View source for Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine

{{Short description|One of the treaties which ended World War I}}
{{Infobox Treaty
| name                = Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine
| long_name           =
| image               = BASA-284K-2-218-63-Ratification of the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine.jpg
| image_width         = 250px
| caption             = Ratification of the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine, with signatures of [[Boris III of Bulgaria]], [[Aleksandar Stamboliyski]], and [[Mihail Madzharov]]
| type                =
| date_drafted        =
| date_signed         = 27 November 1919 
| location_signed     = [[Neuilly-sur-Seine]], [[France]]
| date_sealed         =
| date_effective      =
| condition_effective = [[Ratification]] by Bulgaria and [[Big Four (World War I)|four Principal Allied Powers]].
| date_expiration     =
| parties             = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left; | title = '''Principal Allied and Associated Powers'''
<!-- Named as such in the Preamble to the treaty. The following are in the order as presented in the preamble of the treaty. Any reordering or rewording, without consensus, will be reverted. -->
| [[Allies of World War I|Principal Allied and Associated Powers]]
   | {{flag|United States|1912}}<ref>The United States signed the Treaty but did not ratifty it.</ref>
   | {{flag|British Empire}}
     | &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}
     | &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{flag|Canada|1907}}
     | &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{flag|Australia}}
     | &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{flagcountry|Union of South Africa|1912}}
     | &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{flagcountry|Dominion of New Zealand}}
     | &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{flagcountry|British Raj|Viceroy}}
   | {{flagcountry|FRA-3}}
   | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}}
   | {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan}}
}}
{{Collapsible list | title = Allied and Associated Powers
   |{{BEL}}
   |{{CHN-1912}}
   |{{flagcountry|Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)}}
   |{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Greece|state}}
   |{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Hejaz|1917}}
   |{{flagcountry|POL-2}}
   |{{flagcountry|POR-1}}
   |{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Romania}}
   |{{flag|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes}}
   |{{flagcountry|Rattanakosin Kingdom|1917}}
   |{{flagcountry|First Czechoslovak Republic|1918}}
}}
-----
* '''Central Power'''
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria}}
| depositor           = French Government
| languages           = [[French language|French]] (primary), [[English language|English]], [[Italian language|Italian]]
| website             =
| wikisource          = Treaty of Neuilly
}}
{{Paris Peace Conference sidebox}}

The '''Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine''' ({{langx|fr|Traité de Neuilly-sur-Seine}}; {{langx|bg|Ньойски договор}}) was a treaty between the victorious [[Allies of World War I]] on the one hand, and [[History of Bulgaria (1878–1946)|Bulgaria]], one of the defeated [[Central Powers]] in [[World War I]], on the other.  The treaty required Bulgaria to cede various territories. 

The treaty was signed on 27 November 1919, in [[Neuilly-sur-Seine]] in the [[Hauts-de-Seine]] department, just west of Paris in France.  The signing ceremony was held in Neuilly's town hall (hôtel de ville).<ref>[http://www.ville-neuillysurseine.fr/1-13291-Son-histoire.php Neuilly-sur-Seine official site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212002741/http://www.ville-neuillysurseine.fr/1-13291-Son-histoire.php |date=2007-12-12 }} (in French)</ref><ref>{{Citation |year= 1921|contribution= Treaty between the Principal Allied and Associated Powers and Bulgaria and Protocol, signed at Neuilly-sur-Seine at November 27, 1919 |title= Peace Treaties, Various Treaties and Agreements between the Allied and Associated Powers and Serb-Croat-Slovene State, Roumania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Turkey, together with some other agreements signed by the Peace Conference at Paris and Saint-Germain-En-Laye, presented by Mr. Lodge, April 25, 1921 |publisher= 67th Congress, 1st Session, Senate, Document No. 7 |publication-date=1921|publication-place= Washington, Government Printing Office |pages= 47–162 |url=https://archive.org/stream/peacetreaties00alli#page/46/mode/2up |access-date=2013-01-02 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |year= 1920|title= Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Bulgaria, and Protocol, Neuilly-sur-Seine, November 27, 1919, printed by the order of Parliament |publisher= J. de Labroquerie Taché, printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty |publication-date=1920 |publication-place= Ottawa |url=https://archive.org/stream/treatyofpeacebet00alliuoft#page/n3/mode/2up |access-date=2013-01-03 }}</ref>

The Treaty of Neuilly was one of the series of treaties after World War I, which included the [[Treaty of Versailles]], the [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)|Treaty of Saint-Germain]], the [[Treaty of Trianon]], and the [[Treaty of Sèvres]], which were intended to diminish the military and political strength of the defeated members of the [[Central Powers]]. 

