View source for Sydney

{{Short description|Capital city of New South Wales, Australia}}
{{About|the Australian city|the greater metropolitan area|Greater Sydney|the local government area|City of Sydney|other uses}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use Australian English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox Australian place
| type               = city
| name               = Sydney
| state              = nsw
| image              = {{multiple image
  | total_width            = 280
  | border                 = infobox
  | perrow                 = 1/2/2/1
  | caption_align          = center
  | image1                 = Sydney Opera House and Harbour Bridge Dusk (2) 2019-06-21.jpg
  | alt1                   = Sydney Opera House and Harbour Bridge
  | caption1               = [[Sydney Opera House]] and [[Sydney Harbour Bridge|Harbour Bridge]]
  | image2                 = Sydney (AU), Queen Victoria Building -- 2019 -- 3580 (cropped) - 2.jpg
  | alt2                   = Queen Victoria Building
  | caption2               = [[Queen Victoria Building]]
  | image3                 = University of Sydney's Main Quadrangle.jpg
  | alt3                   = University of Sydney
  | caption3               = [[University of Sydney]]
  | image4                 = Bondi 1.jpg
  | alt4                   = Bondi Beach
  | caption4               = [[Bondi Beach]]
  | image5                 = Archibald Fountain (cropped).jpg
  | alt5                   = Archibald Fountain and St Mary's Cathedral
  | caption5               = [[Archibald Fountain]] and [[St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney|St Mary’s Cathedral]]
  | image6                 = Sydney CBD, northeast view 20230224 1.jpg
  | alt6                   = Sydney central business district
  | caption6               = [[Sydney central business district]]
}}
| image2             = Free vector map of Sydney city Australia Level 12.svg
| image2_alt         = Map of the Sydney metropolitan area
| caption2           = Map of the Sydney metropolitan area
| coordinates        = {{coord|33|52|04|S|151|12|36|E|display=inline,title}}
| relief             = yes
| force_national_map = yes
| pop                = 5,450,496
| pop_year           = 2023
| pop_footnotes      = <ref name=ABSGCCSA/>
| poprank            = 1st
| density            = 441
| density_footnotes  = (2023){{r|ABSGCCSA}}
| established        = {{Start date and age|1788|01|26|df=y}}
| area               = 12367.7
| area_footnotes     = (GCCSA)<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS/>
| timezone           = [[Australian Eastern Standard Time|AEST]]
| utc                = +10
| timezone-dst       = [[Australian Eastern Daylight Time|AEDT]]
| utc-dst            = +11
| dist1              = 287
| dir1               = NE
| location1          = Canberra
| dist2              = 877
| dir2               = NE
| location2          = Melbourne
| dist3              = 923
| dir3               = S
| location3          = Brisbane
| dist4              = 1404
| dir4               = E
| location4          = Adelaide
| dist5              = 3936
| dir5               = E
| location5          = Perth
| lga                = [[#Government|Various]] (33)
| county             = [[Cumberland County, New South Wales|Cumberland]]<ref name=gnbcounty>{{NSW GNR |id=JPYbwptLTR|title=Cumberland County |access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref>
| division           = 
| stategov           = [[Electoral districts of New South Wales|Various]] (49)
| fedgov             = [[:File:Sydney divisions overview 2010.png|Various]] (24)
| maxtemp            = 22.8
| maxtemp_footnotes  = <ref name="metdata"/>
| mintemp            = 14.7
| mintemp_footnotes  = <ref name=metdata/>
| rainfall           = 1149.7	
| rainfall_footnotes = <ref name=metdata/>
}}
'''Sydney''' is the [[capital city]] of the [[States and territories of Australia|state]] of [[New South Wales]] and the [[List of cities in Australia by population|most populous city in Australia]]. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds [[Sydney Harbour]] and extends about 80&nbsp;km (50&nbsp;mi) from the [[Pacific Ocean]] in the east to the [[Blue Mountains (New South Wales)|Blue Mountains]] in the west, and about 80&nbsp;km (50&nbsp;mi) from the [[Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park]] and the [[Hawkesbury River]] in the north and north-west, to the [[Royal National Park]] and [[Macarthur, New South Wales|Macarthur]] in the south and south-west.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mason |first=Herbert |year=2012 |title=Encyclopaedia of Ships and Shipping |page=266}}</ref> Greater Sydney consists of 658 suburbs, spread across 33 local government areas. Residents of the city are colloquially known as "Sydneysiders".<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Walk Sydney Streets |date=2014 |url=http://www.walksydneystreets.net/suburbssydneyall.htm |title=Complete official list of Sydney suburbs |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=25 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125072035/http://www.walksydneystreets.net/suburbssydneyall.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The estimated population in June 2023 was 5,450,496,<ref name=ABSGCCSA>{{cite web |title=Regional Population – 2022–23 final |publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2022-23 |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=30 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330092152/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release |url-status=live}}</ref> which is about 66% of the state's population.<ref name=ABSCapitalPop>{{cite web |title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2016–17: Main Features |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3218.0Main+Features12016-17 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=24 April 2018 |access-date=13 October 2018 |archive-date=13 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013133101/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3218.0Main+Features12016-17 |url-status=live }} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2017.</ref> The city's nicknames include the '''Emerald City''' and the '''Harbour City'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theculturetrip.com/pacific/australia/articles/why-sydney-is-also-known-as-the-emerald-city/ |website=Culture Trip |title=Why Sydney Is Also Known As 'The Emerald City' |author=Tom Smith |date=4 November 2017 |access-date=11 September 2021 |archive-date=11 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911030853/https://theculturetrip.com/pacific/australia/articles/why-sydney-is-also-known-as-the-emerald-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal Australians]] have inhabited the Greater Sydney region for at least 30,000 years, and [[Sydney rock engravings|their engravings]] and cultural sites are common. The [[wiktionary:traditional owner|traditional custodians]] of the land on which modern Sydney stands are the clans of the [[Dharug|Darug]], [[Dharawal]] and [[Eora]] peoples.<ref name="Aboriginal people and place23">{{cite web |date=2013 |title=Aboriginal people and place |url=http://www.sydneybarani.com.au/sites/aboriginal-people-and-place/ |access-date=5 July 2014 |publisher=Sydney Barani |first1=Anita |last1=Heiss |first2=Melodie-Jane |last2=Gibson |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707182950/http://www.sydneybarani.com.au/sites/aboriginal-people-and-place/ |archive-date= 7 July 2014 }}</ref> During his [[First voyage of James Cook|first Pacific voyage]] in 1770, [[James Cook]] charted the eastern coast of Australia, making landfall at [[Botany Bay]]. In 1788, the [[First Fleet]] of [[convicts in Australia|convicts]], led by [[Arthur Phillip]], founded Sydney as a British [[penal colony]], the first European settlement in Australia.<ref name="manly.nsw.gov.au">{{cite web |url=http://www.manly.nsw.gov.au/council/about-manly/manly-heritage--history/ |title= Manly Heritage & History |website=Manly Council |access-date=10 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512034452/http://www.manly.nsw.gov.au/council/about-manly/manly-heritage--history/ |archive-date= 12 May 2016 }}</ref> After World War II, Sydney experienced mass migration and by 2021 over 40 per cent of the population was born overseas. Foreign countries of birth with the greatest representation are mainland China, India, the United Kingdom, Vietnam and the Philippines.<ref name="auto" />

Despite being one of the most expensive cities in the world,<ref>{{cite news |last=Levy |first=Megan |date=5 March 2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/sydney-melbourne-more-expensive-than-new-york-says-living-index-20140305-3466w.html |title=Sydney, Melbourne more expensive than New York, says Living Index |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=1 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701174909/http://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/sydney-melbourne-more-expensive-than-new-york-says-living-index-20140305-3466w.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Bowman |first1=Simon J. |title=The Cost of Living with Sjögren's |date=19 May 2022 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197502112.003.0005 |work=The Sjögren's Book |pages=26–30 |access-date=1 June 2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |last2=Fisher |first2=Benjamin |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197502112.003.0005 |isbn=978-0-19-750211-2 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221025112/https://academic.oup.com/book/41892/chapter-abstract/354733312?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live }}</ref> Sydney frequently ranks in the top ten [[World's most liveable cities|most liveable cities]].<ref name="mercer.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.mercer.com.au/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living.html |title=Sydney retains #10 ranking in Mercer's global quality of living survey |website=Mercer.com.au |date=28 April 2018 |access-date=28 April 2018 |archive-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428181422/https://www.mercer.com.au/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World's most liveable cities: Vienna's win leaves Sydney and Melbourne in a spin |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=4 September 2019 |access-date=26 September 2019 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/sep/04/worlds-most-liveable-cities-viennas-win-leaves-sydney-and-melbourne-in-a-spin |archive-date=25 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925162443/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/sep/04/worlds-most-liveable-cities-viennas-win-leaves-sydney-and-melbourne-in-a-spin |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Mercer |date=2018 |url=https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living-survey.html |title=2018 Quality of Living Index |access-date=28 April 2018 |archive-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416012652/https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living-survey.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is classified as an [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network#Alpha|Alpha+ city]] by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]], indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |website=GaWC – Research Network |publisher=Globalization and World Cities |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=6 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006165159/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Global Power City Index 2010 |publisher=Institute for Urban Strategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation |location=Tokyo, Japan |date=October 2010 |url=http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2010_English.pdf |access-date=10 August 2011 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020150104/http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2010_English.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers |date=2012 |url=http://www.pwc.com/us/en/cities-of-opportunity/assets/cities-opp-2012.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210063130/http://www.pwc.com/us/en/cities-of-opportunity/assets/cities-opp-2012.pdf |archive-date=10 February 2013 |title=Cities of opportunity |access-date=21 July 2014}}</ref> Sydney has an advanced market economy with strengths in education, finance, manufacturing and [[tourism in Sydney|tourism]].<ref name="Tough week for a Sydney success story">http://www.smh.com.au/national/tough-week-for-a-sydney-success-story-20120217-1te9q.html?skin=text-only {{dead link|date=September 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="Another shot at making city a finance hub">{{cite news |last=Irvine |first=Jessica |date=2008 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/another-shot-at-making-a-finance-hub/2008/07/31/1217097434132.html |title=Another shot at making city a finance hub |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924201408/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/another-shot-at-making-a-finance-hub/2008/07/31/1217097434132.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[University of Sydney]] and the [[University of New South Wales]] are ranked 18th and 19th in the world respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-18 |title=QS World University Rankings 2025 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref>

Sydney has hosted major international sporting events such as the [[2000 Summer Olympics]], the [[2003 Rugby World Cup final|2003 Rugby World Cup Final]], and the [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup final|2023 FIFA Women's World Cup Final]]. The city is among the top fifteen most-visited,<ref>{{cite news |last=Dennis |first=Anthony |date=2013 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-planning/travel-news/too-expensive-sydney-slips-from-top-10-tourism-list-20130704-2pdh4.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140925110947/http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-planning/travel-news/too-expensive-sydney-slips-from-top-10-tourism-list-20130704-2pdh4.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 September 2014 |title="Too expensive" Sydney slips from top 10 tourism list |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |quote=In this year's World's Best Awards, announced in New York this week, Sydney came in as the world's number 12 ranked best city. |access-date=27 October 2016}}</ref> with millions of tourists coming each year to see the city's landmarks.<ref name="Our global city">{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/our-global-city |title=Our global city |access-date=21 July 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622114124/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/our-global-city |url-status=live }}</ref> The city has over {{cvt|1,000,000|ha|acre}} of [[Parks in Sydney|nature reserves and parks]],<ref>Benson, D. H. and Howell J. (1990) Taken for Granted: the Bushland of Sydney and Its Suburbs, Sydney</ref> and its [[Ecology of Sydney|notable natural features]] include [[Port Jackson|Sydney Harbour]] and [[Royal National Park]]. The [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] and the World Heritage-listed [[Sydney Opera House]] are major tourist attractions. [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central Station]] is the hub of Sydney's suburban train, metro and light rail networks and longer-distance services. The main passenger airport serving the city is [[Sydney Airport|Kingsford Smith Airport]], one of the world's oldest continually operating airports.<ref name="Sydney Airport overview">{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Airport |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneyairport.com.au/corporate/about-us/overview/fact-sheets/overview.aspx |title=Overview |access-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905042717/http://www.sydneyairport.com.au/corporate/about-us/overview/fact-sheets/overview.aspx |archive-date=5 September 2014}}</ref>

==Toponymy==
In 1788, Captain [[Arthur Phillip]], the first governor of New South Wales, named the cove where the first British settlement was established [[Sydney Cove]] after Home Secretary [[Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney]].<ref name="Egan-1999">{{Cite book |last=Egan |first=Jack |title=Buried Alive, Sydney 1788–92 |publisher=Allen and Unwin |year=1999 |isbn=1865081388 |pages=10}}</ref> The cove was called ''Warrane'' by the Aboriginal inhabitants.<ref>Attenbrow (2010), p. 11</ref> Phillip considered naming the settlement [[Albion]], but this name was never officially used.<ref name="Egan-1999" /> By 1790 Phillip and other officials were regularly calling the township Sydney.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-343658027/view?partId=nla.obj-343661652#page/n4/mode/1up |title=Historical Records of New South Wales |volume=1 part 2 |pages=285, 343, 345, 436, 482, passim |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723112037/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-343658027/view?partId=nla.obj-343661652#page/n4/mode/1up |url-status=live }}</ref> Sydney was declared a city in 1842.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Birch |first1=Alan |title=The Sydney Scene, 1788–1960 |last2=Macmillan |first2=David S. |publisher=Hale and Iremonger |year=1982 |isbn=0868060178 |edition=2nd |location=Sydney |pages=105–06}}</ref>

The [[Cadigal|Gadigal]] (Cadigal) clan, whose territory stretches along the southern shore of [[Port Jackson]] from [[Sydney Heads|South Head]] to [[Darling Harbour]], are the traditional owners of the land on which the British settlement was initially established, and call their territory ''Gadi'' (''Cadi''). Aboriginal clan names within the Sydney region were often formed by adding the suffix "-gal" to a word denoting the name for their territory, a specific place in their territory, a food source, or totem. Greater Sydney covers the traditional lands of 28 known Aboriginal clans.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Attenbrow |first=Val |title=Sydney's Aboriginal Past, investigating the archaeological and historical records |publisher=UNSW Press |year=2010 |isbn=9781742231167 |edition=2nd |location=Sydney |pages=22–26}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Sydney}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of Sydney}}

===First inhabitants of the region===
[[File:AboriginalSite0008.jpg|thumb|[[Charcoal (art)|Charcoal drawing]] of kangaroos in [[Heathcote National Park]]]]The first people to inhabit the area now known as Sydney were [[Aboriginal Australians]] who had migrated from southeast Asia via northern Australia.<ref>Attenbrow (2010). p. 152</ref> Flaked pebbles found in Western Sydney's gravel sediments might indicate human occupation from 45,000 to 50,000 years ago,<ref name="Attenbrow-2010c">{{Cite book |last1=Attenbrow |first1=Val |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDxldj_SLcYC&q=inauthor%3A%22Val%20Attenbrow%22&pg=PA152 |title=Sydney's Aboriginal Past: Investigating the Archaeological and Historical Records |publisher=UNSW Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-74223-116-7 |location=Sydney |pages=152–153 |access-date=11 November 2013 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923094622/https://books.google.com/books?id=TDxldj_SLcYC&q=inauthor%3A%22Val%20Attenbrow%22&pg=PA152 |url-status=live }}</ref> while [[radiocarbon dating]] has shown evidence of human activity in the region from around 30,000 years ago.<ref name="Settlers' history rewritten2">{{cite news |last=Macey |first=Richard |date=2007 |title=Settlers' history rewritten: go back 30,000 years |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/settlers-history-rewritten/2007/09/14/1189276983698.html |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-date=2 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702180036/https://www.smh.com.au/news/national/settlers-history-rewritten/2007/09/14/1189276983698.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to the arrival of the British, there were 4,000 to 8,000 Aboriginal people in the greater Sydney region.<ref>Attenbrow (2010). p.17</ref><ref name="Aboriginal people and place23"/>

The inhabitants subsisted on fishing, hunting, and gathering plants and shellfish. The diet of the coastal clans was more reliant on seafood whereas hinterland clans ate more forest animals and plants. The clans had distinctive equipment and weapons mostly made of stone, wood, plant materials, bone and shell. They also differed in their body decorations, hairstyles, songs and dances. Aboriginal clans had a rich ceremonial life, part of a belief system centring on ancestral, totemic and supernatural beings. People from different clans and language groups came together to participate in initiation and other ceremonies. These occasions fostered trade, marriages and clan alliances.<ref name="Attenbrow-2010a">Attenbrow (2010). pp. 28, 158</ref>

The earliest [[British people|British settlers]] recorded the word '[[Eora]]' as an Aboriginal term meaning either 'people' or 'from this place'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Keith Vincent |title=Eora People |url=https://www.eorapeople.com.au/uncategorized/eora-people/ |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=Eora People |date=June 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328102026/https://www.eorapeople.com.au/uncategorized/eora-people/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Aboriginal people and place23"/> The clans of the Sydney area occupied land with traditional boundaries. There is debate, however, about which group or nation these clans belonged to, and the extent of differences in language and rites. The major groups were the coastal Eora people, the Dharug (Darug) occupying the inland area from [[Parramatta]] to the Blue Mountains, and the Dharawal people south of Botany Bay.<ref name="Aboriginal people and place23"/> Darginung and Gundungurra languages were spoken on the fringes of the Sydney area.<ref name="Attenbrow-2010b">Attenbrow (2010). pp. 22–29</ref>
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+ class="nowrap" |Aboriginal clans of Sydney area, as recorded by early British settlers
!Clan
!Territory name
!Location
|-
|Bediagal
|Not recorded
|Probably north-west of [[Parramatta]]
|-
|Birrabirragal
|Birrabirra
|Lower Sydney Harbour around Sow and Pigs reef
|-
|Boolbainora
|Boolbainmatta
|Parramatta area
|-
|Borogegal
|Booragy
|Probably [[Bradleys Head]] and surrounding area
|-
|Boromedegal
|Not recorded
|Parramatta
|-
|Buruberongal
|Not recorded
|North-west of Parramatta
|-
|Darramurragal
|Not recorded
|[[Turramurra|Turramarra]] area
|-
|Gadigal
|Cadi (Gadi)
|South side of Port Jackson, from [[Sydney Heads|South Head]] to [[Darling Harbour]]
|-
|Gahbrogal
|Not recorded
|[[Liverpool, New South Wales|Liverpool]] and [[Cabramatta, New South Wales|Cabramatta]] area
|-
|Gamaragal
|Cammeray
|North shore of Port Jackson
|-
|Gameygal
|Kamay
|[[Botany Bay]]
|-
|Gannemegal
|Warmul
|Parramatta area
|-
|Garigal
|Not recorded
|[[Broken Bay]] area
|-
|Gayamaygal
|Kayeemy
|[[Manly, New South Wales|Manly]] Cove
|-
|Gweagal
|Gwea
|Southern shore of Botany Bay
|-
|Wallumedegal
|Wallumede
|North shore of Port Jackson, opposite Sydney Cove
|-
|Wangal
|Wann
|South side of Port Jackson, from Darling Harbour to Rose Hill
|-
| colspan="3" |Clans of the Sydney region whose territory wasn't reliably recorded are: the Domaragal, Doogagal, Gannalgal, {{Break}}Gomerigal, Gooneeowlgal, Goorunggurregal, Gorualgal, Murrooredial, Noronggerragal, Oryangsoora and Wandeandegal.
|-
| colspan="3" |<small>Note:</small> <small>The names and territory boundaries do not always correspond with those used</small> <small>by contemporary Aboriginal groups of the greater Sydney area.<ref name="Attenbrow-2010b" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Troy |first=Jakelin |title=The Sydney Language |publisher=Aboriginal Studies Press |year=2019 |isbn=9781925302868 |edition=2nd |location=Canberra |pages=19–25}}</ref>{{Refn|British settlers each used different spellings for Indigenous words. The clan names in this list use Troy's (2019) orthography.}}</small>
|}

The first meeting between Aboriginals and British explorers occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at [[Botany Bay]] (Kamay<ref>Attenbrow (2010). p. 13</ref>) and encountered the [[Gweagal]] clan.<ref>{{cite news |date=2002 |title=Once were warriors |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/11/10/1036308574533.html |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-date=22 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822083939/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/11/10/1036308574533.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Two Gweagal men opposed the landing party and one was shot and wounded.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blainey |first=Geoffrey |title=Captain Cook's epic voyage |publisher=Viking |year=2020 |isbn=9781760895099 |location=Australia |pages=141–43}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=22 April 2020 |title=Eight days in Kamay |url=https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/eight-days-in-kamay |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=[[State Library of New South Wales]] |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603002706/https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/eight-days-in-kamay/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Cook and his crew stayed at Botany Bay for a week, collecting water, timber, fodder and botanical specimens and exploring the surrounding area. Cook sought to establish relations with the Aboriginal population without success.<ref>Blainey (2020). pp. 146–57</ref>

=== Convict town (1788–1840) ===
[[File:The Founding of Australia. By Capt. Arthur Phillip R.N. Sydney Cove, Jan. 26th 1788.jpg|thumb|''The Founding of Australia, 26 January 1788, by Captain [[Arthur Phillip]] R.N., Sydney Cove.'' Painting by [[Algernon Talmage]].]] [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] had been sending convicts to its American colonies for most of the eighteenth century, and the loss of these colonies in 1783 was the impetus to establish a penal colony at Botany Bay. Proponents of colonisation also pointed to the strategic importance of a new base in the Asia-Pacific region and its potential to provide much-needed timber and flax for the navy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Macintyre |first=Stuart |title=A concise history of Australia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781108728485 |edition=5th |location=Port Melbourne |pages=34–35}}</ref>

The [[First Fleet]] of 11 ships under the command of Captain [[Arthur Phillip]] arrived in Botany Bay in January 1788. It comprised more than a thousand settlers, including 736 convicts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karskens |first=Grace |title=The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9781107011533 |editor-last=Bashford |editor-first=Alison |location=Cambridge |pages=91 |chapter=The early colonial presence, 1788-1822 |editor-last2=MacIntyre |editor-first2=Stuart}}</ref> The fleet soon moved to the more suitable [[Port Jackson]] where a settlement was established at [[Sydney Cove]] on 26 January 1788.<ref>Peter Hill (2008) pp.141–50</ref> The colony of New South Wales was formally proclaimed by Governor Phillip on 7 February 1788. Sydney Cove offered a fresh water supply and a safe harbour, which Philip described as "the finest Harbour in the World ... Here a Thousand Sail of the Line may ride in the most perfect Security".<ref>{{cite web |date=9 October 2009 |title=SL/nsw.gov.au |url=http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/history_nation/terra_australis/letters/phillip/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203035645/http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/history_nation/terra_australis/letters/phillip/index.html |archive-date=3 February 2013 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=SL/nsw.gov.au}}</ref>

The settlement was planned to be a self-sufficient penal colony based on subsistence agriculture. Trade and shipbuilding were banned in order to keep the convicts isolated. However, the soil around the settlement proved poor and the first crops failed, leading to several years of hunger and strict rationing. The food crisis was relieved with the arrival of the [[Second Fleet (Australia)|Second Fleet]] in mid-1790 and the [[Third Fleet (Australia)|Third Fleet]] in 1791.<ref>Macintyre (2020). pp.34–37</ref> Former convicts received small grants of land, and government and private farms spread to the more fertile lands around [[Parramatta]], [[Windsor, New South Wales|Windsor]] and [[Camden, New South Wales|Camden]] on the [[Cumberland Plain]]. By 1804, the colony was self-sufficient in food.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karskens |first=Grace |title=The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I, Indigenous and colonial Australia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9781107011533 |editor-last=Bashford |editor-first=Alison |location=Cambridge |pages=90–114 |chapter=The early colonial presence, 1788-1822 |editor-last2=MacIntyre |editor-first2=Stuart}}</ref>

A smallpox epidemic in April 1789 killed about half the region's Indigenous population.<ref name="Aboriginal people and place23"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Mear |first=Craig |date=2008 |title=The origin of the smallpox outbreak in Sydney in 1789 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-180278188.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831054140/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-180278188.html |archive-date=31 August 2011 |access-date=5 July 2014 |publisher=Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society}}</ref> In November 1790 [[Bennelong]] led a group of survivors of the Sydney clans into the settlement, establishing a continuous presence of Aboriginal Australians in settled Sydney.<ref>Karskens, Grace (2013). "The early colonial presence, 1788–1822". In ''The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1.'' pp. 106, 117–19</ref>

Phillip had been given no instructions for urban development, but in July 1788 submitted a plan for the new town at [[Sydney Cove]]. It included a wide central avenue, a permanent Government House, law courts, hospital and other public buildings, but no provision for warehouses, shops, or other commercial buildings. Phillip promptly ignored his own plan, and unplanned development became a feature of Sydney's topography.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karskens |first=Grace |title=The Colony, a history of early Sydney |publisher=Allen and Unwin |year=2009 |isbn=9781741756371 |location=Crows Nest, NSW |pages=71–75}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McGillick |first1=Paul |title=Sydney architecture |last2=Bingham-Hall |first2=Patrick |year=2005 |page=14 to 15}}</ref>[[File:View of Sydney Cove - Thomas Watling.jpg|thumb|[[Thomas Watling]]'s ''View of Sydney Cove'', {{Circa|1794}}–1796]]After Phillip's departure in December 1792, the colony's military officers began acquiring land and importing consumer goods from visiting ships. Former convicts engaged in trade and opened small businesses. Soldiers and former convicts built houses on Crown land, with or without official permission, in what was now commonly called Sydney town. Governor [[William Bligh]] (1806{{En dash}}08) imposed restrictions on commerce and ordered the demolition of buildings erected on Crown land, including some owned by past and serving military officers. The resulting conflict culminated in the [[Rum Rebellion]] of 1808, in which Bligh was deposed by the [[New South Wales Corps]].<ref>Karskens (2009). pp. 185–188</ref><ref>{{cite Q |Q5273962 |chapter=Bligh, William (1754–1817) |mode=cs1}}</ref>

Governor [[Lachlan Macquarie]] (1810{{En dash}}1821) played a leading role in the development of Sydney and New South Wales, establishing a bank, a currency and a hospital. He employed a planner to design the street layout of Sydney and commissioned the construction of roads, wharves, churches, and public buildings. [[Parramatta Road]], linking Sydney and Parramatta, was opened in 1811,<ref name="broomham3">{{Citation |author1=Broomham, Rosemary |title=Vital connections: a history of NSW roads from 1788 |date=2001 |page=25 |publisher=Hale & Iremonger in association with the [[Roads & Traffic Authority]] |isbn=978-0-86806-703-2}}</ref> and a road across the [[Blue Mountains (New South Wales)|Blue Mountains]] was completed in 1815, opening the way for large-scale farming and grazing west of the [[Great Dividing Range]].<ref name="Kingston-2006">{{Cite book |last=Kingston |first=Beverley |title=A History of New South Wales |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780521833844 |location=Cambridge |pages=118–19}}</ref><ref>Karskens, Grace (2013). pp. 115–17</ref>

Following the departure of Macquarie, official policy encouraged the emigration of free British settlers to New South Wales. Immigration to the colony increased from 900 free settlers in 1826–30 to 29,000 in 1836–40, many of whom settled in Sydney.<ref>Haines, Robin, and Ralph Shlomowitz. "Nineteenth century government-assisted and total immigration from the United Kingdom to Australia: quinquennial estimates by colony." ''Journal of the Australian Population Association'', vol. 8, no. 1, 1991, pp. 50–61. ''JSTOR'', www.jstor.org/stable/41110599. Accessed 20 July 2021.</ref><ref name="Fitzgerald-2011">{{Cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Shirley |date=2011 |title=Sydney |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney#ref-uuid=77be765d-0fa6-addb-7d2d-99c79ef76ff3 |access-date=30 July 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924202005/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney#ref-uuid=77be765d-0fa6-addb-7d2d-99c79ef76ff3 |url-status=live }}</ref> By the 1840s Sydney exhibited a geographic divide between poor and working-class residents living west of the [[Tank Stream]] in areas such as [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]], and the more affluent residents living to its east.<ref name="Fitzgerald-2011"/> Free settlers, free-born residents and former convicts now represented the vast majority of the population of Sydney, leading to increasing public agitation for responsible government and an end to transportation. Transportation to New South Wales ceased in 1840.<ref name="Sydney-2020b">{{Cite web |date=September 2020 |title=History of City of Sydney council |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/history/history-city-sydney-council |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=City of Sydney |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718070716/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/history/history-city-sydney-council |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Castle Hill Rebellion (1804).jpg|thumb|The [[Castle Hill convict rebellion]] of 1804]]

