Tavayvaam: Difference between revisions
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However, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, [[Boris Yeltsin]] led the privatisation of all state-run enterprises.<ref name=Gray133 /> The state farm was technically dissolved, although so key to village life had it been that it was still called the [[Sovkhoz]] by the inhabitants.<ref name=Gray133 /> In its place, four private enterprises were established, bearing the Chukchi names, Chirynai, Kenkeren, Eupolian and Topolovoye.<ref name=Gray133 /> Unfortunately, it was not a case of business as usual for the four new entrprises. Normally, when a state entrprise was privatised, there would be some form of remnant that would ensure a degree of economic continuity, hower, in this case when the state farm was dissolved, the assets were simply divided amongst the four new enterprises and the state element wound up entirely.<ref name=Gray134 /> The indigenous people now running these private enterprises were completely unprepared for the demands of a capitalist environment.<ref name=Gray134 /> By 1995 the total number of reindeer owned by the combined enterprises had fallen by nearly two-thirds from the total recorded in 1985 and by 1998, all four enterprises had closed permanently and there were no reindeer herds left, and smaller industrieslike the sewing workshops had also closed.<ref name=Gray134 /> |
However, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, [[Boris Yeltsin]] led the privatisation of all state-run enterprises.<ref name=Gray133 /> The state farm was technically dissolved, although so key to village life had it been that it was still called the [[Sovkhoz]] by the inhabitants.<ref name=Gray133 /> In its place, four private enterprises were established, bearing the Chukchi names, Chirynai, Kenkeren, Eupolian and Topolovoye.<ref name=Gray133 /> Unfortunately, it was not a case of business as usual for the four new entrprises. Normally, when a state entrprise was privatised, there would be some form of remnant that would ensure a degree of economic continuity, hower, in this case when the state farm was dissolved, the assets were simply divided amongst the four new enterprises and the state element wound up entirely.<ref name=Gray134 /> The indigenous people now running these private enterprises were completely unprepared for the demands of a capitalist environment.<ref name=Gray134 /> By 1995 the total number of reindeer owned by the combined enterprises had fallen by nearly two-thirds from the total recorded in 1985 and by 1998, all four enterprises had closed permanently and there were no reindeer herds left, and smaller industrieslike the sewing workshops had also closed.<ref name=Gray134 /> |
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It is claimed that the town of Anadyr annexed the neighbouring "national village" of |
It is claimed that the town of Anadyr annexed the neighbouring "national village" of Tavayvaam in May 1994, and that this was done by then governor Alexander Nazarov with a view to saving money from the Okrug budget; if the national village was absorbed into the town of Anadyr then there would be no obligation for the Okrug to allocate specific funds for the indigenous population there.<ref>Gray, p.135</ref> |
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==Demographics and Culture== |
==Demographics and Culture== |
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==References== |
==References== |
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===Notes=== |
===Notes=== |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
{{Reflist|2}} |
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*P. A. Gray. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5GRWgX2xQMEC&printsec=frontcover The Predicament of Chukotka's Indigenous People: Post-Soviet Activism in the Russian Far North] (2005) Cambridge University Press |
*P. A. Gray. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5GRWgX2xQMEC&printsec=frontcover The Predicament of Chukotka's Indigenous People: Post-Soviet Activism in the Russian Far North] (2005) Cambridge University Press |
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*{{Cite book|author=McKnight, Tom L; Hess, Darrel|year=2000|chapter=Climate Zones and Types|title=Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation|location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=0-13-020263-0}} |
*{{Cite book|author=McKnight, Tom L; Hess, Darrel|year=2000|chapter=Climate Zones and Types|title=Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation|location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=0-13-020263-0}} |
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*Постановление Правительства Российской Федерации № 1237 от 16 декабря 1995 «О реализации прав Региональной программы реконструкции национальных селах - местах компактного проживания Менее многочисленные народы Севера Чукотского автономного округа на 1996 год и на Ближнем будущее (Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation No 1237 of |
*Постановление Правительства Российской Федерации № 1237 от 16 декабря 1995 «О реализации прав Региональной программы реконструкции национальных селах - местах компактного проживания Менее многочисленные народы Севера Чукотского автономного округа на 1996 год и на Ближнем будущее (Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation No 1237 of 16 December 1995 "On the Realisation of the Regional Program of Reconstruction of National Villages - Places of Compact Residence of Less-Numerous Peoples of the North of the Chukotka Autonomous Region for 1996 and the Near Future), Rossiskaya Gazyeta, 25 January 1996, p. 6 |
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{{Chukotka Autonomous Okrug}} |
{{Chukotka Autonomous Okrug}} |
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Revision as of 16:47, 8 June 2014
Tavayvaam
Тавайваам | |
|---|---|
Location of Tavayvaam  | |
  Tavayvaam Location of Tavayvaam  Tavayvaam Tavayvaam (Chukotka Autonomous Okrug) | |
| Coordinates: 64°45′N 177°22′E / 64.750°N 177.367°E | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Chukotka Autonomous Okrug[2] |
| Population | |
• Total | 472 |
• Estimate (January 2014)[5] | 465 |
| • Subordinated to | Town of okrug significance of Anadyr[1] |
| • Urban okrug | Anadyr Urban Okrug[6] |
| Time zone | UTC+12 (MSK+9  [7]) |
| Postal code(s)[8] | 689000 |
| OKTMO ID | 77701000106 |
Tavayvaam (Template:Lang-ru, from the Chukchi literally meaning river on which one rides[9]) is a rural locality (a selo) under the administrative jurisdiction of the town of okrug significance of Anadyr in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia.[1] Within the framework of municipal divisions, it is a part of Anadyr Urban Okrug.[6] Its population of 472 (as of the 2010 Census)[3][4] is predominantly indigenous Chukchi and Yupik people.[10]
Economy
The economy is driven primarily by traditional activities. Reindeer farming used to be the main occupation, but following the economic crisis caused by the dissolution of the Soviet Union all the reindeer owned by the residents were lost. The effects of this loss can still be seen as around 20% of the population are unemployed. The lack of reindeer mean that the economy is instead now supported by fishing, seasonal labor, and the production of traditional indigenous crafts for sale to tourists and to the population of nearby Anadyr.
