Tournai: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Municipality in |
{{Short description|Municipality in Wallonia, Belgium}} |
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{{Other uses}} |
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{{more citations needed|date=March 2015}} |
{{more citations needed|date=March 2015}} |
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{{Infobox Belgium municipality |
{{Infobox Belgium municipality |
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|name=Tournai |
|name = Tournai |
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|namenl=Doornik |
|namenl = Doornik |
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|namefr = |
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|native_name={{native name|pcd|Tornai}} |
|native_name = {{native name|pcd|Tornai}} |
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|type = city |
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|picture-legend=Tournai ''Grand-Place'' |
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|picture-legend = [[Grand-Place (Tournai)|Grand-Place of Tournai]] |
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|map-legend = Location of Tournai in Hainaut |
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|flag = Flag of Tournai.svg |
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|region={{BE-REG-WAL}} |
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|region = {{BE-REG-WAL}} |
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|province = {{BE-PROV-HT}} |
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|nis=57081 |
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|nis = 57081 |
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|pyramid-date= |
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|foreigners= |
|foreigners= |
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|foreigners-date= |
|foreigners-date= |
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|mayor=Paul-Olivier Delannois <small>([[Socialist Party (francophone Belgium)|PS]])</small> |
|mayor = Paul-Olivier Delannois <small>([[Socialist Party (francophone Belgium)|PS]])</small> |
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|majority=[[Socialist Party (francophone Belgium)|PS]]-[[Centre démocrate humaniste|cdH]] |
|majority = [[Socialist Party (francophone Belgium)|PS]]-[[Centre démocrate humaniste|cdH]] |
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|postal-codes=7500-7548 |
|postal-codes = 7500-7548 |
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|telephone-area=069 |
|telephone-area = 069 |
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|web= |
|web = {{URL|http://www.tournai.be/|tournai.be}} |
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'''Tournai''' or '''Tournay'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~804~60109:Belgium-;JSESSIONID=d093b50f-a271-4af7-84e2-208b82ea7086?title=Search+Results%3A+List_No+equal+to+%270466.027%27&thumbnailViewUrlKey=link.view.search.url&fullTextSearchChecked=&dateRangeSearchChecked=&showShareIIIFLink=true&helpUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.lunaimaging.com%2Fdisplay%2FV75D%2FLUNA%2BViewer%23LUNAViewer-LUNAViewer&showTip=false&showTipAdvancedSearch=false&advancedSearchUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.lunaimaging.com%2Fdisplay%2FV75D%2FSearching%23Searching-Searching |title=Belgium}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|t|ʊər|ˈ|n|eɪ}} {{respell|toor|NAY}}; {{IPA-fr|tuʁnɛ|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-Madehub-Tournai.wav}}; {{lang-nl|Doornik}} {{IPA-nl|ˈdoːrnɪk||Nl-Doornik.ogg}}; {{lang-pcd|Tornai}}; {{lang-wa|Tornè}} {{IPA-wa|tɔʀnɛ||Wa pcd Tornè.ogg}}; {{lang-la|Tornacum}}) is a city and [[Municipalities in Belgium|municipality]] of [[Wallonia]] located in the [[Hainaut Province|province of Hainaut]], [[Belgium]]. It lies {{cvt|85|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} southwest of [[Brussels]] on the river [[Scheldt]]. Tournai is part of [[Eurometropolis Lille–Kortrijk–Tournai]], which had 2,155,161 residents in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fr.eurometropolis.eu/qui-sommes-nous/territoire.html |title=List of municipalities |access-date=2014-09-08 |archive-date=2015-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321105237/http://fr.eurometropolis.eu/qui-sommes-nous/territoire.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurometropolis.eu |title=EUROMETROPOLIS: Eurometropolis Lille-Kortrijk-Tournai, the 1st european cross-bordrer metropolis |work=eurometropolis.eu |access-date=15 February 2017}}</ref> |
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'''Tournai''' or '''Tournay''' ({{IPAc-en|t|ʊər|ˈ|n|eɪ}} {{respell|toor|NAY}}, {{IPA|fr|tuʁnɛ|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-Madehub-Tournai.wav}}; {{lang-pcd|Tornai}}; {{lang-wa|Tornè}} {{IPA-wa|tɔʀnɛ||Wa pcd Tornè.ogg}}; {{lang-nl|Doornik}} {{IPA|nl|ˈdoːrnɪk||Nl-Doornik.ogg}}) is a city and [[Municipalities in Belgium|municipality]] of [[Wallonia]] located in the [[Hainaut Province|Province of Hainaut]], [[Belgium]]. It lies {{cvt|89|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} by road southwest of the centre of [[Brussels]] on the river [[Scheldt]],<ref name="GM">{{Google maps | url =https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Brussels,+Belgium/50.605556,3.388056/@50.7564426,4.0006727,31393m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!4m7!1m5!1m1!1s0x47c3a4ed73c76867:0xc18b3a66787302a7!2m2!1d4.3571696!2d50.8476424!1m0?hl=en | accessdate =15 March 2023}}</ref> and is part of [[Eurometropolis Lille–Kortrijk–Tournai]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurometropolis.eu |title=EUROMETROPOLIS: Eurometropolis Lille-Kortrijk-Tournai, the 1st european cross-bordrer metropolis |work=eurometropolis.eu |access-date=15 March 2023}}</ref> In 2022, the municipality of Tournai had an estimated population of 68,518 people.<ref name="cityde">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/belgium/hainaut/tournai_mouscron/57081__tournai/|title=Tournai|publisher=Citypopulation.de|accessdate=15 March 2023}}</ref> |
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Tournai is one of the oldest cities in Belgium and has played an important role in the country's cultural history. It was the first capital of the [[Francia|Frankish Empire]], with [[Clovis I]] being born here. |