==== Conflict on the Cumberland Plain ====
In 1804, Irish convicts led around 300 rebels in the [[Castle Hill convict rebellion|Castle Hill Rebellion]], an attempt to march on Sydney, commandeer a ship, and sail to freedom.<ref>Karskens (2009). pp. 29–297</ref> Poorly armed, and with their leader Philip Cunningham captured, the main body of insurgents were routed by about 100 troops and volunteers at [[Rouse Hill, New South Wales|Rouse Hill]]. At least 39 convicts were killed in the uprising and subsequent executions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2021 |title=Castle Hill Rebellion |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/castle-hill-rebellion |access-date=31 August 2021 |website=nma.gov.au |language=en-US |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810081550/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/castle-hill-rebellion |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="whitaker22">{{cite web |author=Whitaker, Anne-Maree |year=2009 |title=Castle Hill convict rebellion 1804 |url=http://www.dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/castle_hill_convict_rebellion_1804 |access-date=3 January 2017 |work=[[Dictionary of Sydney]] |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304231534/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/castle_hill_convict_rebellion_1804 |url-status=live }}</ref>

As the colony spread to the more fertile lands around the [[Hawkesbury River]], north-west of Sydney, conflict between the settlers and the [[Darug]] people intensified, reaching a peak from 1794 to 1810. Bands of Darug people, led by [[Pemulwuy]] and later by his son [[Tedbury]], burned crops, killed livestock and raided settler stores in a pattern of resistance that was to be repeated as the [[Australian frontier wars|colonial frontier expanded]]. A military garrison was established on the Hawkesbury in 1795. The death toll from 1794 to 1800 was 26 settlers and up to 200 Darug.<ref>Flood, Josephine (2019). p. 66</ref><ref>Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 25–26</ref>

Conflict again erupted from 1814 to 1816 with the expansion of the colony into Dharawal country in the Nepean region south-west of Sydney. Following the deaths of several settlers, Governor Macquarie dispatched three military detachments into Dharawal lands, culminating in the [[Appin Massacre|Appin massacre]] (April 1816) in which at least 14 Aboriginal people were killed.<ref>Flood, Josephine (2019). p. 70</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Banivanua Mar |first1=Tracey |title=The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I |last2=Edmonds |first2=Penelope |year=2013 |pages=344 |chapter=Indigenous and settler relations}}</ref>

=== Colonial city (1841–1900) ===
The New South Wales Legislative Council became a semi-elected body in 1842. Sydney was declared a city the same year, and a governing council established, elected on a restrictive property franchise.<ref name="Sydney-2020b"/>[[File:Sydney 1888.jpg|thumb|left|Aerial illustration of Sydney, 1888]]The discovery of gold in New South Wales and Victoria in 1851 initially caused economic disruption as men moved to the goldfields. Melbourne soon overtook Sydney as Australia's largest city, leading to an enduring rivalry between the two. However, increased immigration from overseas and wealth from gold exports increased demand for housing, consumer goods, services and urban amenities.<ref name="Goodman-2013">Goodman, David (2013). "The gold rushes of the 1850s". ''The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I''. pp.&nbsp;180–81.</ref> The New South Wales government also stimulated growth by investing heavily in railways, trams, roads, ports, telegraph, schools and urban services.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kingston |first=Beverley |title=A History of New South Wales |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780521833844 |pages=74–80}}</ref> The population of Sydney and its suburbs grew from 95,600 in 1861 to 386,900 in 1891.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coghlan |first=T. A |url=https://archive.org/details/wealth-and-progress-1893/page/310/mode/2up |title=The Wealth and progress of New South Wales |publisher=E. A. Petherick & Co., Sydney |year=1893 |edition=7th |location=Sydney |pages=311–15}}</ref> The city developed many of its characteristic features. The growing population packed into rows of terrace houses in narrow streets. New public buildings of sandstone abounded, including at the [[University of Sydney]] (1854–61),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radford |first=Neil |date=2016 |title=The University of Sydney |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/university_of_sydney#ref-uuid=6e6dfb0b-dbd1-a0d2-591c-32e5959e0578 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817072226/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/university_of_sydney#ref-uuid=6e6dfb0b-dbd1-a0d2-591c-32e5959e0578 |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Australian Museum]] (1858–66),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Leila |date= |title=Australian Museum |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/australian_museum |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=The Dictionary of Sydney, State Library oif New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817071732/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/australian_museum |url-status=live }}</ref> the Town Hall (1868–88),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Town Hall |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/building/sydney_town_hall |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817071732/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/building/sydney_town_hall |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[General Post Office, Sydney|General Post Office]] (1866–92).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |title=General Post Office |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/general_post_office#ref-uuid=3941c435-8616-274a-c243-6eacf67fae05 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817072224/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/general_post_office#ref-uuid=3941c435-8616-274a-c243-6eacf67fae05 |url-status=live }}</ref> Elaborate [[coffee palace]]s and hotels were erected.<ref name="Noyce-2012">{{cite journal |last1=Noyce |first1=Diana Christine |date=2012 |title=Coffee Palaces in Australia: A Pub with No Beer |journal=M/C Journal |volume=15 |issue=2 |doi=10.5204/mcj.464 |doi-access=free | issn=1441-2616}}</ref> Daylight bathing at Sydney's beaches was banned, but segregated bathing at designated ocean baths was popular.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McDermott, Marie-Louise |first=Marie-Louise |date=2011 |title=Ocean baths |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/ocean_baths#ref-uuid=a5211cd8-d260-5ed4-3c70-fa82884cc849 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817072225/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/ocean_baths#ref-uuid=a5211cd8-d260-5ed4-3c70-fa82884cc849 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Drought, the winding down of public works and a financial crisis led to economic depression in Sydney throughout most of the 1890s. Meanwhile, the Sydney-based premier of New South Wales, [[George Reid]], became a key figure in the process of federation.<ref>KIngston (2006). pp. 88–89, 95–97</ref>

=== State capital (1901–present) ===
[[File:(Looking north along George Street (with tram, T-model Ford and hansom cab) from Union Line Building (incorporating the Bjelke-Petersen School of Physical culture), corner Jamieson Street), n.d. by (5955844045).jpg|thumb|A [[tramcar]] on George Street in 1920. Sydney once had one of the largest [[Trams in Sydney|tram networks]] in the British Empire.]]
When the six colonies federated on 1 January 1901, Sydney became the capital of the State of New South Wales. The spread of [[bubonic plague]] in 1900 prompted the state government to modernise the wharves and demolish inner-city slums. The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 saw more Sydney males volunteer for the armed forces than the Commonwealth authorities could process, and helped reduce unemployment. Those returning from the war in 1918 were promised "homes fit for heroes" in new suburbs such as Daceyville and Matraville. "Garden suburbs" and mixed industrial and residential developments also grew along the rail and tram corridors.<ref name="Fitzgerald-2011"/> The population reached one million in 1926, after Sydney had regained its position as the most populous city in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019 |title=Australian Historical Population Statistics, 3105.0.65.001, Population distribution |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/historical-population/latest-release |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=1 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801140830/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/historical-population/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> The government created jobs with massive public projects such as the electrification of the [[Railways in Sydney|Sydney rail network]] and building the Sydney Harbour Bridge.<ref>Kingston (2006). p. 132</ref>
[[File:Sydney 1932.jpg|thumb|right|Sydney Harbour Bridge opening day, 19 March 1932]]Sydney was more severely affected by the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s than regional New South Wales or Melbourne.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spearritt |first=Peter |title=Sydney's century, a history |publisher=UNSW Press |year=2000 |isbn=0868405213 |location=Sydney |pages=57–58}}</ref> New building almost came to a standstill, and by 1933 the unemployment rate for male workers was 28 per cent, but over 40 per cent in working class areas such as Alexandria and Redfern. Many families were evicted from their homes and shanty towns grew along coastal Sydney and Botany Bay, the largest being "Happy Valley" at [[La Perouse, New South Wales|La Perouse]].<ref>Spearritt (2000). pp. 58–59</ref> The Depression also exacerbated political divisions. In March 1932, when populist Labor premier [[Jack Lang (Australian politician)|Jack Lang]] attempted to open the Sydney Harbour Bridge he was upstaged by [[Francis de Groot]] of the far-right [[New Guard]], who slashed the ribbon with a sabre.<ref>Spearritt (2000). p. 62</ref>

In January 1938, Sydney celebrated the [[Commonwealth Games|Empire Games]] and the sesquicentenary of European settlement in Australia. One journalist wrote, "Golden beaches. Sun tanned men and maidens...Red-roofed villas terraced above the blue waters of the harbour...Even [[Melbourne]] seems like some grey and stately city of Northern Europe compared with Sydney's sub-tropical splendours." A congress of the "Aborigines of Australia" declared 26 January "A [[Day of Mourning (Australia)|Day of Mourning]]" for "the whiteman's seizure of our country."<ref>Spearritt (2000). p. 72</ref>

With the outbreak of [[Second World War]] in 1939, Sydney experienced a surge in industrial development. Unemployment virtually disappeared and women moved into jobs previously typically reserved for males. Sydney was attacked by [[Attack on Sydney Harbour|Japanese submarines]] in May and June 1942 with 21 killed. Households built [[airstrike|air raid]] shelters and performed drills.<ref>Kingston (2006). pp. 157–59</ref> [[Military engineering|Military establishments]] in response to [[Military history of Australia during World War II|World War II in Australia]] included the [[Garden Island Tunnel System]], the only [[tunnel warfare]] complex in Sydney, and the heritage-listed military [[fortification]] systems [[Bradleys Head Fortification Complex]] and [[Middle Head Fortifications]], which were part of a total [[Sydney Harbour defences|defence system for Sydney Harbour]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aussieheritage.com.au/listings/nsw/Mosman/BradleysHeadFortificationComplex/3069 |title=Bradleys Head Fortification Complex, Mosman, NSW Profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518073741/http://www.aussieheritage.com.au/listings/nsw/Mosman/BradleysHeadFortificationComplex/3069 |archive-date=18 May 2007 }}</ref>

A post-war immigration and baby boom saw a rapid increase in Sydney's population and the spread of low-density housing in suburbs throughout the Cumberland Plain. Immigrants{{Em dash}}mostly from Britain and continental Europe{{Em dash}}and their children accounted for over three-quarters of Sydney's population growth between 1947 and 1971.<ref>Spearritt (2000). p. 91</ref> The newly created Cumberland County Council oversaw low-density residential developments, the largest at [[Green Valley, New South Wales|Green Valley]] and [[Mount Druitt]]. Older residential centres such as Parramatta, [[Bankstown]] and [[Liverpool, New South Wales|Liverpool]] became suburbs of the metropolis.<ref>Spearritt (2000). pp. 93–94, 115–16</ref> Manufacturing, protected by high tariffs, employed over a third of the workforce from 1945 to the 1960s. However, as the long post-war economic boom progressed, retail and other service industries became the main source of new jobs.<ref>Spearritt (2000). pp. 109–11</ref>

An estimated one million onlookers, most of the city's population, watched [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] land in 1954 at Farm Cove where Captain Phillip had raised the Union Jack 165 years earlier, commencing her [[Royal visits to Australia|Australian Royal Tour]]. It was the first time a reigning monarch stepped onto Australian soil.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 January 2018 |title=The 1954 Royal Tour of Queen Elizabeth II |url=https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/1954-royal-tour-queen-elizabeth-ii |access-date=18 August 2022 |website=[[State Library of New South Wales]] |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908092035/https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/1954-royal-tour-queen-elizabeth-ii |url-status=live }}</ref>

Increasing high-rise development in Sydney and the expansion of suburbs beyond the "green belt" envisaged by the planners of the 1950s resulted in community protests. In the early 1970s, trade unions and resident action groups imposed [[green ban]]s on development projects in historic areas such as The Rocks. Federal, State and local governments introduced heritage and environmental legislation.<ref name="Fitzgerald-2011" /> The Sydney Opera House was also controversial for its cost and disputes between architect [[Jørn Utzon]] and government officials. However, soon after it opened in 1973 it became a major tourist attraction and symbol of the city.<ref>Kingston (2006). pp. 184–86</ref> The progressive reduction in tariff protection from 1974 began the transformation of Sydney from a manufacturing centre to a "world city".<ref>Spearritt (2000). pp. 109–12, 259–62</ref> From the 1980s, [[Immigration to Australia|overseas immigration]] grew rapidly, with [[Asia]], the [[Middle East]] and [[Africa]] becoming major sources. By 2021, the population of Sydney was over 5.2 million, with 40% of the population born overseas. China and India overtook England as the largest source countries for overseas-born residents.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021 |title=2021 Census of Population and Housing, General community profile, Greater Sydney, Table GO9(c) |url=https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/1GSYD |access-date=4 August 2020 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628053554/https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/1GSYD |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Sydney}}

===Topography===
[[File:Sydney, Australia by Sentinel-2.jpg|thumb|Sydney lies on a [[submergent coastline]] where the ocean level has risen to flood deep [[ria]]s.]]
Sydney is a coastal basin with the [[Tasman Sea]] to the east, the [[Blue Mountains (New South Wales)|Blue Mountains]] to the west, the Hawkesbury River to the north, and the [[Woronora Plateau]] to the south.

Sydney spans two geographic regions. The [[Cumberland Plain]] lies to the south and west of the Harbour and is relatively flat. The [[Hornsby Plateau]] is located to the north and is dissected by steep valleys. The flat areas of the south were the first to be developed; it was not until the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge that the northern reaches became more heavily populated. [[Beaches in Sydney|Seventy surf beaches]] can be found along its coastline, with Bondi Beach being the most famous.

The [[Nepean River]] wraps around the western edge of the city and becomes the Hawkesbury River before reaching [[Broken Bay]]. Most of Sydney's water storages can be found on tributaries of the Nepean River. The [[Parramatta River]] is mostly industrial and drains a large area of Sydney's western suburbs into Port Jackson. The southern parts of the city are drained by the [[Georges River]] and the [[Cooks River]] into Botany Bay.

There is no single definition of the boundaries of Sydney. The Australian Statistical Geography Standard definition of Greater Sydney covers {{cvt|12369|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}} and includes the local government areas of [[Central Coast Council (New South Wales)|Central Coast]] in the north, [[City of Hawkesbury|Hawkesbury]] in the north-west, [[City of Blue Mountains|Blue Mountains]] in the west, [[Sutherland Shire]] in the south, and [[Wollondilly Shire|Wollondilly]] in the south-west.<ref name="AU Stats-2022">{{Cite web |date=5 October 2022 |title=Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) Edition 3 |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs-edition-3/jul2021-jun2026 |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127054537/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs-edition-3/jul2021-jun2026 |url-status=live }}</ref> The local government area of the [[City of Sydney]] covers about 26 square kilometres from [[Garden Island (New South Wales)|Garden island]] in the east to Bicentennial Park in the west, and south to the suburbs of Alexandria and [[Rosebery, New South Wales|Rosebery]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2020 |title=Areas of Service |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/areas-of-service |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=City of Sydney |archive-date=29 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229102646/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/areas-of-service |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Geology===
[[File:South Head, Sydney Harbour.jpg|alt=|thumb|Almost all of the exposed rocks around Sydney are [[Sydney sandstone]].]]
Sydney is made up of mostly [[Triassic]] rock with some recent [[igneous]] dykes and [[volcanic]] necks (typically found in the [[Prospect dolerite intrusion]], west of Sydney).<ref>[https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/igneous-intrusions/ Igneous intrusions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101091122/https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/igneous-intrusions/ |date=1 November 2021 }} by the [[Australian Museum]]. 13 November 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2021.</ref> The [[Sydney Basin]] was formed in the early Triassic period.<ref name="Sydney Basin"/> The sand that was to become the sandstone of today was laid down between 360 and 200 million years ago. The sandstone has [[shale]] lenses and fossil riverbeds.<ref name="Sydney Basin"/>

The [[Sydney Basin]] bioregion includes coastal features of cliffs, beaches, and estuaries. Deep river valleys known as [[ria]]s were carved during the Triassic period in the [[Hawkesbury sandstone]] of the coastal region. The rising sea level between 18,000 and 6,000 years ago flooded the rias to form estuaries and deep harbours.<ref name="Sydney Basin">{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/bioregions/SydneyBasin-Landform.htm |title=Sydney Basin |access-date=12 July 2014 |archive-date=8 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708125627/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/bioregions/SydneyBasin-Landform.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Port Jackson, better known as Sydney Harbour, is one such [[ria]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Latta |first=David |date=2006 |url=http://qa.mpiweb.org/Archive?id=3918 |title=Showcase destinations Sydney, Australia: the harbour city |access-date=12 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409105144/http://qa.mpiweb.org/Archive?id=3918 |archive-date=9 April 2014}}</ref> Sydney features two major soil types: [[Sand|sandy soil]]s (which originate from the Hawkesbury sandstone) and [[clay]] (which are from shales and [[volcanic rock]]s), though some soils may be a mixture of the two.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=7 November 2019 |url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/get-involved/sydney-nature/gardens/soils |title=Soils for nature |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020204913/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/get-involved/sydney-nature/gardens/soils |url-status=live }}</ref>

Directly overlying the older Hawkesbury sandstone is the [[Wianamatta shale]], a geological feature found in western Sydney that was deposited in connection with a large [[river delta]] during the [[Middle Triassic]]. The Wianamatta shale generally comprises fine grained [[sedimentary rock]]s such as shales, [[mudstone]]s, [[ironstone]]s, [[siltstone]]s and [[laminite]]s, with less common sandstone units.<ref name="basinguide">{{cite book |first1=Chris |last1=Herbert |first2=Robin |last2=Helby |title=A Guide to the Sydney basin |edition=1 |publisher=Geological Survey of New South Wales |location=Maitland |year=1980 |isbn=0-7240-1250-8 |page=582}}</ref> The Wianamatta Group is made up of [[Bringelly Shale]], [[Minchinbury Sandstone]] and [[Ashfield Shale]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=William |first1=E |last2=Airey |first2=DW |title=A Review of the Engineering Properties of the Wianamatta Group Shales |journal=Proceedings 8th Australia New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics: Consolidating Knowledge |location=Barton, ACT |publisher=Australian Geomechanics Society |date=1999 |pages=641–647 |url=https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=736896154066797;res=IELENG |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080814224742/http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=736896154066797;res=IELENG |archive-date=14 August 2008 |isbn=1864450029}}</ref>

===Ecology===
{{further|Ecology of Sydney}}
[[File:Western Sydney parklands 18.jpg|thumb|Typical [[grassland|grassy]] woodland in the Sydney metropolitan area]]
The most prevalent [[vegetation|plant communities]] in the Sydney region are grassy woodlands (i.e. [[savanna]]s)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegClass.aspx?vegclassname=Coastal+Valley+Grassy+Woodlands&habitat=C |title=Coastal Valley Grassy Woodlands |publisher=NSW Environment & Heritage |access-date=15 December 2019 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929182846/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegClass.aspx?vegclassname=Coastal+Valley+Grassy+Woodlands&habitat=C |url-status=live }}</ref> and some pockets of dry [[sclerophyll]] forests,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrub%2Fgrass+sub-formation) |title=Dry sclerophyll forests (shrub/grass sub-formation) |publisher=NSW Environment & Heritage |access-date=15 October 2016 |archive-date=18 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018235038/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrub%2Fgrass+sub-formation) |url-status=live }}</ref> which consist of [[eucalyptus]] trees, [[casuarina]]s, [[melaleuca]]s, [[corymbia]]s and [[angophora]]s, with shrubs (typically [[Acacia|wattles]], [[callistemon]]s, [[grevillea]]s and [[banksia]]s), and a semi-continuous grass in the [[understory]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrubby+sub-formation) |title=Dry sclerophyll forests (shrubby sub-formation) |publisher=NSW Environment & Heritage |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719022223/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrubby+sub-formation) |url-status=live }}</ref> The plants in this community tend to have rough, spiky leaves due to low [[soil fertility]]. Sydney also features a few areas of wet sclerophyll forests in the wetter, elevated areas in the [[Hills District, New South Wales|north]] and [[North Shore (Sydney)|northeast]]. These forests are defined by straight, tall tree [[canopy (biology)|canopies]] with a moist understory of soft-leaved shrubs, [[tree ferns]] and herbs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Wet+sclerophyll+forests+(grassy+sub-formation) |title=Wet sclerophyll forests (grassy sub-formation) |publisher=NSW Environment & Heritage |access-date=16 March 2017 |archive-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304072229/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Wet+sclerophyll+forests+(grassy+sub-formation) |url-status=live }}</ref>

The predominant vegetation community in Sydney is the [[Cumberland Plain Woodland]] in [[Western Sydney]] ([[Cumberland Plain]]),<ref>{{cite book |author=Earth Resource Analysis PL |year=1998 |title=Cumberland Plains Woodland: Trial Aerial Photographic interpretation of remnant woodlands, Sydney |type=Unpublished report |work=NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service – Sydney Zone }}</ref> followed by the [[Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest]] in the Inner West and [[Northern Sydney]],<ref name = environment>[https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/RecoveringCumberlandPlain.pdf Recovering bushland on the Cumberland Plain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912090255/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/RecoveringCumberlandPlain.pdf |date=12 September 2022 }} Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW). (2005). Recovering Bushland on the Cumberland Plain: Best practice guidelines for the management and restoration of bushland. Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW), Sydney. Retrieved 12 September 2022.</ref> the [[Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub]] in the coastline and the [[Blue Gum High Forest]] scantily present in the North Shore – all of which are critically endangered.<ref name="Sydney Blue Gum High Forest of the Sydney Basin">{{cite web|title=Sydney Blue Gum High Forest|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/pubs/sydney-blue-gum.pdf|work=Nationally Threatened Species and Ecological Communities|publisher=Environment.gov.au|access-date=16 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618175310/http://environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/pubs/sydney-blue-gum.pdf|archive-date=18 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub of the Sydney Region|work=[[Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment]]|url=https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/env/consultations/890806ae-857e-4034-914c-97791e6f2f36/files/consultation-guide-eastern-suburbs-banksia-scrub.pdf|access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=14 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914052316/https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/env/consultations/890806ae-857e-4034-914c-97791e6f2f36/files/consultation-guide-eastern-suburbs-banksia-scrub.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The city also includes the [[Sydney Sandstone Ridgetop Woodland]] found in [[Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park]] on the [[Hornsby Plateau]] to the north.<ref name=ryde>{{cite web|title=''Urban Bushland in the Ryde LGA – Sydney Sandstone Ridgetop Woodland''|work=Ryde Council|url=https://www.ryde.nsw.gov.au/files/assets/public/environment/urban-bushland-in-the-ryde-lga.pdf|access-date=15 November 2018|archive-date=22 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322021413/http://www.ryde.nsw.gov.au/files/assets/public/environment/urban-bushland-in-the-ryde-lga.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sydney is home to dozens of [[birds of Australia|bird]] species,<ref>Hindwood, K. A. and McCill, A. R., 1958. ''The Birds of Sydney'' (Cumberland Plain) New South Wales. Royal Zoological Society New South Wales.</ref> which commonly include the [[Australian raven]], [[Australian magpie]], [[crested pigeon]], [[noisy miner]] and the [[pied currawong]]. [[Introduced species|Introduced]] bird species ubiquitously found in Sydney are the [[common myna]], [[common starling]], [[house sparrow]] and the [[spotted dove]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Finding Australian Birds |url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/6518.htm |author1=Dolby, Tim |author2=Clarke, Rohan |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |year=2014 |isbn=9780643097667 |access-date=10 July 2017 |archive-date=12 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112195115/http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/6518.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Reptiles of Australia|Reptile]] species are also numerous and predominantly include [[skink]]s.<ref>Cogger, H.G. (2000). ''Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia.'' Reed New Holland.</ref><ref>Green, D., 1973. -Re reptiles of the outer north-western suburbs of Sydney. Herpetofauna 6 (2): 2–5.</ref> Sydney has a few [[mammals of Australia|mammal]] and [[Spiders of Australia|spider]] species, such as the [[grey-headed flying fox]] and the [[Sydney funnel-web]], respectively,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/news/state/agribusiness-and-general/general/sydneys-flying-foxes-now-bundys-problem/2616870.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121230091602/http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/news/state/agribusiness-and-general/general/sydneys-flying-foxes-now-bundys-problem/2616870.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 December 2012 |title=Sydney's flying foxes now Bundy's problem |publisher=North Queensland Register |date=2 August 2012 |access-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Whyte-2017">{{Cite book |title=A Field Guide to Spiders of Australia |last1=Whyte |first1=Robert |last2=Anderson |first2=Greg |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |year=2017 |location=Clayton VIC}}</ref> and has a huge diversity of [[Marine life|marine species]] inhabiting its harbour and beaches.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Underwater Sydney |last1=Falkner |first1=Inke |last2=Turnbull |first2=John |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |year=2019 |isbn=9781486311194 |location=Clayton South, Victoria}}</ref>

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Sydney|Severe weather events in Sydney}}
[[File:Sydney storm clouds.jpg|thumb|A summer storm passing over Sydney Harbour]]
Under the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen–Geiger classification]], Sydney has a [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa'')<ref>{{cite web |title=Modelling and simulation of seasonal rainfall |publisher=Centre for Computer Assisted Research Mathematics and its Applications (CARMA) |quote=Brisbane and Sydney each have a humid sub-tropical or temperate climate with no pronounced dry season...the classification is Cfa |date=20 May 2014 |url=https://www.carma.newcastle.edu.au/jon/matcom.pdf |access-date=25 February 2016 |archive-date=13 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313193032/https://www.carma.newcastle.edu.au/jon/matcom.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> with "warm, sometimes hot" summers and "generally mild",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/travel/holiday-weather/australasia/australia/sydney |title=Sydney holiday weather |publisher=[[Met Office]] |access-date=29 August 2023 |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829114341/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/travel/holiday-weather/australasia/australia/sydney |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=bom2>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/water/nwa/2017/sydney/climateandwater/climateandwater.shtml |title=Sydney: Climate and water |publisher=[[Bureau of Meteorology]] |date = April 2017|access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.australia.com/en/facts-and-planning/weather-in-australia/sydney-weather.html |title=WEATHER IN SYDNEY |website=Australia.com |date=23 May 2023 |publisher=[[Tourism Australia]] |access-date=29 August 2023 |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829114342/https://www.australia.com/en/facts-and-planning/weather-in-australia/sydney-weather.html |url-status=live }}</ref> to <!-- Please read the note after "cool" before changing it. -->"cool"<!-- The authoritative source supporting this specifically says "cool", not "mild". Do not change it without providing more sources supporting a change and note that "cool" must be retained. For more information, please see the talk page discussion. --> winters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate and the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games |work=Australian Government |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=24 September 2007 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/1301.0Feature%20Article32000?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1301.0&issue=2000&num=&view= |access-date=21 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610031914/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/1301.0Feature%20Article32000?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1301.0&issue=2000&num=&view= |archive-date=10 June 2008}}</ref> The [[El Niño–Southern Oscillation]], the [[Indian Ocean Dipole]] and the [[Southern Annular Mode]]<ref name= "ABC news">{{Cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-14/southern-annular-mode-and-how-it-affects-our-weather/10106134 |title=Southern Annular Mode: The climate 'influencer' you may not have heard of |website=ABC News |date=14 August 2018 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819004847/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-14/southern-annular-mode-and-how-it-affects-our-weather/10106134 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BOM71">{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs71.pdf |title=Special Climate Statement 71—severe fire weather conditions in southeast Queensland and northeast New South Wales in September 2019 |date=24 September 2019 |website=[[Bureau of Meteorology]] |access-date=5 January 2020 |archive-date=9 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109060418/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs71.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> play an important role in determining Sydney's weather patterns: [[drought]] and [[Bushfires in Australia|bushfire]] on the one hand, and storms and flooding on the other, associated with the opposite [[Effects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation in Australia|phases of the oscillation in Australia]]. The weather is [[sea breeze|moderated]] by proximity to the ocean, and more extreme temperatures are recorded in the inland western suburbs because Sydney CBD is more affected by the [[oceanic climate]] drivers than the western suburbs.<ref name= "MDPI">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2225-1154/11/4/76 |title=Impact of Accelerated Climate Change on Maximum Temperature Differences between Western and Coastal Sydney |website=[[Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute]] |date=26 March 2023 |access-date=24 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="acn" />