Soviet era
During the communist period, the main economic focus of the village was the state farm.[11] Originally, the farm was called Stalin, but following his death the name was changed to Twenty-Second Party Congress[11][12] Reindeer herding was the predominant occupation for the farm, and at its most prosperous point during the 1970s, there were up to ten separate brigades operating at any one time ou in the tundra south of the village, tending to in excess of 27,000 reindeer.[11] This farm employed the majority of people in the village.[11] If individuals were not directly involved in the herding of reindeer then they would be employed in sewing workshops where the skin of the reindeer would be use, or in the fish processing plant attached to the farm.[11] It was the indigenous population of the village that did all of the manual, practical work; the incomers were those who filled administrative or support positions.[11] During the summer, children would live with their families on the tundra following the reindeer, only returning to the village at the start of the new academic year to attend the residential school[13] In addition to steady employment, the fur and meat from the reindeer, as well as other game, and mushrooms and berries foraged, provided a vital source of sustinence for the villagers.[13]
Post-soviet era
However, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Boris Yeltsin led the privatisation of all state-run enterprises.[11] The state farm was technically dissolved, although so key to village life had it been that it was still called the Sovkhoz by the inhabitants.[11] In its place, four private enterprises were established, bearing the Chukchi names, Chirynai, Kenkeren, Eupolian and Topolovoye.[11] Unfortunately, it was not a case of business as usual for the four new entrprises. Normally, when a state entrprise was privatised, there would be some form of remnant that would ensure a degree of economic continuity, hower, in this case when the state farm was dissolved, the assets were simply divided amongst the four new enterprises and the state element wound up entirely.[13] The indigenous people now running these private enterprises were completely unprepared for the demands of a capitalist environment.[13] By 1995 the total number of reindeer owned by the combined enterprises had fallen by nearly two-thirds from the total recorded in 1985 and by 1998, all four enterprises had closed permanently and there were no reindeer herds left, and smaller industrieslike the sewing workshops had also closed.[13]
It is claimed that the town of Anadyr annexed the neighbouring "national village" of Tavayvaam in May 1994, and that this was done by then governor Alexander Nazarov with a view to saving money from the Okrug budget; if the national village was absorbed into the town of Anadyr then there would be no obligation for the Okrug to allocate specific funds for the indigenous population there.[14]
Demographics and Culture
Tavayvaam is a "national village", namely a "place of compact residence of Less-Numerous Peoples of the North".[15] Whereas Anadyr had an indigenous population of around 8.5% in 2005, Tavayvaam had an indigenous population of around 78%.[16] The village preserves its indigenous culture through the Chukchi language Club Murgin Vetgav and a native crafts society.