Tournai is one of the oldest cities in Belgium and has played an important role in the country's cultural history. It was the first capital of the [[Francia|Frankish Empire]], with [[Clovis I]] being born here. |
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==Geography== |
==Geography== |
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Tournai lies {{cvt|89|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} by road southwest of the centre of [[Brussels]] on the river [[Scheldt]].<ref name="GM"/> Administratively, the town and municipality is part of the [[Hainaut Province|Province of Hainaut]], in the [[Wallonia]] region of southwest Belgium.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mason, Anthony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eAajBgAAQBAJ&dq=tournai+hainaut+province+wallonia&pg=PA181|title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide Belgium & Luxembourg|publisher=Dorling Kindersley Limited|year=2015|isbn= 9781465441720|page=81}}</ref> The municipality has an area of {{cvt|213.75|km2|2|abbr=off}}.<ref name="cityde"/> |
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⚫ | Tournai has its own [[Arrondissements of Belgium|arrondissements]], both administrative and judicial. The municipality consists of the following: [[Barry, Belgium|Barry]], [[Beclers]], [[Blandain]], [[Chercq]], [[Ere, Tournai|Ere]], [[Esplechin]], [[Froidmont]], [[Froyennes]], [[Gaurain-Ramecroix]], [[Havinnes]], [[Hertain]], [[Kain, Belgium|Kain]], [[Lamain]], [[Marquain]], [[Maulde (Belgium)|Maulde]], [[Melles, Belgium|Melles]], [[Mont-Saint-Aubert]], [[Mourcourt]], [[Orcq]], [[Quartes]], [[Ramegnies-Chin]], [[Rumillies]], [[Saint-Maur, Tournai|Saint-Maur]], [[Templeuve, Belgium|Templeuve]], [[Thimougies]], Tournai, [[Vaulx, Tournai|Vaulx]], [[Vezon, Belgium|Vezon]], [[Warchin]], and [[Willemeau]].<ref name="cityde"/> |
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Tournai is located in the [[Picardy Wallonia]] and [[Romance Flanders]] region of Belgium, at the southern limit of the Flemish plain, in the basin of the [[Scheldt|River Scheldt]] (''Escaut'' in French, ''Schelde'' in Dutch). Administratively, the town is part of the Province of Hainaut, itself part of Wallonia. It is also a municipality that is part of the [[French Community of Belgium|French-speaking Community]] of Belgium. Tournai has its own [[Arrondissements of Belgium|arrondissements]], both administrative and judicial. |
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Its area of {{cvt|213.75|km²|2|abbr=off}} makes it the largest municipality in size in Belgium; it is also the largest in population in Western Hainaut. |
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⚫ | The municipality consists of the following |
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===Geology=== |
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Rocks from the Tournai area date from the [[Carboniferous Period]] and have been used to define the [[Tournaisian|Tournaisian Age]], a subdivision of the Carboniferous lasting from 359 to 345 million years ago. Tournai stone is a dark limestone which takes a polish and was used particularly in the Romanesque period for sculpted items such as [[Tournai font]]s. It is also hard enough to have been used locally for pavements and kerb-stones. It is sometimes called Tournai marble, though this is geologically inaccurate. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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{{Quote box|width=21em|align=left|bgcolor=#B0D4DE |
{{Quote box|width=21em|align=left|bgcolor=#B0D4DE |
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|title=Historical affiliations |
|title=Historical affiliations |
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|fontsize=85%|quote=<poem> |
|fontsize=85%|quote=<poem>{{flagicon image|Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg|border=no}} [[Gallia Belgica]] until 432 |
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''[[Salian Franks]]'' 432–481 |
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[[Francia]] 481–843 |
[[Francia]] 481–843 |
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[[West Francia]] 843–987 |
[[West Francia]] 843–987 |
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{{flagicon image| |
{{flagicon image|Flag of France (XIV-XVI).svg}} [[Kingdom of France]] 987–1513 |
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{{flag|Kingdom of England}} 1513–1519 |
{{flag|Kingdom of England}} 1513–1519 |
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{{flagicon image| |
{{flagicon image|Flag of France (XIV-XVI).svg}} [[Kingdom of France]] 1519–1521 |
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{{flagicon image|Flag of the Low Countries.svg}} [[Habsburg Netherlands]] 1521–1556 |
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Low Countries.svg}} [[Habsburg Netherlands]] 1521–1556 |
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{{flagicon image|Flag of the Low Countries.svg}} [[Spanish Netherlands]] 1556–1668 |
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Low Countries.svg}} [[Spanish Netherlands]] 1556–1668 |
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{{flagicon image|Flag of France (1794-1815).svg}} [[First French Empire|French Empire]] 1804–1815 |
{{flagicon image|Flag of France (1794-1815).svg}} [[First French Empire|French Empire]] 1804–1815 |
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{{flagicon image|Flag of the Netherlands.svg}} [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands|Kingdom of the Netherlands]] 1815–1830 |
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Netherlands.svg}} [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands|Kingdom of the Netherlands]] 1815–1830 |
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{{flag|Kingdom of Belgium}} |
{{flag|Kingdom of Belgium}} 1830–1940 |
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{{flagicon image|War Ensign of Germany (1938–1945).svg}} [[Military Administration in Belgium]] 1940–1944 |
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{{flagicon image|Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg}} [[Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France]] 1944 |
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{{flag|Kingdom of Belgium}} 1944–present</poem> |
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Tournai, known as ''Tornacum'', was a place of minor importance in [[Roman times]], a stopping place where the [[Roman road]] from [[Cologne]] on the Rhine to [[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] on the coast crossed the |