At Sydney's primary weather station at [[Sydney Observatory|Observatory Hill]], extreme temperatures have ranged from {{cvt|45.8|C|1}} on 18 [[Angry Summer|January 2013]] to {{cvt|2.1|C|1}} on 22 June 1932.<ref>{{BoM Aust stats|site_ref=cw_066062_All|site_name=Sydney (Observatory Hill) |access-date=15 November 2013}}</ref><ref>Bureau of Meteorology. 2006. [http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/nsw/20060201.shtml Climate summary for Sydney, January 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902015815/http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/nsw/20060201.shtml |date=2 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Creagh |first=Sunanda |title=Sydney smashes temperature records but heatwave nearly over |url=http://theconversation.edu.au/sydney-smashes-temperature-records-but-heatwave-nearly-over-11689 |work=The Conversation |publisher=The Conversation Media Group |access-date=21 January 2013 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221025130/https://theconversation.com/sydney-smashes-temperature-records-but-heatwave-nearly-over-11689 |url-status=live }}</ref> An average of 14.9 days a year have temperatures at or above {{cvt|30|C|0}} in the central business district (CBD).<ref name="acn">{{cite web |title=Climate statistics for Australian locations |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066062_All.shtml |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=24 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524103834/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066062_All.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> In contrast, the metropolitan area averages between 35 and 65 days, depending on the suburb.<ref>Torok, S. and Nicholls, N. 1996. A historical annual temperature dataset for Australia. Aust. Met. Mag., 45, 251–60.</ref> The hottest day in the metropolitan area occurred in [[Penrith, New South Wales|Penrith]] on 4 January 2020, where a high of {{cvt|48.9|C|F}} was recorded.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/penrith-press/penrith-hits-record-temperature-of-485c-as-heatwave-strikes-nsw/news-story/dcf054647fa47a6fb4e8195515d835fc |title=Penrith hits record temperature of 48.9C as heatwave strikes NSW |website=Daily Telegraph |access-date=6 January 2020 |archive-date=5 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105001415/https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/penrith-press/penrith-hits-record-temperature-of-485c-as-heatwave-strikes-nsw/news-story/dcf054647fa47a6fb4e8195515d835fc |url-status=live }}</ref> The average annual temperature of the sea ranges from {{cvt|18.5|C|F}} in September to {{cvt|23.7|C|F}} in February.<ref>[https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/sydney.htm Sydney Sea Temperature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705123115/https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/sydney.htm |date=5 July 2017 }} – seatemperature.org</ref> Sydney has an average of 7.2 hours of sunshine per day<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate statistics for Australian locations Sydney Airport AMO |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066037_All.shtml |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=19 October 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225517/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066037_All.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> and 109.5 clear days annually.<ref name="metdata">{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=066062&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal |title=Sydney (Observatory Hill) Period 1991–2020 |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=14 April 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209095647/http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=066062&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal |url-status=dead }}</ref> Due to the inland location, [[frost]] is recorded early in the morning in [[Western Sydney]] a few times in winter. Autumn and spring are the transitional seasons, with spring showing a larger temperature variation than autumn.<ref>MacDonnell, Freda. Thomas Nelson (Australia) Limited, 1967. ''Before King's Cross''</ref>

Sydney experiences an [[urban heat island]] effect.<ref name="UrbanHeatIsland">{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/sydney-area-an-urban-heat-island-vulnerable-to-extreme-temperatures-20160113-gm4v14.html |title=Sydney area an 'urban heat island' vulnerable to extreme temperatures |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=14 January 2016 |access-date=14 January 2016 |archive-date=14 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114173411/http://www.smh.com.au/environment/sydney-area-an-urban-heat-island-vulnerable-to-extreme-temperatures-20160113-gm4v14.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This makes certain parts of the city more vulnerable to extreme heat, including coastal suburbs.<ref name="UrbanHeatIsland" /><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Urban Heat Island and Overheating Characteristics in Sydney, Australia. An Analysis of Multiyear Measurements |journal=Sustainability |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=712 |year=2017 |first1=Mat |last1=Santamouris |first2=Shamila |last2=Haddad |first3=Francesco |last3=Fiorito |first4=Paul |last4=Osmond |first5=Lan |last5=Ding |first6=Deo |last6=Prasad |first7=Xiaoqiang |last7=Zhai |first8=Ruzhu |last8=Wang |doi=10.3390/su9050712 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In late spring and summer, temperatures over {{cvt|35|C|0}} are not uncommon,<ref>{{cite web |title=Special Climate Statement 43 – extreme heat in January 2013 |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs43e.pdf |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=2 February 2013 |date=1 February 2013 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232139/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs43e.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> though hot, dry conditions are usually ended by a [[southerly buster]],<ref>Batt, K, 1995: Sea breezes on the NSW coast, Offshore Yachting, Oct/Nov 1995, Jamieson Publishing.</ref> a powerful southerly that brings [[gale]] winds and a rapid fall in temperature.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18401582 |title="Southerly Buster" Relieves City. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=17 December 1953 |access-date=27 March 2015 |page=1 |publisher=National Library of Australia |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221023753/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/18401582 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since Sydney is downwind of the [[Great Dividing Range]], it occasionally experiences dry, westerly [[Australian foehn winds|foehn winds]] typically in winter and early spring (which are the reason for its warm maximum temperatures).<ref>Sharples, J.J. Mills, G.A., McRae, R.H.D., Weber, R.O. (2010) ''Elevated fire danger conditions associated with foehn-like winds in southeastern Australia. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology''.</ref><ref>Sharples, J.J., McRae, R.H.D., Weber, R.O., Mills, G.A. (2009) ''Foehn-like winds and fire danger anomalies in southeastern Australia''. Proceedings of the 18th IMACS World Congress and MODSIM09. 13–17 July, Cairns.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-09/sydney-temperatures-to-plummet-in-cold-snap/11097536 |title=BOM predicts NSW and ACT temperatures to plummet as cold snap sweeps through |work=ABC News |author=Bellinda Kontominas |date=9 May 2019 |access-date=5 October 2021 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005111322/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-09/sydney-temperatures-to-plummet-in-cold-snap/11097536 |url-status=live }}</ref> Westerly winds are intense when the [[Roaring Forties]] (or the [[Southern Annular Mode]]) shift towards southeastern Australia,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/12/roaring-forties-shift-south-means-more-droughts-for-southern-australia |title=Roaring Forties' shift south means more droughts for southern Australia |work=The Guardian |author=Helen Davidson |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2 November 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031230652/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/12/roaring-forties-shift-south-means-more-droughts-for-southern-australia |url-status=live }}</ref> where they may damage homes and [[Flight cancellation and delay|affect flights]], in addition to [[apparent temperature|making the temperature]] seem [[wind chill|colder than it actually is]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theleader.com.au/story/6319272/update-dozens-of-flights-grounded-as-wild-winds-lash-sydney-and-melbourne/|title=Cold, damaging winds blast Sydney|work=The Leader|date=9 August 2019|access-date=2 November 2022|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809215130/https://www.theleader.com.au/story/6319272/update-dozens-of-flights-grounded-as-wild-winds-lash-sydney-and-melbourne/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-09/bom-weather-warnings-nsw-roof-ripped-off-nursing-home-stockton/11399816|title=BOM warns NSW to brace for worse weather as strong winds tear roof off Newcastle nursing home|work=ABC News|date=9 August 2019|access-date=2 November 2022|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107231007/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-09/bom-weather-warnings-nsw-roof-ripped-off-nursing-home-stockton/11399816|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rainfall has a moderate to low variability and has historically been fairly uniform throughout the year, although in recent years it has been more summer-dominant and erratic.<ref>[https://www.bioregionalassessments.gov.au/assessments/11-context-statement-sydney-basin-bioregion/1123-climate Context statement for the Sydney Basin bioregion – Climate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410151105/https://www.bioregionalassessments.gov.au/assessments/11-context-statement-sydney-basin-bioregion/1123-climate |date=10 April 2021 }} by Bioregional Assessments from the [[Australian Government]]. Retrieved 11 April 2021.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-25/australian-rainfall-zones/7200050?nw=0 |title=Australia's new seasonal rainfall zones |website=ABC News |date=25 February 2016 |access-date=11 April 2021 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021090953/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-25/australian-rainfall-zones/7200050?nw=0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sydney future: high temps, erratic rain |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-future-high-temps-erratic-rain-20081028-5a7x.html |publisher=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118051756/https://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-future-high-temps-erratic-rain-20081028-5a7x.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Commuters in Sydney and eastern NSW brace for erratic weather |url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/commuters-in-sydney-and-eastern-nsw-brace-for-erratic-weather/news-story/5b8e9db5c801b8a93ce86c8ad37fc5f8 |publisher=[[News.com.au]] |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124034706/https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/commuters-in-sydney-and-eastern-nsw-brace-for-erratic-weather/news-story/5b8e9db5c801b8a93ce86c8ad37fc5f8 |url-status=live }}</ref> Precipitation is usually higher in summer through to autumn,<ref name=bom2/> and lower in late winter to early spring.<ref name="ABC news"/><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1196|title=The latitude of the subtropical ridge over Eastern Australia: TheL index revisited|first=Wasyl|last=Drosdowsky|date=2 August 2005|journal=International Journal of Climatology|volume=25|issue=10|pages=1291–1299|access-date=2 July 2022|doi=10.1002/joc.1196|bibcode=2005IJCli..25.1291D|s2cid=140198125|archive-date=21 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221023739/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.1196|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="acn"/><ref>Australian [[Bureau of Meteorology]]. 2005. Ellyard, D. 1994. Droughts and Flooding Rains. Angus & Robertson {{ISBN|0-207-18557-3}}</ref> In late autumn and winter, [[Australian east coast low|east coast lows]] may bring large amounts of rainfall, especially in the CBD.<ref name="BOMECL" >{{cite web |title=About East Coast Lows |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/nsw/sevwx/facts/ecl.shtml |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=6 April 2013 |archive-date=2 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402033212/http://www.bom.gov.au/nsw/sevwx/facts/ecl.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> In the warm season [[black nor'easter]]s are usually the cause of heavy rain events, though other forms of [[low-pressure area]]s, including remnants of [[Post-tropical cyclone|ex-cyclones]], may also bring heavy deluge and afternoon thunderstorms.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15284763 |title=Black Nor-Easter. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=30 October 1911 |access-date=27 March 2015 |page=7 |publisher=National Library of Australia |archive-date=12 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912221536/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/15284763 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Power, S., Tseitkin, F., Torok, S., Lavery, B., Dahni, R. and McAvaney, B. 1998. ''Australian temperature, Australian rainfall and the Southern Oscillation, 1910–1992: coherent variability and recent changes.'' Aust. Met. Mag., 47, 85–101</ref> 'Snow' was last alleged in 1836, more than likely a fall of [[graupel]], or soft hail; and in July 2008 the [[North Shore (Sydney)|Upper North Shore]] saw a fall of graupel that was mistaken by many for 'snow'.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sydney winter not snow, just hail |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/it-looked-like-snow-it-felt-like-snow/2008/07/27/1217097051268.html |quote=Mr Zmijewski doubted the 1836 snow report, saying weather observers of the era lacked the expertise of today. "We are almost in the sub-tropics in Sydney", he said. |work=Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=15 November 2013 |date=27 July 2008 |archive-date=23 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723051600/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/it-looked-like-snow-it-felt-like-snow/2008/07/27/1217097051268.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2009, dry conditions brought a severe [[2009 Australian dust storm|dust storm towards the city]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2009.sydney.shtml |title=Sydney in 2009 |publisher=Bom.gov.au |date=4 January 2010 |access-date=10 February 2012 |archive-date=20 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320201433/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2009.sydney.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2010.sydney.shtml |title=Sydney in 2010 |publisher=Bom.gov.au |date=4 January 2011 |access-date=10 February 2012 |archive-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112162124/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2010.sydney.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Sydney weatherbox|width=auto}}

==Regions==
{{main|Regions of Sydney}}
[[File:Satellite photo of the Greater Sydney Area at night.jpg|thumb|right|Sydney area at night, facing west. [[Wollongong]] is bottom left, and the [[Central Coast (New South Wales)|Central Coast]] is at the far right.]]

The [[Greater Sydney Commission]] divides Sydney into three "cities" and five "districts" based on the 33 LGAs in the metropolitan area. The "metropolis of three cities" comprises ''Eastern Harbour City'', ''Central River City'' and ''Western Parkland City''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Greater Cities Commission Act 2022 No 8|url=https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-2022-008#sch.1|access-date=29 June 2023|date=4 November 2022|website=legislation.nsw.gov.au|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629222512/https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-2022-008#sch.1|url-status=live}}</ref> The Australian Bureau of Statistics also includes City of Central Coast (the former Gosford City and Wyong Shire) as part of Greater Sydney for population counts,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://itt.abs.gov.au/itt/r.jsp?RegionSummary&region=1GSYD&dataset=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&geoconcept=ASGS_2016&measure=MEASURE&datasetASGS=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&datasetLGA=ABS_REGIONAL_LGA2018&regionLGA=LGA_2018&regionASGS=ASGS_2016 |title=Greater Sydney GCCSA |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics Data by Region |access-date=25 January 2020 |archive-date=6 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406204609/https://itt.abs.gov.au/itt/r.jsp?RegionSummary&region=1GSYD&dataset=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&geoconcept=ASGS_2016&measure=MEASURE&datasetASGS=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&datasetLGA=ABS_REGIONAL_LGA2018&regionLGA=LGA_2018&regionASGS=ASGS_2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> adding 330,000 people.<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 Census QuickStats |url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/LGA11650?opendocument |access-date=24 April 2020 |work=Australian Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=17 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117115246/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/LGA11650?opendocument |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Inner suburbs===
[[File:Lord Nelson Hotel and Former Oswald Bond and Free Store on the corner of Kent Street and Argyle Place, Millers Point.jpg|thumb|Historical buildings in [[Millers Point]], an inner suburb north of the CBD]]
The CBD extends about {{cvt|3|km|mi|1|abbr=off}} south from [[Sydney Cove]]. It is bordered by [[Farm Cove, New South Wales|Farm Cove]] within the [[Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney|Royal Botanic Garden]] to the east and [[Darling Harbour]] to the west. Suburbs surrounding the CBD include [[Woolloomooloo]] and [[Potts Point]] to the east, [[Surry Hills]] and [[Darlinghurst]] to the south, [[Pyrmont, New South Wales|Pyrmont]] and [[Ultimo, New South Wales|Ultimo]] to the west, and [[Millers Point]] and [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]] to the north. Most of these suburbs measure less than {{cvt|1|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=off}} in area. The Sydney CBD is characterised by narrow streets and thoroughfares, created in its convict beginnings.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sydney unprepared for terror attack |work=The Australian |date=4 September 2007 |access-date=3 June 2017 |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/news/sydney-unprepared-for-terror-attack/news-story/d46c70edc3f019be98f37168a2ca3a98}}</ref>

Several localities, distinct from suburbs, exist throughout Sydney's inner reaches. [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central]] and [[Circular Quay]] are transport hubs with ferry, rail, and bus interchanges. [[Chinatown, Sydney|Chinatown]], Darling Harbour, and [[Kings Cross, New South Wales|Kings Cross]] are important locations for culture, tourism, and recreation. The [[Strand Arcade]], located between [[Pitt Street Mall]] and [[George Street, Sydney|George Street]], is a historical [[Victorian architecture|Victorian-style]] shopping [[Arcade (architecture)|arcade]]. Opened on 1 April 1892, its shop fronts are an exact replica of the original internal shopping facades.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13849322 |title=The Strand |newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=16,858 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=2 April 1892 |access-date=27 October 2016 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> [[Westfield Sydney]], located beneath the [[Sydney Tower]], is the largest shopping centre by area in Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |title=The largest shopping centres in Australia |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-shopping-centres-in-australia.html |work=worldatlas.com |date=6 November 2019 |access-date=24 April 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807165059/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-shopping-centres-in-australia.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since the late 20th century, there has been a trend of [[gentrification]] amongst Sydney's inner suburbs. Pyrmont, located on the harbour, was redeveloped from a centre of shipping and international trade to an area of [[high density housing]], tourist accommodation, and gambling.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority]]|date=2004 |url=http://www.shfa.nsw.gov.au/content/library/documents/FB43C542-0F79-96FE-68538841A8F3E24A.pdf |title=Ultimo and Pyrmont: a decade of renewal |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=13 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090613103444/http://www.shfa.nsw.gov.au/content/library/documents/FB43C542-0F79-96FE-68538841A8F3E24A.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Originally located well outside of the city, Darlinghurst is the location of the historic [[Darlinghurst Gaol]], manufacturing, and mixed housing. For a period it was known as an area of [[prostitution]]. The terrace-style housing has largely been retained and Darlinghurst has undergone significant gentrification since the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/business-friendly-boost-for-oxford-st-laneway/ |title=Business-friendly boost for Oxford St lane way |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018042811/http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/business-friendly-boost-for-oxford-st-laneway/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dick |first=Tim |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/09/17/1095394002499.html |title=At the crossroads |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142438/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/09/17/1095394002499.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Darlinghurst">{{cite web |last=Dunn |first=Mark |date=1970 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/darlinghurst |title=Darlinghurst |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019044537/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/darlinghurst |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Green Square, New South Wales|Green Square]] is a former industrial area of [[Waterloo, New South Wales|Waterloo]] which is undergoing urban renewal worth $8&nbsp;billion. On the city harbour edge, the historic suburb and wharves of Millers Point are being built up as the new area of [[Barangaroo, New South Wales|Barangaroo]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/major-developments/green-square |title=Green Square |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703133224/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/major-developments/green-square |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Barangaroo Delivery Authority |date=2013 |url=http://www.barangaroo.com/discover-barangaroo/overview.aspx |title=Discover Barangaroo |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=13 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813184345/http://barangaroo.com/discover-barangaroo/overview.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> The suburb of [[Paddington, New South Wales|Paddington]] is known for its restored [[terraced house|terrace houses]], [[Victoria Barracks, Sydney|Victoria Barracks]], and shopping including the weekly Oxford Street markets.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2012 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/paddington |title=Paddington |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019044652/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/paddington |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Inner West ===
[[File:Newtown NSW, Cnr King Street & Enmore Road, 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Newtown, New South Wales|Newtown]], one of the inner-most parts of the Inner West, is one of the most complete [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] and [[Edwardian architecture|Edwardian era]] commercial precincts in Australia.]]
The [[Inner West]] generally includes the [[Inner West Council]], [[Municipality of Burwood]], [[Municipality of Strathfield]], and [[City of Canada Bay]]. These span up to about 11&nbsp;km west of the CBD. Historically, especially prior to the building of the Harbour Bridge,<ref>Green, A, "[https://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/nsw/2022/guide/stra Strathfield By-election – NSW Election 2022] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051831/https://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/nsw/2022/guide/stra |date=3 May 2023 }}", ''Australian Broadcasting Corporation''</ref> the outer suburbs of the Inner West such as [[Strathfield, New South Wales|Strathfield]] were the location of "country" estates for the colony's elites. By contrast, the inner suburbs in the Inner West, being close to transport and industry, have historically housed working-class industrial workers. These areas have undergone gentrification in the late 20th century, and many parts are now highly valued residential suburbs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/inner-west/seven-inner-west-suburbs-pass-the-2m-median-mark-for-houses/news-story/e644adbdea6693bea16f4588269e3b6a|title=Sydney's new prestige hotspot|newspaper=[[Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|Daily Telegraph]]|date=10 June 2016|last1=McIntyre|first1=Tim|access-date=3 May 2023|archive-date=25 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025175117/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/inner-west/seven-inner-west-suburbs-pass-the-2m-median-mark-for-houses/news-story/e644adbdea6693bea16f4588269e3b6a|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2021, an Inner West suburb (Strathfield) remained one of the 20 most expensive postcodes in Australia by median house price (the others were all in metropolitan Sydney, all in Northern Sydney or the Eastern Suburbs).<ref name="top20">Sweeney, N., "[https://www.afr.com/property/residential/sydney-dominates-melbourne-for-the-20-most-expensive-postcodes-20211213-p59h08 Sydney dominates Melbourne for the 20 most expensive postcodes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629182304/https://www.afr.com/property/residential/sydney-dominates-melbourne-for-the-20-most-expensive-postcodes-20211213-p59h08 |date=29 June 2023 }}", ''The Australian Financial Review''</ref> The [[University of Sydney]] is located in this area, as well as the [[University of Technology, Sydney]] and a campus of the [[Australian Catholic University]]. The Anzac Bridge spans Johnstons Bay and connects [[Rozelle]] to [[Pyrmont, New South Wales|Pyrmont]] and the city, forming part of the [[Western Distributor (Sydney)|Western Distributor]].

The Inner West is today well known as the location of village commercial centres with cosmopolitan flavours, such as the "Little Italy" commercial centres of Leichardt, Five Dock and Haberfield,<ref>Boys, C., "[https://www.smh.com.au/goodfood/eating-out/where-is-sydneys-new-little-italy-20140419-36x15.html Where is Sydney's new Little Italy?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051831/https://www.smh.com.au/goodfood/eating-out/where-is-sydneys-new-little-italy-20140419-36x15.html |date=3 May 2023 }}", ''Good Food'', 22 April 2014</ref> "Little Portugal" in Petersham,<ref>"[https://www.smh.com.au/national/tarting-up-petersham-with-an-ethnic-flavour-20020906-gdfm08.html Tarting up Petersham with an ethnic flavour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051831/https://www.smh.com.au/national/tarting-up-petersham-with-an-ethnic-flavour-20020906-gdfm08.html |date=3 May 2023 }}", ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 6 September 2002</ref> "Little Korea" in Strathfield<ref>Burke, K, [https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/little-korea-ready-to-rise-from-melting-pot-20120525-1za3z.html Little Korea ready to rise from "melting pot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051832/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/little-korea-ready-to-rise-from-melting-pot-20120525-1za3z.html |date=3 May 2023 }}", ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 26 May 2012</ref> or "Little Shanghai" in Ashfield.<ref>West, A., "[https://www.smh.com.au/business/small-business/business-booms-in-little-shanghai-20110620-1gbey.html Business booms in 'little Shanghai'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718070506/https://www.smh.com.au/business/small-business/business-booms-in-little-shanghai-20110620-1gbey.html |date=18 July 2023 }}", ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 18 June 2011</ref> Large-scale shopping centres in the area include [[Westfield Burwood]], [[DFO Homebush]] and [[Birkenhead Point Outlet Centre]]. There is a large cosmopolitan community and nightlife hub on [[King Street, Newtown]].

The area is serviced by [[Sydney Trains]]' [[North Shore & Western Line|T1]], [[Leppington & Inner West Line|T2]] and [[Liverpool & Inner West Line|T3]] services, including the [[Main Suburban railway line|Main Suburban Line]], which was the first to be constructed in New South Wales. [[Strathfield railway station]] is a secondary railway hub within Sydney, and major station on the Suburban and [[Main North railway line|Northern]] lines. It was constructed in 1876.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Strathfield|title=Strathfield Station|website=Nswrail.net|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=2 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702144642/https://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Strathfield|url-status=live}}</ref> The future [[Sydney Metro West]] will also connect this area with the City and Parramatta. The area is also serviced by the [[Parramatta River ferry services|Parramatta River services]] of [[Sydney Ferries]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.beyondthewharf.com.au/rivercat-class/ |title=Rivercat Class – Transdev |access-date=23 May 2023 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207142722/https://www.beyondthewharf.com.au/rivercat-class/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> numerous bus routes and cycleways.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.marrickville.nsw.gov.au/en/community/business/urban-centres/newtown/ |title=Newtown |website=Marrickville.nsw.gov.au |language=en |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-date=6 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506120404/http://marrickville.nsw.gov.au/en/community/business/urban-centres/newtown/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Eastern suburbs===
[[File:(1)Bellevue Hill from Point Piper.jpg|thumb|Residences in [[Bellevue Hill, New South Wales|Bellevue Hill]]. Sydney's eastern suburbs are made up of some of the most expensive real estate in the country<ref>{{Cite web |title=State-by-state: Find out if you're living in one of the richest, or poorest, postcodes |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/richest-and-poorest-postcodes/t41wwpk9o |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=SBS News |language=en |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905133525/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/richest-and-poorest-postcodes/t41wwpk9o |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
The Eastern Suburbs encompass the [[Municipality of Woollahra]], the [[City of Randwick]], the [[Waverley Municipal Council]], and parts of the [[Bayside Council]]. They include some of the most affluent and advantaged areas in the country, with some streets being amongst the most expensive in the world. As at 2014, [[Wolseley Road]], [[Point Piper]], had a top price of $20,900 per square metre, making it the ninth-most expensive street in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/10-most-expensive-streets-in-the-world-2011-3#9-wolseley-road-point-piper-2 |title=The 10 most expensive streets in the world |last=Badkar |first=Mamta |date=2011 |website=Business Insider |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=13 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713064446/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/10-most-expensive-streets-in-the-world-2011-3#9-wolseley-road-point-piper-2 |url-status=live }}</ref> More than 75% of neighbourhoods in the [[Division of Wentworth|Electoral District of Wentworth]] fall under the top decile of SEIFA advantage, making it the least disadvantaged area in the country.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-06/labor-greens-or-liberal-nationals-explore-disadvantage-politics/9600250 |title=Labor, Greens, Howard's battlers: Explore the politics of disadvantage |date=6 April 2018 |work=ABC News |access-date=21 April 2018 |language=en-AU |archive-date=8 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408232956/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-06/labor-greens-or-liberal-nationals-explore-disadvantage-politics/9600250 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2021, of the 20 most expensive postcodes in Australia by median house price, nine were in the Eastern Suburbs.<ref name="top20"/>

Major landmarks include [[Bondi Beach]], which was added to the [[Australian National Heritage List]] in 2008;<ref>''Sydney Morning Herald'', 1 January 2009, p.18</ref> and [[Bondi Junction]], featuring a [[Westfield Bondi Junction|Westfield shopping centre]] and an estimated office workforce of 6,400 by 2035,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gsc-public-1.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/forecasting_the_distribution_of_stand_alone_office_employment_across_sydney_to_2035_bis_shrapnel_2015_08_0.pdf |title=Forecasting the Distribution of Stand-Alone Office Employment across Sydney to 2035 |publisher=NSW Department of Planning and Environment |date=August 2015 |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=24 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124165518/https://gsc-public-1.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/forecasting_the_distribution_of_stand_alone_office_employment_across_sydney_to_2035_bis_shrapnel_2015_08_0.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as a [[Bondi Junction railway station|railway station]] on the [[Eastern Suburbs railway line|T4 Eastern Suburbs Line]]. The suburb of [[Randwick, New South Wales|Randwick]] contains [[Randwick Racecourse]], the [[Royal Hospital for Women]], the [[Prince of Wales Hospital (Sydney)|Prince of Wales Hospital]], [[Sydney Children's Hospital]], and [[University of New South Wales|University of New South Wales Kensington Campus]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gsc-public-1.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/eastern-district-plan-0318.pdf |title=Our Greater Sydney 2056 Eastern City District Plan – connecting communities |publisher=Greater Sydney Commission |date=March 2018 |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301001314/https://gsc-public-1.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/eastern-district-plan-0318.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Construction of the [[CBD and South East Light Rail]] was completed in April 2020.<ref>[https://transportnsw.info/news/2020/sydneys-new-light-rail-now-open-from-circular-quay-to-kingsford Sydney's new light rail is now open from Circular Quay to Kingsford] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402225521/https://transportnsw.info/news/2020/sydneys-new-light-rail-now-open-from-circular-quay-to-kingsford |date=2 April 2020 }} Transport for NSW 3 April 2020</ref> The project aims to provide reliable and high-capacity tram services to residents in the City and South-East.

