́двам	ídvam	přicházet, přijít	przychodzić, przyjść			priti
to lie (as in a bed)	ležati		лежа́ть	l'ežát'	лежа́	ležá	ležet	leżeć			ležati
to sit	*sěsti		сиде́ть	s'id'ét'	седя́	sedjá	sedět	siedzieć			sesti
to stand	stati		стоя́ть	stoját'	стоя́	stojá	stát	stać			vstati
to turn	vьrtě̀ti	v. (c)	верте́ть	v'ert'ét' (1sg. v'erčú, 3sg. v'ért'it)	въртя́	vǝrtjá	vrtět	wiercić	vŕtjeti (vŕtīm)	vrtȉti (2sg. vrtĩš)	vrtẹ́ti (vrtím)
to turn, return	vortìti	v. (b)	воротить, вернуть	vorot'ít' (1sg. voročú, 3sg. vorót'it)^[9] vernut'	---	---	vrátit	wrócić	vrátiti (1sg. vrâtīm)	vrå̄tȉti (2sg. vrå̃tīš)	vrniti
to fall	pasti		па́дать	pádat'	па́дам	pádam	padat	padać, spadać			pasti
to give	dati		дава́ть	davát'	да́вам	dávam	dávat	dawać			dati
to hold	dьržati		держа́ть	d'eržát'	държа́	dǝržá	držet	trzymać			držati
to squeeze	tiskati; žęti	v. (b)	сжима́ть	sž'imát' /žžymát'/	сти́скам, ма́чкам	stískam, máčkam	mačkat	ściskać	žȅti, 1sg. žmêm		stiskati
to rub	terti		тере́ть	t'er'ét'	три́я, тъ́ркам	tríja, tǝ́rkam	třít	trzeć			treti, drgniti
to wash	myti		мыть	myt'	ми́я, пера́	míja, perá	mýt	myć			umiti, oprati
to wipe			вытира́ть	vyt'irát'	бъ́рша, три́я	bǝ́rša, tríja	vytírat	wycierać			brisati, otreti
to pull	pьxati		тяну́ть	t'anút'	дъ́рпам, те́гля, вла́ча	dǝ́rpam, téglja, vláča	táhnout	ciągnąć			vleči, potegniti
to push			толка́ть, пиха́ть	tolkát', p'ixát'	нати́скам, бу́там	natískam, bútam	tlačit	pchać			potistniti, poriniti
to throw	kydati, mesti, vergti v.		броса́ть, кида́ть	brosát', k'idát'	хвъ́рлям	xvǝ́rljam	házet; OCz. vrci (1sg. vrhu)	rzucać	\|v^eȑć, 2sg. v^eȑžeš	vreči
to tie	vę̄zàti	v. (b)	вяза́ть	v'azát'	връ́звам	vrǝ́zvam	vázat	wiązać	vézati, 1sg. véžēm	vēzȁti, 2sg. vēžeš	vezati
to sew	šiti		шить	š'it' /šyt'/	ши́я	šíja	šít	szyć			sejati
to read, count	čitati	v.	чита́ть	č'itát'	---	---	číst (čtu)	czytać	čìtati (čìtām)	čȉtati (2sg. čȉtå̄š)	brati (berem), čítati (čítam)
to speak, talk	govorìti	v.	говори́ть	govor'ít'		govórja	mluvit, hovořit	OPl. goworzyć	govòriti (gòvorīm)	govȍrīti (2sg. govȍrīš)	govoríti (govorím)
to show	kāzàti	v.	каза́ть	kazát'		káža	ukázat	kazać	kázati (kâžēm)	kå̄zȁti (2sg. kå̃žeš)	kázati (kážem)
to sing	pěti	v. (c)	петь	p'et' (pojú, pojót)	пе́я	péja (2sg. péeš)	zpívat (zpívám)	piać (pieję)	pòjati (pòjēm); pȅti (pêm)		pẹ́ti (pójem); pójati (pójam/pójem)
to play	jьgrati		игра́ть	igrát'	игра́я	igrája	hrát	grać			igrati