Tournai, known as ''Tornacum'', was a place of minor importance in [[Roman times]], a stopping place where the [[Roman road]] from [[Cologne]] on the Rhine to [[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] on the coast crossed the river [[Scheldt]]. It was fortified under [[Maximian|Emperor Maximian]] in the 3rd century AD,<ref>Williams, Stephen. ''Diocletian and the Roman Recovery''. New York: Routledge, 1997:50f.</ref> when the Roman ''[[Limes (Roman Empire)|limes]]'' was withdrawn to the string of outposts along the road. It came into the possession of the [[Salian Franks]] in 432. Under [[Childeric I|King Childeric I]], whose tomb was discovered there in 1653,<ref>{{cite web |website=Archaeology in Europe Educational Resources |title=Location of Childeric's Grave |url=http://archeurope.eu/index.php?page=location-of-childeric-s-grave |access-date=21 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701185952/http://archeurope.eu/index.php?page=location-of-childeric-s-grave |archive-date=1 July 2015}}</ref> Tournai was the capital of the [[Francia|Frankish Empire]]. In 486, [[Clovis I|Clovis]] moved the center of power to [[Paris]]. In turn, a native son of Tournai, [[Eleutherius of Tournai|Eleutherius]], became bishop of the newly created [[bishopric of Tournai]], extending over most of the area west of the Scheldt. In 862, [[Charles the Bald]], first king of [[Western Francia]] and still to become [[Holy Roman Emperor]], would make Tournai the seat of the [[County of Flanders]]. |
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[[File:Doornik 1581.jpg|thumbnail|right|Siege of Tournai, 1581]] |
[[File:Doornik 1581.jpg|thumbnail|right|Siege of Tournai, 1581]] |
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⚫ | After the partition of the Frankish |
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⚫ | After the partition of the Frankish Empire by the Treaties of [[Treaty of Verdun|Verdun (843)]] and of [[Treaty of Meerssen|Meerssen (870)]], Tournai remained in the western part of the empire, which in 987 became France. The city participated in 11th-century rise of towns in the [[Low Countries]], with a woollen cloth industry based on English wool, which soon made it attractive to wealthy merchants. An ambitious rebuilding of the cathedral was initiated in 1030. [[Odo of Tournai|Odo of Orléans]] was appointed at the cathedral school of Tournai in 1087.<ref name="Stone">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpwLAwAAQBAJ&dq=odo+of+orleans+1087+saint+martin+abbey&pg=PA263|author=Stone, Darwell|title=A History of the Doctrine of the Holy Eucharist Volume 1|publisher=Legare Street Press|page=263|isbn=9781013881794}}</ref> Under Odo's leadership, [[Saint-Martin Abbey, Tournai|Saint-Martin Abbey]] flourished and by 1105 had 70 monks.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34TzVbxCItMC&dq=70+monks+1105+saint+martin+abbey&pg=PA91|title=The Reformation of the Twelfth Century|author=Constable, Giles|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|isbn=9780521638715|page=91}}</ref> The commune's drive for independence from the local counts succeeded in 1187, and the city was henceforth directly subordinated to the French Crown, as the ''[[Tournaisis|seigneurie de Tournaisis]]'', as the city's environs are called. The stone {{ill|Pont des Trous (Bridge of the Holes) |fr}} over the Scheldt, with defensive towers at either end, was built in 1290, replacing an earlier wooden structure. |
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⚫ | During the 15th century, the city's textile trade boomed and it became an important supplier of [[tapestry]]. The art of painting flourished too: [[Jacques Daret]], [[Robert Campin]] and [[Rogier van der Weyden]] all came from Tournai. It was [[Battle of the Spurs|captured in 1513]] by [[Henry VIII of England]], making it the only Belgian city ever to have been ruled by England. It was also [[Tournai (constituency)|represented]] in the 1515 [[Parliament of England]].<ref>Davies, C. S. L. "Tournai and the English crown, 1513-1519." Historical Journal (1998): 1-26.</ref> The city was handed back to French rule in 1519, following the [[Treaty of London (1518)]]. |
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In 1340, as a part of the Hundred Years' War, [[Edward III of England]] gathered a large army and [[Siege of Tournai (1340)|besieged]] Tournai for a month. The operation was unsuccessful, bankrupting Edward and forcing him to sign the [[Truce of Espléchin]]. |
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⚫ | During the 15th century, the city's textile trade boomed and it became an important supplier of [[tapestry]]. The art of painting flourished too: [[Jacques Daret]], [[Robert Campin]] and [[Rogier van der Weyden]] all came from Tournai. It was [[Battle of the Spurs|captured in 1513]] by [[Henry VIII of England]], making it the only Belgian city ever to have been ruled by England. It was also [[Tournai (Parliament of England constituency)|represented]] in the 1515 [[Parliament of England]].<ref>Davies, C. S. L. "Tournai and the English crown, 1513-1519." Historical Journal (1998): 1-26.</ref> The city was handed back to French rule in 1519, following the [[Treaty of London (1518)]]. |
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[[File:Eugene-Henry-Fricx-Table-des-cartes-des-Pays-Bas MG 0564.tif|thumb|Siege of Tournai, 1709]] |
[[File:Eugene-Henry-Fricx-Table-des-cartes-des-Pays-Bas MG 0564.tif|thumb|Siege of Tournai, 1709]] |
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⚫ | In 1521, Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] added the city to his possessions in the [[Low Countries]], leading to a period of religious strife and economic decline. During the 16th century, Tournai was a bulwark of [[Calvinism]], but eventually it was conquered by the Spanish governor of the Low Countries, the [[Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza|Duke of Parma]], following a prolonged siege in 1581. After the fall of the city, its Protestant inhabitants were given one year to sell their possessions and emigrate, a policy that was at the time considered relatively humane, since very often religious opponents were simply massacred. |