Major shopping centres in the area include [[Westfield Bondi Junction]] and [[Westfield Eastgardens]].

===Southern Sydney===
[[File:Sydney aerial view - Kurnell, La Perouse, Cronulla and Botany Bay.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Kurnell, New South Wales|Kurnell]], [[La Perouse, New South Wales|La Perouse]], and [[Cronulla, New South Wales|Cronulla]], along with various other suburbs, face Botany Bay.]]
The Southern district of Sydney includes the suburbs in the [[Local government in Australia|local government area]]s of the [[Georges River Council]] (collectively known as [[St George, New South Wales|St George]]) and the [[Sutherland Shire]] (colloquially known as 'The Shire'), on the southern banks of the [[Georges River]].

The [[Cronulla dunes|Kurnell peninsula]], near Botany Bay, is the site of the first landfall on the eastern coastline made by James Cook in 1770. [[La Perouse, New South Wales|La Perouse]], a historic suburb named after the French navigator [[Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse]], is notable for its old military outpost at [[Bare Island (New South Wales)|Bare Island]] and the [[Botany Bay National Park]].

The suburb of [[Cronulla, New South Wales|Cronulla]] in [[southern Sydney]] is close to Royal National Park, Australia's oldest national park. Hurstville, a large suburb with commercial and high-rise residential buildings dominating the skyline, has become a CBD for the southern suburbs.<ref>''The Book of Sydney Suburbs'', Compiled by Frances Pollon, Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1990, Published in Australia {{ISBN|0-207-14495-8}}, page 149</ref>

===Northern Sydney===
{{further|Northern Sydney}}
[[File:Aerial View Chatswood to Sydney CBD.jpg|thumb|[[Chatswood, New South Wales|Chatswood]] is a major commercial district.]]
'[[Northern Sydney]]' may also include the suburbs in the [[Upper North Shore]], [[Lower North Shore (Sydney)|Lower North Shore]] and the [[Northern Beaches]].

The Northern Suburbs include several landmarks – [[Macquarie University]], [[Gladesville Bridge]], [[Ryde Bridge]], [[Macquarie Centre]] and Curzon Hall in [[Marsfield, New South Wales|Marsfield]]. This area includes suburbs in the [[Local government in Australia|local government areas]] of [[Hornsby Shire]], [[Ku-ring-gai Council]], [[City of Ryde]], the [[Municipality of Hunter's Hill]] and parts of the [[City of Parramatta]].

The North Shore includes the commercial centres of [[North Sydney, New South Wales|North Sydney]] and Chatswood. North Sydney itself consists of a large commercial centre, which contains the second largest concentration of high-rise buildings in Sydney after the CBD. North Sydney is dominated by advertising, marketing and associated trades, with many large corporations holding offices.

The Northern Beaches area includes [[Manly, New South Wales|Manly]], one of Sydney's most popular holiday destinations for much of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The region also features [[Sydney Heads]], a series of [[headlands]] which form the entrance to Sydney Harbour. The Northern Beaches area extends south to the entrance of Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour), west to [[Middle Harbour]] and north to the entrance of [[Broken Bay]]. The 2011 Australian census found the Northern Beaches to be the most [[White people|white]] and [[mono-ethnic]] district in Australia, contrasting with its more-diverse neighbours, the North Shore and the [[Central Coast (New South Wales)|Central Coast]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rodis.com.au/wiki/Northern-Beaches-Sydney.php|title=National Regional Profile Northern Beaches Sydney|website=Rodis.com.au|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=2 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302151024/https://rodis.com.au/wiki/Northern-Beaches-Sydney.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of the end of 2021, half of the 20 most expensive postcodes in Australia (by median house price) were in Northern Sydney, including four on the Northern Beaches, two on the Lower North Shore, three on the Upper North Shore, and one straddling [[Hunters Hill]] and [[Woolwich, New South Wales|Woolwich]].<ref name="top20"/>

===Hills district===
The [[Hills District, New South Wales|Hills district]] generally refers to the suburbs in north-western Sydney including the local government areas of [[The Hills Shire]], parts of the [[City of Parramatta Council]] and [[Hornsby Shire]]. Actual suburbs and localities that are considered to be in the Hills District can be somewhat amorphous. For example, the Hills District Historical Society restricts its definition to the Hills Shire local government area, yet its study area extends from Parramatta to the Hawkesbury. The region is so named for its characteristically comparatively hilly topography as the Cumberland Plain lifts up, joining the Hornsby Plateau. [[Windsor Road|Windsor]] and [[Old Windsor Road]]s are the second and third roads, respectively, laid in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ozroads.com.au/NSW/RouteNumbering/State%20Routes/40/oldwindsor%26windsorroad.htm|title=Ozroads: Old Windsor Road & Windsor Road|website=Ozroads.com.au|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=26 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426001422/https://www.ozroads.com.au/NSW/RouteNumbering/State%20Routes/40/oldwindsor%26windsorroad.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 26 May 2019, The [[Sydney Metro Northwest]], which went from Chatswood to Tallawong, opened, with a large portion running through the Hills District, which meant the Hills District, for the first time, started having heavy rail.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2019-01-14|title=Major Milestone As Metro Northwest Completes Its First Full Test|url=https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/node/9580|access-date=2021-02-09|website=Transport for NSW|language=en-AU}}</ref>
Before this, The Hills was served by [[Bus Rapid Transit]].

===Western suburbs===
{{further|Greater Western Sydney}}
[[File:Parramatta Skyline 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Parramatta]], a major commercial centre of [[Greater Western Sydney]], is often referred to as Sydney's "second [[Central business district|CBD]]"]]
The greater western suburbs encompasses the areas of Parramatta, the sixth largest business district in Australia, settled the same year as the harbour-side colony,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Parramatta Chamber of Commerce |date=2014 |url=http://www.parramattachamber.com.au/Chamber/parramatta-capital-of-western-sydney.html |title=Parramatta |access-date=13 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806000352/http://www.parramattachamber.com.au/Chamber/parramatta-capital-of-western-sydney.html |archive-date=6 August 2014}}</ref> [[Bankstown]], Liverpool, [[Penrith, New South Wales|Penrith]], and [[Fairfield, New South Wales|Fairfield]]. Covering {{cvt|5800|km2}} and having an estimated population as at 2017 of 2,288,554, western Sydney has the most [[minority majority|multicultural suburbs]] in the country – [[Cabramatta]] has earned the nickname "[[Little Saigon]]" due to its [[Vietnamese Australians|Vietnamese]] population, Fairfield has been named "Little [[Assyria]]" for its predominant [[Assyrian Australians|Assyrian]] population and [[Harris Park]] is known as "[[Little India]]" with its plurality of [[Indian Australians|Indian]] and [[Hinduism in Australia|Hindu population]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/harris-park-re-named-little-india/6qs2sc2zj|title=This part of Australia is set to be renamed 'Little India'|author = Jennifer Scherer|publisher=[[SBS Australia]]|access-date = 24 June 2024}}</ref><ref name=herald>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/what-to-do-and-see-in-the-secret-of-fairfield/news-story/fb120fa69dd18c128c5cafbe3d70d56a|title=What to do and see in the secret of Fairfield|author = Ben McLellan|publisher=[[Herald Sun]]|access-date = 26 December 2023}}</ref><ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285039670_Enclave_Place_or_Nation_Defining_Little_Saigon_in_the_Midst_of_Incorporation_Transnationalism_and_Long_Distance_Activism Enclave, Place, or Nation? Defining Little Saigon in the Midst of Incorporation, Transnationalism, and Long Distance Activism] by Christian Collet and Hiroko Furuya from Amerasia Journal 36:3 (2010): 1–27. January 2010. Retrieved 29 November 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.bautruong.com.au/editorial/bautruong_press_20090619_wallstreetjournalasia.pdf Sydney] by Sam Holmes. [[The Wall Street Journal Asia]]. 21 June 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2022.</ref> The population is predominantly of a [[working class]] background, with major employment in the [[heavy industries]] and [[vocational]] trade.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://profile.id.com.au/cws/population |title=Home – WSROC Region |publisher=Profile.id.com.au |access-date=10 January 2019 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108025946/https://profile.id.com.au/cws/population |url-status=live }}</ref> Toongabbie is noted for being the third mainland settlement (after Sydney and Parramatta) set up after British colonisation began in 1788, although the site of the settlement is actually in the separate suburb of [[Old Toongabbie]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/old_toongabbie_and_toongabbie |title=Old Toongabbie and Toongabbie |last1=McClymont |first1=John |last2=Kass |first2=Terry |date=2010 |work=Dictionary of Sydney |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney Trust |access-date=30 July 2019 |archive-date=30 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730085650/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/old_toongabbie_and_toongabbie |url-status=live }}</ref>

The western suburb of [[Prospect, New South Wales|Prospect]], in the [[City of Blacktown]], is home to [[Raging Waters Sydney|Raging Waters]], a [[water park]] operated by [[Parques Reunidos]].<ref name="ABC announcement">{{cite web |title=Water theme park planned for Sydney |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/09/11/3009081.htm |work=ABC News |access-date=11 September 2010 |date=11 September 2010 |archive-date=13 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913172339/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/09/11/3009081.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Auburn Botanic Gardens]], a botanical garden in [[Auburn, New South Wales|Auburn]], attracts thousands of visitors each year, including many from outside Australia.<ref name="chahgovau">{{cite web |url=http://www.chah.gov.au/chabg/bg-dir/auburn-nsw.html |title=Auburn Botanical Gardens |work=chah.gov.au |access-date=4 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006140058/http://www.chah.gov.au/chabg/bg-dir/auburn-nsw.html |archive-date=6 October 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The greater west also includes [[Sydney Olympic Park]], a suburb created to host the 2000 Summer Olympics, and [[Sydney Motorsport Park]], a [[Race track|circuit]] in [[Eastern Creek]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sydneymotorsportpark.com.au/visitor-information#howToGetHere |title=Visitor Information – How to Get Here |publisher=Sydney Motorsport Park | access-date=21 February 2013 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410070447/http://www.sydneymotorsportpark.com.au/visitor-information#howToGetHere | archive-date=10 April 2013}}</ref> [[Prospect Hill (New South Wales)|Prospect Hill]], a historically significant ridge in the west and the only area in Sydney with ancient [[volcanic activity]],<ref>Jones, I., and Verdel, C. (2015). Basalt distribution and volume estimates of Cenozoic volcanism in the Bowen Basin region of eastern Australia: Implications for a waning mantle plume. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 62(2), 255–263.</ref> is also listed on the State Heritage Register.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/search-for-heritage/state-heritage-inventory/|title=State Heritage Inventory|date=22 October 2019|website=Heritage.nsw.gov.au|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=4 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304000250/https://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/search-for-heritage/state-heritage-inventory/|url-status=live}}</ref>

To the northwest, [[Featherdale Wildlife Park]], a zoo in [[Doonside]], near [[Blacktown]], is a major [[tourist attraction]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blacktown-advocate.whereilive.com.au/lifestyle/story/featherdale-beats-opera-house-to-claim-major-tourism-award/ |title=Featherdale beats Opera House to claim major tourism award |date=23 November 2009 |author=O'Maley, Christine |work=Blacktown Advocate |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=1 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701155049/http://blacktown-advocate.whereilive.com.au/lifestyle/story/featherdale-beats-opera-house-to-claim-major-tourism-award/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sydney Zoo]], opened in 2019, is another prominent zoo situated in [[Bungaribee]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timeout.com/sydney/news/new-sydney-zoo-announces-long-awaited-opening-date-112519 |author=Boon, Maxim |title=New Sydney Zoo announces long-awaited opening date |work=TimeOut |location=Sydney, Australia |date=25 November 2019 |access-date=24 December 2019 |archive-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128010314/https://www.timeout.com/sydney/news/new-sydney-zoo-announces-long-awaited-opening-date-112519 |url-status=live }}</ref> Established in 1799, the [[Old Government House, Parramatta|Old Government House]], a [[historic house museum]] and [[tourist spot]] in Parramatta, was included in the [[Australian National Heritage List]] on 1 August 2007 and [[World Heritage List]] in 2010 (as part of the 11 penal sites constituting the [[Australian Convict Sites]]), making it the only site in greater western Sydney to be featured in such lists.<ref name="CourierMail01">{{cite news |url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/world-heritage-committee-approves-australian-convict-sites-as-places-of-importance/story-e6freon6-1225899640286 |author1=Chalmers, Emma |author2=Martin, Saray |date=1 August 2010 |title=World Heritage Committee approves Australian Convict Sites as places of importance |work=The Courier–Mail |location=Australia |access-date=17 April 2018 |archive-date=3 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603125525/http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/world-heritage-committee-approves-australian-convict-sites-as-places-of-importance/story-e6freon6-1225899640286 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The house is Australia's oldest surviving public building.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/old-government-house/index.html |title=National Heritage Places – Old Government House and Government Domain, Parramatta |first=Department of the Environment and |last=Energy |date=17 April 2018 |website=Environment.gov.au |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012072820/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/old-government-house/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Further to the southwest is the region of Macarthur and the city of [[Campbelltown, New South Wales|Campbelltown]], a significant population centre until the 1990s considered a region separate to Sydney proper. [[Macarthur Square]], a shopping complex in Campbelltown, has become one of the largest shopping complexes in Sydney.<ref>{{cite report |first=Peter |last=Degotardi |publisher=Herron Todd White Property Advisors |url=http://www.htw.com.au/pages/info_centre/review/MR%20Feb%202004.pdf |title=The Month in Review |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820135143/http://www.htw.com.au/pages/info_centre/review/MR%20Feb%202004.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2006 |date=1 February 2004}}</ref> The southwest also features [[Bankstown Reservoir]], the oldest elevated reservoir constructed in [[reinforced concrete]] that is still in use and is listed on the State Heritage Register.<ref>{{cite NSW SHR|01316 |Bankstown Reservoir (Elevated) |access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref> The southwest is home to one of Sydney's oldest trees, the [[Bland Oak]], which was planted in the 1840s by [[William Bland]] in [[Carramar, New South Wales|Carramar]].<ref name="mobbaymag">{{cite web |last=Boulous |first=Chris |title=Nothing Bland about our Oak tree |work=Fairfield City Champion |publisher=FAIRFAX REGIONAL MEDIA |date=20 April 2018 |url=https://www.fairfieldchampion.com.au/story/5354072/nothing-bland-about-our-oak-tree/#slide=2 |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829105943/https://www.fairfieldchampion.com.au/story/5354072/nothing-bland-about-our-oak-tree/#slide=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Urban structure==
{{wide image|Sydney City Panorama (20155327722).jpg|1100px|The [[Sydney central business district|Sydney CBD]] with the [[Sydney Opera House|Opera House]] and [[Sydney Harbour Bridge|Harbour Bridge]]. Sydney is home to the most high-rise buildings in the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sydney – The Skyscraper Center |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/sydney |access-date=2020-07-16 |website=Skyscrapercenter.com |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101022939/https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/sydney |url-status=live }}</ref>|align-cap=center}}

===Architecture===
{{See also |Architecture of Sydney|List of heritage houses in Sydney|List of tallest buildings in Sydney}}
The earliest structures in the colony were built to the bare minimum of standards. Governor Macquarie set ambitious targets for the design of new construction projects. The city now has a world heritage listed building, several national heritage listed buildings, and dozens of Commonwealth heritage listed buildings as evidence of the survival of Macquarie's ideals.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/world-heritage-list |title=Australia's World Heritage List |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=19 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719130334/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/world-heritage-list |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/heritage-places/national-heritage-list |title=Australia's National Heritage List |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=19 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719064152/http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/heritage-places/national-heritage-list |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=search_results;state=NSW;list_code=CHL;legal_status=35 |title=Australian Heritage Database |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=14 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914152900/http://environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=search_results;state=NSW;list_code=CHL;legal_status=35 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:York Street, Sydney.jpg|thumb|[[York Street, Sydney|York Street]] is an example of a city street in Sydney with an array of intact Victorian heritage architecture.]]
In 1814, the Governor called on a convict named [[Francis Greenway]] to design [[Macquarie Lighthouse]].<ref name="Macquarie Lighthouse">{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105366 |title=Macquarie Lighthouse |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426163630/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105366 |url-status=live }}</ref> The lighthouse's [[Classical architecture|Classical]] design earned Greenway a pardon from Macquarie in 1818 and introduced a culture of refined architecture that remains to this day.<ref name="Macquarie Lightstation">{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Harbour Federation Trust |date=2001 |url=http://www.harbourtrust.gov.au/topics/sitesmacquarie.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209012719/http://www.harbourtrust.gov.au/topics/sitesmacquarie.html |archive-date=9 February 2006 |title=Macquarie Lightstation |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> Greenway went on to design the [[Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney|Hyde Park Barracks]] in 1819 and the [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] style [[St James' Church, Sydney|St James's Church]] in 1824.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |year=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/hyde-park |title=Hyde Park Barracks |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018065631/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/hyde-park |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Judd |first1=Stephen |last2=Cable |first2=Kenneth |year=2000 |title=Sydney Anglicans – a history of the diocese |page=12}}</ref> [[Gothic architecture|Gothic-inspired architecture]] became more popular from the 1830s. [[John Verge]]'s [[Elizabeth Bay House]] and [[St Philip's Church, Sydney|St Philip's Church]] of 1856 were built in [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] style along with [[Edward Blore]]'s [[Government House, Sydney|Government House]] of 1845.<ref name="Chronology of styles in Australian architecture">{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Architecture |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneyarchitecture.com/STYLES/search-style.htm |title=Chronology of styles in Australian architecture |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908110249/http://sydneyarchitecture.com/STYLES/search-style.htm |archive-date=8 September 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of Premier and Cabinet |date=2014 |url=http://www.governor.nsw.gov.au/government-house/ |title=Government House |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=24 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124060409/http://www.governor.nsw.gov.au/government-house |url-status=live }}</ref> Kirribilli House, completed in 1858, and St Andrew's Cathedral, Australia's oldest cathedral,<ref>{{cite news |title=Changes not music to purists' ears |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=8 September 2008 |access-date=14 November 2016 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/cathedral-finds-its-organ-grinding/2008/09/07/1220725858498.html |archive-date=27 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527105742/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/cathedral-finds-its-organ-grinding/2008/09/07/1220725858498.html |url-status=live }}</ref> are rare examples of [[Gothic Revival architecture|Victorian Gothic]] construction.<ref name="Chronology of styles in Australian architecture"/><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105451 |title=Kirribilli House |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426163624/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105451 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:General Post Office, Sydney.jpg|thumb|[[General Post Office, Sydney|General Post Office]]]]
From the late 1850s there was a shift towards Classical architecture. [[Mortimer Lewis]] designed the [[Australian Museum]] in 1857.<ref>{{cite web |title=A short history of the Australian Museum |url=https://australian.museum/about/history/ |website=[[Australian Museum]] |publisher=Australia Museum |access-date=21 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822022326/https://australian.museum/about/history/ |archive-date=22 August 2020 |date=20 July 2014 |url-status=live }} [http://australianmuseum.net.au/A-short-history-of-the-Australian-Museum Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718224809/http://australianmuseum.net.au/A-short-history-of-the-Australian-Museum |date=18 July 2014 }}</ref> The [[General Post Office, Sydney|General Post Office]], completed in 1891 in [[Victorian architecture|Victorian Free Classical]] style, was designed by [[James Barnet]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105509 |title=General Post Office |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020740/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105509 |url-status=live }}</ref> Barnet also oversaw the 1883 reconstruction of Greenway's Macquarie Lighthouse.<ref name="Macquarie Lighthouse"/><ref name="Macquarie Lightstation"/> [[Customs House, Sydney|Customs House]] was built in 1844.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105436 |title=Sydney Customs House |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020740/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105436 |url-status=live }}</ref> The neo-Classical and [[Second Empire architecture|French Second Empire]] style [[Sydney Town Hall|Town Hall]] was completed in 1889.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Town Hall |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/coonstruction/ |title=Construction of Sydney Town Hall |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720024240/http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/coonstruction/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Town Hall |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/features/ |title=Features of Sydney Town Hall |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720024245/http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/features/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] designs gained favour from the early 1890s. [[Sydney Technical College]] was completed in 1893 using both Romanesque Revival and [[Queen Anne style architecture|Queen Anne]] approaches.<ref name="Sydney Technical College">{{cite web |last=Freyne |first=Catherine |date=2010 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_technical_college |title=Sydney Technical College |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426114930/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_technical_college |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Queen Victoria Building]] was designed in Romanesque Revival fashion by [[George McRae]]; completed in 1898,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Queen Victoria Building |date=2014 |url=http://www.qvb.com.au/about-qvb/history-of-qvb |title=History of Queen Victoria Building |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=19 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819141915/http://www.qvb.com.au/about-qvb/history-of-qvb |url-status=live }}</ref> it accommodates 200 shops across its three storeys.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/queen_victoria_building |title=Queen Victoria Building |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=29 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729112404/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/queen_victoria_building |url-status=live }}</ref>

As the wealth of the settlement increased and Sydney developed into a metropolis after Federation in 1901, its buildings became taller. Sydney's first tower was Culwulla Chambers which topped out at {{cvt|50|m|ft|abbr=off}} making 12 floors. The Commercial Traveller's Club, built in 1908, was of similar height at 10 floors. It was built in a brick stone veneer and demolished in 1972.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sydneyarchitecture.com/GON/GON125.htm |work=Sydney Architecture Images |title=Commercial Travellers Club |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023182833/http://sydneyarchitecture.com/GON/GON125.htm |archive-date=23 October 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This heralded a change in Sydney's cityscape and with the lifting of height restrictions in the 1960s there came a surge of high-rise construction.<ref name="Sydney architecture">{{cite book |title=Sydney architecture |last2=Bingham-Hall |first2=Patrick |year=2005 |page=14 to 15 |last1=McGillick |first1=Paul}}</ref>

The Great Depression had a tangible influence on Sydney's architecture. New structures became more restrained with far less ornamentation. The most notable architectural feat of this period is the Harbour Bridge. Its steel arch was designed by [[John Bradfield (engineer)|John Bradfield]] and completed in 1932. A total of 39,000 tonnes of structural steel span the {{cvt|503|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} between Milsons Point and [[Dawes Point, New South Wales|Dawes Point]].<ref name="Sydney Harbour Bridge">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Sydney Harbour Bridge |url=http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sydney-harbour-bridge |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512054556/http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sydney-harbour-bridge |archive-date=12 May 2012 |access-date=6 July 2014 |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105888 |title=Sydney Harbour Bridge |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=25 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825100313/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105888 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Dr Chau Chak Wing Building.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Frank Gehry]]'s [[Dr Chau Chak Wing Building]]]]
[[Modern architecture|Modern]] and [[International architecture]] came to Sydney from the 1940s. Since its completion in 1973 the city's Opera House has become a World Heritage Site and one of the world's most renowned pieces of Modern design. [[Jørn Utzon]] was awarded the [[Pritzker Architecture Prize|Pritzker Prize]] in 2003 for his work on the Opera House.<ref name="Sydney Opera House">{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105738 |title=Sydney Opera House |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=13 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213204033/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105738 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sydney is home to Australia's first building by renowned Canadian-American architect [[Frank Gehry]], the [[Dr Chau Chak Wing Building]] (2015). An entrance from [[The Goods Line]]–a pedestrian pathway and former railway line–is located on the eastern border of the site.

Contemporary buildings in the CBD include [[Citigroup Centre, Sydney|Citigroup Centre]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/citigroupcentre-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107184211/http://www.emporis.com/building/citigroupcentre-sydney-australia |url-status=usurped |archive-date=7 November 2012 |title=Citigroup Centre |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> [[Aurora Place]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/auroraplace-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910062454/http://www.emporis.com/building/auroraplace-sydney-australia |url-status=usurped |archive-date=10 September 2012 |title=Aurora Place |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> [[Chifley Tower]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/chifleytower-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107185132/http://www.emporis.com/building/chifleytower-sydney-australia |url-status=usurped |archive-date=7 November 2012 |title=Chifley Tower |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chifley_tower |title=Chifley Tower |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=8 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051251/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chifley_tower |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Reserve Bank of Australia|Reserve Bank]] building,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105456 |title=Reserve Bank |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020740/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105456 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Deutsche Bank Place]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/deutschebankplace-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105210049/http://www.emporis.com/building/deutschebankplace-sydney-australia |url-status=usurped |archive-date=5 November 2012 |title=Deutsche Bank Place |access-date=20 July 2004}}</ref> [[MLC Centre]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/mlccentre-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107192858/http://www.emporis.com/building/mlccentre-sydney-australia |url-status=usurped |archive-date=7 November 2012 |title=MLC Centre |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> and [[Capita Centre]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/castlereagh-centre-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011142800/http://www.emporis.com/building/castlereagh-centre-sydney-australia |url-status=usurped |archive-date=11 October 2012 |title=Castlereagh Centre |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> The tallest structure is [[Sydney Tower]], designed by Donald Crone and completed in 1981.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dunn |first=Mark |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/centrepoint_tower |title=Centrepoint Tower |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=8 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051249/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/centrepoint_tower |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the proximity of [[Sydney Airport]], a maximum height restriction was imposed, now sitting at 330 metres (1083 feet).<ref>{{Cite web |title='It's held Sydney back': Council reveals plan to raise CBD skyline by 100 metres |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-25/sydney-planning-controls-could-see-city-skyline-rise-by-100m/11997462 |date=25 February 2020 |website=Abc.net.au |language=en-AU |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=20 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820152935/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-25/sydney-planning-controls-could-see-city-skyline-rise-by-100m/11997462 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Green ban]]s and [[heritage overlay]]s have been in place since at least 1977 to protect Sydney's heritage after controversial demolitions in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unlocked: Demolished Sydney |url=https://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/unlocked-demolished-sydney |work=SydneyLivingMuseums.com.au |date=16 January 2017 |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413133421/https://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/unlocked-demolished-sydney |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Housing===
[[File:Kirribilli housing.jpg|thumb|[[Terrace houses in Australia|Terraces]] in [[Kirribilli]]]]
Sydney surpasses both New York City and Paris real estate prices, having some of the most expensive in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sydney houses are so 'severely unaffordable', it's cheaper to buy in New York |work=[[Business Insider]] (Australia) |url=http://www.businessinsider.com.au/sydney-houses-are-so-severely-unaffordable-its-cheaper-to-buy-in-new-york-2017-1 |date=24 January 2017 |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=25 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125071309/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/sydney-houses-are-so-severely-unaffordable-its-cheaper-to-buy-in-new-york-2017-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.domain.com.au/news/how-sydney-house-prices-compare-with-other-global-cities-20150723-gihntf/ |title=How Sydney house prices compare with other global cities |work=[[Domain Group]] |date=25 July 2015 |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202023659/https://www.domain.com.au/news/how-sydney-house-prices-compare-with-other-global-cities-20150723-gihntf/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city remains Australia's most expensive housing market, with the mean house price at $1,142,212 as of December 2019 (over 25% higher the national mean house price).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Pacific/Australia/Price-History |title=Australia's house prices are now in free fall |date=15 August 2019 |author=C. Delmendo, Lalaine |website=globalpropertyguide.com |access-date=8 April 2020 |archive-date=26 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426011343/https://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Pacific/Australia/Price-History |url-status=live }}</ref> It is only second to Hong Kong with the average property costing 14 times the annual Sydney salary as of December 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.buildsydney.com/sydney-housing-ratio-14-times-annual-pre-tax-salary/ |title=Sydney Housing Ratio 14 Times Annual Pre-Tax Salary |year=2017 |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307050614/https://www.buildsydney.com/sydney-housing-ratio-14-times-annual-pre-tax-salary/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

There were 1.76&nbsp;million dwellings in Sydney in 2016 including 925,000 (57%) detached houses, 227,000 (14%) semi-detached terrace houses and 456,000 (28%) units and apartments.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats">{{Cite web |title=2021 Sydney, Census All persons QuickStats {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/1031 |access-date=27 May 2023 |website=www.abs.gov.au |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527140855/https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/1031 |url-status=live }}</ref> Whilst terrace houses are common in the inner city areas, detached houses dominate the landscape in the outer suburbs. Due to environmental and economic pressures, there has been a noted trend towards denser housing, with a 30% increase in the number of apartments between 1996 and 2006.<ref name="Housing Sydney">{{cite web |last=Darcy |first=Michael |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/housing_sydney |title=Housing Sydney |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051320/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/housing_sydney |url-status=live }}</ref> Public housing in Sydney is managed by the [[Government of New South Wales]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Housing New South Wales |date=2012 |url=http://www.housing.nsw.gov.au/About+Us/What+We+Do.htm |title=Services offered |access-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019062237/http://www.housing.nsw.gov.au/About+Us/What+We+Do.htm |archive-date=19 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Suburbs with large concentrations of public housing include [[Claymore, New South Wales|Claymore]], [[Macquarie Fields]], [[Waterloo, New South Wales|Waterloo]], and [[Mount Druitt]].