to flow	tekti		течь	t'eč'	тека́	teká	téct	ciec			teči
to freeze	mьrznǫti		замерзáть	zam'erzát'	замръ́звам	zamrǝ́zvam	zamrznout	marznąć			zamrzniti
to swell	puxnǫti		пу́хнуть	púxnut'	подпу́хвам, оти́чам, поду́вам се	podpúxvam, otíčam, podúvam se	opuchnout, otéct	puchnąć			oteči
sun	sъlnьce		со́лнце	sólnc'e /sónce/	слъ́нце	slǝ́nce	slunce	słońce			sonce
moon	luna, *měsęcь		луна́, ме́сяц	luná, m'és'ac	луна́	luná	měsíc	księżyc			mesec
star	gvězda		звезда́	zv'ezdá	звезда́	zvezdá	hvězda	gwiazda			zvezda
water	vodà	f. ā (c)	вода́	vodá (acc. vódu)	вода́	vodá	voda	woda	vòda (acc. vȍdu)	vodȁ (acc. vȍdu)	vóda
rain	dъždь		дождь	dožd' /došš', došt'/	дъжд	dǝžd	déšť	deszcz			dež
river	rěka		река́	r'eká	река́	reká	řeka	rzeka			reka
lake	(j)ezero		о́зеро	óz'ero	е́зеро	ézero	jezero	jezioro			jezero
sea	more, *morě		мо́ре	mór'e	море́	moré	moře	morze			morje
salt	solь		соль	sol'	сол	sol	sůl	sól			sol
stone	kamy		ка́мень	kám'en'	ка́мък	kámǝk	kámen	kamień			kamen
sand	pěsъkъ		песо́к	p'esók	пя́сък	pjásǝk	písek	piasek			pesek
dust	porxъ		пыль	pyl'	прах	prax	prach	pył, kurz			prah
earth	zemľà	f. jā (b/c)	земля́	z'eml'á (acc. z'éml'u)	земя́	zemjá	země	ziemia	zèmlja (acc. zȅmlju)	zemļȁ (acc. zȅmļu)	zémlja
cloud	tǫča		ту́ча, о́блако	túča, óblako	о́блак	óblak	oblak	chmura			oblak
fog			мгла, туман	mgla, tuman	мъгла́	mǝglá	mlha	mgła			megla
sky	*nebo		не́бо	n'ébo	небе́	nebé	nebe	niebo			nebo
wind	vě̀trъ	m. o (a)	ве́тер	v'ét'er	вя́тър	vjátǝr	vítr	wiatr	vjȅtar (vjȅtra)	vȉtar (vȉtra)	vệtǝr
snow	sněgъ		снег	sn'eg	сняг	snjag	sníh	śnieg			sneg
ice	ledъ		лёд	l'od	лед	led	led	lód			led
smoke	dymъ		дым	dym	дим, пу́шек	dim, púšek	dým	dym			dim
fire	ognь		ого́нь	ogón'	о́гън	ógǝn	oheň	ogień			ogenj
ash	pepelъ		пе́пел	p'ép'el	пе́пел	pépel	popel	popiół			pepel
to burn	gorěti, *paliti		горе́ть, пыла́ть	gor'ét', pylát'	горя́, паля́	gorjá, paljá	hořet	palić			goreti
way	pǫ̃tь	m. i (b)	путь	put'	път	pǝt	pout' (fem.)^[10]	droga (arch. pąć)	pût (púta)	pũt (pũta)	pǫ́t
mountain	gorà	fem. ā (c)	гора́	gorá	гора́	gorá^[11]	hora	góra	gòra (gȍru)	gorȁ (gȍru)	góra
red	čьrmьnъ	adj. o		č'er'emnój/č'er'ómnyj (dial.)^[12]	---	---	čermný/črmný (Kott)	czermny (dial.)	crman (arch.)		črmljen
red	čьrv(j)enъ	adj. o		č'er'evl'onyj (obs.)^[13]	черве́н	červén	červený	czerwony	cr̀ven		rdeč
green	zelẽnъ	adj. o (b)	зелёный	z'el'ónyj	зеле́н	zelén	zelený	zielony	zèlen, zelèna, zelèno	zelẽn, zelenȁ, zelenȍ	zelèn, zeléna