Climate
Tavayvaam has a Continental Subarctic or Boreal (taiga) climate (Dfc).[17]
| Climate data for Tavayvaam | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 1.2 (34.2) |
2.2 (36.0) |
5.1 (41.2) |
5 (41) |
14 (57) |
26 (79) |
28 (82) |
25.6 (78.1) |
23.4 (74.1) |
10.8 (51.4) |
5 (41) |
3.6 (38.5) |
28 (82) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −19.7 (−3.5) |
−17.4 (0.7) |
−14.5 (5.9) |
−8.2 (17.2) |
2 (36) |
11.2 (52.2) |
15.8 (60.4) |
13.7 (56.7) |
7.9 (46.2) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
−8.9 (16.0) |
−16.6 (2.1) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −26.6 (−15.9) |
−24.6 (−12.3) |
−21.8 (−7.2) |
−15.7 (3.7) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
3.8 (38.8) |
8.8 (47.8) |
7.5 (45.5) |
2.1 (35.8) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
−15.7 (3.7) |
−23.4 (−10.1) |
−9.7 (14.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −44 (−47) |
−44.1 (−47.4) |
−39 (−38) |
−32.5 (−26.5) |
−22.5 (−8.5) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
−12.1 (10.2) |
−5 (23) |
−10.4 (13.3) |
−25.3 (−13.5) |
−35.8 (−32.4) |
−40 (−40) |
−44.1 (−47.4) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 42 (1.7) |
45 (1.8) |
33 (1.3) |
24 (0.9) |
16 (0.6) |
25 (1.0) |
42 (1.7) |
45 (1.8) |
37 (1.5) |
29 (1.1) |
39 (1.5) |
32 (1.3) |
408 (16.1) |
| Average snowy days | 15 | 14 | 13 | 15 | 14 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 16 | 18 | 15 | 124 |
| Source: [18] | |||||||||||||
References
Notes
- ^ a b c d Directive #517-rp
- ^ Law #33-OZ
- ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ a b This figure is given for all rural population of Anadyr Urban Okrug, a municipal formation of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. According to Law 40-OZ, Tavayvaam is the only rural locality on the territory of this municipal formation.
- ^ Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics Service. Численность постоянного населения Чукотского автономного округа по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2014 года Template:Ru icon
- ^ a b Law #40-OZ
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
- ^ V.V. Leontev and K.A. Novikova, Топонимический словарь северо-востока СССР (Toponymic Dictionary of the Northeastern USSR) (1989) Magadan. p.348
- ^ Gray, p.130
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Gray, p.133
- ^ Gray (p.237) notes that, despite the apparent blandness of the the new name this is a particularly significant change as the twenty second party congress was the congress where Khrushchev ordered Stalin's body to be removed from Lenin's tomb, a clear acknowledgement of his fall from grace.
- ^ a b c d e Gray, p.134
- ^ Gray, p.135
- ^ Resolution #1237
- ^ Gray, p.131
- ^ McKnight and Hess, pp. 232-235
- ^ "Weather Averages — Tavayvaam". www.meoweather.com. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
Sources
- Дума Чукотского автономного округа. Закон №33-ОЗ от 30 июня 1998 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Чукотского автономного округа», в ред. Закона №55-ОЗ от 9 июня 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Чукотского автономного округа "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Чукотского автономного округа"». Вступил в силу по истечении десяти дней со дня его официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Ведомости", №7 (28), 14 мая 1999 г. (Duma of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Law #33-OZ of June 30, 1998 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, as amended by the Law #55-OZ of June 9, 2012 On Amending the Law of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug". Effective as of after ten days from the day of the official publication.).
- Правительство Чукотского автономного округа. Распоряжение №517-рп от 30 декабря 2008 г. «Об утверждении реестра административно-территориальных и территориальных образований Чукотского автономного округа», в ред. Распоряжения №323-рп от 27 июня 2011 г. «О внесении изменений в Распоряжение Правительства Чукотского автономного округа от 30 декабря 2008 года №517-рп». Опубликован: База данных "Консультант-плюс". (Government of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Directive #517-rp of December 30, 2008 On the Adoption of the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial and Territorial Formations of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, as amended by the Directive #323-rp of June 27, 2011 On Amending the Government of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Directive No. 517-rp of December 30, 2008. ).
- Дума Чукотского автономного округа. Закон №40-ОЗ от 29 ноября 2004 г. «О статусе и границах муниципального образования город Анадырь Чукотского автономного округа». Вступил в силу через десять дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Ведомости", №31/1 (178/1), 10 декабря 2004 г. (Duma of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Law #40-OZ of November 29, 2004 On the Status and Borders of the Municipal Formation of the Town of Anadyr of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Effective as of the day ten days after the official publication date.).
- P. A. Gray. The Predicament of Chukotka's Indigenous People: Post-Soviet Activism in the Russian Far North (2005) Cambridge University Press
- McKnight, Tom L; Hess, Darrel (2000). "Climate Zones and Types". Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-020263-0.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Постановление Правительства Российской Федерации № 1237 от 16 декабря 1995 «О реализации прав Региональной программы реконструкции национальных селах - местах компактного проживания Менее многочисленные народы Севера Чукотского автономного округа на 1996 год и на Ближнем будущее (Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation No 1237 of 16 December 1995 "On the Realisation of the Regional Program of Reconstruction of National Villages - Places of Compact Residence of Less-Numerous Peoples of the North of the Chukotka Autonomous Region for 1996 and the Near Future), Rossiskaya Gazyeta, 25 January 1996, p. 6