A range of heritage housing styles can be found throughout Sydney. Terrace houses are found in the inner suburbs such as [[Paddington, New South Wales|Paddington]], [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]], [[Potts Point]] and [[Balmain, New South Wales|Balmain]], many of which have been the subject of [[gentrification]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Terry |last1=Irving |first2=Terrence H. |last2=Irving |first3=Rowan J. |last3=Cahill |title=Radical Sydney: Places, Portraits and Unruly Episodes |year=2010 |publisher=UNSW Press |isbn=9781742230931 |page=306}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=A public housing terrace in Sydney sold for a staggering $2.2 million above reserve |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=10 December 2016 |url=http://www.businessinsider.com.au/a-former-public-housing-terrace-in-sydney-has-sold-for-a-staggering-2-2-million-above-reserve-2015-12 |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202024440/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/a-former-public-housing-terrace-in-sydney-has-sold-for-a-staggering-2-2-million-above-reserve-2015-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> These terraces, particularly those in suburbs such as The Rocks, were historically home to Sydney's miners and labourers. In the present day, terrace houses now make up some of the most valuable real estate in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=This $13 million Sydney property is the most expensive terrace in Australia |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=15 April 2016 |first=Sarah |last=Kimmorley |url=http://www.businessinsider.com.au/this-13-million-sydney-property-is-the-most-expensive-terrace-in-australia-2016-4 |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202024920/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/this-13-million-sydney-property-is-the-most-expensive-terrace-in-australia-2016-4 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Surviving large mansions from the Victorian era are mostly found in the oldest suburbs, such as [[Double Bay]], [[Darling Point]], [[Rose Bay, New South Wales|Rose Bay]] and [[Strathfield]].<ref>H.J. Samuell, ''How to Know Sydney'', 1895</ref>

[[Federation architecture|Federation]] homes, constructed around the time of Federation in 1901, are located in a large number of suburbs that developed thanks to the arrival of railways in the late 19th century, such as [[Penshurst, New South Wales|Penshurst]] and [[Turramurra]], and in large-scale planned "garden suburbs" such as [[Haberfield, New South Wales|Haberfield]]. Workers cottages are found in [[Surry Hills]], [[Redfern, New South Wales|Redfern]], and Balmain. [[California bungalow]]s are common in [[Ashfield, New South Wales|Ashfield]], [[Concord, New South Wales|Concord]], and [[Beecroft, New South Wales|Beecroft]]. Larger modern homes are predominantly found in the outer suburbs, such as [[Stanhope Gardens]], [[Kellyville Ridge]], [[Bella Vista, New South Wales|Bella Vista]] to the northwest, [[Bossley Park]], [[Abbotsbury, New South Wales|Abbotsbury]], and [[Cecil Hills]] to the west, and [[Hoxton Park]], [[Harrington Park, New South Wales|Harrington Park]], and [[Oran Park, New South Wales|Oran Park]] to the southwest.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Charles Sturt University |date=2014 |url=http://hsc.csu.edu.au/geography/urban/urban/4370/sydney_culture.htm |title=Sydney's culture of place |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025075259/http://hsc.csu.edu.au/geography/urban/urban/4370/sydney_culture.htm |archive-date=25 October 2014}}</ref>

===Parks and open spaces===
{{Main|Parks in Sydney}}The [[Anzac War Memorial]] in [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]] is a public memorial dedicated to the [[First Australian Imperial Force|Australian Imperial Force]] of [[World War I]].

The [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney|Royal Botanic Garden]] is the most iconic green space in the region, hosting both scientific and leisure activities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/ |title=Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney |website=Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney |access-date=21 November 2016 |archive-date=1 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201075627/https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/ |url-status=live }}</ref> There are 15 separate parks under the City administration.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/explore/facilities/parks/major-parks |title=Major parks |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623194514/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/explore/facilities/parks/major-parks |url-status=live }}</ref> Parks within the city centre include [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]], [[The Domain, Sydney|The Domain]] and Prince Alfred Park.
[[File:Centennial_Park_NSW_2021,_Australia_-_panoramio_(7).jpg|alt=|right|thumb|The [[Centennial Parklands]] is the largest park in the City of Sydney, comprising {{cvt|189|ha|acre}}.<ref name="CPMPT cp">{{cite web |title=Centennial Park |url=http://www.centennialparklands.com.au/places_to_visit/centennial_park |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218074857/http://www.centennialparklands.com.au/places_to_visit/centennial_park |archive-date=18 February 2017 |access-date=18 February 2017 |work=Centennial Parklands |publisher=Centennial Park and Moore Park Trust }}</ref>]]
The [[Centennial Parklands]] is the largest park in the City of Sydney, comprising {{cvt|189|ha|acre}}.

The inner suburbs include [[Centennial Park, New South Wales|Centennial Park]] and [[Moore Park, New South Wales|Moore Park]] in the east (both within the City of Sydney local government area), while the outer suburbs contain [[Sydney Park]] and Royal National Park in the south, [[Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park]] in the north, and [[Western Sydney Parklands]] in the west, which is [[List of urban parks by size|one of the largest urban parks]] in the world. The Royal National Park was proclaimed in 1879 and with {{cvt|13200|ha|sqmi|0|abbr=off}} is the second oldest national park in the world.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHome.aspx?id=N0030 |title=Royal National Park |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=14 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414214842/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHome.aspx?id=N0030 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Sídney_08.jpg|thumb|The [[Anzac War Memorial]] in [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]] is a public memorial dedicated to the achievement of the [[First Australian Imperial Force|Australian Imperial Force]] of [[World War I]].<ref>"[http://www.anzacday.org.au/education/tff/memorials/nsw.html ANZAC Memorial, Sydney] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509035601/http://www.anzacday.org.au/education/tff/memorials/nsw.html|date=9 May 2015}}", ANZAC Day Commemoration Committee (Qld) Incorporated, 1998.</ref>]]
Hyde Park is the oldest parkland in the country.<ref name=MP>{{cite web |title=Hyde Park: Plan of Management and Masterplan |volume=1 |date=October 2006 |publisher=Sydney City Council |access-date=7 September 2012 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/138761/Vol1_HydePark_PoMAndMasterplan_Oct2006.pdf |pages=7–11 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622110417/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/138761/Vol1_HydePark_PoMAndMasterplan_Oct2006.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The largest park in the Sydney metropolitan area is Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, established in 1894 with an area of {{cvt|15400|ha|sqmi|0|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHistory.aspx?id=N0019 |title=Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park history |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=8 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008012351/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHistory.aspx?id=N0019 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is regarded for its well-preserved records of indigenous habitation – more than 800 rock engravings, cave drawings and middens.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkAboriginalHeritage.aspx?id=N0019 |title=Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park heritage |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=19 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319072905/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkAboriginalHeritage.aspx?id=N0019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The area now known as The Domain was set aside by Governor Arthur Phillip in 1788 as his private reserve.<ref name="Royal Botanic Gardens history">{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/history |title=Royal Botanic Gardens history |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708201747/http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/history |archive-date=8 July 2014}}</ref> Under the orders of Macquarie the land to the immediate north of The Domain became the Royal Botanic Garden in 1816. This makes them the oldest botanic garden in Australia.<ref name="Royal Botanic Gardens history" /> The Gardens host scientific research with herbarium collections, a library and laboratories.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/royal_botanic_gardens |title=Royal Botanic Gardens |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051841/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/royal_botanic_gardens |url-status=live }}</ref> The two parks have a total area of {{cvt|64|ha|sqmi|1|abbr=off}} with 8,900 individual plant species and receive over 3.5&nbsp;million annual visits.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/fast_facts |title=Royal Botanic Gardens fast facts |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708170735/http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/fast_facts |archive-date=8 July 2014}}</ref>

To the south of The Domain is Hyde Park, the oldest public parkland in Australia which measures {{cvt|16.2|ha|sqmi|1|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2006 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/138761/Vol1_HydePark_PoMAndMasterplan_Oct2006.pdf |title=Hyde Park plan of management and masterplan |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622110417/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/138761/Vol1_HydePark_PoMAndMasterplan_Oct2006.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Its location was used for both relaxation and [[grazing]] of animals from the earliest days of the colony.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/sydneys-history/people-and-places/park-histories/hyde-park |title=Hyde Park |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622125424/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/sydneys-history/people-and-places/park-histories/hyde-park |url-status=live }}</ref> Macquarie dedicated it in 1810 for the "recreation and amusement of the inhabitants of the town" and named it in honour of [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] in [[London]].

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Sydney}}
[[File:Sydney CBD on a sunny day.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[Sydney central business district|central business district]]. Sydney is the financial and economic centre of Australia, having the largest economy and contributing a quarter of Australia's total [[Gross domestic product|GDP.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Financial Centres of the World: Sydney, Australia |url=http://www.ecdconference.org/sydney.htm |access-date=16 July 2020 |website=Ecdconference.org |archive-date=21 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221001502/http://www.ecdconference.org/sydney.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Researchers from [[Loughborough University]] have ranked Sydney amongst the top ten world cities that are highly integrated into the global economy.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Loughborough University |date=2012 |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012t.html |title=The world according to GaWC 2012 |access-date=31 August 2014 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015239/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2097720_2097718_2097716,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Global Economic Power Index ranks Sydney eleventh in the world.<ref>{{cite news |last=Florida |first=Richard |date=2014 |url=http://www.citylab.com/work/2011/09/25-most-economically-powerful-cities-world/109/ |title=The 25 most economically powerful cities in the world |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |publisher=CityLab |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203195432/http://www.citylab.com/work/2011/09/25-most-economically-powerful-cities-world/109/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Global Cities Index recognises it as fourteenth in the world based on global engagement.<ref name="2014 Global Cities Index">{{cite web |publisher=AT Kearney |date=2014 |url=http://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/4461492/Global+Cities+Present+and+Future-GCI+2014.pdf |title=2014 Global Cities Index |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016172215/http://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/4461492/Global+Cities+Present+and+Future-GCI+2014.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as Australia's financial capital and one of [[Asia Pacific]]'s leading financial hubs.<ref name="Economic powerhouse">{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/economic-powerhouse |title=Economic powerhouse |access-date=21 July 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622114017/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/economic-powerhouse |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Economic profile">{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://economy.id.com.au/sydney |title=Economic profile |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623211419/http://economy.id.com.au/sydney |url-status=live }}</ref>

The prevailing economic theory during early colonial days was [[mercantilism]], as it was throughout most of Western Europe.<ref name="Economy">{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/economy |title=Economy |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019060911/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/economy |url-status=live }}</ref> The economy struggled at first due to difficulties in cultivating the land and the lack of a stable monetary system. Governor Macquarie created [[holey dollar|two coins]] from every [[Spanish dollar|Spanish silver dollar]] in circulation.<ref name="Economy"/> The economy was [[capitalism|capitalist]] in nature by the 1840s as the proportion of free settlers increased, the maritime and wool industries flourished, and the powers of the [[East India Company]] were curtailed.<ref name="Economy"/>

Wheat, gold, and other minerals became export industries towards the end of the 1800s.<ref name="Economy"/> Significant capital began to flow into the city from the 1870s to finance roads, railways, bridges, docks, courthouses, schools and hospitals. [[Protectionism|Protectionist]] policies after [[federation of Australia|federation]] allowed for the creation of a manufacturing industry which became the city's largest employer by the 1920s.<ref name="Economy"/> These same policies helped to relieve the effects of the Great Depression during which the unemployment rate in New South Wales reached as high as 32%.<ref name="Economy"/> From the 1960s onwards Parramatta gained recognition as the city's second CBD and finance and tourism became major industries and sources of employment.<ref name="Economy"/>

Sydney's nominal gross domestic product was AU$400.9&nbsp;billion and AU$80,000 per capita<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sgsep.com.au/publications/gdp-major-capital-city-2015-2016 |title=GDP report: Economic Performance of Australia's Cities and Regions |website=sgsep.com.au |date=16 December 2019 |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=21 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321173338/https://www.sgsep.com.au/publications/gdp-major-capital-city-2015-2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> in 2015.<ref name="Australian cities accounts"/><ref name="Economic profile"/> Its gross domestic product was AU$337&nbsp;billion in 2013, the largest in Australia.<ref name="Australian cities accounts">{{cite web |publisher=SGS Economics and Planning |date=2014 |url=http://www.sgsep.com.au/assets/GDP-by-Major-Capital-City-1213-.pdf |title=Australian cities accounts |access-date=31 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005092254/http://www.sgsep.com.au/assets/GDP-by-Major-Capital-City-1213-.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The financial and insurance services industry accounts for 18.1% of gross product, ahead of professional services with 9% and manufacturing with 7.2%. The creative and technology sectors are also focus industries for the City of Sydney and represented 9% and 11% of its economic output in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/creative-and-digital |title=Creative and digital |access-date=22 July 2014 |archive-date=20 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820035711/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/creative-and-digital |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Matt |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/nsw-dominates-creative-industries-report-20140629-zspzy.html |title=NSW dominates creative industries: report |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=28 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828135556/http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/nsw-dominates-creative-industries-report-20140629-zspzy.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Businesses===
There were 451,000 businesses based in Sydney in 2011, including 48% of the top 500 companies in Australia and two-thirds of the regional headquarters of multinational corporations.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Regional Development Australia |date=2010 |url=http://www.rdasydney.org.au/the-sydney-region/economic-profile/ |title=Economic profile |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016221054/http://www.rdasydney.org.au/the-sydney-region/economic-profile/ |archive-date=16 October 2014}}</ref> Global companies are attracted to the city in part because its time zone spans the closing of business in North America and the opening of business in Europe. Most foreign companies in Sydney maintain significant sales and service functions but comparably less production, research, and development capabilities.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Business Foundation |date=2009 |url=http://www.nswbusinesschamber.com.au/NSWBC/media/Misc/Ask%20Us%20How/Global-Connections-a-study-of-multinational-companies-in-Sydney.pdf |title=Global connections: a study of multinational companies in Sydney |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826061145/http://www.nswbusinesschamber.com.au/NSWBC/media/Misc/Ask%20Us%20How/Global-Connections-a-study-of-multinational-companies-in-Sydney.pdf |archive-date=26 August 2014}}</ref> There are 283 multinational companies with regional offices in Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Parliament of New South Wales |date=2000 |url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/la/qala.nsf/0/ca25708400173f67ca25706c0022f5a5 |title=Multinational companies regional headquarters |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019002708/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/la/qala.nsf/0/ca25708400173f67ca25706c0022f5a5 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Domestic economics===
[[File:Pitt Street Mall, 2014.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Pitt Street]], a major street in the [[Sydney central business district|CBD]], runs from [[Circular Quay]] in the north to [[Waterloo, New South Wales|Waterloo]] in the south, and is home to many large high-end retailers.<ref>City of Sydney, [http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/aboutsydney/historyandarchives/SydneyHistory/StreetNames.asp Street Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112195451/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/aboutsydney/historyandarchives/SydneyHistory/StreetNames.asp |date=12 January 2013 }} 22 May 2009</ref>]]
Sydney has been ranked between the fifteenth and the fifth most expensive city in the world and is the most expensive city in Australia.<ref name="Prices and earnings">{{cite web |publisher=UBS |date=2012 |url=http://www.ubs.com/pricesandearnings |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140925110920/http://www.ubs.com/pricesandearnings |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 September 2014 |title=Prices and earnings |access-date=20 July 2014 }}</ref> Of the 15 categories only measured by UBS in 2012, workers receive the seventh highest wage levels of 77 cities in the world.<ref name="Prices and earnings"/> Working residents of Sydney work an average of 1,846 hours per annum with 15 days of leave.<ref name="Prices and earnings"/>

The labour force of Greater Sydney Region in 2016 was 2,272,722 with a participation rate of 61.6%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://profile.id.com.au/australia/employment-status?WebID=250 |title=Employment status, Greater Sydney |work=ID: The Population Experts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118100544/http://profile.id.com.au/australia/employment-status?WebID=250 |archive-date=18 November 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=30 March 2018}}</ref> It comprised 61.2% full-time workers, 30.9% part-time workers, and 6.0% unemployed individuals.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/><ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/employment-status |title=Employment status |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=6 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206105606/http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/employment-status |url-status=live }}</ref> The largest reported occupations are professionals, clerical and administrative workers, managers, technicians and trades workers, and community and personal service workers.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> The largest industries by employment across Greater Sydney are Health Care and Social Assistance (11.6%), Professional Services (9.8%), Retail Trade (9.3%), Construction (8.2%), Education and Training (8.0%), Accommodation and Food Services (6.7%), and Financial and Insurance Services (6.6%).<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/$File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement |title=Greater Sydney: Basic Community Profile |publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |work=2011 Census Community Profiles |date=28 March 2013 |format=xls |access-date=9 April 2014 |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107230439/https://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/%24File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Professional Services and Financial and Insurance Services industries account for 25.4% of employment within the City of Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/industries |title=Industry sector of employment |date=2016 |publisher=City of Sydney |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103143546/http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/industries |archive-date=3 November 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref>

In 2016, 57.6% of working-age residents had a weekly income of less than $1,000 and 14.4% had a weekly income of $1,750 or more.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://profile.id.com.au/australia/individual-income?WebID=250 |title=Individual income {{!}} Greater Sydney {{!}} profile.id |website=profile.id.com.au |language=en |access-date=29 March 2018 |archive-date=15 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515024755/http://profile.id.com.au/australia/individual-income?WebID=250 |url-status=live }}</ref> The median weekly income for the same period was $719 for individuals, $1,988 for families, and $1,750 for households.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/1GSYD?opendocument |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Greater Sydney |website=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |language=en |access-date=29 March 2018 |archive-date=20 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320091948/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/1GSYD?opendocument |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Unemployment in the City of Sydney averaged 4.6% for the decade to 2013, much lower than the current rate of unemployment in Western Sydney of 7.3%.<ref name="Economic profile"/><ref name="The daily exodus from western Sydney">{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Matt |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/the-daily-exodus-from-western-sydney-20140404-363zz.html |title=The daily exodus from western Sydney |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=17 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717043059/http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/the-daily-exodus-from-western-sydney-20140404-363zz.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Western Sydney continues to struggle to create jobs to meet its population growth despite the development of commercial centres like Parramatta. Each day about 200,000 commuters travel from Western Sydney to the CBD and suburbs in the east and north of the city.<ref name="The daily exodus from western Sydney"/>

Home ownership in Sydney was less common than renting prior to the Second World War but this trend has since reversed.<ref name="Housing Sydney"/> Median house prices have increased by an average of 8.6% per annum since 1970.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abelson |first1=Peter |last2=Chung |first2=Demi |date=2004 |url=http://www.econ.mq.edu.au/Econ_docs/research_papers2/2004_research_papers/Abelson_9_04.pdf |title=Housing prices in Australia: 1970 to 2003 |publisher=Macquarie University |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228091902/http://www.econ.mq.edu.au/Econ_docs/research_papers2/2004_research_papers/Abelson_9_04.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2014 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6416.0Main+Features1Mar%202014?OpenDocument |title=Residential property price indexes: eight capital cities |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=18 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718081354/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6416.0Main+Features1Mar%202014?OpenDocument |url-status=live }}</ref> The median house price in March 2014 was $630,000.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=RP Data |date=2014 |url=http://www.rpdata.com/images/stories/content/pressreleases/2014-04-01--rpdata-rismark-home-value-index.pdf |title=Home value index results |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415214139/http://www.rpdata.com/images/stories/content/pressreleases/2014-04-01--rpdata-rismark-home-value-index.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2014}}</ref> The primary cause of rising prices is the increasing cost of land and scarcity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rebecca |first=Thistleton |url=https://www.afr.com/property/residential/housing-land-so-scarce-so-expensive-20140325-ixb49 |title=Housing land: so scarce so expensive |work=Australian Financial Review |access-date=7 April 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407004824/https://www.afr.com/property/residential/housing-land-so-scarce-so-expensive-20140325-ixb49 |url-status=live }}</ref> 31.6% of dwellings in Sydney are rented, 30.4% are owned outright and 34.8% are owned with a mortgage.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> 11.8% of mortgagees in 2011 had monthly loan repayments of less than $1,000 and 82.9% had monthly repayments of $1,000 or more.<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS/> 44.9% of renters for the same period had weekly rent of less than $350 whilst 51.7% had weekly rent of $350 or more. The median weekly rent in Sydney in 2011 was $450.<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS/>

===Financial services===
[[File:(1)Commonwealth Bank Martin Place.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[State Savings Bank building|State Savings Bank]]]]
Macquarie gave a charter in 1817 to form the first bank in Australia, the [[Bank of New South Wales]].<ref name="Australia's banking history">{{cite web |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=1998 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/money/currency/features/feat3.htm |title=Australia's banking history |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730142737/http://www.abc.net.au/money/currency/features/feat3.htm |archive-date=30 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> New private banks opened throughout the 1800s but the financial system was unstable. Bank collapses were frequent and a crisis point was reached in 1893 when 12 banks failed.<ref name="Australia's banking history"/>

The Bank of New South Wales exists to this day as [[Westpac]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/bank_of_new_south_wales |title=Bank of New South Wales |access-date=8 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019064205/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/bank_of_new_south_wales |url-status=live }}</ref> The Commonwealth Bank of Australia was formed in Sydney in 1911 and began to issue notes backed by the resources of the nation. It was replaced in this role in 1959 by the [[Reserve Bank of Australia]], also based in Sydney.<ref name="Australia's banking history"/> The [[Australian Securities Exchange]] began operating in 1987 and with a market capitalisation of $1.6&nbsp;trillion is now one of the ten largest exchanges in the world.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=ASX |date=2014 |url=http://www.asx.com.au/about/history.htm |title=History |access-date=31 August 2014 |archive-date=2 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902024549/http://www.asx.com.au/about/history.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Financial and Insurance Services industry now constitutes 43% of the economic product of the City of Sydney.<ref name="Economic powerhouse"/> Sydney makes up half of Australia's finance sector and has been promoted by consecutive Commonwealth Governments as [[Asia Pacific]]'s leading financial centre.<ref name="Tough week for a Sydney success story"/><ref name="Another shot at making city a finance hub"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Murray |first=Lisa |date=2005 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/Business/Sydneys-niche-in-global-finance/2005/04/26/1114462041806.html |title=Sydney's niche in global finance |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924193743/http://www.smh.com.au/news/Business/Sydneys-niche-in-global-finance/2005/04/26/1114462041806.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2017 [[Global Financial Centres Index]], Sydney was ranked as having the eighth most competitive financial centre in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000617/http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 June 2017 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 21 |date=March 2017 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref>

In 1985 the Federal Government granted 16 banking licences to foreign banks and now 40 of the 43 foreign banks operating in Australia are based in Sydney, including the [[People's Bank of China]], [[Bank of America]], [[Citigroup]], [[UBS]], [[Mizuho Bank]], [[Bank of China]], [[Banco Santander]], [[Credit Suisse]], [[Standard Chartered]], [[State Street Corporation|State Street]], [[HSBC]], [[Deutsche Bank]], [[Barclays]], [[Royal Bank of Canada]], [[Société Générale]], [[Royal Bank of Scotland]], [[Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation|Sumitomo Mitsui]], [[ING Group]], [[BNP Paribas]], and [[Investec]].<ref name="Economic powerhouse"/><ref name="Australia's banking history"/><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of Trade and Investment |date=2014 |url=http://www.business.nsw.gov.au/doing-business-in-nsw/industry-sectors/finance-and-banking/financial-services |title=Financial services |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621101231/http://www.business.nsw.gov.au/doing-business-in-nsw/industry-sectors/finance-and-banking/financial-services |archive-date=21 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Prudential Regulation Authority |date=2014 |url=http://www.apra.gov.au/adi/pages/adilist.aspx |title=List of authorised deposit-taking institutions |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730182132/http://www.apra.gov.au/adi/Pages/adilist.aspx |archive-date=30 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Manufacturing===
{{Main|Manufacturing in Australia}}
Sydney has been a manufacturing city since the 1920s. By 1961 the industry accounted for 39% of all employment and by 1970 over 30% of all Australian manufacturing jobs were in Sydney.<ref name="Sydney">{{cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Shirley |date=2011 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney |title=Sydney |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019062156/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney |url-status=live }}</ref> Its status has declined in recent decades, making up 12.6% of employment in 2001 and 8.5% in 2011.<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS/><ref name="Sydney"/> Between 1970 and 1985 there was a loss of 180,000 manufacturing jobs.<ref name="Sydney"/> Despite this, Sydney still overtook Melbourne as the largest manufacturing centre in Australia in the 2010s,<ref>{{cite news |title=Sydney takes manufacturing capital crown from Melbourne |work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=8 February 2014 |access-date=4 April 2020 |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |archive-date=6 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406184950/http://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> with a manufacturing output of $21.7&nbsp;billion in 2013.<ref name="Sydney takes manufacturing capital crown from Melbourne">{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Matt |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |title=Sydney takes manufacturing capital crown from Melbourne |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=6 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406184950/http://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Observers have credited Sydney's focus on the domestic market and high-tech manufacturing for its resilience against the high [[Australian dollar]] of the early 2010s.<ref name="Sydney takes manufacturing capital crown from Melbourne"/> The ''Smithfield-Wetherill Park Industrial Estate'' in [[Greater Western Sydney|Western Sydney]] is the largest [[industrial estate]] in the Southern Hemisphere and is the centre of manufacturing and distribution in the region.<ref>[https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/south-west/dont-forget-the-southern-hemispheres-largest-industrial-zone/news-story/479f600dcc096d0325ad60fab0372f99 Don't forget the Southern Hemisphere's Largest Industrial Zone] by Marie Hogg and Simon Benson, The Daily Telegraph, 13 November 2015</ref>

===Tourism and international education===
{{Main|Tourism in Sydney}}
[[File:2021-04-30 Darling Harbour panorama (cropped).jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Darling Harbour]] is a major entertainment and tourism precinct. ]]
Sydney is a gateway to Australia for many international visitors and ranks among the top sixty most visited cities in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceoworld.biz/2019/12/05/these-are-the-worlds-most-visited-cities-among-international-travelers-2019/ |work=CEO World |title=These Are The World's Most Visited Cities Among International Travelers, 2019 |last=Ireland |first=Sophie |date=5 December 2020 |access-date=1 April 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801055349/https://ceoworld.biz/2019/12/05/these-are-the-worlds-most-visited-cities-among-international-travelers-2019/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It has hosted over 2.8&nbsp;million international visitors in 2013, or nearly half of all international visits to Australia. These visitors spent 59&nbsp;million nights in the city and a total of $5.9&nbsp;billion.<ref name="Our global city"/> The countries of origin in descending order were China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Germany, Hong Kong, and India.<ref name="Travel to Sydney">{{cite web |publisher=Destination New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.destinationnsw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Sydney-YE-Dec-13.pdf |title=Travel to Sydney |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814164520/http://www.destinationnsw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Sydney-YE-Dec-13.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The city also received 8.3&nbsp;million domestic overnight visitors in 2013 who spent a total of $6&nbsp;billion.<ref name="Travel to Sydney" /> 26,700 workers in the City of Sydney were directly employed by tourism in 2011.<ref name="Tourism">{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2013 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/tourism |title=Tourism |access-date=21 July 2014}}</ref> There were 480,000 visitors and 27,500 people staying overnight each day in 2012.<ref name="Tourism" /> On average, the tourism industry contributes $36&nbsp;million to the city's economy per day.<ref name="Tourism" />