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⚫ | In 1521, [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] added the city to his possessions in the [[Low Countries]], leading to a period of religious strife and economic decline. During the 16th century, Tournai was a bulwark of [[Calvinism]], but eventually it was conquered by the Spanish governor of the Low Countries, the [[Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza|Duke of Parma]], following a prolonged siege in 1581. After the fall of the city, its [[Protestantism|Protestant]] inhabitants were given one year to sell their possessions and emigrate, a policy that was at the time considered relatively humane, since very often religious opponents were simply massacred. |
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⚫ | One century later, in 1668, the city briefly returned to France under [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] in the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]]. |
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⚫ | One century later, in 1668, the city briefly returned to France under [[Louis XIV of France|King Louis XIV]] in the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]] following the [[Siege of Tournai (1667)|siege of Tournai]]. The city was [[Siege of Tournai (1709)|besieged]] by the [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|Duke of Marlborough]] during the [[War of Spanish Succession]] in 1709. At the end of the war in 1713, under terms of the [[Treaty of Utrecht]] the former [[Spanish Netherlands]], including Tournai, came into possession of the [[Austrian Netherlands|Austrian Habsburgs]]. The city was again successfully [[Siege of Tournai (1745)|besieged]] by France in 1745. In 1794, France annexed the [[Austrian Netherlands]] during the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] and Tournai became part of the [[Departments of France|department]] of [[Jemmape (department)|Jemmape]]. From 1815 on, following the [[Napoleonic Wars]], Tournai formed part of the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands|United Netherlands]] and after 1830 of [[Belgian Revolution|newly independent Belgium]]. Badly damaged in 1940 during [[World War II]], Tournai has since been carefully restored. |
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==Main sights== |
==Main sights== |
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[[File:Tournai JPG05a.jpg|thumb|left| |
[[File:Tournai JPG05a.jpg|thumb|left|{{ill|Pont des Trous|fr}} bridge on the river [[Scheldt]] with [[Tournai Cathedral|Our Lady's Cathedral of Tournai]] in the distance]] |
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Tournai is considered to be one of the most important cultural sites in Belgium. The mixed [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]]- and [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]]-style |
Tournai is considered to be one of the most important cultural sites in Belgium. The mixed [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]]- and [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]]-style [[Tournai Cathedral|Cathedral of Our Lady]] and the city's [[Belfry of Tournai|Belfry]], considered the oldest in Belgium,<ref>{{cite web |title=Liste du Patrimoine Mondial: Proposition D'Inscription: Beffrois Flamands |website=World Heritage List |
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|url=https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/943bis.pdf |access-date=21 May 2015 |page=3 |language=fr |quote=Selon certaines sources, le beffroi de Tournai, considéré comme le plus ancien en Belgique (1187)}}</ref> have been designated by [[UNESCO]] as [[World Heritage Site]]s.<ref>{{cite web |website=World Heritage List |title=Notre-Dame Cathedral in Tournai |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1009 |access-date=21 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=World Heritage List |title=Belfries of Belgium and France |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/943 |access-date=21 May 2015}}</ref> Inside the cathedral, the ''Châsse de Notre-Dame flamande'', a beautifully ornate 12th-century [[reliquary]], gives witness to Tournai's wealth in the [[Middle Ages]] |
|url=https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/943bis.pdf |access-date=21 May 2015 |page=3 |language=fr |quote=Selon certaines sources, le beffroi de Tournai, considéré comme le plus ancien en Belgique (1187)}}</ref> have been designated by [[UNESCO]] as [[World Heritage Site]]s.<ref>{{cite web |website=World Heritage List |title=Notre-Dame Cathedral in Tournai |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1009 |access-date=21 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=World Heritage List |title=Belfries of Belgium and France |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/943 |access-date=21 May 2015}}</ref> Inside the cathedral, the ''Châsse de Notre-Dame flamande'', a beautifully ornate 12th-century [[reliquary]], gives witness to Tournai's wealth in the [[Middle Ages]]. |
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Other places of interest are the 13th-century [[Scheldt]] bridge (Pont des Trous)<ref>{{cite web |website=Tournai Office du Tourisme |title=The " Pont des Trous" |url=http://www.visittournai.be/spip.php?page=details&id=ALD-02-000KAM&id_rubrique=8 |access-date=2015-05-21 |archive-date=2016-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826083153/http://www.visittournai.be/spip.php?page=details&id=ALD-02-000KAM&id_rubrique=8 }}</ref> and the main square ([[Grand-Place (Tournai)|Grand-Place]]), as well as several old city gates, historic warehouses, and a variety of museums. As in many Belgian cities, there are a number of cafés and pubs on the Grand-Place. In the middle of the square, there are a series of water fountains, while a circular staircase to the top of the Belfry can be climbed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Grand Place |url=https://en.visittournai.be/bon-vivant/grand-place-tournai/ |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=Visittournai |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tournai, le plus vieux Beffroi de Belgique |url=https://www.visittournai.be/impressionnant/beffroi/ |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=Visittournai |language=fr}}</ref> |
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⚫ | On |