yellow	žьltъ	adj. o	жёлтый	ž'óltyj /žóltyj/	жълт	žǝlt	žlutý	żółty	žût, f. žúta	žût, f. žūtȁ, n. žûto	rumen, žôłt, žółta
white	bělъ		бе́лый	b'élyj	бял	bjal	bílý	biały			bel
black	čьrnъ		чёрный	č'órnyj	че́рен	čéren	černý	czarny			črn
night	noktь		ночь	noč'	нощ	nošt	noc	noc			noč
day	dьnь		день	d'en'	ден	den	den	dzień			dan
year	godъ, *rokъ		год	god	годи́на	godína	rok	rok			leto
warm	teplъ, *toplъ		тёплый	t'óplyj	то́пъл	tópǝl	teplý	ciepły			toplo
cool, cold	xoldьnъ	adj. o (c)	холо́дный	xolódnyj	хла́ден	xláden	chladný	chłodny	hládǝn	hlå̂dan	hládǝn
full	pьlnъ		по́лный	pólnyj	пъ́лен	pǝ́len	plný	pełny			poln
new	novъ		но́вый	nóvyj	нов	nov	nový	nowy			nov
old	starъ		ста́рый	stáryj	стар	star	starý	stary			star
good	dobrъ		хоро́ший, добрый	xoróš'ij, dobryj	добъ́р	dobǝ́r	dobrý	dobry			dober
bad	zъlъ	adj. o	злой	zloj; zol, zla, zlo^[14]	лош	loš	zlý	zły	zȁo, zlȁ, zlȍ		zǝ̀ł, zlà; zâl
rotten	gnjilъ		гнило́й	gn'ilój	гнил	gnil	shnilý	zgniły			gnil
dirty			гря́зный	gr'áznyj	мръ́сен	mrǝ́sen	špinavý	brudny			umazan
straight	prostъ, *pravъ		прямо́й	pr'amój	прав	prav	přímý	prosty			raven
round	krǫglъ		кру́глый	krúglyj	кръ́гъл	krǝ́gǝl	kulatý / okrouhlý	okrągły			okrogel
sharp	bridъkъ		о́стрый	óstryj	о́стър	óstǝr	ostrý	ostry			oster
dull	tǫpъ		тупо́й	tupój	тъп	tup	tupý	tępy			top
smooth	gladъkъ		гла́дкий, ро́вный	gládk'ij, róvnyj	гла́дък, ра́вен	gládǝk, ráven	hladký	gładki			gladek
wet	mokrъ		мо́крый	mókryj	мо́кър	mókǝr	mokrý	mokry			moker
dry	suxъ		сухо́й	suxój	сух	sux	suchý	suchy			suh
correct			пра́вильный	práv'il'nyj	пра́вилен	právilen	správný	poprawny			pravilen
near	blizъ		бли́зкий	bl'ízk'ij	бли́зък	blízǝk	blízký	bliski			blizu, blizek
far	dalekъ		далёкий	dal'ók'ij	дале́чен	daléčen	daleký	daleki			deleč, daljni
right	pravъ		пра́вый	právyj	де́сен	désen	pravý	prawy			desen
left	lěvъ		ле́вый	lévyj	ляв	ljav	levý	lewy			levi
at	po, *u	prep./pref.	при, у	pr'i, u	при, у, на	pri, u, na	při, u	przy, u	u; u-		pri
in(to)	vъ(n)	prep.	в	v; vn-	в	v	v; v(n)-	w(e); wn-	u; va-		v
with	sъ(n)		с	s	с(със)	s(sǝs)	s	z			s, z
and	(j)ь, *a		и, а	i, a	и, а	i, a	a, i	i, a			in
if	(j)ako		е́сли	jésl'i	ако́	akó	jestli	jeśli, jeżeli			če, ako
because	dělja, *dьlja, děljьma		потому́ что	potomú čto /što/	защо́то	zaštóto	protože	bo, dlatego że, ponieważ			zato, zato ker
name	(j)ьmę		и́мя	ím'a	и́ме	íme	jméno	imię			ime