Popular destinations include the Sydney Opera House, the Sydney Harbour Bridge, [[Watsons Bay]], [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]], Sydney Tower, [[Darling Harbour]], the Royal Botanic Garden, the [[Australian Museum]], the [[Museum of Contemporary Art Australia|Museum of Contemporary Art]], the [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]], the [[Queen Victoria Building]], [[Sea Life Sydney Aquarium]], [[Taronga Zoo]], [[Bondi Beach]], [[Luna Park Sydney|Luna Park]] and [[Sydney Olympic Park]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Greenwood |first1=Justine |last2=White |first2=Richard |date=2011 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/tourism |title=Tourism |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref>

Major developmental projects designed to increase Sydney's tourism sector include a [[Crown Sydney|casino and hotel]] at Barangaroo and the redevelopment of [[Darling Harbour#Redevelopment|East Darling Harbour]], which involves a new [[International Convention Centre Sydney|exhibition and convention centre]], now Australia's largest.<ref>{{cite news |title=For the good of Sydney, back this plan |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/for-the-good-of-sydney-back-this-plan-20121102-28p9t.html#ixzz2BFtdMao9 |newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Barangaroo timeline |url=http://barangaroo.com.au/discover-barangaroo/timeline.aspx |publisher=Barangaroo Delivery Authority |access-date=2 June 2016 |archive-date=15 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215072208/http://barangaroo.com.au/discover-barangaroo/timeline.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="beabeats.com.au">{{cite web |url=http://www.beabeats.com.au/business-events-australia-newsletter-march-2015/ |title=BEA – Business Events Australia Newsletter – March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610203820/http://www.beabeats.com.au/business-events-australia-newsletter-march-2015/ |archive-date=10 June 2015}}</ref>

Sydney is the highest-ranking city in the world for international students. More than 50,000 international students study at the city's universities and a further 50,000 study at its [[TAFE NSW|vocational]] and English language schools.<ref name="2014 Global Cities Index"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Alexandra |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/education/sydney-named-top-destination-in-the-world-for-international-students-20140427-zqz2a.html |title=Sydney named top destination in the world for international students |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref> International education contributes $1.6&nbsp;billion to the local economy and creates demand for 4,000 local jobs each year.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/international-education |title=International education |access-date=23 July 2014}}</ref>

===Housing affordability===
In 2023, Sydney was ranked the least affordable city to buy a house in Australia and the second least affordable city in the world, after Hong Kong,<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.demographia.com/dhi.pdf |title=Demographia International Housing Affordability - 2024 Edition |last=Cox |first=Wendell}}</ref> with the average Sydney house price in late 2023 costing A$1.59 million, and the average unit price costing A$795,000.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.afr.com/property/residential/sydney-median-house-price-hits-record-1-6m-unit-values-fall-behind-20240122-p5ez7v#:~:text=Sydney%20house%20prices%20increased%20by,peak%20recorded%20in%20March%202022 | title=Sydney median house price hits record | date=23 January 2024 }}</ref> As of early 2024, Sydney is often described in the media as having a housing shortage, or suffering a housing crisis.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.news.com.au/national/nsw-act/homelessness-tsunami-housing-shortage-crisis-facing-sydney/news-story/d0b425b3fda8cf66c948e12ac6702e3e |title='Homelessness tsunami': Housing shortage crisis facing Sydney |last=Wang |first=Jessica |date=12 February 2024 |publisher=NCA NewsWire}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/nsw/the-shocking-statistic-that-illustrates-sydney-s-housing-crisis-20231229-p5eu87.html | title=The shocking statistic that illustrates Sydney's housing crisis | date=January 2024 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Sydney}}
[[File:Chinese New Year Parade in Chinatown Sydney.jpg|thumb|left|[[Chinese New Year]] celebrations in [[Chinatown, Sydney|Chinatown]]. Sydney is home to the nation's largest population of [[Chinese Australians]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/%24File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement |title=Archived copy |website=www.censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620142956/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/%24File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement |archive-date=20 June 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>]]
The population of Sydney in 1788 was less than 1,000.<ref name="Immigration">{{cite web |last=Jupp |first=James |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/immigration |title=Immigration |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> With convict transportation it almost tripled in ten years to 2,953.<ref name="Australian historical population statistics">{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2006 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3105.0.65.001Main+Features12006 |title=Australian historical population statistics, 2006 |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> For each decade since 1961 the population has increased by more than 250,000.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2008 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3105.0.65.001 |title=Australian historical population statistics, 2008 |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> The 2021 census recorded the population of Greater Sydney as 5,231,150.{{r|ABSGCCSA}} The [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] (ABS) projects the population will grow to between 8 and 8.9&nbsp;million by 2061, but that Melbourne will replace Sydney as Australia's most populous city by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2013 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3222.0 |title=Population projections, Australia, 2012 to 2101 |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Wright |first1=Shane |last2=Sakkal |first2=Paul |date=27 March 2019 |title=Booming Melbourne to become nation's largest city by 2026 |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/booming-melbourne-to-become-nation-s-largest-city-by-2026-20190327-p5186v.html |access-date=6 March 2020 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> The four most densely populated suburbs in Australia are located in Sydney with each having more than 13,000 residents per square kilometre (33,700 residents per square mile).<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2013 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/lookup/3218.0Media%20Release12011-12 |title=Regional population growth, Australia, 2011 to 2012 |access-date=18 October 2014}}</ref> Between 1971 and 2018, Sydney experienced a net loss of 716,832 people to the rest of Australia, but its population grew due to overseas arrivals and a healthy birth rate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanna |first=Conal |title=The world loves Sydney. Australians aren't that fussed |url=https://www.smh.com.au/interactive/2018/the-world-loves-sydney-australians-arent-that-fussed/ |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref>

The median age of Sydney residents is 37 and 14.8% of people are 65 or older.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> 48.6% of Sydney's population is married whilst 36.7% have never been married.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> 49.0% of families are couples with children, 34.4% are couples without children, and 14.8% are single-parent families.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/>

===Ancestry and immigration===
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
|+ Country of birth (2021)<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/1GSYD|title=2021 Greater Sydney, Census Community Profiles |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref>
! Birthplace{{refn|group="N"|In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, [[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Mainland China]] and the Special Administrative Regions of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] are listed separately.}}!! Population
|-
| [[Australia]] ||2,970,737
|-
| [[Mainland China]] ||238,316 <!-- Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau SARs are listed separately as per the source. Do not combine -->
|-
| [[India]]||187,810
|-
| [[England]] ||153,052 <!-- England and Scotland are listed separately as per the source. Do not combine -->
|-
| [[Vietnam]]||93,778
|-
| [[Philippines]]||91,339
|-
| New Zealand ||85,493
|-
| Lebanon ||61,620
|-
| Nepal ||59,055
|-
| Iraq ||52,604
|-
| South Korea ||50,702
|-
| Hong Kong SAR ||46,182 <!-- Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau SARs are listed separately as per the source. Do not combine -->
|-
| South Africa ||39,564
|-
| Italy ||38,762
|-
| Indonesia ||35,413
|-
| Malaysia ||35,002
|-
| Fiji ||34,197
|-
| Pakistan ||31,025
|}
Most immigrants to Sydney between 1840 and 1930 were [[British Australian|British]], [[Irish Australian|Irish]] or [[Chinese Australian|Chinese]]. At the 2021 census, the most common ancestries were:<ref name="auto"/> <!-- Only ancestries with >1% are listed. -->
{{columns-list|colwidth=12em|
* [[English Australians|English]] (21.8%)
* [[Australians|Australian]] (20.4%){{refn|group="N"|The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the [[Anglo-Celtic Australian|Anglo-Celtic]] group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182!OpenDocument|title=Feature Article – Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article)|first=c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of|last=Statistics|website=www.abs.gov.au|date=January 1995}}</ref>}}
* [[Chinese Australians|Chinese]] (11.6%)
* [[Irish Australians|Irish]] (7.2%)
* [[Scottish Australians|Scottish]] (5.6%)
* [[Indian Australians|Indian]] (4.9%)
* [[Italian Australians|Italian]] (4.3%)
* [[Lebanese Australians|Lebanese]] (3.5%)
* [[Filipino Australians|Filipino]] (2.7%)
* [[Greek Australians|Greek]] (2.6%)
* [[Vietnamese Australians|Vietnamese]] (2.5%)
* [[German Australians|German]] (2.2%)
* [[Korean Australians|Korean]] (1.4%)
* [[Nepalese Australians|Nepalese]] (1.4%)
* [[Aboriginal Australians|Australian Aboriginal]] (1.4%){{refn|Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.}}
* [[Maltese Australians|Maltese]] (1.1%)
}}

At the 2021 census, 40.5%<!-- This is correct. Australian born minus total persons doesn't equal overseas born, as 5% didn't state their place of birth. --> of Sydney's population was born overseas. Foreign countries of birth with the greatest representation are mainland China, India, England, Vietnam, Philippines and New Zealand.<ref name="auto" />

At the 2021 census, 1.7% of Sydney's population identified as being [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous]] — [[Aboriginal Australians]] and [[Torres Strait Islanders]].{{refn|group="N"|Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.}}<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=2021 Greater Sydney, Census All persons QuickStats &#124; Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/1GSYD |access-date=2 July 2022 |website=Abs.gov.au}}</ref>

===Language===
42% of households in Sydney use a language other than English, with the most common being Mandarin (5%), Arabic (4.2%), Cantonese (2.8%), Vietnamese (2.2%) and [[Hindi]] (1.5%).<ref name="auto1"/>

===Religion===
[[File:St Mary's Cathedral - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney|St Mary's Cathedral]] is the [[cathedral]] church of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney]].]]
In 2021, [[Christianity]] was the largest religious affiliation at 46%, the largest denominations of which were [[Catholic Church in Australia|Catholicism]] at 23.1% and [[Anglicanism in Australia|Anglicanism]] at 9.2%. 30.3% of Sydney residents identified as having no religion. The most common non-Christian religious affiliations were [[Islam]] (6.3%), [[Hinduism]] (4.8%), [[Buddhism]] (3.8%), [[Sikhism]] (0.7%), and [[Judaism]] (0.7%). About 500 people identified with traditional Aboriginal religions.<ref name="auto"/>

The [[Church of England]] was the only recognised church before Governor Macquarie appointed official Catholic chaplains in 1820.<ref name="O'Brien-2013">O'Brien, Anne (2013). "Religion". ''The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I''. pp. 419–20</ref> Macquarie also ordered the construction of [[Church (building)|churches]] such as St Matthew's, St Luke's, St James's, and St Andrew's. Religious groups, alongside secular institutions, have played a significant role in education, health and charitable services throughout Sydney's history.<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |last=Carey |first=Hilary |date=2008 |title=Religion |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/religion |access-date=9 August 2014 |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney}}</ref>

===Crime===
{{Main|Crime in Sydney}}
Crime in Sydney is low, with ''[[The Independent]]'' ranking Sydney as the fifth safest city in the world in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tokyo ranks as the world's safest city for the third time |work=The Independent |date=30 August 2019 |access-date=1 September 2019 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/tokyo-safest-cities-world-singapore-osaka-amsterdam-economist-intelligence-unit-safe-cities-index-a9083236.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/tokyo-safest-cities-world-singapore-osaka-amsterdam-economist-intelligence-unit-safe-cities-index-a9083236.html |archive-date=26 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref> However, drug use is a significant problem. Methamphetamine is heavily consumed compared to other countries, while heroin is less common.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2022 |title=Australia is high on ice, eclipsing 24 other countries |url=https://unisa.edu.au/media-centre/Releases/2022/australia-is-high-on-ice-eclipsing-24-other-countries/ |access-date=25 August 2022 |website=UniSA |language=en}}</ref> One of the biggest crime-related issues in recent times was the introduction of [[Sydney lockout laws|lockout laws]] in February 2014,<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Pages/media-news/media-releases/2014/lockouts-to-commence-feb.aspx |first=Barry |last=O'Farrell |author-link=Barry O'Farrell |date=5 February 2014 |title=Lockout to commence from 24 February |publisher=NSW Government |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615154959/http://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Pages/media-news/media-releases/2014/lockouts-to-commence-feb.aspx |archive-date=15 June 2016}}</ref> in an attempt to curb alcohol-fuelled violence. Patrons could not enter clubs or bars in the inner-city after 1:30am, and last drinks were called at 3am. The lockout laws were removed in January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-14/nsw-police-increase-patrols-after-sydney-lockout-laws-scrapped/11863296 |title=Bars, clubs celebrate as Sydney's lockout laws get lifted |date=14 January 2020 |website=ABC News |language=en-AU |access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Sydney}}

===Science, art, and history===
[[File:Art Gallery of New South Wales at night.jpg|thumb|The [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]], located in [[The Domain, Sydney|The Domain]], is the fourth largest public gallery in Australia.]]
[[Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park]] is rich in [[Indigenous Australian]] heritage, containing around 1,500 pieces of [[Aboriginal rock art]] – the largest cluster of Indigenous sites in Australia. The park's indigenous sites include [[petroglyph]]s, art sites, [[burial site]]s, [[cave]]s, marriage areas, birthing areas, [[midden]] sites, and tool manufacturing locations, which are dated to be around 5,000 years old. The inhabitants of the area were the [[Kuringgai|Garigal]] people.<ref name="abhe">{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkAboriginalHeritage.aspx?id=N0019 |title=Aboriginal heritage |work=Office of Environment and Heritage |publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]] |access-date=7 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="discover">{{Cite book |title=Discover Australia's National Parks |last=Hema Maps |year=1997 |publisher=[[Random House]] Australia |location=Milsons Point, New South Wales |isbn=1-875992-47-2 |pages=116{{endash}}7 }}</ref> Other [[Sydney Rock Art|rock art sites]] exist in the Sydney region, such as in [[Terrey Hills]] and [[Bondi, New South Wales|Bondi]], although the locations of most are not publicised to prevent damage by vandalism, and to retain their quality, as they are still regarded as sacred sites by Indigenous Australians.<ref>Basedow, H. 1914. "Aboriginal rock carvings of great antiquity in S.A." ''J. R. Anthropol. Inst.'', 44, 195–211.</ref>
[[File:Public Library of New South Wales-Shakespeare Place view.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[State Library of New South Wales]] holds the oldest library collections in Australia.]]
The [[Australian Museum]] opened in Sydney in 1827 with the purpose of collecting and displaying the natural wealth of the colony.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/australian_museum |title=Australian Museum |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=8 August 2014}}</ref> It remains Australia's oldest natural history museum. In 1995 the [[Museum of Sydney]] opened on the site of the first [[Government House, Sydney|Government House]]. It recounts the story of the city's development.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ellmoos |first1=Laila |last2=Walden |first2=Inara |date=2011 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/museum_of_sydney |title=Museum of Sydney |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> Other museums include the [[Powerhouse Museum]] and the [[Australian National Maritime Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Powerhouse Museum |date=2014 |url=http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/about/about-museum.php |title=About the Powerhouse Museum |access-date=11 October 2014 |archive-date=3 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003062038/http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/about/about-museum.php |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian National Maritime Museum |date=2014 |url=http://www.anmm.gov.au/about-us/who-we-are/our-museum |title=Our Museum: history and vision |access-date=11 October 2014 |archive-date=11 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011090848/http://www.anmm.gov.au/about-us/who-we-are/our-museum |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[State Library of New South Wales]] holds the oldest library collections in Australia, being established as the [[Australian Subscription Library]] in 1826.<ref name="History1">{{cite web |url=http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/about/history/index.html |title=History of the Library <nowiki>|</nowiki> State Library of New South Wales | access-date=7 February 2011 |publisher=State Library of New South Wales}}</ref> The [[Royal Society of New South Wales]], formed in 1866, encourages "studies and investigations in science, art, literature, and philosophy". It is based in a terrace house in [[Darlington, New South Wales|Darlington]] owned by the [[University of Sydney]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Tyler |first=Peter |date=2010 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/royal_society_of_new_south_wales |title=Royal Society of New South Wales |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> The [[Sydney Observatory]] building was constructed in 1859 and used for astronomy and meteorology research until 1982 before being converted into a museum.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_observatory_building |title=Sydney Observatory building |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref>

The [[Museum of Contemporary Art Australia|Museum of Contemporary Art]] was opened in 1991 and occupies an [[Art Deco]] building in [[Circular Quay]]. Its collection was founded in the 1940s by artist and art collector John Power and has been maintained by the University of Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/museum_of_contemporary_art |title=Museum of Contemporary Art |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> Sydney's other significant art institution is the [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]] which coordinates the [[Archibald Prize]] for portraiture.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Art Gallery of New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/about-us/ |title=About us |access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> Sydney is also home to contemporary art gallery [[Artspace Visual Arts Centre|Artspace]], housed in the historic [[The Gunnery, Woolloomooloo|Gunnery Building]] in [[Woolloomooloo]], fronting [[Sydney Harbour]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=NSW Department of Customer Service |first=Transport for NSW |date=28 April 2023 |title=Artspace Sydney {{!}} NSW Government |url=https://www.nsw.gov.au/visiting-and-exploring-nsw/locations-and-attractions/artspace-sydney |access-date=14 September 2023 |website=www.nsw.gov.au |language=en-AU}}</ref>

===Entertainment===
[[File:Atrium of State Theatre IMG 4687a.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[State Theatre (Sydney)|State Theatre]] on [[Market Street, Sydney|Market Street]] was opened in 1929.]]

Sydney's first commercial theatre opened in 1832 and nine more had commenced performances by the late 1920s. The live medium lost much of its popularity to the cinema during the Great Depression before experiencing a revival after World War II.<ref>{{cite web |last=McPherson |first=Ailsa |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/theatre |title=Theatre |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> Prominent theatres in the city today include [[State Theatre (Sydney)|State Theatre]], [[Theatre Royal, Sydney|Theatre Royal]], [[Sydney Theatre]], [[The Wharf Theatre]], and [[Capitol Theatre, Sydney|Capitol Theatre]]. [[Sydney Theatre Company]] maintains a roster of local, classical, and international plays. It occasionally features Australian theatre icons such as [[David Williamson]], [[Hugo Weaving]], and [[Geoffrey Rush]]. The city's other prominent theatre companies are [[New Theatre (Newtown)|New Theatre]], [[Belvoir (theatre company)|Belvoir]], and [[Griffin Theatre Company]]. Sydney is also home to [[Event Cinemas]]' first theatre, which opened on [[George St, Sydney|George St]] in 1913, under its former Greater Union brand; the theatre currently operates, and is regarded as one of Australia's busiest cinema locations.

The Sydney Opera House is the home of [[Opera Australia]] and [[Sydney Symphony]]. It has staged over 100,000 performances and received 100&nbsp;million visitors since opening in 1973.<ref name="Sydney Opera House"/> Two other important performance venues in Sydney are [[Sydney Town Hall|Town Hall]] and the [[City Recital Hall]]. The [[Sydney Conservatorium of Music]] is located adjacent to the Royal Botanic Garden and serves the Australian music community through education and its biannual [[Australian Music Examinations Board]] exams.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Conservatorium of Music |date=2014 |url=http://music.sydney.edu.au/about/history/ |title=History |access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>

[[File:Interior of Sydney Opera House Concert Hall during performance.jpg|thumb|A concert at the [[Sydney Opera House]]]]

Many writers have originated in and set their work in Sydney. Others have visited the city and commented on it. Some of them are commemorated in the [[Sydney Writers Walk]] at Circular Quay. The city was the headquarters for Australia's first published newspaper, the ''[[Sydney Gazette]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Isaacs |first=Victor |title=Two hundred years of Sydney newspapers: a short history |year=2003 |publisher=Rural Press |location=North Richmond |pages=3–5 |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/eserv/UQ:11092/sydnews.pdf}}</ref> Watkin Tench's ''A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay'' (1789) and ''A Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson in New South Wales'' (1793) have remained the best-known accounts of life in early Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/literature |title=The Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> Since the infancy of the establishment, much of the literature set in Sydney were concerned with life in the city's slums and working-class communities, notably [[William Lane]]'s ''The Working Man's Paradise'' (1892), [[Christina Stead]]'s ''[[Seven Poor Men of Sydney]]'' (1934) and [[Ruth Park]]'s ''[[The Harp in the South]]'' (1948).<ref name="RuthPark">{{Cite news |last=Maunder |first=Patricia |title=Novelist shone a light on slums |newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald |date=17 December 2010 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/obituaries/novelist-shone-a-light-on-slums-20101216-18zid.html |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> The first Australian-born female novelist, [[Louisa Atkinson]], set several novels in Sydney.<ref>Maguire, M., 'Atkinson, (Caroline) Louisa Waring', in R. Aitken and M. Looker (eds), ''Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens'', South Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 35.</ref> Contemporary writers, such as [[Elizabeth Harrower (writer)|Elizabeth Harrower]], were born in the city and set most of their work there–Harrower's debut novel ''[[Down in the City]]'' (1957) was mostly set in a [[King's Cross, New South Wales|King's Cross]] apartment.<ref name="Harrower">{{cite magazine |title=Rediscovering Elizabeth Harrower |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=20 October 2014 |access-date=6 March 2018 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/10/20/time-lies}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Text Publishing – Down in the City |url=https://www.textpublishing.com.au/books/down-in-the-city |date=23 October 2013 |access-date=22 March 2018 |isbn=9781922147042 |last1=Harrower |first1=Elizabeth|publisher=Text Publishing Company }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Review: Down in the City by Elizabeth Harrower |work=Readings.com.au |date=25 October 2013 |access-date=22 March 2018 |url=https://www.readings.com.au/review/down-in-the-city-by-elizabeth-harrower}}</ref> Well known contemporary novels set in the city include [[Melina Marchetta]]'s ''[[Looking for Alibrandi (novel)|Looking for Alibrandi]]'' (1992), [[Peter Carey (novelist)|Peter Carey]]'s ''30 Days in Sydney: A Wildly Distorted Account'' (1999), [[J. M. Coetzee]]'s ''[[Diary of a Bad Year]]'' (2007) and [[Kate Grenville]]'s ''[[The Secret River]]'' (2010). The [[Sydney Writers' Festival]] is held annually between April and May.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.swf.org.au/about-us/ |work=Sydney Writers' Festival (SWF) Official Site |access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref>

Filmmaking in Sydney was prolific until the 1920s when spoken films were introduced and American productions gained dominance.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Balint |first1=Ruth |last2=Dolgopolov |first2=Greg |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/film |title=Film |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> The [[Australian New Wave]] saw a resurgence in film production, with many notable features shot in the city between the 1970s and 80s, helmed by directors such as [[Bruce Beresford]], [[Peter Weir]] and [[Gillian Armstrong]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Australian pride is its 'new wave' of films |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1981 |access-date=25 March 2018 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/15/movies/australia-s-pride-is-it-s-new-wave-of-films.html}}</ref> [[Fox Studios Australia]] commenced production in Sydney in 1998. Successful films shot in Sydney since then include ''[[The Matrix]]'', ''[[Lantana (film)|Lantana]]'', ''[[Mission: Impossible 2]]'', ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'', ''[[Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones]]'', ''[[Australia (2008 film)|Australia]]'', ''[[Superman Returns]]'', and ''[[The Great Gatsby (2013 film)|The Great Gatsby]]''. The [[National Institute of Dramatic Art]] is based in Sydney and has several famous alumni such as [[Mel Gibson]], [[Judy Davis]], [[Baz Luhrmann]], [[Cate Blanchett]], [[Hugo Weaving]] and [[Jacqueline McKenzie|Jacqueline Mckenzie]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=National Institute of Dramatic Art |date=2014 |url=http://www.nida.edu.au/about-nida/history |title=History |access-date=11 October 2014 |archive-date=17 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017134650/http://www.nida.edu.au/about-nida/history |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Sydney hosts several festivals throughout the year. The city's [[Sydney New Year's Eve|New Year's Eve]] celebrations are the largest in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kaur |first=Jaskiran |date=2013 |url=http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/531947/20131227/party-new-year-s-eve-australia-sydney.htm |title=Where to party in Australia on New Year's Eve |website=International Business Times |access-date=27 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708231528/http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/531947/20131227/party-new-year-s-eve-australia-sydney.htm |archive-date=8 July 2014}}</ref> The [[Sydney Royal Easter Show|Royal Easter Show]] is held every year at Sydney Olympic Park. [[Sydney Festival]] is Australia's largest arts festival.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Festival |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneyfestival.org.au/About/About-Us/ |title=About us |access-date=11 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927103437/http://www.sydneyfestival.org.au/About/About-Us/ |archive-date=27 September 2014}}</ref> The travelling rock music festival [[Big Day Out]] originated in Sydney. The city's two largest film festivals are [[Sydney Film Festival]] and [[Tropfest]]. [[Vivid Sydney]] is an annual outdoor exhibition of art installations, light projections, and music. In 2015, Sydney was ranked the 13th top [[fashion capital]] in the world.<ref>[http://www.languagemonitor.com/fashion/paris-towers-over-world-of-fashion-as-top-global-fashion-capital-for-2015/ The Top Global Fashion Capitals for 2016] – The [[Global Language Monitor]], 2016</ref> It hosts the [[Australian Fashion Week]] in autumn. [[Sydney Mardi Gras]] has commenced each February since 1979.

Sydney's [[Chinatown, Sydney|Chinatown]] has had numerous locations since the 1850s. It moved from [[George Street, Sydney|George Street]] to Campbell Street to its current setting in Dixon Street in 1980.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Shirley |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chinatown |title=Chinatown |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> Little Italy is located in Stanley Street.<ref name="Economy"/>

Restaurants, bars and nightclubs can be found in the entertainment hubs in the Sydney CBD ([[Darling Harbour]], [[Barangaroo, New South Wales|Barangaroo]], [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]] and [[George Street, Sydney|George Street]]), [[Oxford Street, Sydney|Oxford Street]], [[Surry Hills, New South Wales|Surry Hills]], [[Newtown, New South Wales|Newtown]] and [[Parramatta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nightlife Archives |url=https://concreteplayground.com/melbourne/category/food-drink/nightlife |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=Concrete Playground |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The best clubs in Sydney |url=https://www.timeout.com/sydney/nightlife/the-best-clubs-in-sydney |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=Time Out Sydney |language=en}}</ref> [[Kings Cross, New South Wales|Kings Cross]] was previously considered the red-light district. [[The Star, Sydney|The Star]] is the city's casino and is situated next to [[Darling Harbour]] while the new [[Crown Sydney]] resort is in nearby [[Barangaroo, New South Wales|Barangaroo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discover the best of Crown Sydney |url=http://www.crownsydney.com.au/home |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=Crown Sydney |archive-date=25 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025131306/https://www.crownsydney.com.au/home |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Media===
{{Main|Media in Sydney}}
[[File:Ultimo ABC - cropped.jpg|alt=|thumb|Australia's national broadcaster, the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]], is headquartered in [[Ultimo, New South Wales|Ultimo]].]]
The ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'' is Australia's oldest newspaper still in print; it has been published continuously since 1831.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lagan |first=Bernard |date=2012 |url=http://www.theglobalmail.org/feature/breaking-news-and-hearts-at-the-herald/277/ |title=Breaking: news and hearts at the Herald |work=[[The Global Mail]] |access-date=27 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623194413/http://www.theglobalmail.org/feature/breaking-news-and-hearts-at-the-herald/277/ |archive-date=23 June 2012}}</ref> Its competitor is ''[[Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph]]'', in print since 1879.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Clancy |first=Laurie |date=2004 |title=The media and cinema |journal=Culture and Customs of Australia |page=126}}</ref> Both papers have Sunday tabloid editions called ''[[The Sun-Herald]]'' and ''[[Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Sunday Telegraph]]'' respectively. ''[[The Bulletin (Australian periodical)|The Bulletin]]'' was founded in Sydney in 1880 and became Australia's longest running magazine. It closed after 128 years of continuous publication.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2010 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/the_bulletin |title=The Bulletin |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> Sydney heralded Australia's first newspaper, the ''[[Sydney Gazette]]'', published until 1842.