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⚫ | On the Rue Barre-St-Brice are two of the oldest private houses in Europe, dating from between 1175 and 1200 and built in the Romanesque style,<ref>{{cite web |website=Tourisme Wallonie |title=Visite: Monument LES MAISONS ROMANES |url=http://www.belgique-tourisme.be/informations/attractions-touristiques-tournai-les-maisons-romanes/fr/V/24977.html |access-date=21 May 2015 |language=fr |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923183350/http://www.belgique-tourisme.be/informations/attractions-touristiques-tournai-les-maisons-romanes/fr/V/24977.html }}</ref> while the Rue des Jésuites includes a Gothic house from the 13th century. There are also several buildings in the [[Art Nouveau]] style across the city. |
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As in many Belgian cities, there are a number of cafés and pubs in the ''Grand Place''. In the middle of the ''Grand Place'' there are a series of water fountains while the circular staircase to the top of the belfry can be climbed. |
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There are several buildings in the [[art nouveau]] style. |
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==Culture== |
==Culture== |
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===A French-speaking Walloon town=== |
===A French-speaking Walloon town=== |
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[[File:Tournai, |
[[File:Tournai, la Grand Place IMG 6461 2023-06-05 08.56.jpg|thumb|right|[[Grand-Place (Tournai)|Grand-Place of Tournai]]]] |
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Tournai is a French-speaking town of Belgium. The local language is ''tournaisien'', a [[Picard language|Picard]] dialect similar to that of other communes of Hainaut and Northern France. |
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Tournai belongs to [[Romance Flanders]], like [[Lille]], [[Douai]], [[Tourcoing]], and [[Mouscron]]. The city |
Tournai is a French-speaking town of Belgium. The local language is ''tournaisien'', a [[Picard language|Picard]] dialect similar to that of other municipalities of Hainaut and Northern France. Tournai also belongs to [[Romance Flanders]], like [[Lille]], [[Douai]], [[Tourcoing]], and [[Mouscron]]. The city was one of the greatest cultural and economic centres of the [[County of Flanders]]. Some traces can still be seen today: |
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*The |
* The [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[choir]] of [[Tournai Cathedral|Our Lady's Cathedral]] is a precursory element of the Scaldian (meaning from the [[Scheldt]] area), typically Flemish, [[Gothic art]]. |
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*The |
* The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tournai|Bishopric of Tournai]] was the religious capital of Flanders during more than a millennium (from 496 to 1559). |
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*The tapestries and draperies of Tournai belong to the great Flemish school of [[tapestry]] and Tournai was part of the Flemish [[Hanseatic League|Hansa]] of London, which also included the draper towns of Flanders. |
* The tapestries and draperies of Tournai belong to the great Flemish school of [[tapestry]] and Tournai was part of the Flemish [[Hanseatic League|Hansa]] of London, which also included the draper towns of Flanders. |
||
*The |
* The Church of St. Brice, dedicated to [[Saint Britius]], is one of the first examples of the ''hallekerk'' style, so typical of the Flemish countryside. |
||
*The [[Church of Saint Quentin, Tournai|Church of |
* The [[Church of Saint Quentin, Tournai|Church of St. Quentin]], a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[parish church]] in [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] style with [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] elements, known to have existed since the 10th century. The current building was built around 1200, but has been altered several times throughout history. It contains important sculptures by the 15th-century sculptor [[Jean Delemer]]. |
||
*Some of the great [[Early Netherlandish painting|Flemish Primitives]] are from Tournai: [[Robert Campin]], [[Rogier van der Weyden]], [[Jacques Daret]]. |
* Some of the great [[Early Netherlandish painting|Flemish Primitives]] are from Tournai: [[Robert Campin]], [[Rogier van der Weyden]], and [[Jacques Daret]]. |
||
Although Tournai is in the Flemish cultural area (of the Scheldt), it also possesses some treasures of the [[Mosan art|Mosan style]]. Indeed, the two most beautiful shrines of the cathedral, commissioned by the |
Although Tournai is in the Flemish cultural area (of the Scheldt), it also possesses some treasures of the [[Mosan art|Mosan style]]. Indeed, the two most beautiful shrines of the cathedral, commissioned by the Bishop of Tournai, were made in the region of [[Bishopric of Liège|Liège]] by the artist [[Nicholas of Verdun]]: the shrines of ''Saint-Eleutherius'' and of ''Our Lady of Flanders'' (13th century). Those shrines testify to the opulence of Tournai and Liège during the Middle Ages. The shrine of ''Our Lady of Flanders'' has been called one of the seven wonders of Belgium. |
||
===Festivities=== |
===Festivities=== |
||
⚫ | * The "Great Procession" (in [[French language|French]]: ''Grande Procession'') is a procession initiated by the bishop Radbot II during a plague epidemic. It has taken place every year since 1092, with the single exception of the year 1566, when the [[iconoclasm|iconoclasts]] considerably damaged the religious symbols of the city. This historic [[procession]] unfolds in the streets every second Sunday of September. |
||
⚫ | * The first Monday after January 6 is known as "Lost Monday" (in [[French language|French]]: ''Lundi perdu'') or "Perjury Monday" (''Lundi parjuré''). This tradition dates from more than 700 years ago. The wealthier city inhabitants used to prepare fastidious family dinners and elect a king. Today, the family dinners have expanded to wider groups and a rabbit dish is often served. |
||
⚫ | *The "Great Procession" (in [[French language|French]]: ''Grande Procession'') is a procession initiated by the bishop Radbot II during a plague epidemic. It has taken place every year since 1092, with the single exception of the year 1566, when the [[iconoclasm|iconoclasts]] considerably damaged the religious symbols of the city. This historic [[procession]] unfolds in the streets every second Sunday of September. |
||