Conventions in the table

Common Slavic accents follow Serbo-Croatian conventions: á (long rising), à (short rising), â (long falling), ȁ (short falling), ā (length in unstressed syllable). The Late Common Slavic neoacute is indicated as ã. This was pronounced as short rising in ь̃ ъ̃; long rising in ẽ õ in most languages, but short rising in Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian; and consistently long rising over other vowels.
The accent pattern (a, b or c) of Common Slavic nouns, verbs and adjectives is indicated. These patterns are as follows: a = consistent root accent; b = predominant suffix accent; c = mobile accent.
Nouns are given in the nominative singular; a form in parentheses is genitive singular except as indicated (acc. = accusative singular, pl. = nominative plural).
Verbs are given in the infinitive (but the first singular present in Bulgarian, which has no infinitives). A form in parentheses is first singular present except as indicated (2sg. = second singular, 3sg. = third singular). A second form in parentheses is third singular present.
When multiple forms of an adjective are given, the order is masculine, feminine, neuter.
Chakavian forms are given in the Vrgada dialect except as indicated (Novi = Novi dialect, Orb. = Orbanići dialect).

Transcription of Russian and Bulgarian

Transcription of Bulgarian follows the standard conventions for academic transliteration of Cyrillic, with the exception that Cyrillic ъ is represented as ǝ instead of ă for ease of reading, particularly when combined with a stress mark (ǝ́ instead of ắ). This is a one-to-one transliteration that directly represents the spelling of Cyrillic. This transliteration also represents Bulgarian phonology quite well (unlike the situation in Russian).

Transcription of Russian is based on the same standard, but deviates from it in order to consistently represent palatalization (always written with a following apostrophe, e.g. l', n', t', v') and the phoneme /j/ (always written j), both of which are spelled in multiple ways in Cyrillic. The following indicates how to convert between the two:

Cyrillic letters	Letter class	Academic transliteration	This article's transcription
а э ы о у	Non-palatal vowels	a è y o u	a e y o u
я е и ё ю	Palatal vowels	ja e i ë ju	If following a consonant, a e i o u with preceding apostrophe ('); if following another letter, ja je ji jo ju; if word-initial, ja je i jo ju.
й ў	Semivowels	j ŭ	same
ь	Soft sign	'	same
ъ	Hard sign	''	not written
щ	A consonant sign	šč	šš'

The result is that this article's transcription is almost directly phonemic, making it significantly easier for readers not familiar with the complications of Cyrillic spelling. Note that the transcription used here continues the standard practice of representing the Cyrillic letters ы и as y i, although they are normally considered allophones of each other. This is because the pronunciation of the two letters is significantly different, and Russian ы normally continues Common Slavic *y [ɨ], which was a separate phoneme.

The letter щ is conventionally written št in Bulgarian, šč in Russian. This article writes šš' in Russian to reflect the modern pronunciation [ɕɕ].

Both transcriptions indicate stress with an acute accent (á é í ó ú ý ǝ́). Stress is indicated in Cyrillic in the same fashion, except with the letter ё, which is always stressed.

Pronunciation

Capsule summary of Russian pronunciation

The transcription used in this article is morphophonemic rather than strictly phonemic, i.e. it writes the underlying phonemes rather than the phonemes actually heard when pronounced. The difference occurs particularly in the representation of unstressed vowels, where multiple underlying phonemes merge. For example, underlying e and i merge into the same sound when unstressed, but the difference is revealed in related forms based on the same root: e.g. z'eml'á [zʲɪmˈlʲæ] "land" has accusative z'éml'u [ˈzʲemlʲʉ], but z'imá [zʲɪˈma] "winter" has accusative z'ímu [ˈzʲimu]. When the transcription (which is derived from the spelling) disagrees with the actual morphophonemic pronunciation, the latter is indicated specially, e.g. čto /što/; š'it' /šyt'/; ž'óltyj /žóltyj/; ž'ená /žená/ [ʐɨˈna]; sólnc'e /sónce/ [ˈsont͡sǝ]. This occurs mostly with the letters š, ž, c, which are normally written palatal but pronounced non-palatal; but it is also due to occasional assimilations. Note that the rules for unstressed vowels still need to be applied (see below).