Each of Australia's three commercial television networks and two public broadcasters is headquartered in Sydney. [[Nine Network|Nine's]] offices and news studios are in [[North Sydney, New South Wales|North Sydney]], [[Network 10|Ten]] is based in [[Pyrmont, New South Wales|Pyrmont]], and [[Seven Network|Seven]] is based in [[South Eveleigh]] in [[Redfern, New South Wales|Redfern]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Channel 9 to move into North Sydney skyscraper | date=6 March 2017|last=Wilmot|first=Ben|url=https://www.realcommercial.com.au/news/channel-9-to-move-into-north-sydney-skyscraper |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=www.realcommercial.com.au |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Network 10]] |url=http://tenplay.com.au/contact-us |title=Contact us |access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2023 |title=7NEWS Sydney to broadcast from new home after 19 years at Martin Place |url=https://7news.com.au/business/media/7news-sydney-to-broadcast-from-new-home-after-19-years-at-martin-place-c-11091970 |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=7NEWS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mediaweek |date=27 June 2023 |title=In Pictures: 7NEWS Sydney's new newsroom and studios at South Eveleigh |url=https://www.mediaweek.com.au/in-pictures-7news-sydneys-new-newsroom-and-studios-at-south-eveleigh/ |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=Mediaweek |language=en-AU}}</ref> The [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] is located in [[Ultimo, New South Wales|Ultimo]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=2014 |url=http://about.abc.net.au/where-to-find-us/abc-offices/ |title=ABC offices |access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref> and the [[Special Broadcasting Service]] is based in [[Artarmon]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Special Broadcasting Service]] |date=2014 |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/aboutus/contact/index/id/141/h/Contact-Details |title=Contact |access-date=24 August 2014 |archive-date=18 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718023845/http://www.sbs.com.au/aboutus/contact/index/id/141/h/Contact-Details |url-status=dead}}</ref> Multiple digital channels have been provided by all five networks since 2000. [[Foxtel]] is based in [[North Ryde]] and sells subscription cable television to most of the urban area.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Foxtel]] |date=2014 |url=http://www.foxtel.com.au/about-foxtel/contact/default.htm |title=Contact Foxtel |access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref> Sydney's first [[List of Sydney radio stations|radio stations]] commenced broadcasting in the 1920s. Radio has managed to survive despite the introduction of television and the Internet.<ref name="Commercial radio">{{cite web |last=Griffen-Foley |first=Bridget |author-link=Bridget Griffen-Foley |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/commercial_radio |title=Commercial radio |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> [[2UE]] was founded in 1925 and under the ownership of Nine Entertainment is the oldest station still broadcasting.<ref name="Commercial radio"/> Competing stations include the more popular [[2GB]], [[ABC Radio Sydney]], [[KIIS 106.5]], [[Triple M Sydney|Triple M]], [[Nova 96.9]] and [[2Day FM]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Bodey |first=Michael |date=2010 |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/media/major-players-maintain-leading-shares-in-second-radio-ratings-survey-of-2010/story-e6frg996-1225847441946 |title=Major players maintain leading shares in second radio ratings survey of 2010 |work=The Australian |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref>

==Sport and outdoor activities==
{{Main|Sport in Sydney}}
Sydney's earliest migrants brought with them a passion for sport but were restricted by the lack of facilities and equipment. The first organised sports were boxing, wrestling, and horse racing from 1810 in [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]].<ref name="Sport">{{cite web |last=Cashman |first=Richard |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sport |title=Sport |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> Horse racing remains popular and events such as the [[Golden Slipper Stakes]] attract widespread attention. The first cricket club was formed in 1826 and matches were played within Hyde Park throughout the 1830s and 1840s.<ref name="Sport"/> Cricket is a favoured sport in summer and big matches have been held at the [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] since 1878. The [[New South Wales cricket team|New South Wales Blues]] compete in the [[Sheffield Shield]] league and the [[Sydney Sixers]] and [[Sydney Thunder]] contest the national [[Big Bash League|Big Bash]] Twenty20 competition.

First played in Sydney in 1865, rugby grew to be the city's most popular football code by the 1880s. One-tenth of the state's population attended a New South Wales versus New Zealand rugby match in 1907.<ref name="Sport"/> Rugby league separated from rugby union in 1908. The [[New South Wales Waratahs]] contest the [[Super Rugby]] competition, while the [[Sydney Rays]] represent the city in the [[National Rugby Championship]]. The national [[Wallabies (rugby union)|Wallabies]] rugby union team competes in Sydney in international matches such as the [[Bledisloe Cup]], [[The Rugby Championship|Rugby Championship]], and [[Rugby World Cup|World Cup]]. Sydney is home to nine of the seventeen teams in the [[National Rugby League]] competition: [[Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs]], [[Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks]], [[Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles]], [[Penrith Panthers]], [[Parramatta Eels]], [[South Sydney Rabbitohs]], [[St George Illawarra Dragons]], [[Sydney Roosters]], and [[Wests Tigers]]. [[New South Wales rugby league team|New South Wales]] contests the annual [[State of Origin series]] against [[Queensland rugby league team|Queensland]].

[[Sydney FC]] and the [[Western Sydney Wanderers FC|Western Sydney Wanderers]] compete in the [[A-League Men]] and [[A-League Women]] competitions. The [[Sydney Swans]] and [[Greater Western Sydney Giants]] are local [[Australian rules football]] clubs that play in the [[Australian Football League]] and the [[AFL Women's]]. The [[Sydney Kings]] compete in the [[National Basketball League (Australia)|National Basketball League]]. The [[Sydney Uni Flames]] play in the [[Women's National Basketball League]]. The [[Sydney Blue Sox]] contest the [[Australian Baseball League]]. The [[NSW Pride]] are a member of the [[Hockey One|Hockey One League]]. The [[Sydney Bears]] and [[Sydney Ice Dogs]] play in the [[Australian Ice Hockey League]]. The [[New South Wales Swifts|Swifts]] are competitors in the national women's netball league.

=== Major sporting venues ===
<gallery widths="200">
File:State of Origin Game II 2018 (cropped).jpg|[[Stadium Australia]]
File:Sydney Cricket Ground (24509044622).jpg|[[Sydney Cricket Ground]]
File:View Inside Western Sydney Stadium on Opening Day (cropped).jpg|[[Western Sydney Stadium]]
File:SydneyFootballStadium Aug2022 Pre-open.jpg|[[Sydney Football Stadium (2022)|Sydney Football Stadium]]
</gallery>[[File:Sydney Harbour welcomes Jessica Watson.jpg|alt=|thumb|Sailing on [[Port Jackson|Sydney Harbour]]]]
Women were first allowed to participate in recreational swimming when separate baths were opened at [[Woolloomooloo|Woolloomooloo Bay]] in the 1830s. From being illegal at the beginning of the century, sea bathing gained immense popularity during the early 1900s and the first [[surf lifesaving]] club was established at [[Bondi Beach]].<ref name="Sport"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Fenner |first=Peter |date=2005 |title=Surf Life Saving Australia |journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal |pages=33–43}}</ref> [[1907 Sydney bathing costume protests|Disputes about appropriate clothing]] for surf bathing surfaced occasionally and concerned men as well as women. The [[City2Surf (Sydney)|City2Surf]] is an annual {{cvt|14|km|mi|1|abbr=off|adj=on}} running race from the CBD to Bondi Beach and has been held since 1971. In 2010, 80,000 runners participated which made it the largest run of its kind in the world.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City2Surf |date=2014 |url=http://www.city2surf.com.au/timeline/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222180620/http://www.city2surf.com.au/timeline/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 February 2014 |title=Timeline |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref>

Sailing races have been held on [[Port Jackson|Sydney Harbour]] since 1827.<ref>{{cite web |last=de Montfort |first=Carlin |date=2010 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sailing |title=Sailing |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> Yachting has been popular amongst wealthier residents since the 1840s and the [[Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron]] was founded in 1862. The [[Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race]] is a {{cvt|1170|km|mi|0|abbr=off|adj=on}} event that starts from Sydney Harbour on Boxing Day.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=About.com |date=2014 |url=http://goaustralia.about.com/od/eventsandfestivals/a/sydhob.htm |title=Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race |access-date=27 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712074730/http://goaustralia.about.com/od/eventsandfestivals/a/sydhob.htm |archive-date=12 July 2014}}</ref> Since its inception in 1945 it has been recognised as one of the most difficult yacht races in the world.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=2001 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/sailing/1721104.stm |title=Tough legacy of a Sydney classic |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> Six sailors died and 71 vessels of 115 failed to finish in the 1998 edition.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_to_hobart_yacht_race |title=Sydney to Hobart yacht race |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Sydney Olympic Park, NSW.jpg|thumb|[[Sydney Olympic Park]] was built for the [[Sydney Olympics|2000 Olympics]] and has become a major sporting and recreational precinct.]]
The [[Royal Sydney Golf Club]] is based in [[Rose Bay, New South Wales|Rose Bay]] and since its opening in 1893 has hosted the [[Australian Open (golf)|Australian Open]] on 13 occasions.<ref name="Sport"/> [[Royal Randwick Racecourse]] opened in 1833 and holds several major cups throughout the year.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Royal Randwick Racecourse |date=2014 |url=http://www.randwickracecourse.com.au |title=Randwick Race Course |access-date=30 August 2014}}</ref>

Sydney benefitted from the construction of significant sporting infrastructure in preparation for its hosting of the 2000 Summer Olympics. The Sydney Olympic Park accommodates athletics, aquatics, tennis, hockey, archery, baseball, cycling, equestrian, and rowing facilities. It also includes the high capacity [[Stadium Australia]] used for rugby, soccer, and Australian rules football. The [[Sydney Football Stadium (1988)|Sydney Football Stadium]] was completed in 1988 and was used for rugby and soccer matches. Sydney Cricket Ground was opened in 1878 and is used for both cricket and Australian rules football fixtures.<ref name="Sport"/>

Sydney was one of the host cities during the [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup]]. Sydney Football Stadium and Stadium Australia were selected as venues, with the later hosting the [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup final|final]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Football Australia celebrates hosting the most successful FIFA Women's World Cup ever|url=https://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news/football-australia-celebrates-hosting-most-successful-fifa-womens-world-cup-ever|work=Football Australia|access-date=2 June 2024}}</ref>

The [[Sydney International]] tennis tournament is held here at the beginning of each year as the warm-up for [[Australian Open|the Grand Slam in Melbourne]]. Two of the most successful [[tennis]] players in history ([[Ken Rosewall]] and [[Todd Woodbridge]]) were born in and live in the city.

Sydney co-hosted the [[FIBA Oceania Championship]] in 1979, 1985, 1989, 1995, 2007, 2009 and 2011.

==Government==
{{See also|Local government areas of New South Wales}}

===Historical governance===
[[File:Parliament house sydney nsw..jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Parliament House, Sydney|Parliament House]] holds the [[Government of New South Wales]] and is the oldest public building in Australia.]]The first five governors had near autocratic power in the colony of New South Wales, subject only to the laws of England and the supervision of the Colonial Office in London. Sydney was the seat of government for the colony which encompassed over half the Australian continent.<ref name="Kingston-2006b">Kingston (2006). pp. 1–2, 27–28</ref> The first Legislative Council met in 1826,<ref name="Kingston-2006c">Kingston (2006). p. 28</ref> and in 1842, the imperial parliament expanded and reformed the council, making it partly elected.<ref name="Hirst-2014">Hirst, John (2014), pp. 51–54</ref> In the same year, the town of Sydney officially became a city and an elected municipal council was established.<ref name="scc">{{cite web |title=History of Sydney City Council |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf?download=true |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617055655/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf?download=true |archive-date=17 June 2021 |access-date=17 June 2021 |publisher=City of Sydney |format=PDF }}</ref><ref name="Golder-1995">{{cite book |author=Hilary Golder |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_electoral_history.pdf?download=true |title=A Short Electoral History of the Sydney City Council 1842–1992 |publisher=City of Sydney |year=1995 |isbn=0-909368-93-7 |format=PDF |access-date=17 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617055958/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_electoral_history.pdf?download=true |archive-date=17 June 2021 }}</ref> The council had limited powers, mostly relating to services such as street lighting and drainage.<ref name="uow">{{cite conference |author=Kelly, A. H. |date=4–8 July 2011 |title=The Development of Local Government in Australia, Focusing on NSW: From Road Builder to Planning Agency to Servant of the State Government and Developmentalism |url=http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1542&context=lawpapers |format=Paper |location=Perth |publisher=[[University of Wollongong]] |access-date=1 January 2017 |event=World Planning Schools Congress 2011}}</ref> Its boundaries were restricted to an area of 11.6 square kilometres, taking in the city centre and the modern suburbs of [[Woolloomooloo]], [[Surry Hills, New South Wales|Surry Hills]], [[Chippendale, New South Wales|Chippendale]], and [[Pyrmont, New South Wales|Pyrmont]].<ref name="Sydney-2020b"/> As Sydney grew, other municipal councils were formed to provide local administration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Shirley |date=2011 |title=Sydney |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney |access-date=21 January 2023 |website=The Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales}}</ref>

In 1856, New South Wales achieved responsible government with the introduction of a bicameral parliament, based in Sydney, comprising a directly elected [[New South Wales Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] and a nominated [[New South Wales Legislative Council|Legislative Council]].<ref name="Kingston-2006a">Kingston, Beverley (2006). pp. 36, 55–57, 61–62</ref> With the federation of the Australian colonies in 1901, Sydney became the capital of the state of New South Wales and its administration was divided between the Commonwealth, State and constituent local governments.<ref name="Kingston-2006a" />

===Government in the present===
[[File:Sydney Town Hall, 2022, 06.jpg|thumb|The [[Sydney Town Hall]] is the seat of the [[City of Sydney]]; the oldest [[Local government areas of New South Wales|local government]] in the city]]
In common with other Australian capital cities, Sydney has no single local government covering its whole area. [[Local government areas of New South Wales|Local government areas]] have responsibilities such as local roads, libraries, child care, community services and waste collection, whereas the state government retains responsibility for main roads, traffic control, public transport, policing, education, and major infrastructure project.<ref>{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Three levels of government |url=http://www.aec.gov.au/About_AEC/Publications/Fact_Sheets/three_lvls.htm |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=Australian Electoral Commission}}</ref> There are 33 local government areas which are wholly or mostly within Greater Sydney as defined by the Australian Statistical Geography Standard.<ref name="AU Stats-2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=ABS maps |url=https://maps.abs.gov.au/ |access-date=21 January 2023 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Bayside Council|Bayside]]
* [[City of Canterbury-Bankstown|Canterbury-Bankstown]]
* [[City of Blacktown|Blacktown]]
* [[City of Blue Mountains|Blue Mountains]]
* [[Municipality of Burwood|Burwood]]
* [[Camden Council (New South Wales)|Camden]]
* [[City of Campbelltown (New South Wales)|Campbelltown]]
* [[City of Canada Bay|Canada Bay]]
* [[Central Coast Council (New South Wales)|Central Coast]]
* [[Cumberland Council (New South Wales)|Cumberland]]
* [[City of Fairfield|Fairfield]]
* [[Georges River Council|Georges River]]
* [[City of Hawkesbury|Hawkesbury]]
* [[The Hills Shire|The Hills]]
* [[Hornsby Shire|Hornsby]]
* [[Municipality of Hunter's Hill|Hunter's Hill]]
* [[Inner West Council|Inner West]]
* [[Ku-ring-gai Council|Ku-ring-gai]]
* [[Municipality of Lane Cove|Lane Cove]]
* [[City of Liverpool (New South Wales)|Liverpool]]
* [[Municipality of Mosman|Mosman]]
* [[North Sydney Council|North Sydney]]
* [[Northern Beaches Council|Northern Beaches]]
* [[City of Parramatta Council|Parramatta]]
* [[City of Penrith|Penrith]]
* [[City of Randwick|Randwick]]
* [[City of Ryde|Ryde]]
* [[Municipality of Strathfield|Strathfield]]
* [[Sutherland Shire|Sutherland]]
* [[City of Sydney|Sydney]]
* [[Waverley Council|Waverley]]
* [[City of Willoughby|Willoughby]]
* [[Wollondilly Shire Council|Wollondilly]]
* [[Municipality of Woollahra|Woollahra]]
{{div col end}}
[[File:Government House, Sydney, Australia.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Government House, Sydney|Government House]] is the official residence of the [[Governor of New South Wales]]]]
Sydney is the location of the secondary official residences of the [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]] and [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]] – [[Admiralty House, Sydney|Admiralty House]] and [[Kirribilli House]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gg.gov.au/about-governor-general/official-residences |title=Official Residences |publisher=[[Governor-General of Australia]] |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530161014/http://www.gg.gov.au/about-governor-general/official-residences |archive-date=30 May 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Parliament of New South Wales]] sits in [[Parliament House, Sydney|Parliament House]] on [[Macquarie Street, Sydney|Macquarie Street]]. This building was completed in 1816 and first served as a hospital. The Legislative Council moved into its northern wing in 1829 and by 1852 had entirely supplanted the surgeons from their quarters.<ref name="Governor Lachlan Macquarie">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Governor Lachlan Macquarie |url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/web/common.nsf/key/HistoryGovernorLachlanMacquarie |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912191250/https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/web/common.nsf/key/HistoryGovernorLachlanMacquarie |archive-date=12 September 2014 |access-date=17 August 2014 |publisher=Parliament of New South Wales}}</ref> Several additions have been made as the Parliament has expanded, but it retains its original [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] façade.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/parliament_house |title=Parliament House |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> [[Government House, Sydney|Government House]] was completed in 1845 and has served as the home of 25 Governors and 5 Governors-General.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Living Museums |date=2014 |url=http://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/behold-palace |title=Behold a palace |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-date=1 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701172133/http://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/behold-palace |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Cabinet of Australia]] also [[Commonwealth Parliament Offices, Sydney|meets]] in Sydney when needed.

The highest court in the state is the Supreme Court of New South Wales, located in Queen's Square.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Supreme Court of New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.supremecourt.justice.nsw.gov.au/supremecourt/SCO2_court_locations.html |title=Court locations |access-date=17 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125221814/http://www.supremecourt.justice.nsw.gov.au/supremecourt/SCO2_court_locations.html |archive-date=25 November 2014}}</ref> The city is also the home of numerous branches of the intermediate [[District Court of New South Wales]] and the lower [[Local Court of New South Wales]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=New South Wales Courts |date=2014 |url=http://nswcourts.com.au/courts/ |title=Find a court |access-date=17 August 2014}}</ref>

In the past, the state has tended to resist amalgamating Sydney's more populated local government areas as merged councils could pose a threat to its governmental power.<ref>{{cite book |last=Golder |first=Hilary |year=2004 |title=Sacked: removing and remaking the Sydney City Council}}</ref> Established in 1842, the City of Sydney is one such local government area and includes the CBD and some adjoining inner suburbs.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2005 |url=http://cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/AboutSydney/documents/history/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050709222141/http://cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/AboutSydney/documents/history/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2005 |title=History of Sydney City Council |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref> It is responsible for fostering development in the local area, providing local services (waste collection and recycling, libraries, parks, sporting facilities), promoting the interests of residents, supporting organisations that target the local community, and attracting and providing infrastructure for commerce, tourism, and industry.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/council/about-council |title=About Council |access-date=17 August 2014}}</ref> The City of Sydney is led by an elected Council and [[Lord Mayor of Sydney|Lord Mayor]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=State Records |date=2014 |url=http://investigator.records.nsw.gov.au/Entity.aspx?Path=%5COrganisation%5C21 |title=Organisation detail |access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref>

In federal politics, Sydney was initially considered as a [[History of the Australian Capital Territory#Search for a capital city location|possibility for Australia's capital city]]; the newly created city of [[Canberra]] ultimately filled this role.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Oxford Companion to Australian History |editor1-last=Davison |editor1-first=Graeme |editor2-last=Hirst |editor2-first=John |editor3-last=Macintyre |editor3-first=Stuart |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=464–465, 662–663 |isbn=9780195535976}}</ref> Seven Australian [[List of Australian Prime Ministers by state#Birth places|Prime Ministers have been born in]] Sydney, more than any other city, including first Prime Minister [[Edmund Barton]] and current Prime Minister [[Anthony Albanese]].

Essential public emergency services are provided and managed by the State Government. Greater Sydney is served by:
* [[New South Wales Police Force]]
* [[New South Wales Ambulance]]
* [[Fire and Rescue NSW]]

==Infrastructure==

===Education===
{{Main|Education in Sydney}}
[[File:Usydcampuspicture.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[University of Sydney]]]]
Education became a focus for the colony from the 1870s when public schools began to form and schooling became compulsory.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Campbell |first1=Craig |last2=Sherington |first2=Geoffrey |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/education |title=Education |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> By 2011, 90% of working age residents had completed some schooling and 57% had completed the highest level of school.<ref name="ABSGCCSAXLS" /> 1,390,703 people were enrolled in an educational institution in 2011 with 45.1% of these attending school and 16.5% studying at a university.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats" /> Undergraduate or postgraduate qualifications are held by 22.5% of working age Sydney residents and 40.2% of working age residents of the City of Sydney.<ref name="ABSGCCSAXLS" /><ref>{{cite web |publisher=.id |date=2014 |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/qualifications |title=Educational qualifications |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-date=23 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223221803/http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/qualifications |url-status=dead }}</ref> The most common fields of tertiary qualification are commerce (22.8%), engineering (13.4%), society and culture (10.8%), health (7.8%), and education (6.6%).<ref name="ABSGCCSAXLS" />
[[File:112 N7A8606 UTS Central Andy Roberts hr.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|The [[University of Technology Sydney]]]]
There are six public universities based in Sydney: The [[University of Sydney]], [[University of New South Wales]], [[University of Technology, Sydney|University of Technology Sydney]], [[Macquarie University]], [[Western Sydney University]], and [[Australian Catholic University]]. Five public universities maintain secondary campuses in the city: the [[University of Notre Dame Australia]], [[Central Queensland University]], [[Victoria University, Melbourne|Victoria University]], [[University of Wollongong]], and [[University of Newcastle (Australia)|University of Newcastle]]. [[Charles Sturt University]] and [[Southern Cross University]] operate secondary campuses only designated for international students. In addition, four public universities offer programs in Sydney through third-party providers: [[University of the Sunshine Coast]], [[La Trobe University]], [[Federation University Australia]] and [[Charles Darwin University]]. 5.2% of residents of Sydney are attending a university.<ref name="Education institution attending">{{cite web |publisher=.id |date=2014 |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/education |title=Education institution attending |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-date=26 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226220401/http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/education |url-status=dead }}</ref> The University of New South Wales and the University of Sydney are ranked equal 19th in the world,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=UNSW Sydney rockets into the global top 20 in latest QS Rankings |url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/newsroom/news/2023/06/unsw-sydney-rockets-into-the-global-top-20-in-latest-qs-rankings |access-date=14 April 2024 |website=UNSW Sites |language=en}}</ref> the University of Technology Sydney is ranked in the top 100,<ref name=":0" /> while Macquarie University is ranked 237, and Western Sydney University is ranked 474.<ref>{{cite web |title=QS World University Rankings 2021 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2021 |website=Top Universities |access-date=2 January 2020 |language=en |date=5 June 2019}}</ref>
Sydney has public, denominational, and independent schools. 7.8% of Sydney residents are attending primary school and 6.4% are enrolled in secondary school.<ref name="Education institution attending"/> There are 935 public preschool, primary, and secondary schools in Sydney that are administered by the [[Department of Education and Communities (New South Wales)|New South Wales Department of Education]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of Education and Communities |date=2014 |url=http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/schoolfind/locator/? |title=School locator |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709210937/http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/schoolfind/locator/ |archive-date=9 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 14 of the 17 selective secondary schools in New South Wales are based in Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of Education and Communities |date=2014 |url=http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/gotoschool/types/shs_ahs_details.php |title=List of selective and agricultural high schools |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613233227/http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/gotoschool/types/shs_ahs_details.php |archive-date=13 June 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Public vocational education and training in Sydney are run by [[TAFE NSW|TAFE New South Wales]] and began with the opening of the [[Sydney Technical College]] in 1878.<ref name="Sydney Technical College"/> The college became the [[Sydney Institute of TAFE|Sydney Institute]] in 1992 and now operates alongside its sister TAFE facilities across the Sydney metropolitan area, namely the [[Northern Sydney Institute of TAFE|Northern Sydney Institute]], the [[Western Sydney Institute of TAFE|Western Sydney Institute]], and the [[South Western Sydney Institute of TAFE|South Western Sydney Institute]]. At the 2011 census, 2.4% of Sydney residents are enrolled in a TAFE course.<ref name="Education institution attending"/>

===Health===
[[File:Sydney Hospital. - panoramio.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[Sydney Hospital]], completed in 1816]]
The first hospital in the new colony was a collection of tents at [[The Rocks, Sydney|The Rocks]]. Many of the convicts that survived the trip suffered from [[dysentery]], smallpox, [[scurvy]], and [[typhoid]]. Healthcare facilities remained inadequate despite the arrival of a prefabricated hospital with the [[Second Fleet (Australia)|Second Fleet]] and the construction of new hospitals at Parramatta, [[Windsor, New South Wales|Windsor]], and [[Liverpool, New South Wales|Liverpool]] in the 1790s.<ref name="Hospitals">{{cite web |last=Godden |first=Judith |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/hospitals |title=Hospitals |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref>

Governor Macquarie arranged for the construction of [[Sydney Hospital]], completed in 1816.<ref name="Hospitals"/> Parts of the facility have been repurposed for use as [[Parliament House, Sydney|Parliament House]] but the hospital itself still operates. The city's first emergency department was established at Sydney Hospital in 1870. Demand for emergency medical care increased from 1895 with the introduction of an ambulance service.<ref name="Hospitals"/> The Sydney Hospital also housed Australia's first teaching facility for nurses, the Nightingale Wing, established with the input of [[Florence Nightingale]] in 1868.<ref name="ALadyDisplaced">Judith Godden, ''Lucy Osburn, A Lady Displaced'', Sydney: Sydney University Press, 2006</ref>

Healthcare was recognised as a right in the early 1900s and Sydney's public hospitals came under the oversight of the Government of New South Wales.<ref name="Hospitals"/> The administration of healthcare across Sydney is handled by eight local health districts: Central Coast, Illawarra Shoalhaven, Sydney, Nepean Blue Mountains, Northern Sydney, South Eastern Sydney, South Western Sydney, and Western Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Government of New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/lhd/Pages/default.aspx |title=Local health districts |access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref> The [[Prince of Wales Hospital (Sydney)|Prince of Wales Hospital]] was established in 1852 and became the first of several major hospitals to be opened.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=South Eastern Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/powhistory.asp |title=Prince of Wales Hospital |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019082609/http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/powhistory.asp |archive-date=19 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney|St Vincent's Hospital]] was founded in 1857,<ref name="Darlinghurst"/> followed by [[Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children]] in 1880,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=The Children's Hospital at Westmead |date=2014 |url=http://bandagedbear.org.au/about-us/our-history/ |title=Our history |access-date=23 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621081851/http://bandagedbear.org.au/about-us/our-history/ |archive-date=21 June 2014}}</ref> the [[Prince of Wales Hospital (Sydney)|Prince Henry Hospital]] in 1881,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=South Eastern Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/henryhistory.asp |title=Prince Henry Hospital |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019082311/http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/henryhistory.asp |archive-date=19 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Royal Prince Alfred Hospital]] in 1882,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.slhd.nsw.gov.au/rpa/about_us.html |title=Royal Prince Alfred Hospital |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-date=18 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218045210/http://www.slhd.nsw.gov.au/rpa/about_us.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Royal North Shore Hospital]] in 1885,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Northern Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.nslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Hospitals/RNSH/Pages/Aboutus.aspx |title=About us |access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref> the [[St George Hospital (Sydney)|St George Hospital]] in 1894,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=South Eastern Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/SGH/about_us.asp |title=About us |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816045336/http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/SGH/about_us.asp |archive-date=16 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[Nepean Hospital]] in 1895.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.nbmlhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Nepean-Hospital/About-Us |title=About Nepean Hospital |access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref> [[Westmead Hospital]] in 1978 was the last major facility to open.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Western Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.wslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Westmead-Hospital/About-us/Our-History |title=Our history |access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref>