⚫ | *The first Monday after January 6 is known as "Lost Monday" (in [[French language|French]]: ''Lundi perdu'') or "Perjury Monday" (''Lundi parjuré''). This tradition dates from more than 700 years ago. The wealthier city inhabitants used to prepare fastidious family dinners and elect a king. Today, the family dinners have expanded to wider groups and a rabbit dish is often served. |
||
==Education== |
==Education== |
||
The [[UCLouvain Faculty of Architecture, Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning|Faculty of |
The [[UCLouvain Faculty of Architecture, Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning|Faculty of Architecture, Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning]] of the French-speaking [[Université catholique de Louvain|University of Louvain]] (UCLouvain) is located in Tournai. |
||
==People born in Tournai== |
==People born in Tournai== |
||
*[[Clovis I]], first king of all [[Salian Franks]] (5th century) |
*[[Clovis I]], first king of all [[Salian Franks]] (5th century) |
||
*[[Gilles Li Muisis]], [[France|French]] chronicler and poet (13th century) |
*[[Gilles Li Muisis]], [[France|French]] chronicler and poet (13th century) |
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*[[Xaveer De Geyter]], architect (20th century) |
*[[Xaveer De Geyter]], architect (20th century) |
||
*[[Gabrielle Petit]], spy for the [[British Secret Service]] during the [[First World War]], executed in 1916 by the [[German Empire|Germans]] (20th century) |
*[[Gabrielle Petit]], spy for the [[British Secret Service]] during the [[First World War]], executed in 1916 by the [[German Empire|Germans]] (20th century) |
||
*[[Viviane Nicaise]], cartoonist and colorist (21st century) |
|||
==Image gallery== |
==Image gallery== |
||
<gallery> |
<gallery> |
||
Belfry of Tournai during golden hour (DSCF8266).jpg|[[Belfry of Tournai]] |
Belfry of Tournai during golden hour (DSCF8266).jpg|[[Belfry of Tournai]] |
||
File:Tournai JPG001.jpg| |
File:Tournai JPG001.jpg|[[Tournai Cathedral|Cathedral of Our Lady of Tournai]] |
||
File:Tournai Ha1JPG.jpg|Cloth |
File:Tournai Ha1JPG.jpg|Cloth Hall |
||
File:01 Tournai AB1aJPG.jpg|Town |
File:01 Tournai AB1aJPG.jpg|Town Hall and park |
||
File:070215 Tournai (46).JPG|Town |
File:070215 Tournai (46).JPG|Town Hall |
||
File:DoornikLuchtfoto.jpg|Aerial view of Tournai |
File:DoornikLuchtfoto.jpg|Aerial view of Tournai |
||
</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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{{Commons category}} |
{{Commons category}} |
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{{Wikivoyage|Tournai}} |
{{Wikivoyage|Tournai}} |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081210031204/http://latourdetrop.be/ Internationale petitie tegen het bouwproject van een toren in de Unesco zone van de kathedraal van Doornik (België).] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081210031204/http://latourdetrop.be/ Internationale petitie tegen het bouwproject van een toren in de Unesco zone van de kathedraal van Doornik (België).] |
||
*[https://whc.unesco.org/sites/1009.htm UNESCO World Heritage Site Citation] |
*[https://whc.unesco.org/sites/1009.htm UNESCO World Heritage Site Citation] |
Latest revision as of 15:51, 14 October 2024
This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2015) |
Tournai
Tornai (Picard) Doornik (Dutch) | |
---|---|
City and municipality | |
Coordinates: 50°36′20″N 03°23′17″E / 50.60556°N 3.38806°E | |
Country | Belgium |
Community | French Community |
Region | Wallonia |
Province | Hainaut |
Arrondissement | Tournai |
Government | |
• Mayor | Paul-Olivier Delannois (PS) |
• Governing party/ies | PS-cdH |
Area | |
• Total | 215.34 km2 (83.14 sq mi) |
Population (2018-01-01)[1] | |
• Total | 69,554 |
• Density | 320/km2 (840/sq mi) |
Postal codes | 7500-7548 |
NIS code | 57081 |
Area codes | 069 |
Website | tournai.be |
Tournai or Tournay (/tʊərˈneɪ/ toor-NAY, French: [tuʁnɛ] ; Picard: Tornai; Walloon: Tornè [tɔʀnɛ] ; Dutch: Doornik [ˈdoːrnɪk] ) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the Province of Hainaut, Belgium. It lies 89 km (55 mi) by road southwest of the centre of Brussels on the river Scheldt,[2] and is part of Eurometropolis Lille–Kortrijk–Tournai,[3] In 2022, the municipality of Tournai had an estimated population of 68,518 people.[4]
Tournai is one of the oldest cities in Belgium and has played an important role in the country's cultural history. It was the first capital of the Frankish Empire, with Clovis I being born here.
Geography
[edit]Tournai lies 89 km (55 mi) by road southwest of the centre of Brussels on the river Scheldt.[2] Administratively, the town and municipality is part of the Province of Hainaut, in the Wallonia region of southwest Belgium.[5] The municipality has an area of 213.75 km2 (82.53 sq mi).[4]
Tournai has its own arrondissements, both administrative and judicial. The municipality consists of the following: Barry, Beclers, Blandain, Chercq, Ere, Esplechin, Froidmont, Froyennes, Gaurain-Ramecroix, Havinnes, Hertain, Kain, Lamain, Marquain, Maulde, Melles, Mont-Saint-Aubert, Mourcourt, Orcq, Quartes, Ramegnies-Chin, Rumillies, Saint-Maur, Templeuve, Thimougies, Tournai, Vaulx, Vezon, Warchin, and Willemeau.[4]
History
[edit]Gallia Belgica until 432
Salian Franks 432–481
Francia 481–843
West Francia 843–987
Kingdom of France 987–1513
Kingdom of England 1513–1519
Kingdom of France 1519–1521
Habsburg Netherlands 1521–1556
Spanish Netherlands 1556–1668
Kingdom of France 1668–1713
Austrian Netherlands 1714–1794
French Republic 1794–1804
French Empire 1804–1815
Kingdom of the Netherlands 1815–1830
Kingdom of Belgium 1830–1940
Military Administration in Belgium 1940–1944
Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France 1944
Kingdom of Belgium 1944–present
Tournai, known as Tornacum, was a place of minor importance in Roman times, a stopping place where the Roman road from Cologne on the Rhine to Boulogne on the coast crossed the river Scheldt. It was fortified under Emperor Maximian in the 3rd century AD,[6] when the Roman limes was withdrawn to the string of outposts along the road. It came into the possession of the Salian Franks in 432. Under King Childeric I, whose tomb was discovered there in 1653,[7] Tournai was the capital of the Frankish Empire. In 486, Clovis moved the center of power to Paris. In turn, a native son of Tournai, Eleutherius, became bishop of the newly created bishopric of Tournai, extending over most of the area west of the Scheldt. In 862, Charles the Bald, first king of Western Francia and still to become Holy Roman Emperor, would make Tournai the seat of the County of Flanders.