á, é, í etc. indicates stress.
š [ʂ], ž [ʐ] and c [t͡s] are never palatal, while č [t͡ɕ] and šš [ɕɕ] are always palatal, regardless of spelling.
y [ɨ]: allophone of i [i] after non-palatal consonants, but written differently by convention. Written i sounds as y after š, ž, c, regardless of whether indicated as palatal in the spelling: ž'it [ʐɨtʲ] "to live".
Vowel mergers in unstressed syllables are extensive, but not written.
- After palatal, vowels a, o, e, i all merge as [ɪ]: t'až'ólyj [tʲɪˈʐolɨj] "heavy", v'el'ík'ij [vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj] "big".
- After non-palatal, vowels a and o merge as [ɐ] directly before the stress and absolutely word-initially, [ǝ] elsewhere: molokó [mǝlɐˈko] "milk", sobáka [sɐˈbakǝ] "dog", č'elov'ék [t͡ɕɪlɐˈvʲek] "man (human)".
- After non-palatal, vowels e and i/y merge as [ɨ]: ž'ená [ʐɨˈna].
- Exception: Absolutely word-finally after a palatal, e, i merge as [ɪ] but a, o merge as [ǝ]: s'ém'a [ˈsʲemʲə] "seed".
Obstruents are devoiced word-finally, and agree in voicing in a cluster before another obstruent: muž [muʂ] "husband", vs'o [fsʲɵ] "everything", vokzál [vɐɡˈzal] "railway station". But v does not trigger voicing of preceding obstruent, nor is it devoiced.
The reflexive suffix -s'a and reflexive infinitive -t'-s'a are pronounced without palatalization, i.e. as if written -sa and -t-sa.

Capsule summary of Bulgarian pronunciation

á, é, í etc. indicates stress.
Stressed ǝ is actually [ɤ]; unstressed a and ǝ tend to merge as [ɐ].
Obstruent voicing/devoicing as in Russian.

Capsule summary of Czech pronunciation

á, é, í etc. indicates vowel length.
ů [uː] < *ó. ou [oʊ̯] < *ú.
h [ɦ], ch [x].
č [tʃ], š [ʃ], ž [ʒ], ř [r̝] (a palatal fricative trill, sounding a bit like [rʑ]).
ď [ɟ], ť [c], ň [ɲ]. Also indicated by d, t, n before i, í or ě.
y = i but indicates normal rather than palatal pronunciation after d t n.
ě = short e but signals palatal nature of previous consonant: dě, tě, ně = ďe, ťe, ňe; vě, fě, bě, pě = vje, fje, bje, pje; mě = mňe.
Obstruent voicing/devoicing as in Russian. ř after obstruent is itself devoiced rather than trigger voicing: přímý [pr̝̊iːmiː] "straight".

Capsule summary of Polish pronunciation

Retroflex consonants: sz [ʂ], cz [t͡ʂ], ż [ʐ], rz [ʐ] < *ř (as in Czech), dż [d͡ʐ].
Alveolopalatal consonants: ś or si [ɕ], ć or ci [t͡ɕ], ź or zi [ʑ], dź or dzi [d͡ʑ], ń or ni [ɲ].
All consonants are palatalized before i. Note that alveolar s, z, n become alveolopalatal when palatalized, absorbing the i before another vowel: chodzić [ˈxɔd͡ʑit͡ɕ] "to walk", siedzieć [ˈɕɛd͡ʑɛt͡ɕ] "to sit".
h or ch [x], w [v], ł [w].
y [ɨ], ó [u] < *oː, ę [ɛ̃], ą [ɔ̃].
Obstruent voicing/devoicing as in Russian and Czech. However, w and rz do not voice a preceding voiceless obstruent, but instead are devoiced: kwiat [kfʲat] "flower", przyjść [pʂɨjɕt͡ɕ] "to come" < *prʲijtʲ (cf. Russian pr'ijt'í).

Capsule summary of Serbo-Croatian pronunciation

Accents: á (long rising), à (short rising), â (long falling), ȁ (short falling), ā (length in unstressed syllable), ã (long rising in Chakavian dialect = Common Slavic neoacute).
š [ʃ], č [tʃ], ž [ʒ], dž [dʒ], ć [tɕ], đ [dʑ], nj [ɲ], lj [ʎ].
Russian-style obstruent voicing/devoicing does not occur.