Like those treaties, the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine contained the [[Covenant of the League of Nations|Covenant]] of the [[League of Nations]].  As a result the [[United States]] did not ratify the treaty.

==Territorial concessions==
[[File:Map of Bulgaria after Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seinе-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|Bulgaria after the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine]]

The treaty required Bulgaria: 
*to cede [[Western Thrace]] to the [[Allies of World War I|Entente]] (which awarded it to Greece at the [[San Remo conference]]) thereby cutting off Bulgaria's direct outlet to the [[Aegean Sea]]. 
*to sign a convention on [[population exchange]] with Greece.<ref>Convention between Bulgaria and Greece respecting Reciprocal Emigration of Minorities, signed at Neuilly-sur-Seine, 27 November 1919.</ref>
*to cede a further area of {{convert|2,563|km²|abbr=on}} on its western border with the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] (later Yugoslavia).
*to return [[Dobruja]], which according to the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1918)|Treaty of Bucharest]] was partially ceded to Bulgaria and partially to the [[Central Powers]] (who later, on 25 September 1918, transferred this joint condominium to Bulgaria), to [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], thus restoring the border set by the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1913)]].
*to return property removed from the foreign territory occupied by Bulgarian forces to its rightful owners, or to make compensation. 
*to reduce its army to 20,000 men.
*to pay reparations of £100 million.
*to recognize the existence of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

== Bulgarian response==
In Bulgaria, the results of the treaty are popularly known as the '''Second National Catastrophe'''. Bulgaria subsequently regained [[Southern Dobruja]] as a result of the [[Treaty of Craiova]]. During [[World War II]], together with [[Nazi Germany]], it temporarily reoccupied most of the other territories ceded under the treaty.<ref>Guy Beiner, "International: 'No, Nay, Never' (Once More): The Resurrection of Hungarian Irredentism." ''History Ireland'' 21.3 (2013): 40-43.</ref><ref>Stelios Nestor, "Greek Macedonia and the Convention of Neuilly (1919)." ''Balkan Studies'' 3.1 (1962): 169-184.</ref>

== Territories ceded to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes ==
Four minor regions (historiographically referred to by Bulgarians as the [[Western Outlands]]) had been part of Bulgaria from its inception as a principality in 1878, except for the region around [[Strumitsa]], which became part of Bulgaria in 1912. Bulgaria was internationally recognised as an independent country in 1908 and controlled these territories until 1919 when they were ceded to the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes under the Treaty of Neuilly. The cession of the region was partly a compensation for the occupation of the southern and eastern part of [[Serbia]] by Bulgarian troops between 1915 and 1918, and was partly motivated by strategic reasons. The old political boundary between Bulgaria and Serbia followed a chain of high mountain ridges, whereas the new one gave significant military and strategic advantages to the Serbs: it dangerously exposed the Bulgarian capital of [[Sofia]] and significantly reduced the military threat to eastern Serbia in case of a Bulgarian invasion (see also [[Balkan Wars]] and [[World War I]]).

===Area and population===

Territories ceded by the treaty to the then [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] cover an area of {{convert|1,545|km²|abbr=on}} in what is now [[Serbia]] and {{convert|1,028|km²|abbr=on}} in what is now [[North Macedonia]].