After the partition of the Frankish Empire by the Treaties of Verdun (843) and of Meerssen (870), Tournai remained in the western part of the empire, which in 987 became France. The city participated in 11th-century rise of towns in the Low Countries, with a woollen cloth industry based on English wool, which soon made it attractive to wealthy merchants. An ambitious rebuilding of the cathedral was initiated in 1030. Odo of Orléans was appointed at the cathedral school of Tournai in 1087.[8] Under Odo's leadership, Saint-Martin Abbey flourished and by 1105 had 70 monks.[9] The commune's drive for independence from the local counts succeeded in 1187, and the city was henceforth directly subordinated to the French Crown, as the seigneurie de Tournaisis, as the city's environs are called. The stone Pont des Trous (Bridge of the Holes) over the Scheldt, with defensive towers at either end, was built in 1290, replacing an earlier wooden structure.
In 1340, as a part of the Hundred Years' War, Edward III of England gathered a large army and besieged Tournai for a month. The operation was unsuccessful, bankrupting Edward and forcing him to sign the Truce of Espléchin.
During the 15th century, the city's textile trade boomed and it became an important supplier of tapestry. The art of painting flourished too: Jacques Daret, Robert Campin and Rogier van der Weyden all came from Tournai. It was captured in 1513 by Henry VIII of England, making it the only Belgian city ever to have been ruled by England. It was also represented in the 1515 Parliament of England.[10] The city was handed back to French rule in 1519, following the Treaty of London (1518).
In 1521, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V added the city to his possessions in the Low Countries, leading to a period of religious strife and economic decline. During the 16th century, Tournai was a bulwark of Calvinism, but eventually it was conquered by the Spanish governor of the Low Countries, the Duke of Parma, following a prolonged siege in 1581. After the fall of the city, its Protestant inhabitants were given one year to sell their possessions and emigrate, a policy that was at the time considered relatively humane, since very often religious opponents were simply massacred.
One century later, in 1668, the city briefly returned to France under King Louis XIV in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle following the siege of Tournai. The city was besieged by the Duke of Marlborough during the War of Spanish Succession in 1709. At the end of the war in 1713, under terms of the Treaty of Utrecht the former Spanish Netherlands, including Tournai, came into possession of the Austrian Habsburgs. The city was again successfully besieged by France in 1745. In 1794, France annexed the Austrian Netherlands during the French Revolutionary Wars and Tournai became part of the department of Jemmape. From 1815 on, following the Napoleonic Wars, Tournai formed part of the United Netherlands and after 1830 of newly independent Belgium. Badly damaged in 1940 during World War II, Tournai has since been carefully restored.
Main sights
[edit]Tournai is considered to be one of the most important cultural sites in Belgium. The mixed Romanesque- and Gothic-style Cathedral of Our Lady and the city's Belfry, considered the oldest in Belgium,[11] have been designated by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites.[12][13] Inside the cathedral, the Châsse de Notre-Dame flamande, a beautifully ornate 12th-century reliquary, gives witness to Tournai's wealth in the Middle Ages.
Other places of interest are the 13th-century Scheldt bridge (Pont des Trous)[14] and the main square (Grand-Place), as well as several old city gates, historic warehouses, and a variety of museums. As in many Belgian cities, there are a number of cafés and pubs on the Grand-Place. In the middle of the square, there are a series of water fountains, while a circular staircase to the top of the Belfry can be climbed.[15][16]
On the Rue Barre-St-Brice are two of the oldest private houses in Europe, dating from between 1175 and 1200 and built in the Romanesque style,[17] while the Rue des Jésuites includes a Gothic house from the 13th century. There are also several buildings in the Art Nouveau style across the city.
Culture
[edit]A French-speaking Walloon town
[edit]Tournai is a French-speaking town of Belgium. The local language is tournaisien, a Picard dialect similar to that of other municipalities of Hainaut and Northern France. Tournai also belongs to Romance Flanders, like Lille, Douai, Tourcoing, and Mouscron. The city was one of the greatest cultural and economic centres of the County of Flanders. Some traces can still be seen today:
- The Gothic choir of Our Lady's Cathedral is a precursory element of the Scaldian (meaning from the Scheldt area), typically Flemish, Gothic art.
- The Bishopric of Tournai was the religious capital of Flanders during more than a millennium (from 496 to 1559).
- The tapestries and draperies of Tournai belong to the great Flemish school of tapestry and Tournai was part of the Flemish Hansa of London, which also included the draper towns of Flanders.
- The Church of St. Brice, dedicated to Saint Britius, is one of the first examples of the hallekerk style, so typical of the Flemish countryside.
- The Church of St. Quentin, a Catholic parish church in Romanesque style with Gothic elements, known to have existed since the 10th century. The current building was built around 1200, but has been altered several times throughout history. It contains important sculptures by the 15th-century sculptor Jean Delemer.
- Some of the great Flemish Primitives are from Tournai: Robert Campin, Rogier van der Weyden, and Jacques Daret.