===Transport===
{{Main|Transport in Sydney}}

====Roads====
[[File:Light Horse Interchange (aerial view).jpg|thumb|[[Light Horse Interchange]], the largest of its kind in Australia]]

The motor vehicle, more than any other factor, has determined the pattern of Sydney's urban development since World War II.<ref name="Transport">{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/transport |title=Transport |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> The growth of low-density housing in the city's outer suburbs has made car ownership necessary for hundreds of thousands of households. The percentage of trips taken by car has increased from 13% in 1947 to 50% in 1960 and 70% in 1971.<ref name="Transport"/> The most important roads in Sydney were the nine [[Metroad]]s, including the {{cvt|110|km|mi|0|abbr=off|adj=on}} [[Sydney Orbital Network]]. Sydney's reliance on motor vehicles and its sprawling road network has been criticised by proponents of mass public transport and high-density housing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian Social Trends, July 2013 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features40July+2013 |work=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |access-date=21 August 2016 |date=5 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sydney is Australia's most valuable location, but public transport is its weakness |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=4 April 2015 |first=Matt |last=Wade |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/sydney-is-australias-most-valuable-location-but-public-transport-is-its-weakness-20150402-1mdv7i.html |access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/comment/sydney-not-yet-a-true-global-city-20140411-zqtpy.html |title=Sydney not yet a true global city |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=14 April 2014 |access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref> The [[Light Horse Interchange]] in western Sydney is the largest in the southern hemisphere.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.westlinkm7.com.au/cmsAdmin/uploads/Fact_Sheet_Light_Horse_Interchange.pdf |title=Fact Sheet – Light Horse Interchange |publisher=Westlink Motorway Limited |date=May 2006 |access-date=3 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233919/http://www.westlinkm7.com.au/cmsAdmin/uploads/Fact_Sheet_Light_Horse_Interchange.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

There can be up to 350,000 cars using Sydney's roads simultaneously during peak hour, leading to significant traffic congestion.<ref name="Transport"/> 84.9% of Sydney households own a motor vehicle and 46.5% own two or more.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> With a rate of 26.3% in 2014, Sydney has the highest utilisation of public transport for travel to work of any Australian capital.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2008 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Chapter10102008 |title=Australian social trends |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> In contrast, in 2014 only 25.2% of working residents in the City of Sydney use a car, whilst 15.8% take a train, 13.3% use a bus, and 25.3% walk.<ref>{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Method of travel to work |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/travel-to-work |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=.id |archive-date=23 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223224108/http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/travel-to-work |url-status=dead }}</ref> Several significant infrastructure projects have been completed since. The CBD features a [[Lanes and alleyways of Sydney|series of alleyways and lanes]] that provide [[alley|off-street]] vehicular access to city buildings and as well as pedestrian routes through city buildings.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=1 January 1993 |url=https://archives.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/nodes/view/1750473 |title=Policy for the management of laneways in Central Sydney/ Sydney City Council |access-date=18 November 2022}}</ref>

====Suburban trains====
{{Main|Sydney Trains}}

[[File:Central Station Concourse Hall.jpg|thumb|[[Central railway station, Sydney|Central station]] is the busiest railway station in Australia, and the city's main public transport hub.]]
Established in 1906, [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central station]] is the largest and busiest railway station in the state and is the main hub of the city's [[Railways in Sydney|rail network]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Trains |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneytrains.info/about/history/central_station.htm |title=Central Station |access-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625093221/http://sydneytrains.info/about/history/central_station.htm |archive-date=25 June 2014}}</ref> [[Sydney Trains]] is the [[suburban rail]] service. Its tracks form part of the New South Wales railway network. It serves 175 stations across the city and had an annual ridership of 359&nbsp;million passenger journeys in 2017–18.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Trains |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneytrains.info/about/facts |title=Facts and stats |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> Sydney's railway was first constructed in 1854 with progressive extension to the network to serve both freight and passengers. The main station is the [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central railway station]] in the southern part of the CBD. In the 1850s and 1860s, the railway reached areas that are now outer suburbs of Sydney.<ref name="Transport" />

==== Metro ====
{{main|Sydney Metro}}
[[File:Victoria Cross Station Sydney 07.jpg|thumb|Victoria Cross Station on the [[Sydney Metro]]]]
[[Sydney Metro]], a driverless [[rapid transit]] system separate from the suburban commuter network, commenced operation in May 2019 and was extended through the city to Sydenham on 19 August 2024. This line will be extended to Bankstown in 2025 and a new line through the inner west to Parramatta is planned to be built by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/transport-minister-andrew-constance-says-new-sydney-metro-train-line-a-massive-city-shaping-project-20150616-ghoy0v.html |title=Transport minister Andrew Constance says new Sydney Metro train line a 'massive city shaping project' |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=16 June 2015 |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/north-shore/new-metro-train-stations-in-sydney-could-be-built-in-crows-nest-or-st-leonards-and-artarmon-by-2024/story-fngr8h9d-1227392848894 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150921142445/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/north-shore/new-metro-train-stations-in-sydney-could-be-built-in-crows-nest-or-st-leonards-and-artarmon-by-2024/story-fngr8h9d-1227392848894 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2015 |title=New metro train stations in Sydney could be built in Crows Nest or St Leonards and Artarmon by 2024 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=11 June 2015 |access-date=20 June 2015 }}</ref> It currently serves 21 stations. A line to serve the greater west is planned for 2026 and will include a station for the [[Western Sydney Airport|second international airport]].

====Light rail====
{{Main|Light rail in Sydney}}
[[File:CBD light rail 001.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[CBD and South East Light Rail]] connects Sydney's CBD with the Eastern Suburbs.]]
Sydney once had one of the [[Trams in Sydney|largest tram networks]] in the British Empire after London.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 May 2014 |title=Shooting Through: Sydney by Tram |url=https://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/shooting-through-sydney-tram |access-date=31 May 2019 |work=Sydney Living Museums}}</ref> It served routes covering {{cvt|291|km|mi|0|abbr=off}}. The internal combustion engine made buses more flexible than trams and consequently more popular, leading to the progressive closure of the network with the final tram operating in 1961.<ref name="Transport" /> From 1930 there were 612 buses across Sydney carrying 90&nbsp;million passengers per annum.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2008 |title=Buses |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/buses |access-date=8 August 2014 |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney}}</ref>

In 1997, the [[Inner West Light Rail]] opened between Central station and [[Wentworth Park]]. It was extended to [[Lilyfield]] in 2000 and then [[Dulwich Hill]] in 2014. It links the [[Inner West]] and [[Darling Harbour]] with [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central station]] and facilitated 9.1&nbsp;million journeys in the 2016–17 financial year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2017 |title=Light Rail Patronage – Monthly Comparison |url=https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/performance-and-analytics/passenger-travel/light-rail-patronage/light-rail-patronage-monthly |access-date=25 August 2017 |website=[[Transport for NSW]] |language=en-AU}}</ref> A second, the [[CBD and South East Light Rail]] {{cvt|12|km|1}} line serving the CBD and Eastern Suburbs opened in 2019–2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=CBD and South East Light Rail contract awarded with earlier delivery date |url=http://www.sydneylightrail.transport.nsw.gov.au/latest/media-releases/2013-(1)/transforming-sydney-cbd-and-south-east-light-rail |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513081808/http://www.sydneylightrail.transport.nsw.gov.au/latest/media-releases/2013-(1)/transforming-sydney-cbd-and-south-east-light-rail |archive-date=13 May 2015 |website=Sydney Light Rail |publisher=Transport for NSW}}</ref> A [[Parramatta Light Rail|light rail line]] serving Western Sydney is due to open in 2024.

====Buses====
{{Main|Buses in Sydney}}

Bus services are conducted by private operators under contract to [[Transport for NSW]]. Integrated tickets called [[Opal card]]s operate on bus routes. In total, nearly 225&nbsp;million boardings were recorded across the bus network.<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/b2b/publications/annual_reports/tfnsw-annual-report-2013-2014.pdf |title=TfNSW 2013–2014 Annual Report |author=Transport for NSW |date=2014 |pages=35, 36 |author-link=Transport for NSW |access-date=29 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529174646/http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/b2b/publications/annual_reports/tfnsw-annual-report-2013-2014.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[NightRide (bus service)|NightRide]] is a nightly bus service that operate between midnight and 5am.

====Ferries====
{{Main|Sydney Ferries|List of Sydney Harbour ferries|Timeline of Sydney Harbour ferries}}
At the time the Sydney Harbour Bridge opened in 1932, the city's [[Sydney Ferries Limited|ferry service]] was the largest in the world.<ref name="Sydney Ferries">{{cite web |publisher=Transport for New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/content/sydney-ferries |title=Sydney Ferries |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> Patronage declined from 37&nbsp;million passengers in 1945 to 11&nbsp;million in 1963 but has recovered somewhat in recent years.<ref name="Transport"/> From its hub at [[Circular Quay ferry wharf|Circular Quay]], the [[Sydney Ferries|ferry network]] extends from [[Manly ferry wharf|Manly]] to [[Parramatta ferry wharf|Parramatta]].<ref name="Sydney Ferries"/>

====Airports====
[[Sydney Airport]], officially "Sydney Kingsford-Smith Airport", is located in [[Mascot, New South Wales|Mascot]]. It services 46 international and 23 domestic destinations.<ref name="Sydney Airport overview"/> As the busiest airport in Australia, it handled 37.9&nbsp;million passengers in 2013 and 530,000 tonnes of freight in 2011.<ref name="Sydney Airport overview"/>
It has been announced that a new facility named [[Western Sydney Airport]] will be constructed at [[Badgerys Creek, New South Wales|Badgerys Creek]] from 2016 at a cost of $2.5&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cox |first1=Lisa |last2=Massola |first2=James |date=2014 |url=http://www.theage.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/tony-abbott-confirms-badgerys-creek-as-site-of-second-sydney-airport-20140415-zqv0d.html |title=Tony Abbott confirms Badgerys Creek as site of second Sydney airport |newspaper=The Age |access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref> [[Bankstown Airport]] is Sydney's second busiest airport, and serves general aviation, charter and some scheduled cargo flights. Bankstown is also the fourth busiest airport in Australia by number of aircraft movements.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airservicesaustralia.com/wp-content/uploads/Airport_Movement_Calendar_Year_2011.pdf |title=Movements at Australian Airports |date=17 February 2012 |website=Airservices Australia |access-date=6 November 2016 |archive-date=30 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530202523/http://www.airservicesaustralia.com/wp-content/uploads/Airport_Movement_Calendar_Year_2011.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Port Botany (seaport)|Port Botany]] has surpassed Port Jackson as the city's major shipping port. Cruise ship terminals are located at [[Overseas Passenger Terminal|Sydney Cove]] and [[White Bay Cruise Terminal|White Bay]].

===Utilities===
[[File:Warragamba Dam (January 2014).jpg|thumb|[[Warragamba Dam]] is Sydney's largest water supply dam.]]
Obtaining sufficient fresh water was difficult during early colonial times. A catchment called the [[Tank Stream]] sourced water from what is now the CBD but was little more than an open sewer by the end of the 1700s.<ref name="Water">{{cite web |last=North |first=MacLaren |date=2011 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/water |title=Water |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> The Botany Swamps Scheme was one of several ventures during the mid-1800s that saw the construction of wells, tunnels, steam pumping stations, and small dams to service Sydney's growing population.<ref name="Water"/>

The [[Upper Nepean Scheme]] came into operation in 1886. It transports water {{cvt|100|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} from the [[Nepean River|Nepean]], [[Cataract River (Wollondilly)|Cataract]], and [[Cordeaux River|Cordeaux]] rivers and continues to service about 15% of Sydney's water needs.<ref name="Water"/> Dams were built on these three rivers between 1907 and 1935.<ref name="Water"/> In 1977 the [[Shoalhaven Scheme]] brought several more dams into service.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Water |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneywater.com.au/SW/teachers-students/facts-about-water/secondary-students/history-of-water-in-sydney/sydney-water-timeline/index.htm |title=Sydney Water timeline |access-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630004351/http://www.sydneywater.com.au/SW/teachers-students/facts-about-water/secondary-students/history-of-water-in-sydney/sydney-water-timeline/index.htm |archive-date=30 June 2014}}</ref>

The state-owned corporation [[WaterNSW]] now manages eleven major dams: [[Warragamba Dam|Warragamba]], one of the largest domestic water supply dams in the world,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sydney's Largest Water Supply Dam |url=http://www.waternsw.com.au/supply/visit/warragamba-dam |website=Water NSW |access-date=15 February 2016}}</ref> [[Woronora Dam|Woronora]], [[Cataract Dam|Cataract]], [[Cordeaux Dam|Cordeaux]], [[Nepean Dam|Nepean]], [[Avon Dam|Avon]], [[Shoalhaven Scheme|Wingecarribee Reservoir]], [[Shoalhaven Scheme|Fitzroy Falls Reservoir]], [[Shoalhaven Scheme|Tallowa]], the [[Blue Mountains Dams]], and [[Prospect Reservoir]].<ref name="Dams and reservoirs">{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Catchment Authority |date=2014 |url=http://www.sca.nsw.gov.au/water/supply/dams |title=Dams and reservoirs |access-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926021711/http://www.sca.nsw.gov.au/water/supply/dams |archive-date=26 September 2014}}</ref> Water is collected from five catchment areas covering {{cvt|16000|km2|mi2|0|abbr=off}} and total storage amounts to {{cvt|2.6|TL|mi3|1|abbr=off}}.<ref name="Dams and reservoirs"/> The [[Sydney Desalination Plant]] came into operation in 2010.<ref name="Water"/> WaterNSW supplies bulk water to [[Sydney Water]], a state-owned corporation that operates water distribution, sewerage and storm water management services.

Sydney's electricity infrastructure is maintained by [[Ausgrid]] and [[Endeavour Energy]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Ausgrid |year=2014 |url=http://www.ausgrid.com.au/Common/About-us/Contact-us/About-Ausgrid.aspx |title=About Ausgrid |access-date=12 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019073329/http://www.ausgrid.com.au/Common/About-us/Contact-us/About-Ausgrid.aspx |archive-date=19 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Endeavour Energy |year=2014 |url=http://www.endeavourenergy.com.au/wps/wcm/connect/EE/NSW/NSW+Homepage/aboutUsNav |title=About us |access-date=12 October 2014 |archive-date=13 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013005639/http://www.endeavourenergy.com.au/wps/wcm/connect/EE/NSW/NSW+Homepage/aboutUsNav |url-status=dead}}</ref> Their combined networks include over 815,000 poles and {{cvt|83000|km|mi|abbr=off}} of cables. [[Submarine communications cable]] systems in Sydney include the [[Australia–Japan Cable]], [[Telstra Endeavour]] and the [[Southern Cross Cable]], which link Australia and countries in the Pacific.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.southerncrosscables.com/home/company/faq|title=FAQ|website=www.southerncrosscables.com|access-date=30 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ajcable.com/ajc-network/cable-system-facts/ |title = Cable System Facts| website= Australia-Japan Cable| access-date= 30 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telstra.com.au/aboutus/media/media-releases/telstra-hits-100g-on-key-asia-pac-submarine-cables|title=Telstra hits 100G on key Asia-Pac submarine cables|website=[[Telstra]]|access-date=21 July 2023|archive-date=21 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721131200/https://www.telstra.com.au/aboutus/media/media-releases/telstra-hits-100g-on-key-asia-pac-submarine-cables|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Environmental issues and pollution reduction==
{{Main|Environmental issues in Australia}}
{{Further|Climate change in Australia|Renewable energy in Australia}}

===Air quality===
[[File:Sydney_bushfire_smoke_on_George_St_(49197319478).jpg|thumb|[[George Street, Sydney|George Street]] and bushfire smoke in December 2019]]
As [[Climate change in Australia|climate change]], [[Greenhouse gas emissions by Australia|greenhouse gas emissions]] and pollution have become a major issue for Australia, Sydney has in the past been criticised for its lack of focus on reducing pollution and emissions and maintaining [[water quality]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/water-issues/look-whos-polluting-sydney-waters-shame-20111022-1mdjr.html |title=Look who's polluting: Sydney Water's shame |date=23 October 2011 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> The release of the Metropolitan Air Quality Scheme (MAQS) led to a broader understanding of the causation of pollution in Sydney, allowing the government to form appropriate responses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/publications.nsf/0/5CBB690F207683B5CA256ECF000843DE/$File/11-98.pdf |title=Air Pollution in Sydney: An Update Briefing Paper |date=August 1998 |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623064945/http://parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/publications.nsf/0/5CBB690F207683B5CA256ECF000843DE/$File/11-98.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[2019–20 Australian bushfire season]] significantly impacted outer Sydney and dramatically reduced air quality, leading to a smoky haze that lingered for days. The [[air quality]] was 11 times the [[hazard]]ous level in some days,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news.com.au/national/sydney-smoke-haze-reaches-11-times-the-hazardous-level/video/1d45b28f8c2459ee9ecfb9fee65fbbfe |title=Sydney smoke haze reaches 11 times the hazardous level |date=10 December 2019 |access-date=1 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/gallery/2019/dec/10/sydneys-top-landmarks-smothered-in-smoke-in-pictures |title=Sydney smoke: bushfires haze smothers landmarks – in pictures |newspaper=The Guardian |date=10 December 2019 |access-date=1 January 2020 |last1=Hromas |first1=Jessica}}</ref> worse than [[New Delhi]]'s;<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/temperature-inversion-traps-smoke-in-sydney/news-story/b6d804cc21eaaaf9b88ec6a448285be8 |title=Bushfire smoke makes Sydney air quality worse than Delhi |access-date=1 January 2020}}</ref> it was compared to "smoking 32 cigarettes" by Brian Oliver, a respiratory diseases scientist at the [[University of Technology Sydney]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health/health-problems/sydney-fire-haze-equal-to-smoking-32-cigarettes/news-story/7ab680a39edd6d87ae76e35894f949f6 |title=Sydney fire haze equal to 'smoking 32 cigarettes' |date=22 November 2019 |access-date=1 January 2020}}</ref> Since Sydney is surrounded by bushland and forest,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/environment/climate-change/lessons-learnt-and-perhaps-forgotten-from-australia-s-worst-fires-20190108-p50qol.html |title=Lessons learnt (and perhaps forgotten) from Australia's 'worst fires'|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=11 January 2019}}</ref> bushfires can ring the region in a [[natural phenomena]] that is labelled "ring of fire".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-bushfires-idUSKBN1YM2KN |title=Ring of fire: Australian state declares emergency as wildfires approach Sydney|work=[[Reuters]]|date=19 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/ring-of-fire-australian-declares-state-emergency-as-wildfires-approach-sydney-269117/#three-blazes-ringing-sydney-269110 |title=Ring of fire: Australian state declares emergency as wildfires approach Sydney|work=[[WION]]|date=19 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/ring-of-fire-surrounds-sydney-20191221-p53m53.html |title=Ring of fire surrounds Sydney|work=Sydney Morning Herald|date=21 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/teenagers-arrested-as-ring-of-fire-surrounds-sydney-1.408598 |title=Teenagers arrested as ring of fire surrounds Sydney|work=[[Irish Times]]|date=28 December 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mashable.com/article/sydney-blade-runner-smoke-photos-australia-bushfires|title=Blade Runner 2019: Smoke from terrifying 'ring of fire' turns Sydney's skies apocalypse red|work=[[Mashable]]|date=9 December 2019}}</ref>

The City of Sydney became the first council in Australia to achieve formal certification as [[carbon-neutral]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Sydney-Water-to-become-carbon-neutral/2007/07/19/1184559926917.html |title=Sydney Water to become carbon neutral |work=[[The Age]] |date=19 July 2007 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.treehugger.com/corporate-responsibility/sydney-becomes-australias-first-carbon-neutral-government-body.html |title=Sydney Becomes Australia's First Carbon-Neutral Government Body |work=treehugger.com |date=5 September 2008 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> The city has reduced its 2007 carbon emissions by 6% and since 2006 has reduced carbon emissions from city buildings by up to 20%.<ref name="SustainableSydney2030">{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/sustainable-sydney-2030/achievements |title=Achievements: City of Sydney |work=cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/4772-its-official-sydney-is-first-carbon-neutral-council/ |title=It's official, Sydney is first carbon neutral council |date=9 November 2011 |publisher=City of Sydney |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203061048/http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/4772-its-official-sydney-is-first-carbon-neutral-council/ |archive-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> The ''Sustainable Sydney 2030'' program presented a guide to reducing energy in homes and offices by 30%.<ref name="SustainableSydney2030" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.climatecontrolnews.com.au/news/building-owners-applaud-city-s-ambitious-master-plan |title=Building owners applaud city's ambitious master plan |date=25 February 2015 |website=climatecontrolnews.com.au |access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> Reductions in energy consumption have slashed energy bills by $30&nbsp;million a year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/18/sydney-businesses-cotton-on-climate-change-action-is-good-for-the-bottom-line |title=Sydney businesses cotton on: climate change action is good for the bottom line |work=The Guardian (UK) |date=18 March 2015 |access-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> [[Solar panels]] have been established on many CBD buildings to minimise carbon pollution by around 3,000 tonnes a year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://reneweconomy.com.au/2014/city-sydney-extends-solar-roll-historic-rocks-88330 |title=City of Sydney extends solar roll out to historic Rocks |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=3 February 2015 |work=RenewEconomy.com}}</ref>

The city also has an "[[urban forest]] growth strategy", in which it aims to regular increase the [[shade tree|tree coverage]] in the city by frequently planting trees with strong leaf density and [[vegetation]] to provide cleaner air and create moisture during hot weather, thus lowering city temperatures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/132249/Urban-Forest-Strategy-Adopted-Feb-2013.pdf |title=Urban Forest Strategy |date=February 2013 |access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref> Sydney has also become a leader in the development of [[green building|green office buildings]] and enforcing the requirement of all building proposals to be energy-efficient. The [[Central Park, Sydney|One Central Park]] development, completed in 2013, is an example of this implementation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/conservation/greenest-sydney-building-using-rainforest-timber-20110727-1hz71.html |title='Greenest' Sydney building using rainforest timber |work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=27 July 2011 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centralparksydney.com/gardens/ |title=One Central Park Gardens |publisher=Frasers Property |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923041440/http://www.centralparksydney.com/gardens/ |archive-date=23 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="OCP arc">{{cite web |url=http://www.centralparksydney.com/architecture/ |title=Central Park Sydney – Architecture |publisher=Frasers Property |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005163802/http://www.centralparksydney.com/architecture |archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afr.com/p/202020_vision/sydney_central_park_project_shows_IFwlwOc7VqwlXPkqUD85GN |title=Sydney Central Park project shows sustainable living |work=[[The Australian Financial Review|Financial Review]] |date=28 November 2013 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref>

===Car-dependency===
[[File:Warringah Freeway2.jpg|thumb|[[Traffic congestion]] on the [[Warringah Freeway]], [[Milsons Point]]]]
Australian cities are some of the most [[car dependency|car-dependent]] cities in the world,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.socsci.flinders.edu.au/geog/geos/PDF%20Papers/Amphlett.pdf |title=Car dependence in Australian cities: a discussion of causes, environmental impact and possible solutions |work=[[Flinders University]] study |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301005900/http://www.socsci.flinders.edu.au/geog/geos/PDF%20Papers/Amphlett.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2011}}</ref> especially by world city standards, although Sydney's is the lowest of Australia's major cities at 66%.<ref name="Charting Transport-2023">[https://chartingtransport.com/#mode Charting Transport], retrieved 27 October 2017</ref> Sydney also has the [[Modal share|highest usage of public transport]] in an Australian city, at 27%–comparable with New York City, Shanghai and Berlin. Despite its high ranking for an Australian city, Sydney has a low level of mass-transit services, with a historically low-density layout and significant [[urban sprawl]], thus increasing the likelihood of car dependency.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/comment/sydney-not-yet-a-true-global-city-20140412-zqtpy.html |title=Sydney not yet a true global city |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=12 April 2014 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/opinion/cbds-turning-into-no-car-zones-as-the-great-divide-grows/story-e6frg9jx-1226493122243 |title=CBDs turning into no-car zones as the great divide grows |work=[[The Australian]] |date=11 October 2015 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref>

Strategies have been implemented to reduce private [[car pollution|vehicle pollution]] by encouraging [[mass transit|mass]] and [[public transport|public transit]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statetransit.info/bus-fleet/buses-and-the-environment |title=Buses and the Environment |work=statetransit.info |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203054323/http://www.statetransit.info/bus-fleet/buses-and-the-environment |url-status=dead}}</ref> initiating the development of high density housing and introducing a fleet of 10 new [[electric cars]], the largest order of the pollution-free vehicle in Australia.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/city-clears-the-way-on-pollution-free-car-fleet/ |title=City clears the way on pollution-free car fleet |publisher=City of Sydney |date=15 February 2013 |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504082128/http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/city-clears-the-way-on-pollution-free-car-fleet/ |archive-date=4 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Electric cars do not produce carbon monoxide and [[nitrous oxide]], which contribute to climate change.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/causes.html |title=Causes of Climate Change |work=epa.gov |date=12 August 2013 |access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="ipcc">{{cite book  |date=2021 |author=IPCC|title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |chapter=Global carbon and other biogeochemical cycles and feedbacks |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US |chapter-url= https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_05.pdf |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1 }}</ref> [[Cycling|Cycling trips]] increased by 113% across Sydney's inner-city from 2010 to 2015, at which point about 2,000 bikes were passing through top peak-hour intersections on an average weekday.<ref name="SustainableSydney2030" /> Transport developments in the [[Sydney Metro Northwest|north-west]] and east of the city have been designed to encourage use of the expanding public transportation system.

== Sister cities ==
[[Sister city|Sister cities]] of Sydney include:

* [[San Francisco]], [[United States|United States of America]]
* [[Wellington]], [[New Zealand]]
* [[Florence]], [[Italy]]
* [[Nagoya]], [[Japan]]
* [[Portsmouth]], [[United Kingdom]]

==See also==
{{Portal|New South Wales}}
* [[List of museums in Sydney]]
* [[List of people from Sydney]]
* [[List of public art in the City of Sydney]]
* [[List of songs about Sydney]]
* [[Outline of Sydney]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=N}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/ Official Sydney, NSW government site]
* [http://www.sydney.com/ Official Sydney tourism site]
* [http://aso.gov.au/titles/tags/Sydney/ Historical film clips of Sydney] on the [[National Film and Sound Archive]] of Australia's [http://aso.gov.au/ ''australianscreen online'']
* {{YouTube|id=itQaxQMZfCk|title=Qantas Farewell Flight B747-400 Queen of the Skies – Sydney Final Flight QF747}} – includes a low-level joyflight around Sydney showing various aspects of the city on 13 July 2020 (starts at 05:20)
* {{OSM|n|13766899}}
* [http://home.dictionaryofsydney.org/ Dictionary of Sydney – the history of Sydney] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324110321/http://home.dictionaryofsydney.org/ |date=24 March 2019 }})
* [http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/history/archives Sydney Official History Archives]
* [http://www.records.nsw.gov.au/ State Records New South Wales]
* [http://www.naa.gov.au/ National Archives of Australia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150502103309/http://john.curtin.edu.au/society/ Understanding Society Through its Records – John Curtin Library]
* [https://directory.archivists.org.au/ Directory of Archives in Australia]

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