Dialectal differentiation

After the three palatalizations of Proto-Slavic, dialectal variation became more apparent. Some dialects (such as Proto-East Slavic), applied the second regressive palatalization across an intervening *v.^[15]

Russian: *gwojzda > *gwězda > zvězda > [zʲvʲɪˈzda] ('star')
Polish: *gwojzda > *gwězda > gwiazda > [ˈɡvʲazda] ('star')

Also, the realization of the palatalizations' sibilants varied a little amongst dialects. Belić (1921) argues that the phonetic character of the palatalizations was uniform throughout Common Slavic and that West Slavic languages developed *š later on by analogy.^[16] In all dialects (except for Lechitic), [dz] was deaffricated to [z]:^[15]

Ukrainian: *zvizda> z'vizda; and zyrka/z'irka> Cf. Pol.: gwiazda-> GV/ZV + I + ZD; Z'/Z + Y/I + R + K +A ( zIr > vision).

The final cutoff point for the Proto-Slavic period was the change of *ě to *a after palatal consonants and *j, which then created *ča/*ka contrasts.^[17] This, and the shortening and elision of weak yers (*ь/ĭ and *ъ/ŭ) (see Havlík's law) that created newly formed closed syllables^[18] ended the period of syllabic synharmony characteristic of Common Slavic.

For many Common Slavic dialects—including most of West Slavic, all but the northernmost portions of East Slavic, and some western parts of South Slavic— *g lenited from a voiced velar plosive to a voiced velar fricative ([ɡ] > [ɣ]). Because this change was not universal and because it did not occur in a number of East Slavic dialects (such as Belarusian and South Russian) until after the application of Havlík's law, Shevelov (1977) calls into question early projections of this change and postulates three independent instigations of lenition, dating the earliest to before 900 AD and the latest to the early thirteenth century.^[19]

Because the reflexes for the nasal vowels *ę and *ǫ differ so widely, it's very likely that their phonetic value in Late Proto-Slavic was not uniform.^[20]

References

^ "adder"
^ "venomous snake, adder"
^ "sheepskin coat"
^ "braid, plait"
^ "braid, mane"
^ "back"
^ "entrails, eggs"
^ "manage"; "know" (obs.)
^ "bring back"
^ "pilgrimage, journey"
^ "woods"
^ "red-haired, ginger"
^ "dark red"
^ "angry"
^ ^a ^b Channon (1971:9)
^ Belić (1921:31)
^ Channon (1971:12)
^ Bethin (1997:13)
^ Shevelov (1977:137, 145)
^ Schenkdar (2002:74)

Bibliography

Belić, Aleksandar (1921), "Најмлађа (Трећа) Промена Задњенепчаних Сугласника k, g и h у Прасловенском Језику", Јужнословенски Филолог, II: 18–39
Bethin, Christina Yurkiw (1998), Slavic Prosody: Language Change and Phonological Theory, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-59148-1
Channon, Robert (1972), On the Place of the Progressive Palatalization of Velars in the Relative Chronology of Slavic, The Hague: Mouton
Lehr-Spławiński, Tadeusz (1957), "Z dziejów języka prasłowiańskiego (Urywek z większej całości)", Езиковедски Изследвания В Чест На Академик Стефан Младенов, Sofia
Schenkar, Alexander M. (2002), "Proto-Slavonic", in Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville. G. (eds.), The Slavonic Languages, London: Routledge, pp. 60–124, ISBN 0-415-28078-8 {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
Shevelov, George Y. (1977), "On the Chronology of h and the New g in Ukrainian", Harvard Ukrainian Studies (PDF), vol. vol 1, Cambridge: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, pp. 137–52 {{citation}}: |volume= has extra text (help)

[1] "adder"

[2] "venomous snake, adder"

[3] "sheepskin coat"

[4] "braid, plait"

[5] "braid, mane"

[6] "back"

[7] "entrails, eggs"

[8] "manage"; "know" (obs.)

[9] "bring back"

[10] "pilgrimage, journey"

[11] "woods"

[12] "red-haired, ginger"

[13] "dark red"

[14] "angry"

[harvcoltxt|Channon|1971|p=9-15] Channon (1971:9)

[16] Belić (1921:31)

[17] Channon (1971:12)

[18] Bethin (1997:13)

[19] Shevelov (1977:137, 145)

[20] Schenkdar (2002:74)

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