Although Tournai is in the Flemish cultural area (of the Scheldt), it also possesses some treasures of the Mosan style. Indeed, the two most beautiful shrines of the cathedral, commissioned by the Bishop of Tournai, were made in the region of Liège by the artist Nicholas of Verdun: the shrines of Saint-Eleutherius and of Our Lady of Flanders (13th century). Those shrines testify to the opulence of Tournai and Liège during the Middle Ages. The shrine of Our Lady of Flanders has been called one of the seven wonders of Belgium.
Festivities
[edit]- The "Great Procession" (in French: Grande Procession) is a procession initiated by the bishop Radbot II during a plague epidemic. It has taken place every year since 1092, with the single exception of the year 1566, when the iconoclasts considerably damaged the religious symbols of the city. This historic procession unfolds in the streets every second Sunday of September.
- The first Monday after January 6 is known as "Lost Monday" (in French: Lundi perdu) or "Perjury Monday" (Lundi parjuré). This tradition dates from more than 700 years ago. The wealthier city inhabitants used to prepare fastidious family dinners and elect a king. Today, the family dinners have expanded to wider groups and a rabbit dish is often served.
Education
[edit]The Faculty of Architecture, Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning of the French-speaking University of Louvain (UCLouvain) is located in Tournai.
People born in Tournai
[edit]- Clovis I, first king of all Salian Franks (5th century)
- Gilles Li Muisis, French chronicler and poet (13th century)
- Rogier van der Weyden, Flemish painter (15th century)
- Jacques Daret, Flemish painter (15th century)
- Pierre de La Rue, Franco-Flemish composer (15th century)
- Perkin Warbeck, impostor and pretender to the throne of England (15th century)
- Marbrianus de Orto, Franco-Flemish composer (15th-16th century)
- Charles Blount, 5th Baron Mountjoy, courtier and patron of learning (16th century)
- Isaac Le Maire, pioneering merchant of the VOC, the Dutch East India Company (16th century)
- Louise-Françoise de Bourbon (1673–1743) illegitimate daughter of Louis XIV of France and his most famous mistress Madame de Montespan.
- Peter Minuit, generally credited with orchestrating the purchase of Manhattan Island for the Dutch from the Lenape Native Americans.
- Donat Casterman, publisher (18th century)
- Philippe de la Motte, 1556–1617, Pastor at Tournai (1582/3) and of Walloon Church, Southampton (1586).
- Piat Sauvage, painter (19th century)
- Louis Gallait, painter (19th century)
- Jean-Baptiste Moëns, philatelist (19th century)
- Jules Bara, statesman (19th century)
- Georges Rodenbach, Symbolist poet and novelist (19th century)
- Hélène Dutrieu, cycle racer, stunt driver and aviator (19th and 20th centuries)
- Marc Quaghebeur, writer (20th century)
- Xaveer De Geyter, architect (20th century)
- Gabrielle Petit, spy for the British Secret Service during the First World War, executed in 1916 by the Germans (20th century)
- Viviane Nicaise, cartoonist and colorist (21st century)
Image gallery
[edit]-
Cloth Hall
-
Town Hall and park
-
Town Hall
-
Aerial view of Tournai
Twin towns
[edit]- Troyes, France
- Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
- Bethlehem, Palestine[18]
- Tarija, Bolivia
References
[edit]- ^ "Wettelijke Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2018". Statbel. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
- ^ a b "Tournai" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
- ^ "EUROMETROPOLIS: Eurometropolis Lille-Kortrijk-Tournai, the 1st european cross-bordrer metropolis". eurometropolis.eu. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
- ^ a b c "Tournai". Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
- ^ Mason, Anthony (2015). DK Eyewitness Travel Guide Belgium & Luxembourg. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 81. ISBN 9781465441720.
- ^ Williams, Stephen. Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. New York: Routledge, 1997:50f.
- ^ "Location of Childeric's Grave". Archaeology in Europe Educational Resources. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
- ^ Stone, Darwell. A History of the Doctrine of the Holy Eucharist Volume 1. Legare Street Press. p. 263. ISBN 9781013881794.
- ^ Constable, Giles (1998). The Reformation of the Twelfth Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 91. ISBN 9780521638715.
- ^ Davies, C. S. L. "Tournai and the English crown, 1513-1519." Historical Journal (1998): 1-26.
- ^ "Liste du Patrimoine Mondial: Proposition D'Inscription: Beffrois Flamands" (PDF). World Heritage List (in French). p. 3. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
Selon certaines sources, le beffroi de Tournai, considéré comme le plus ancien en Belgique (1187)
- ^ "Notre-Dame Cathedral in Tournai". World Heritage List. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
- ^ "Belfries of Belgium and France". World Heritage List. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
- ^ "The " Pont des Trous"". Tournai Office du Tourisme. Archived from the original on 2016-08-26. Retrieved 2015-05-21.
- ^ "The Grand Place". Visittournai. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
- ^ "Tournai, le plus vieux Beffroi de Belgique". Visittournai (in French). Retrieved 2023-01-16.
- ^ "Visite: Monument LES MAISONS ROMANES". Tourisme Wallonie (in French). Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
- ^ "Tournai jumelé avec Bethléem". dhnet.be. 29 February 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
External links
[edit]- Internationale petitie tegen het bouwproject van een toren in de Unesco zone van de kathedraal van Doornik (België).
- UNESCO World Heritage Site Citation
- Official site — The city's site, available in French, English and Dutch.
- Tournai City.net — Online directory for this city.
- Joan of Arc's letter to Tournai — English translation (by Allen Williamson) of this letter dictated by Joan of Arc on June 25, 1429.
- Apis Tornacensis — database and bibliography about history.
- Medieval Tournai An Academic Resource Center
- Société Royale d'Histoire et d'Archéologie de Tournai, an exhaustive list of references on the history of the Tournai region, in French.