In Serbia, to which the term generally applies in Bulgaria, the territory ceded is split between the modern Serbian [[Pirot District|District of Pirot]] (municipality of [[Dimitrovgrad, Serbia|Dimitrovgrad]] and smaller parts of the municipalities of [[Pirot]] and [[Babušnica]]) and [[Pčinja District|District of Pčinja]] (municipality of [[Bosilegrad]] and a small part of the municipality of [[Surdulica]]). It also includes a small section along the [[Timok River]] in the municipality and [[Zaječar District|District of Zaječar]], composed by eight localities (seven populated by [[Romanians]] and one populated by Bulgarians).<ref>[http://www.celedouatribalii.blogspot.com/ Tribalia (Blogger)]</ref>

In 1919, the area corresponded to the following parts of the Bulgarian ''[[okrug]]s'': [[Kyustendil]], {{convert|661|km²|abbr=on}}, [[Tzaribrod]] {{convert|418|km²|abbr=on}}, [[Tran, Bulgaria|Tran]] {{convert|278|km²|abbr=on}}, [[Kula, Bulgaria|Kula]] {{convert|172|km²|abbr=on}} and [[Vidin]] {{convert|17|km²|abbr=on}}. Bulgarian sources claim that the Bulgarian population made 98% of the population in [[Bosilegrad]] and 95% of the population in Tzaribrod at the time. In the [[Yugoslav census of 1931]], all [[South Slavs]] were simply counted as [[Yugoslavs]] (Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Bulgarians) so a comparison could not be made. According to the last Census in Serbia from 2002, Bulgarians made 50% and 71% of population in [[Dimitrovgrad, Serbia|Dimitrovgrad]] and Bosilegrad respectively.

==See also==
*[[Bulgarian irredentism]]
*[[Bulgarians in North Macedonia]]
*[[Bulgarians in Serbia]]
*[[List of treaties]]
*[[Minority Treaties]]
*[[Western Outlands]]
{{Portal bar|Politics|Law}}
{{Commons category}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{wikisource|Treaty of Neuilly}}

==Further reading==
* Borisova, Galina M. "Bulgaria, Greece and Britain's Policy 1919." ''Etudes Balkaniques'' (1983) 19#3 pp 77–91. 
* Buirette, O. "The treaties of Neuilly-sur-Seine (1919) and Sevres (1920), or the redefining of a new Balkan Europe." ''Bulgarian Historical Review-Revue Bulgare d'Histoire'' 3-4 (2001): 99–113.
* Chary, Frederick B. ''The history of Bulgaria'' (ABC-CLIO, 2011).
* Nestor, Stelios. "Greek Macedonia and the Convention of Neuilly (1919)," ''Balkan Studies'' (1962) 3#1 pp 169–184. [https://ojs.lib.uom.gr/index.php/BalkanStudies/article/download/81/90 Online Version.]

==External links==
*[http://www.gwpda.org/1918p/neuilly.html Text of the Treaty]
* [http://maps.omniatlas.com/europe/19191127/ Map of Europe at time of Treaty of Neuilly] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316060312/http://maps.omniatlas.com/europe/19191127/ |date=2015-03-16 }} at omniatlas.com
* {{Cite EB1922|wstitle=Bulgaria}}
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[[Category:Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)]]
[[Category:1919 in Bulgaria]]
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[[Category:Peace treaties of Greece|Neuilly]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of Italy|Neuilly]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of Japan|Neuilly]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of Bulgaria|Neuilly]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of the United Kingdom|Neuilly]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of the United States|Neuilly]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1919|Neuilly]]
[[Category:Treaties of the French Third Republic|Neuilly]]
[[Category:Treaties of Belgium|Neuilly]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Republic of China (1912–1949)|Neuilly]]
[[Category:Treaties of Cuba|Neuilly]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Hejaz|Neuilly]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Second Polish Republic|Neuilly]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Portuguese First Republic|Neuilly]]
[[Category:Treaties of Thailand|Neuilly]]
[[Category:Treaties of Czechoslovakia|Neuilly]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Empire of Japan|Neuilly]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Bulgaria|Neuilly]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Neuilly]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Romania|Neuilly]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece|Neuilly]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)|Neuilly]]
[[Category:World War I treaties]]
[[Category:Vardar Macedonia (1912–1918)]]
[[Category:History of Western Thrace]]
[[Category:Bulgaria–Greece border]]
[[Category:Reparations]]
[[Category:Greater Romania]]
[[Category:November 1919 events]]
[[Category:Treaties involving territorial changes]]
[[Category:Bulgaria–Serbia relations]]